■mm ■mtp W mm Kim a f", i,;;;!9r Ijll'l 1 ;*^ , . .'I'lji'i ' t'll .1 If ' ' nil' J " , •mA± 'Vv i *li*'!;( i«.i ! I GENEAL.OG.. ^OL.I-ECTlOf4 r4.»- / ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY ill 3 1833 01 091 7489 n ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF ^NNEBEC ^UNTY MAINE 1799 1625 ^" -1892 EDITORS HEHRY D. KIHGSBURY SIMEOH L. DEYO Resident ContriTDutors JAMES W. BRADBURY WILLIAM PENN WHITEHOUSE SAMUEL L. BOARDMAN WILLIAM B. LAPHAM HIRAM K. MORREI.L LENDALL TITCOMB J. CLAIR MINOT JAMES M. LARRABEE HENRY S. WEBSTER CHARLES E. NASH JOHN L. STEVENS HOWARD OWEN RUFUS M. JONES ASBURY C. STILPHEN HARRY H. COCHRANE GEORGE UNDERWOOD ORRIN F. SPROUL ALBION F. WATSON New York W. BLAKE & COMPANY 94 Reade St. 1893 V- Edition Limited to 1600 Prints. COPYRIGHTED 1892, H. W. BLAKE & CO. -4 fA. H. Ritchie. Engravers, • Hazlett Gilmour. I A. C. Shipley. Artist, Frank M. Gilbert. Printer, J. Henry Probst. Binders, T. Russell & Son. 1127768 INTRODUCTION. HISTORY is a record of human experience. Human acts are its sources, its forces, its substance, its soul. Individual life is its unit; collective biography its sum total. This book is an effort to preserve some of the staple facts in the lives of the men and women of Kennebec county. Those who have attempted such work know its difficulties; those who have not cannot understand them. Early local history is, at best, but a collection of memories and tra- ditions, with an occasional precious bit of written data. Of necessity, such chains have many missing links. The questioner is so frequently told that had he but come ten— or twenty — years ago, such and such an one, now gone, could have told him so much. Those people then would surely have said the same of their predecessors. So if, for the printed page, we get what we can when we can, the reader has the best obtainable. Happily, both in character and extent, the matter here given greatly excels the original expectations and plans of the publishers. In addition to the historical matter, in which they take genuine pride, they regard as of great importance the genealogical and biographical matter. The facts of life and generation are beyond question of superla- tive worth. There is no more significant tendency of civilization than the growing attention paid to making more detailed records of family statistics. Scarcely a New England family of long, vigorous con- tinuance can be found, some loyal member of which has not — at great cost of time and often of money— prepared an approximate genealogy. Every effort at local history puts in imperishable form the priceless annals of the past. The recollections and experiences taken from the lips of the aged is so much rescued from oblivion. Every promi- nent figure in the realms of business, science, art or profession has IV INTRODUCTION. passed through the uneventful periods of childhood and youth, often in some obscure locality; and there is not a town in Kennebec county- whose pride in having produced and whose interest in watching or relating the careers of its honored sons and daughters do not still make its air richer and its sunshine brighter. While writing these last lines on a winter's day near the close of the second year of labor on the work in hand, we wish in behalf of their posterity, whom we have tried to serve, to thank the good people of Kennebec who have so kindly and faithfully cooperated with us in every way to make this volume worthy of its title. Besides to twenty writers whose names these chapters bear, we gladly acknowledge our obligation to more than twenty hundred who have, in personal inter- views or in correspondence, or both, done what they could to leave for coming times this record of their county's past — this monument to what it is. . Augusta, Me., c.,^^^>?z^ December, 1892. ^^:^2!f^ TABLE OF CONTENTS. Chapter I. General View. By Hiram K. Mor- rell 1 Chapter II. The Indians of the Kennebec. By Capt. Charles E. Nash 9 Chapter III. Sources of Land Titles. By Len- dall Titcomb, Esq 73 Chapter IV. Civil History and Institutions 78 Chapter V. Military History 109 Chapter VI. Military History (Concluded) 122 Chapter VII. Industrial Resources 175 Chapter VIII. Agriculture and Live Stock. By Samuel L. Boardman 187 Chapter IX. Travel and Transportation 225 Chapter X. The Newspaper Press. By Mr. Howard Owen 238 Chapter XI. Literature and Literary People. By Thomas Addison 254 Chapter XII. The Society of Friends. By Rufus M. Jones 269 Chapter XIII. History of the Courts. By Judge William Penn Whitehouse 297 Chapter XIV. The Kennebec Bar. By James W. Bradbury, LL.D 308 Chapter XV. The Medi^ al Profession 347 Chapter XVI. Augusta. By Capt. Charles E.Nash. 381 Chapter XVII. Augusta (Continued) 405 Chapter XVIII. Augusta (Concluded) 427 Chapter XIX. Hallowell. By Dr. William B. Lapham 489 Chapter XX. Town of Farmingdale. By A. C. Stilphen, Esq 517 Chapter XXI. Town of Winslow. By Henry D. Kingsbury ' 537 Chapter XXII. City of Waterville. By Henry D. Kingsbury 568 Chapter XXIII. City of Waterville (Concluded) ... 580 Chapter XXIV. The City of Gardiner 601 Chapter XXV. Town of West Gardiner 668 Chapter XXVI. Town of Litchfield. By H. D. Kingsbury 684 Chapter XXVU. Town of Pittston 712 Chapter XXVIII. Town of Randolph 738 Chapter XXIX. Town of Chelsea 749 Chapter XXX. Town of Monmouth. By Harry H. Cochrane 764 Chapter XXXI. Town of Wayne 807 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Chapter XXXII. Town of Winthrop 826 Chapter XXXIII. Town of Manchester 875 Chapter XXXIV. Town of Readfield. By Henry D. Kingsbury 890 Chapter XXXV. Town of Mount Vernon 9.S0 Chapter XXXVI. Town of Fayette. By George Un- derwood, Esq 953 Chapter XXXVII. Town of Vienna 974 Chapter XXXVIII. Town of Rome 988 Chapter XXXIX. Town of Belgrade. By J. Clair Minot 993 Chapter XL. Town of Sidney 10.34 Chapter XLI. Town of Oakland 1064 Chapter XLII. Town of \^assalboro 1095 Chapter XLIII. Town of China 1139 Chapter XLIV. Town of Windsor 1172 Chapter XLV. Town of Albion 1194 Chapter XL\'I. Town of Benton 1218 Chapter XLVII. Town of Clinton 1243 ILLUSTRATIONS. Adams, Enoch, M. D 348 Adams, Hermon H 1018 Albion, Map of 1202 Allen, E. C 452 Asylum for Insane 96 Augusta, Settlers' Map 387 Ayer, John 1076 Bailey, Hannah J., Residence 852 Bailey, Moses 853 Barnard, Mrs. Henrietta M., Res.. 648 Barton, Asher H 1331 Barton, Asher H. , Residence 1332 Bassett, Alexander, Residence 1162 Bassett, Jonathan 1163 Bean, Emery O 316 Benson, Benj. Chandler 1079 Besse, Charles K 980 Billings, Oliver 965 Billings Homestead •. 965 Blaine, James G 456 Blaisdell, Elijah 1233 Blake, Fred K., Residence 795 Blake, Henry M 350 Blake Homestead 795 Blake, William P 1081 Bodwell, Joseph R 185 Boutelle, Nathaniel R 351 Boutelle, Timothy 308 Bowman, Sifamai 625 Bradbury, James W 318 Brooks, Samuel S 466 Brown, Frederick 1 909 Brown, Frederick I., Res. and Store. 908 Brown, George 756 Burbank, Silas 852 Burleigh, Edwin C 82 Bussell, John 1124 Butman, James O., Farm Res 910 Cabin, ' ' Uncle Tom's. " 705 Capitol, at Augusta 80 Carleton, Leroy T 324 Carr, Albert C, Residence 855 Carr, Daniel 833 Chelsea, Settlers' Map of 750 China, Sketch Map of 1140 Christ's Church, Gardiner 630 Cobb, Chandler F., Stock Farm. . . 311 Cobbosseecontee Lake 880 Coburn Classical Institute lOO Colby University 98 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Colcord, John B., Farm Residence. 1335 Collins, Jason 234 Collins, John 672 Comfort Publishing House 443 Cony, Daniel 469 Cony High School 425 Cony, Samuel 468 Copsecook Paper Mills 615 Cornish, Colby C 556 Court House, Augusta 79 Crooker, Leander J 354 Crosby, George H., Residence 1309 Cumston, Charles M 793 Cumston, Charles M., Residence.. 792 Cushnoc, Plan of 1761 387 Dingley, J. B 647 Dodge, Howard W 1260 Doherty, Charles W 434 Druillette's, Fr. Gabriel, Autogr'h. 83 East Winthrop, Village Plan 849 Eaton, Joseph 560 Emerson, Luther D 1084 Fairfax, Settlers' Map 1202 Father Rale's Monument 65 Faught, Albert, Residence 1052 Fifield, Joseph S 883 Fifield. Joseph S. , Farm Res 883 Fogg, Samuel G.. Farm Res 912 Fort Western, Vicinity of 392 Friends' Meeting House, East Vas- salboro 376 Friends' Meeting House, Winthrop. 293 Gannett & Morse Concern 443 Gardiner High School. . .-. 638 Gardiner Savings Bank 627 Giddings, Wooster P 358 Giddings, Wooster P., Residence.. 358 Giris' Reform School 104 Gott, John M 824 Gower, John 857 Gray, Jo.shua 608 Guptill. D. F 562 Haley, Eben D 180 Hallowell Social Library 502 Hammond, Carlos 1054 Hanscom, David 1237 Hanson, James H 588 Harlow, Henry M 95 Harriman, Benjamin W 914 Harriman, Benj. W., Residence. . . 915 Harvey Homestead 917 Harvey, William, Birthplace 917 Hathaway, Charles F 589 He wins, George E., Residence 472 Hewins Homestead 472 Hewins, Daniel 473 Haynes, J. Manchester 470 High School, Gardiner 638 Hobbs, Josiah S 105 Hodgdon, Elbridge G 1262 Hodges, Albert .564 Hodges, Albert, Residence 564 Hodges, Bamum 564c Holway, Oscar 474 Hopkins, Myrick 649 Hopkins, Myrick, Homestead 648 Howard, Oakes 860 Hussey, Ben. G., Residence 1114 Hussey, Orrett J., Residence 1128 Industrial School for Girls 104 Insane, Hospital for the 96 Jail, Kennebec County 79 Jewett, Hartley W 532 Jones, Levi 863 Jones Plantation, Plan of 1140 Kendrick, Cyrus 363 Kennebec Court House 79 Kennebec County Jail 79 Kent, Elias H., Residence 968 Kents Hill Seminary 102 Kilbreth, Sullivan 887 Knight, Austin D 513 Ladd, Harvey 919 Lamb, William 1264 Lane, Samuel W 476 Lapham, Eliphalet H 731 Lapham, William B 360 Lawrence, Charles 618 Lawrence, Sherburn 630 Lawrence Homestead 619 Lewis, Allen E 740 Library, Hallowell 503 Lithgow, L. W 439 Longfellow, George A 864 Loring. Henry S 1058 MacDonald, Roderick 920 Maine Wesleyan Seminary 103 Manley, Joseph H 478 Marston, David E 364 Minot, George E 1034 Minot, George E., Residence 1024 Mitchell, Benjamin G 593 Monument, Father Rale's 65 Morrell, Arch 656 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Morrell, Hiram K 262 Morrell, James S 1213 Mt. Pleasant Stock Farm 211 Nason, Charles H 445 Nichols, Thomas B 1130 North, James W 479 Oak Grove Seminary 280 " Oak Hill "— BiUings Homestead.. 96.5 " Oak Trees "—Gov. Williams' Res. 487 Owen, Howard, Cottage 880 Packard, Henry 868 Parsons, David E 366 Rale, Fr. Seb., Autograph of .53 Richardson, Alton 1268 Robbins, George A 1134 Robbins, George A., Residence 1134 Rowell, Eliphalet .514 Sampson, Thomas B 679 Sanborn, Bigelow T 97 Savings Institution, Gardiner 627 Searls, William T 762 Shores, George E 595 Sidney, Sketch Map of 1035 Small, Abner R 1089 Smith, David T 704 Smith, E. H. W 481 Smith, William R 482 Snell, William B 332 Snow, Albion P . . .\ 371 Springer, David S 706 State House, Augusta 80 St. Augustine Church, Augusta 436 St. Joseph's Church, Gardiner 635 St. Mary's Church, Augusta 432 Stevens, Greenlief T 92 Stevens Homestead 1028 Sturgis, Ira I ) 484 Strout, Albion K. P., Residence. . . 373 Taylor, Joseph 1030 Thayer. Frederick C 375 "The Elms"— Res. Geo. H. Crosby. 1209 Thing, Daniel H 949 Thomas, Joseph B 736 Tinkham, Andrew W 804 Titcomb, Samuel 336 Torsey, Henry P 926 Towne, Benjamin F. , Residence . . 567 Trott, Freeman 664 "Uncle Tom's Cabin." 705 Underwood, Joseph H 971 Underwood Homestead 972 \^assalboro, Plan of 1096 Vining, Marcellus 1192 Ware, John 598 Webb, E. F 338 West Gardiner Map 669 Whitehouse, Seth C 486 Whitehouse, William Penn 297 Whitehouse Homestead 1137 Whitmore, Chadbourn W 378 Whitmore, Nathaniel M 342 Whitmore, Stephen 376 Whittier Homestead 984 Williams, Joseph H 487 Williams, Joseph H., Residence. . . 487 Williams, Reuel 310 Williams, Seth 166 Winslow, Map of 538 Winslow, Alfred 1092 Woodbury, John 710 Woods, Jacob S 986 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. CHAPTER I. GENERAL VIEW. By Hiram K. Morrell. Geographical and Astronomical Position. — Rocks. — Fossils. — Clay-beds. — Drain- age.— Streams. — Ponds. — Hills. — Climate. — Karnes. — Shell Deposits. — Min- eralogy.— Primitive and Present Forests. — Landscapes. — Game. — Fishes. THAT portion of south-central Maine now embraced within the county of Kennebec — lying on either side of the Kennebec river and almost wholly drained by its tributaries — has an area of nearly a half million acres. Its southern boundary, thirty miles from the ocean, is in north latitude, 44°, whence it extends northward to 44° 31'. It is from twenty to thirty-five miles wide, lying between meridians 69° 20' and 70° 10', we.st. Its greatest diameter from north- east to southwest is 48.5 miles. With the ultimate purpose of tracing the course of human events within this territory, our more immediate purpose in this chapter is to consider the county as a physical struc- ture, regardless of its occupancy by man. The indications of a glacial period are probably as well shown in this county as anywhere in Maine. Underlying the modified drift are often found masses of earth and rocks mingled confusedly together, having neither stratification nor any appearance of having been deposited in water. These are the glacial drift, or ////. This drift frequently covers the slopes, and even the summits, of the greater elevations. It contains bowlders of all diameters up to forty feet, which have nearly all been brought southward from their native ledges, and can be traced, in some instances, for a hundred miles, southward or southeastward. Wherever till occurs, the ledges have mostly been worn to a rounied form, and, if the rock be hard, it is covered with long scratches, or striic, in the direction of the course taken by the bowlders. Geology now refers these to a moving ice- sheet which spread over this continent from the north, and was of sufficient thickness to cover even Mount Washington, to within 300 1 2 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. feet of its top. This ice-sheet was so much thicker at the north than in this latitude that its great weight pressed the ice steadily onward and outward to the south-southeast. The termination of this ice-sheet in the Atlantic, southeast of New England, was probably like the present great ice-wall of the Antarctic continent. Of Maine as a whole the rocks are both vietaniorpliic {i. c, changed from the original sandstones, shales, conglomerates and limestones by the action of heat, water and chemical forces into other kinds of rock than their first character) slxiA fossi/ifcrous. These metamorphic strati- fied rocks occur: gneiss, mica schist, talcose schist, steatite, and ser- pentine, the saccharoid limestone, clay slate, quartz, and conglomer- ates, jasper, siliceous slate, and hornstone. The unstra'tified rocks are mostly granite, sienite, protogine, porphyry, and trap or greenstone. The fossiliferous rocks are Paleozoic, except some marine alluvial deposits, and represent the Lower Silurian, Upper Silurian, Devon- ian, and Drift and Alluvium groups. These formations have been studied but superficially, as yet, by .scientific men; Prof. C. H. Hitchcock, however, gives this arrangement: Champlain clays, terti- ary; Glacial drift, till; Lower Carboniferous or Upper Devonian; Lower Devonian, Oriskany group; Upper Silurian; Silurian and Cam- brian clay slates; Cambrian and Huronian with Taconic; Montalban; Laurentian; Granite; Trap and altered slates. The topographical survey by the government is not yet published, and Prof. W. S. Bayley, of Colby University, says that not even a nucleus of a repre- sentative collection of the minerals of the state exists anywhere in it, although Maine possesses unique minerals unknown elsewhere. The accepted theory of many geologists, among them Miller, Lyell and Darwin, is that there was a time during the Pleistocene period when most of this continent was under water; when the whole of Kennebec county was submerged; and that millions of immense icebergs were carried by the currents, bringing large bowlders frozen firmly to their bottoms. These, passing over the submerged ledge, ground to impalpable powder that which, precipitated in layers on the then ocean bottom, formed the clay layers of to-day. The subsequent gradual elevation of the eastern coast of this continent left above tide water many of the characteristics of the former ocean bottom, and now at various depths below the surface layers of marine shells may be found. The surface in many sections is of slate of the lower Silurian formation, which, having been ground «o a fine paste, makes the gray clay, frequently tinged with oxide of iron and containing fossil marine shells. Where these clay-beds are deepest the clay is very salt and sometimes contains water-worn pebbles, on some of which fossil barnacles have been found. Under the gray clays is the blue clay deposit, doubtless antedating them by many ages, and formed in part GENERAL VIEW. 3 from the ocean ooze. These original day deposits are thirty, sixty, and in places, more than one hundred feet thick, through which the streams have cut deep channels, leaving the clay hills of irregular outline. Of the county as a place of residence it hardly seems necessary to speak. Those who have always lived in it show, from that fact, their appreciation of it. Those who have gone from it have either come back, or intend to, if they can. Those who have been away from it and returned, think most of it. and the more they have traveled, the more they appreciate good " Old Kennebec " as a home. I was born in it and always lived in it except about two j^ears in Minnesota, aiid then I had a home here. I have been young and now I am old, yet never have I seen the Kennebecker forsaken, nor his seed begging bread — and never expect to — unless he is too lazy to work. I have traveled in twenty-six states, both of the Canadas, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, and I honestly, after mature deliberation, believe that in no other land can one with honesty and thrift get more of the good things of life— of all that makes life enjoyable to the hon- est, intellectual man — than in Kennebec county. The county is one of the highly favored places of the world as to its water and drainage systems. The splendid water power at Water- ville, known as Ticonic (anciently spelled Teconnet) falls, is the head of navigation for large boats. The total fall of the Kennebec from the foot of Ticonic falls to Augusta is 36.6 feet. The dam at Augusta, which is passed by a lock, makes still water for several miles. Just below Ticonic falls the Sebasticook river, having drained Winslow, Benton and Clinton, and many towns in Somerset county, joins the Kennebec near the old Fort Halifax of 1746. The Messalonskee stream, having drained the lake of the same name and five towns and several large ponds, at Oakland tum- bles in a beautiful cascade of forty feet and soon enters the Kennebec, just below and opposite the mouth of the Sebasticook. , Several large brooks or streams, which would be called rivers in the western part of the state, enter the Kennebec between Waterville and Gardiner, where the Cobbosseecontee — the prettiest, merriest and busiest of streams — having drained the towns of Wayne, Winthrop, Monmouth, Litchfield and West Gardiner, in Kennebec county, and several in Androscoggin and Sagadahoc, after a vexed and troubled journey of a mile over eight dams, with a fall of 128 feet, laughingly and gleefully enters placidly the Kennebec. The Cobbossee is the outlet of Cobbossee Great pond, which re- ceives also the waters of Aunabessacook and Maranocook ponds. It also receives the discharge from Lake Tacoma, or " Shorey pond," Sand, Buker, Jimmy and Wood ponds, which are nearly on a level, and known on the map as Purgatory ponds. It is one of the best and most 4 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. available water powers in the state. Worromontogus stream, the out- let of the pond of the same name — usually abbreviated to " Togus " — forms the line between Randolph and Pittston, where it forms a valu- able water power before its entrance into the Kennebec. The south- ern and eastern portions of Pittston are drained by the Eastern river, which joins the Kennebec at Dresden, opposite Swan island. Windsor is drained by the eastern branch of the Sheepscot. The towns in the extreme west of the county contain sixteen ponds which drain into the Androscoggin. As a whole, the water that falls on Kennebec county flows into the ocean through the Kennebec, for it receives all of the water of the Androscoggin at Merrymeeting bay. Of course this imperfect sketch of these leading drainage systems gives but a faint idea of the water system of the county. On Half- penny's atlas of Kennebec county, some seventy-five named ponds are laid down, which number of course does not include all. Some of these ponds, several miles in extent, would be called lakes in other places. Cobbossee Great pond forms the boundary, in whole or in part, of five towns; and there are several others nearly as large. I will not consider the water powers of these ponds and streams, but their natural beauties and attractions. I know them and love them, but it will take an abler pen than mine to picture even a small part of their loveliness. If I cared to tempt the hunter and fisherman — but I do not — I could tell wondrous tales, and wondrous because they are true, of the trout, black bass, white perch, pickerel, and many other kinds of fishes I have seen, which were taken from our beautiful brooks and ponds: and of the woodcocks, partridges, ducks and other game that others shot — others I say, for I never fired a gun in my life. One can hardly go amiss, who seeks for pleasure with the gun or rod in almost any town in the county. It is the sportsman's paradise. But to me, and such as I, her ponds and cascades, her placid streams and murmuring brooks, her ever-verdant fields and forest-clad hills, have a deeper and nobler attraction than merely as a haunt for the slayer. If everybody saw the natural beauties of Kennebec county, as the true lover of nature sees them, and enjoyed them as he enjoys them, the county would not be large enough for those who would want to live in it. She has no mountains to awe or weary the trav- eler and take up the room of better scenery, but she has picturesque hills and bluffs, overlooking smiling valleys, dotted with lovely vil- lages; hills from which Mounts Kearsage, Washington and the whole Presidential range may be seen, as well as Mt. Blue, Mt. Saddleback, Abraham, Bigelow and others. The views from Oak hill, in Litch- field, and from Monmouth Ridge and Pease's hill in Monmouth, Cross hill in Vassalboro, Deer hill in China and Bolton hill in Augusta, are as fine as one needs to see. The climate is the best abused thing in Maine, the abuse coming GENERAL VIEW. 5 mostly from those who do not know what a good climate is. I used to think that Maine was hardly decent for any man to attempt to live in; but having spent three winters in Florida, and having sampled the winter climate of the much bepraised western highlands of Georgia, South Carolina and North Carolina, and spent nearly two years in Minnesota and Iowa, I have come to the conclusion that Ken- nebec county is the best county for me to live in, summer or winter. There are some days in dog-days, and perhaps some weather in March and November, that might be improved, but take it as a whole, one season with another, Kennebec has as good a climate as any place in the world; and her sons and daughters, physically, mentally and mor- ally, will compare favorably with the men and women of any land. We are too warm in winter, but the climate is not to blame for that. Maine people keep themselves warmer in the winter than in summer. We are far enough from the ocean to escape its damp, salt, chilly air, yet near enough to temper our summer heat with the sea breezes. For forty years our average annual rainfall, including melted snow, has been 43.24 inches, which is about '35 per cent, in excess of six other states west of Maine, where records have been kept. The mean rainfall in Kennebec county, between May 31st and September 14th, is 11.11 inches; the winter precipitation is 10.13 inches, and that of fall and spring 10.50 inches. (3ur rainfall is .so evenly distributed that the county rarely suffers from excessive storms, or from droughts. In fine, if one cannot live here to a good old age, he is likely to die young anywhere, and not necessarily because he is beloved of the gods either. Octogenarians are common, and centenarians are by no means rare. But one's life in Kennebec county, be it longer or shorter, is worth a good deal more than it would be anywhere else. While the chief industrial wealth of Kennebec county is in her agriculture and her varied manufactures noticed in subsequent chap- ters, she also utilizes her di.sadvantages, and her frozen river and her rocky hills become a source of employment for thousands, of business and revenue to many, and of general welfare to the whole community. Her ice business alone probably brings a million dollars a year to the county, while her granite quarries furnish work for scores of skilled laborers, and the leading cities of almost every state are proud of their architectural specimens of the enduring productions of Ken- nebec. In general the river banks along the Kennebec are high, the soil rocky or clayey, there being but few sections of alluvial soil along its banks, and these of small extent. The surface in Rome, Vienna, Mt. Vernon and Fayette is broken, the soils rocky and strong. In Wins- low the soil bordering the Kennebec and vSebasticook rivers is a fine, deep loam; while the eastern part of the town is ledgy. In Litchfield and West Gardiner are quite extensive tracts of light, plains land. 6 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Wayne abounds in large extents of blowing sands, soil largely com- posed of fine sand, not containing sufficient clay or aluminous matter to give them cohesion, and for years hundreds of acres of these shift- ing sands have been moved by the winds, covering up other hundreds of acres of valuable land. Her soils comprise specimens of almost everything. In the main they are strong rather than deep; in many sections ledgy, in some very rocky, in a few porous and light. In places, glacial deposits have formed kames,* horse backs, or ridges of sand. In others, fields buried in bowlders show where were ancient moraines of the glacial period. " Int all the regions which in .some former age were overrun by glaciers, there are found certain curious ridges of sand, gravel or pebbles, often in places where no ordinary stream could have flowed. Because of their remarkable shapes and situations they have always attracted attention wherever they are found, and hence they have re- ceived many local names. They are known as kames in Scotland, eskars in Ireland, aasar in Sweden, and in Maine they are called horse- backs, whalebacks, hogbacks, ridges, turnpikes, windrows and sad- dles. A kame often spreads out into a very broad ridge or plain, also into a series of ridges connected by cross ridges called plains or kame- plains. They frequently contain conical or rounded depressions called sinks, hoppers, pounds, kettles, bowls, punch-bowls, potash kettles, and one at Bryant's pond is known as the ' Basin.' The gravel stones and pebbles in these formations are more or less washed and rounded, like tho.se found on the sea beach or in the beds of rapid streams. The large pebbles are called cobble stones in the Middle states and pumple stones in the East. Often there are gaps in these ridges, but when mapped they are plainly seen to be arranged in lines or systems like the hills in a row of corn." One of these kames forms both sand hills and plains in Wayne; marked bluffs or hills of sand in Monmouth; and in Litchfield it forms what is known as " The Plains." Profe.ssor Stone mentions one kame as " the eastern Kennebec system, that extends through Mayfield, Skowhegan, Augusta, South Gardiner and beyond." There is no trace of it in Gardiner but a singular sugar-loaf shaped hill at South Gardi- ner. This was noticed;); by Reverend Mr. Bailey, of Pownalboro, over a hundred years ago, and also a similar one across the river, a short distance below. He thought they were the work of human hands. Professor .Stone's theory is that these kames are the old beds of rivers which ran on the surface of the ice in the glacial period, and formed by their deposits these various phenomena. His theory, I think, is generally adopted as the only one which accounts for them. In Wayne and Monmouth in some places these sands are shifted by the wind, and beds of simply barren sand occur. At Augusta and * The Kame theory was developed by George H. Stone, while a professor at Kents Hill Seminary. t Prof. George H. Stone, in Maine Farmer. \ Vide Frontier Missionary. GENERAL VIEW. 7 Gardiner, along the river banks; in Winthrop and in other towns marine fossil shells of living species are found, some of which species are not now found so far south. A scallop — Pcctcn Is/aiidiats, a shell common to Newfoundland — has been found at Gardiner. I once bored through 72 feet of clay in Gardiner and struck what was undoubtedly river gravel. The line of these fossil shells is as much as 150 feet above the present level of the sea. These clay hills in many places have deep valleys between, doubtless eroded in glacial times. In all these river towns there are also high granite hills and bluffs, with the exception of Waterville, where the lower Silurian slates outcrop. The oldest and newest formations lie side by side, with no intermediate ones. Kennebec county has several kinds of minerals, of which a few may be mentioned. Litchfield, which is quite a place of pilgrimage for mineralogists, contains sodalite, cancrinite, elaeolite, zircon, spodu- mene, muscovite, pyrrhotite, hydronephelite, pyrite, arsenopyrite, lepidomelane, muscovite, jasper. Hydronephelite is a new mineral recently determined by F. W. Clarke, curator of the mineralogical department of the National Museum, Washington. The deep blue sodalite and brilliant yellow cancrinite of Litchfield and hydronephe- lite have never been found anywhere else in equally as fine specimens. A gold mine was opened a few years ago on the east side of Oak hill, in Litchfield, but it did not enrich its owners, although it is laid down on the atlas before mentioned. Monmouth produces actinolite, apatite, elseolite, zircon, staurolite, plumose mica, beryl, rulite. Pittston contains fine specimens of graphite and pyrrhotite. Several attempts at mining gold have been made there, and favorable assays published. In Waterville are found fine specimens of crystallized pyrite. Winthrop shows fine specimens of staurolite, pyrite, hornblende, garnet and copperas. Crystallized quartz, small garnets, tourmaline and traces of iron are common throughout the county. Dana, in his System of Mineralogy, says " gold has been found at Albion." This is doubtless an error into which the elder Dana wa-; led by Professor Cleaveland, of Brunswick, who was inveigled into investing by some crooks in a bogus gold mine in Albion. The original forest was largely of pme. as the gigantic stumps attest. Our forests are composed of the various species of pine, hem- lock, spruce, fir, hackmatack and cedar; birch, beech, oak, hornbeam, ash, elm, poplar, willow, cherry and basswood — in fact of about all the trees and shrubs of Maine. Her forests are her crowning glory, both when their leafage is coming out and in autumn, when their gorgeous coloring is the despair of the artist and the wonder of the world; for no other part of the earth claims to approach the beauty of the Maine S HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. woods. The man who has never stood, some lovely October day, on Oak hill, Monmouth ridge. Pease's hill, or some other hilltop over- looking- onr beautiful ponds, the mountains towering on our northern horizon; with the clear blue sky above him, and around hundreds of forest-clad hills, with all the gorgeous colorings of the rainbow — yes, with hundreds of tints and shades of colors— has yet to learn what it is to live, and what a lovely world this is. As the sun sinks slowly in the west, and gradually, gently and reluctantly draws the mantle of night over the earth, as though he hated to leave so much beauty, then one knows what a sunset is. Talk of skies! As Bryant says: The sunny Italy may boast The beauteous tints that flush her skies, And lovely round the Grecian coast May thy blue pillars rise ! I only know how fair they stand Above my own beloved land. Our ponds and streams have economic as well as esthetic excel- lence. Our ponds teem with good fish, while each week in the spring- time a new migratory fish makes its appearance. The purity of water in the Kennebec makes its fish, like its ice, the best of their kind. In winter the lower Kennebec swarms with smelts that used to come in millions to Gardiner and Hallowell— and would now if legally pro- tected; alewives come in early spring; then the .shad, the mackerel,- the striped bass; then cod, cusk, haddock, halibut and hake, all the year. Twenty years ago one could hardly look at the river in June without seeing the sturgeon jumping, but three years of fishing by a German company almost exterminated them. " Kennebec Salmon," always named on the bills in city restaurants, had been practically extinct for years, until recently some efforts have been made toward re-stocking the river. In several of the inland ponds are smelts. In Belgrade pond is a variety so large that naturalists have given it a special name. Lamprey and eels are plenty in the Cobbossee — the latter taken by tons — but the natives seldom eat them. Thus it would seem that nature has in every way made generous provision, in the valley of the Kennebec, for the welfare and happi- ness of man. Of course man here does not live forever, but it is a proportionately cheerful and pleasant place to die in. Skillful physi- cians and careful nurses smooth his pillow and ease his pains, till the grim messenger is almost tired of waiting; and when the inevitable is passed, genial and liberal clergymen will do the ver}^ best that can be done for him, and elegant undertakers will make his last ride the most expensive one he ever had; and when all is done a monument of Kennebec granite will rear its lordly head above his peaceful grave, and " after life's fitful fever he sleeps well." CHAPTER II. THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. THEIR FIRST WHITE VISITORS. DuMont and Champlain. — The Popham Colony. -^Captain Gilbert's trip up the River. — Sebenoa the Sagamore. — Visit to the Indian Village. — Erection of the Cross of Discovery. — Visit of Biencourt and Father Biard. — Interviews with the Indians. — First Ceremony of the Mass on the Coast of Maine. — The French Mission at St. Sauveiir (Mt. Desert) destroyed with Bloodshed.— The Contest for Acadia begun.— Captain John Smith. — Samoset and Captain Leverett. — First Sale of Land by Indians. THE story of the aborigines of Maine blends inseparably with the history of the struggle that lasted for a century and a half be- tween France and England for supremacy in the New World. In the first decade of the 17th century, Henry IV of France and James I of England, grasped simultaneously as jewels for their respective crowns, the greater part of North America. Spain, the patron and the beneficiary of Columbus, had enjoyed exclusively for three gener- ations the wealth of the western hemisphere, whose productions of " barbaric pearl or gold " had spoiled the Spaniard to the point of sur- feit and effeminacy, and made him look lightly on all territory that was destitute of the glittering ores. Northward from Florida the latitudes were open to any nation that could maintain itself against the jealousy of its rivals. The mosses of an hundred years had gath- ered on Columbus' tomb before the impulse of his mighty achieve- ment aroused the statesmen of central Europe to schemes of empire on the continent to which he had shown the way across a chartless ocean. France took the initiative. Henry vaguely lined out as his own in 1603, by royal patent, the most of the territory of the present United States. James asserted a like claim to the same vast tract, with con- siderably enlarged boundaries. Frenchmen broke ground for coloni- zation at Passamaquoddy in 1604. Englishmen followed at the mouth of the Kennebec in 1607. Neither colony was successful, but the two begin the history of New France and New England, and introduce to 10 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. US the Indians who inhabited the land in the shadow of the untrimmed forest. The claim of France to Acadia, whose western bound was de- fined by the Kennebec (where DuMont and Champlain raised the fleur-dc lis in 1605), and the counter-claim of the English to the Penob- scot (or actually to the St. George, where Weymouth erected his cross of discovery the same year), made the territory of future Maine from its earliest occupation by the whites the prolific source of interna- tional irritation and intrigue; and the theater of a series of sanguin- ary conflicts that ended only when New France was expunged from the map of America by the fall of Quebec in 1759. Ancient Acadia passed nine times between France and England in the period of 127 years. In this eventful contest — the issue of which left North America to the English people — the uncivilized red men in their native wilds were prominent participants — the dupes and victims of the one side and the other — until the tribes were decimated and one by one extinguished. It is our present task to study the history of the famous tribe that dwelt in the valley of the Kennebec. On Wednesday, the 23d day of September, 1607, Captain Gilbert and nineteen men embarked in a shallop from the new fort of the Popham colony, at the mouth of the Kennebec, " to goe for the head of the river; they sayled all this daye, and the 24th the like untill six of the clock in the afternoone, when they landed on the river's side, where they found a champion land [camping ground], and very fer- tile, where they remayned all that night; in the morning they de- parted from thence and sayled up the river and came to a flatt low island where ys a great cataract or downfall of water, which runneth by both sides of this island very shold and swift. . . They haled their boat with a strong rope through this downfall perforce, and went neare a league further up, and here they lay all night; and in the first of the night there called certain savages on the further side of the river unto them in broken English; they answered them againe and parled [talked] long with them, when towards morning they departed. In the morning there came a canoa unto them, and in her a sagamo and four salvages, some of those which spoke to them the night be- fore. The sagamo called his name Sebenoa, and told us how he was lord of the river Sachadehoc. They entertayned him friendly, and took him into their boat and presented him with some trifiiing things, which he accepted; howbeyt, he desired some one of our men to be put into his canoa as a pawne of his safety, whereupon Captain Gil- bert sent in a man of his, when presently the canoa rowed away from them with all the speed they could make up the river. They followed with the .shallop, having great care that the sagamo should not leape overbourde. The canoa quickly rowed from them and landed, and the men made to their howses, being neere a league on the THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. IT the land from the river's side, and carried our man with them. The shallop making good waye, at length came to another downfall, which was soe shallow and soe swift, that by no means could they pass any further, for which. Captain Gilbert, with nine others, landed and tooke their fare, the savage sagamo, with them, and went in search after those other salvages, whose howses, the sagamo told Captain Gilbert, were not farr off; and after a good tedious march, they came indeed at length unto those salvages' howses wheere [they] found neere fifty able men very strong and tall, such as their like before they had not seene; all newly painted and armed with their bowes and arrowes. Howbeyt, after that the sagamo had talked with them, they delivered back againe the man, and used all the rest very friendly, as did ours the like by them, who .showed them their comodities of beads, knives, and some copper, of which they seemed very fond; and by waye of trade, made shew that they would come downe to the boat and there bring such things as they had to exchange them for ours. Soe Cap- tain Gilbert departed from them, and within half an howre after he had gotten to his boat, there came three canoas down unto them, and in them sixteen salvages, and brought with them some tobacco and certayne small skynnes, which were of no value; which Captain Gil- bert perceaving, and that they had nothing else wherewith to trade^ he caused all his men to come abourd, and as he would have put from the shore; the salvages perceiving so much, subtilely devised how they might put out the tier in the shallop, by which means they sawe they should be free from the danger of our men's pieces [firelocks], and to perform the same, one of the salvages came into the shallop and taking the fier-brand which one of our company held in his hand thereby to light the matches, as if he would light a pipe of tobacco, as sone as he had gotten yt into his hand he presently threw it into the water and leapt out of the shallop. Captain Gilbert seeing that, suddenly commanded his men to betake them to their musketts and the targettiers too, from the head of the boat, and bade one of the men before, with his target [shield] on his arme, to stepp on the shore for more fier; the salvages resisted him and would not suffer him to take any, and some others holding fast the boat roap that the shallop could not put off. Captain Gilbert caused the musquettiers to present [aim] their peeces, the which, the salvages seeing, presently let go the boat rope and betook them to their bowes and arrowes, and ran into the bushes, nocking their arrowes, but did not shoot, neither did ours at them. So the shallop departed from them to the further side of the river, where one of the canoas came unto them, and would have ex- cused the fault of the others. Captain Gilbert made show as if he were still friends, and entertayned them kindly and soe left them, re- turning to the place where he had lodged the night before, and there 12 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. came to an anchor for the night. . . Here they sett up a crosse, and then returned homeward."* This graphic and artless account of the earliest recorded visit by white men to the region above Merrymeeting bay, was apparently copied with but few changes from Captain Gilbert's log-book, made by the scribe of the Popham colony, who probably was one of the party. The facts and circumstances lead irresistibly to the conclusion that the Kennebec (and not the Andro.scoggin) was the river which the colonists explored. fThe camping place at the close of the second day after leaving the fort may have been the plateau where now the village of Randolph stands, or that other one two miles above in Chelsea, nearly opposite Loudon hill, in Hallowell. The boatmen encountered the next day, a few miles above their camping place, " a flat low island in the midst of a great downfall of water," This felicitously described the Kennebec at the place where the Augusta dam now stands, before the peculiar features of the spot were obliter- ated by the building of that structure (1835-7). The rapid and island are unmistakable features of identification. The island has disap- peared by the building of the dam and the rapid has become an arti- ficial cascade for the uses of civilized industry, yet the transformation of the river at this place since that early day, has scarcely been greater than in many other places along its course. The next camping place was about a league above the island, where first the natives accosted them, shyly, hallooing in shibboleth through the darkness. The place was probably the intervale that is now divided into portions of several farms, near Gilley's point, where there are still many vestiges of Indian encampments. The next morn- ing, after exchanging hostages, the explorers continued their journey until their boat grounded on shallows. This may have been in the swift water since that day known as Bacon's rips, in the course of which the river has a natural fall of about thirteen feet. The farthest point reached by Gilbert in his wood-tramp was a wigwam village about a league from the river, within the limits of the present town of Vassalboro, or of Sidney. Night found the party reunited at the last camping place. There, the next morning (Sunday, September 27), they performed the ceremony of taking possession of the country * Historic of Travaile into Virginia, by William Strachey, Gent. Maine His- torical Society's Collections, Vol. Ill, pp. 304-307. + The Androscoggin theory was first advanced by able students of Maine history, but it meets many obstacles in Strachey's account. The Kennebec theory meets with but few difficulties and harmonizes rationally with the record. See Remarks on Waymouth's Voyage, by John McKeen, Vol. \, Me. Hist. Soc. Coll. Rev. WilHam S. Bartlett, same series, Vol. HI, p. 304. Dr. William B. Lapham in Daily Kennebec journal, December, 1889. For description of the '■flat low island." see North's History of Augusta, pages 4.)0-4r)8. THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. IB for their king, by erecting in his name the cross of Christianity at the place where they had twice lodged. Then leaving the sacred emblem standing as the official vestige of their visit, they departed. It would be interesting to know precisely the spot where the cross was planted, and how long it remained as an object of awe to the savages. We never hear more of Sebenoa; he was the first in the long line of Ken- nebec chiefs whose names have been preserved in the white man's annals; his dust, with that of his bedizened warriors who posed so grandly before their visitors, has long mingled with the mold of the forest where he reigned, but his peaceful welcome to the white strangers who earliest set foot on the soil of the capital of Maine, in- vests his name with a charm that will preserve it while the language of the race that has supplanted his own is spoken or read. Captain Popham died before the winter bad passed; and in the spring, leaving the dismantled fort to be his sepulcher, the homesick colonists fled back to England. Father Pierre Biard, a Jesuit mis- sionary, visited the vSagadahoc (Kennebec) three years later (October, 1611): he accompanied an expedition under Biencourt, then vice- admiral of New France, on a cruise from the eastward along the coast to the western boundary of Acadia, in quest of food for the French colony at Port Royal (now Annapolis). The Father says his own rea- sons for the journey were, first, " to act as spiritual adviser [chaplain] to Sieur de Biencourt and his crew, and, second, to become acquainted with and learn the disposition of the natives to receive the gospel." He gives a few interesting glimpses of scenes on the lower Kennebec 281 years ago. The vessel entered the river by way of Seguin, and the party eagerly landed to inspect the vacant fort, which they thought was poorly located, and which Father Biard intimates, with a half- secular chuckle, redoubtable Frenchmen could have easily taken. He says the departed Popham colonists treated the natives with cruelty, and were driven away in retaliation. This was the boastful statement of the Indians themselves to the willing ears of the French, who were fain to believe it; but the testimony is too biased and shadowy to be accepted as true. After a delay of three days at Popham's fort, by reason of adverse winds, Biencourt abandoned his purpose of sailing further westward, and turned the prow of his vessel up the river; after going with the tide about nine miles, a party of Indians came into view; they be- longed either to the later named Kennebec or Androscoggin tribe; Biard calls them Armouchiquoys; he says: " There were twenty-four people, all warriors, in six canoes; they went through a thousand an- tics before coming up to us; you would have rightly likened them to a flock of birds, which wishes to enter a hemp-field, but fears the scare- crow. This amused us very much, for our people needed time to arm 14 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. themselves and cover the ship. In short, they came and went, they reconnoitered, they looked sharply at our muskets, our cannon, our numbers, our everything; and the night coming on, they lodged on the other bank of the river, if not beyond the range, at least beyond the sighting of our cannon. All that night there was nothing but haranguing, singing, dancing; for such is the life of these people when they assemble together. But since we presumed that probably their songs and dance were invocations to the devil, and in order to thwart this accursed tyrant, I made our people sing a few church hymns, such as the Salve Regitia, the Ave Mari's Stella and others; but being once in train, and getting to the end of their spiritual .songs, they fell to singing such others as they knew, and when these gave out they took to mimicking the dancing and singing of the Armouchiquoys on the other side of the water; and as Frenchmen are naturally good mimics, they did it so well that the natives stopped to listen; at which our people stopped, too; and then the Indians began again. You would have laughed to see them, for they were like two choirs answering each other in concert, and you would hardly have known the real Armouchiquoys from the sham ones." * Biencourt had impressed into his service at the river St. John two Maoulin (Etechemin) savages, as interpreters on his journey. He caused them to be taught a smattering of the French language, and then used them as a means of conversation between himself and their fellow-savages along his route. At that time the tribes of New England spoke a common tongue, which was varied and enlarged by local dialects. Biencourt's Etechemin captives from the vSt. John could talk readily with the natives of the Sagadahoc. On the morn- ing after the singing and dancing, the Frenchmen resumed their journey up the river; the Indians, in a rabble, accompanied them, and were soon coaxed to terms of familiarity. They told the strangers that if they wanted sovn.& piousqiionin (corn) they need not go further up the river, but by turning to the right, through an arm of the river that was pointed out, they could in a few hours reach the tent of the great sachem Meteourmite, whom they themselves would do the honor to visit at the same time; Biencourt cautiously followed their guideship; he passed his vessel through the strait that is now spanned by a highway bridge between Woolwich and Arrowsic, and entered what Biard calls a lake, but what is now named Pleasant cove (or Nequasset bay); here he found the water shallow, and he hesitated about venturing further; but Meteourmite, having been informed of the approach of the ship, was hastening to meet it; he urged the Frenchmen to proceed, which they did. Presently their vessel be- came subject to the sport of the dangerous currents of the Hellgates. * Pioneers of France in the New WorUI, by Francis Parkman, p. 292. THE IXDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 15 Biard says: "• We thought we should hardly ever escape alive; in fact, in two places, some of our people cried out piteously that we were all lost; but praise to God, they cried out too soon." Biencourt ptit on his military dress and visited Meteourmite, whom he found alone in his wigwam, which was surrounded by forty young braves, "each one having his shield, his bow and his arrows on the ground before him." The sachem having led the Frenchmen to visit him by promising to sell them corn, now confessed that his people did not have any to spare, but that they would barter some skins instead. Biencourt, with a mind for business, was ready to trade, and a truce for barter was agreed upon. When the time arrived, Biard says, '■ our ship's people, in order not to be surprised, had armed and barri- caded themselves. The savages rushed very eagerly and in a swarm into our boat, from curiosity (I think), because they did not often see such a spectacle; our people, seeing that notwithstanding their remon- strances and threats the savages did not cease entering the procession, and that there were already more than thirty upon the deck, they imagined that it was all a clever trick, and that they were intending to surprise them, and were already lying upon the ground prepared to shoot. M. Biencourt has often said that it was many times upon his lips to cry, ' Kill ! Kill f ! ' . . Now the savages themselves, perceiving the just apprehensions which their people had given our French, took it upon themselves to retire hastily and brought order out of confusion." Father Biard says the reason why Biencourt did not order his men to shoot was because he (Father Biard) was at that hour upon the land (an island), accompanied by a boy, celebrating the holy mass; if any savage had been hurt, the priest would have been massacred. Father Biard says " this consideration was a kindness to him, and saved the whole party, for if we had begun the attack it is incredible that one could have escaped the fierce anger and furious pursuit of the savages along a river that has so many turns and wind- ings and is so often narrow and perilous." * Father Biard appeared before the savages twice in the character of officiating priest. The rude altar improvised by him was the first one ever erected for the Catholic service on the Kennebec (or Sheep- scot, near which he seems to have been). He says he " prayed to God in their [the Indians'] presence, and showed them the images and tokens of our belief, which they kissed willingly, making the sign of the cross upon their children, whom they brought to him that he might bless them, and listening with great attention to all that he announced to them. The difficulty was that they had an entirely dif- ferent language, and it was necessary that a savage [one of the St. John captives] should act as interpreter, who, knowing very little of * Relation lie la Nouvellc France, \o\. I, Chap. XVII. p. 36. 16 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. the Christian religion, nevertheless acquitted himself with credit toward the other savages; and to see his face and hear his slow speech, he personated the Doctor [Biard] with dignity." The natives seem to have had great admiration for the Father, whose priestly at- tire and non-combative character made him conspicuous among his countrymen; speaking of one occasion, he says: " I received the larger share of the embraces; for as I was without weapons, the most distin- guished [Indians] forsaking'the soldiers, seized on me with a thousand protestations of friendship; they led me into the largest of all the huts, which held at least eighty people; the seats filled, I threw my- self on my knees, and having made the sign of the cross, recited my Pater, Ave, Credo, and some prayers; then, at a pause, my hosts, as though they understood me well, applauded in their way, shouting, ' Ho, ho, ho!' I gave them some crosses and images, making them understand as much as I could." ■•■ It is not possible to identify pre- cisely the place where these interviews and proceedings occurred; it was in the vicinity of the mouth of the Sheepscot and not distant from the lower Hellgate, which the French at that time called one of the mouths of the Quinibequi (Kennebec). After sojourning about a week, Biencourt, finding out that the natives had little surplus food for themselves and none to sell, hoisted sail for Port Royal. Two years later (1618) we see Father Biard, with Ennemond Masse and two other Jesuits, in the retinue of M. de LaSaussaye, on the island of Mount Desert, planting a mission colony by the name of St. Sauveur. The settlement was hardly established when Captain Argal, from the English colony in Virginia, sailed up to the little village and destroyed it, killing one of the missionaries and two other French- men. This was the beginning of bloodshed between the English and French on this continent. Brother Gilbert du Thet was the first Jesuit martyr. He was buried by his sorrowing black-robed brethren at the foot of the great cross that stood in the center of the ruined mission, where in the thin soil, by the surf -washed shore, his dust .still reposes. Father Masse afterward labored in Canada, where he died and was buried in the mission church of Saint Michael at Sillery, in 1646. Father Biard, after many other adventures and perils, finally returned to France, where he died in 1622. He was the first to lift the cross before the aborigines of Maine. The next well-identified visitor to the Kennebec was Captain John Smith, in 1614, eight years after his life was so gracefully saved, as he tells us, by Pocahontas. He cruised the coast for peltry, was agree- able to the Indians, and filled his ship with merchandise that brought riches in Europe. He found Nahanada (one of Weymouth's returned captives), '' one of the greatest lords of the country." About this time * Letter of Father Biard, 1611. THE INDtAXS OF THE KENNEBEC. 17 Samoset, afterward the benefactor of the Pilgrims, was taken from his tribe and carried to Europe. He appears to have been a Wawe- nock. The circumstances of his capture are unknown. His notable visit to the Plymouth colony was in March, 1621; two years later he seems to have been at home (as much as a wandering Indian can be) at Capemanwagan (Southport), whence Captain Christopher Leverett met him with his family: he showed his liking for Leverett by offer- ing his new-born son as a perpetual brother in moitcliickc-leganiatch (friendship) to the son of the Englishman. Leverett describes him as " a sagamore that hath been found very faithful to the English, and hath saved the lives of many of our nation, some from starving, others from killing." * The last glimpse we have of this ideal savage, whose character ennobles in a degree his humble and benighted race, is when he joined his fellow-sagamore LTnongoit in deeding to John Brown of New Harbor (afterward of the Kennebec), a tract of land at Pemaquid, July 25, 1625. f He had been the first to welcome the Englishmen to his country, and he was the first to supplement the greeting by sharing with them his hunting grounds. The deed was acknowledged before Abraham Shurte, the worthy magistrate of Pemaquid, who fifty-one years afterward ascended the Kennebec to Teconnet (Winslow) as peacemaker to the then angry chiefs. II. EARLY GLIMPSES OF THE ABENAKIS OR KENNEBEC TRIBE. The English Names of the Maine Tribes. — The French Names of the same Tribes. — Origin of the Name of the Kennebec River. — The Indians' mode of Life. — Vestiges of their Villages. — Their Language and the Names derived from it. — Present Indian Names of Places on the River. — The Plymouth Trading Post at Cushnoc (Koussinok). When the aboriginal people of Maine first came into historic view, we find them grouped by the English into five tribes and occupying several principal river valleys. The Tarratines dwelt on the Penobscot; the Wawenocks from Pemaquid to Sagadahoc (Ken- nebec); the Sohokas (Sacos) from the Saco to the Piscataqua; the Androscoggins lived on the river that has taken their name; atid the Canibas (Kennebecs) from Merrymeeting bay to Moosehead lake. In the beginning of Indian history a personage called the Bashaba * Leverett' s Voyage into New England. Me. Hist. Soc. Coll.. Vol. II, pp. 87, 93. \ Ancient Pemaquid, by J. Wingate Thornton. Me. Hist. Soc. Coll., Vol. V. pp. 188-193. Journal of the Pilgrims, by George B. Cheever, D.D., pp. 41-43. Bradford says Samoset ' ' became a special instrument sent of God for their [the Pilgrims'] good beyond their expectation." See Popham Memorial, p. 297. IS HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. presided on the Penobscot: Champlain (1605) met him there with Cabahis, a chief of less dignity; Manthoumermer ruled on the Sheepscot; Marchim on the Androscoggin, and Sasanoa on the vSaga- dahoc. Champlain's guides, whom he took at the Penobscot, deserted his vessel at the St. George, " because the savages of the Quinibequy were their enemies." At Saco Champlain bartered a kidnapped Penobscot boy " for the products of the country." Three years after- ward (1608) he was founding Quebec* The English names and grouping of the tribes differed from those of the French. The early French visitors used the name Armouchiquoys to designate the na- tives of Acadia westward of the St. Croix. They soon discarded it for the more comprehensive name of Abenaquiois (Abenakis) — meaning people of the east, easterners — which included all the natives between Nova Scotia and the Connecticut river. This great tribe was divided by the French into seven sub-tribes, three of which were in the terri- tory of Maine, namely — the Sokwakiahs or Sacos, the Pentagoets or Penobscots, and the Narhantsouaks or Norridgewocks (called also Canibas or Kennebecs). As the French influence declined in Acadia, the name Abenaquiois lost its wide application, and finally became limited to the Indians who lived on the Kennebec. It was a common French soubriquet for a century and a half before its use became familiar to the English. As gradually the tribes broke up, those sur- vivors who sought refuge on the Kennebec, and mixed with the Abenakis, came under the ancient name. The name borne by the Kennebec river is another enduring trace of the Frenchman as well as of the Indians. Champlain was the first (1605) to receive from the Indians the word Quinibequi (or Kinibeki), which, it seems, they associated with the narrow and sinuous, though now much traveled, passage between Bath and Sheepscot bay. Then, as to-day, the water there boiled and eddied as the tides ebbed and flowed through the ledgy gates. It was a place of danger to the native navigators in their frail canoes; they had no understanding of the real causes of the manifestation; they knew nothing of natural laws, but believed all physical phenomena to be the work of genii or demons and the expression of their caprices and ever varying moods. In their mythology they peopled the water, forest and air with gross gods who ruled fhe world; their name for serpent or monster was Kiiiai-hik, an Algonquin word that has the same meaning among the kindred Chip- pewas to-day .f Obviously as given to Champlain it referred to the mighty dragons that lay coiled in the mysterious depths about the * Champlain's Exploration of the Coast of Maine in 1605, by Gen. J. Marshall Brown. Me. Hist. Soc. Coll., Vol. VII. ^Language of the Abanaquies, by C. E. Potter of New Hampshire. Me. Hist. Soc. Coll., Vol. IV, p. 190. H. R. Schoolcraft's American Indians, part 3, p. 465. THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 19 Hellgates; whose angry lashings or restless writhings made the waters whirl and foam in ceaseless maelstrom. The evil reputation of the locality yet survives in the word Hockomock (the Indian bad place), a name borne by a picturesque headland at the upper gate. Champlain explored to Merrymeeting bay, where he ascertained that his Ouinibequi came from the northward. Father Biard followed Champlain's chart, and in speaking of the Ouinibequi, remarks that it has more than one mouth. The Indians had no geographical desig- nations, but named spots and places only; they had no name for any river as a whole, and it is a mistake to suppose that they did more in the naming of the Kennebec than to furnish from their mythological vocabulary the word which the French explorer caught from their lips and wrote upon his map.* The English having named the river Sagadahoc (from Sunkerdahunk), called it by that name below Merry- meeting bay for more than a century. Above Merrymeeting Cham- plain's Quinibequi (with changes in orthography) was never dis- placed, but became permanent. After the successive wasting by the Indians of the settlements on the banks of the Sagadahoc, that vener- able name, as applied to any part of the river, faded out, and by un- conscious popular selection the one given by Champlain was restored to its place. Some writers have fancied that the river was named by Canibas, a chief, whose habitat was on Swan island, but long before that personage had entered upon his sachemship Quinibequi had been written indelibly on the French map of Acadia. The memory of the Abenakis or Kennebec tribe of Indians will endure as long as the Kennebec shall continue to flow. We get our first glimpse of these savages in the visit of Captain Gilbert; the pic- ture is momentary and faint, yet real. Sebenoa and his warriors are dimly seen in the shadow of their native forest, among their people. Up to that moment their tribe has no history; it is not for us to know how long their ancestors had dwelt upon the river, nor to inquire whether they were of a race that was in the process of evolution from a lower state, or descending in reversion from a higher. We find them here, a little branch of the human family, in possession of the river valley. They gleaned their subsistence from forest and stream. The river was their highway and its banks their home. Their lives were spent in seeking the means of existence. They obeyed the mi- gratory impulse of the seasons like their not yet extinct contempo- raries, the moose, deer and caribou. In the winter they moved north- ward to hibernate with the game in the recesses of the upper Kenne- bec and Moosehead lake. There they kept the wolf from the door by snaring him in his lair, and chasing through the snows the fiounder- * Champlain wrote Quinibequy and Quinebeque; Lescarbot wrote Kinibeki; Jean de Laet wrote Quinibequin; on Dutch map of 1616 it is written Qui-mo- beguyn. ^V HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. ing moose and more helpless deer, and by catching through the ice of the lakes the gorgeous trout, whose descendants the sportsmen of to- day delight to capture. In the spring, when the lengthening days had melted the snow and cleared the rivers, and the nobler game that had sought the secluded valleys began to disperse to browse on the swell- ing buds and springing grasses, the Indians, too, would leave their winter haunts and migrate southward. Trimming with squaw and papooses their skin-laden canoes to even keel, they glided down the swollen river toward new supplies of food. They were accustomed in their migrations to tarry, according to mood or circumstance, for days or weeks at sundry places — at the mouths of tributary streams and at the falls where the migrating sea fishes congregated in great numbers during their passage to their native beds. These fishes — • the salmon, shad and alewives — have, like the Indian, now disappeared from the river. These general migrations sometimes extended to the sea, but usually no further than Merrymeeting bay, where other tribes assembled, and all had merrymeeting. The Indians were truly children of the wilderness; they lived close to nature; the chemistry of food and climate had brought them in complete rappoj-t with their surroundings. The forest had assimilated them to itself; they were of its growth, like the pines and ferns. The harsh conditions of their existence sharpened their senses and intensi- fied their instincts. Their lives were of the utmost simplicity. Their weapons were stone-headed clubs and bows and arrows. Their work- ing tools were of stone, flint and bone; their clothing was the skins of beasts and plaited grasses and even boughs. As the bee makes its perfect cell at the first attempt, and the beaver is an accomplished engineer from its youth, so the Indian, without apprenticeship or master, fashioned with his flint knife and bone awl the ideal boat — the bark canoe {agivideii). It was adapted to his needs; without it he could not have lived his nomadic life — which, amid his environments, was the only mode of existence possible to him. The trackless forest on either side, like a hedge, kept him near the river's bank; he must needs roam for his food and raiment; this his canoe enabled him to do; it would glide over shallows and shoot rapids, and could be taken upon his shoulders and carried around dangerous cascades; in it he traversed lakes and rivers with ease and speed, and in it he made all of his long journeys, both of peace and war. The white man has copied its model for three centuries, but has not been able to improve it. In the winter his snow-shoes (angemaK) were of an importance equal to that of the canoe in summer; they were the sole means by which the hunter could pursue the game through the deep snows. Their fishing and hunting encampments were the nearest approach to their villages; their dwellings, constructed of poles and bark, were only huts of shelter, and could not be called houses; they were aban- THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 21 doned when the builders removed to another spot, and soon tumbled in decay, leaving no trace save that of the fires. But the sites of many of their principal camps can be identified at the present day, both by the vestiges of their fires and the debris of their weapon and tool makers. Flint and stone chippings, with arrow-heads and other arti- cles in all stages of manufacture, are found mixed with the soil where their wigwams stood. Unlike the white man's metals, the material composing these relics defies the corroding power of time, and .some of the articles are as bright and perfect as when centuries ago they left the hands of the dusky artisans. The prevailing substance is the silicious slate or hornstone of Mt. Kineo, from whose rugged cliffs it was quarried. Many spots where wigwam fires once glowed are yet marked by burned and crumbling stones and by fragments of the earthen vessels in which the feasts were cooked. These relic places abound all along the Kennebec, from Popham beach to Moosehead lake, but they are almost continuous on the alluvial banks between Augusta and Waterville, which seems to have been a favorite resort or metropolis of the tribe. The plow of civilization has been obliter- ating for five generations these vestiges of a vanished people. We first see the Indian as the proprietor of all these lakes and rivers, and hills and meadows; his subjects were the beasts and birds and fishes; his scepter was the tomahawk, his chariot was the bark canoe; from Moosehead to the waters of the sea he exerci.sed his sov- ereignty, and, monarch like, made progress through his forest realm, levying tribute according to his humble needs. His language had never been spelled into words and written in books; it was the artless tongue of the realm of nature. Philologists have written learnedly upon it, and exhibited specimens of it in dictionaries, but like the people who spoke it, it eludes domestication, and like them it has passed away. Many fragments, however, have been saved in the form of names attached to the rivers, lakes and mountains of our state; they were caught from the closing lips of a departing race; the nomencla- ture of the Kennebec valley is greatly enriched by them. In the ab- sence of geographical names, a river to the Indians was a series of places where food could be procured at certain moons or in a special manner; a range of mountains was divided by them into the abodes of different genii. A river was named only in places or in sections; we have seen that it fell to the white man to confer upon the Kenne- bec its name as an hydrographic unity. What our form of expression makes it convenient to call Indian names were not, in fact, originally names at all.* They were laconic descriptions of the physical or *That accomplished Abenakis scholar, Rev. C. M. O'Brien, says: "To understand Indian names it must always be borne in mind that they rarely, if ever, gave names to territories large or small, but only to spots."— Letter to Hon. James P. Baxter, quoted in Trelaivnev Papers, p. 325. Note (Me. Hist. Soc. Coll.. 3d series. Vol. HI). 22 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. mystical characteristics of the places referred to, which the white man has softened and changed by his cultured tongue, and converted into permanent names as his reparation and memorial to the race which he has driven from the earth. Among the earliest names derived from the Indian tongue on the Kennebec, we find Sagadahoc and Sabiiio; they were both associated with the mouth of the river; Sabino referred to the peninsula where the Popham colony located. Erascolicgan was the present Georgetown: Arro7vsic is the ancient name of the island adjoining; other familiar names in the same region are. IVimiegancc (Bath), Ncquasset (Wool- wich) and Qiiabacook (Merrymeeting bay). The Indians invariably designated the mouths of rivers and tributary .streams by mentioning some characteristic peculiar to each. Thus, Nahiinikcag (in Pittston) means the place where eels can be caught; Cobbosseecontee (Gardiner), sturgeon-place; Sebasticook (Winslow) is a comparatively modern Indian corruption of the French pronunciation of St. John the Bap- tist's place (or the place where an Indian lived who had been chris- tened St. John the Baptist). The original meanings of many, and in- deed of most of the Indian names, have been lost. The best students of the tongue seldom agree in their analyses and definitions, and usually confuse more than they explain. Names derived from the Indians have attached to all the considerable streams that feed the Kennebec. Beside those already mentioned there are the Worronion- togus (at Randolph); Kedumcook (Vaughan brook, Hallowell); Cuslicnoc (Bond brook, Augusta); Magorgooniagoostick (Seven-mile brook, Vassal- hoxo); Messeclo7iskce (Emerson stream, Waterville); Wesserjinsett (in Skowhegan); Norridgcwock (Sandy river, at Old Point); Carrabassctt (at North Anson). Mecseccontee applied to Farmington falls, on the Sandy river. The Kennebec, falling 1,()5() feet between Moosehead and the tide at Augusta, is a remarkably swift river, full of rapids and falls, which the Indian canoeists well knew how to shoot or when to avoid. All of these places bore appropriate designations, such as Teconiiet at Waterville, Skozv/ugan at the village of that name, and Carrattink at Solon. Above Carratunk only a few Indian names sur- vive. Moxa mountain was named for a modern Indian hunter. At Moosehead lake, where the shores are rich with relics of the Indians, Kineo is the only ancient name that remains. Ongueclwnta was the name of Squaw mountain, when Montressor passed by its massive slope on his way from Quebec to Fort Halifax, about the year 1760. This dearth of Indian names in a region where once they must have been very numerous, is explained by the fact that the river was de- populated of natives and their local names on its upper waters forgot- ten, before the white men had pushed their settlements so far inland as to learn and preserve them. THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 23 The next recorded visit by white men to the Kennebec Indians after Captain Gilbert had erected a cross among them, was by Edward Winslow and a few others of the Plymouth colony, in the fall of 1625. During twenty-two years great events had taken place in New Eng- land— and among them was the landing of the Pilgrims, who, having founded a settlement, were now struggling for its continuance. At first they sought among the Indians only a market for their surplus corn in exchange for peltry, but they found the region .so rich in the latter commodity that they presently applied for and obtained from their English patrons a patent or deed of about 450 square miles of territory in the center and best part of the Kennebec valley. They established (in 1628) a trading house at Cushnoc (now Augusta), and there trafficked with the natives for a period of thirty-four years. Singularly enough during this era of intimate and friendly relation- ship with the Pilgrim fathers, when the means were excellent for pre- serving information, the Kennebec tribe is nearly destitute of any history. The names of its chiefs, the places of its villages, its rela- tions with neighboring tribes, its grand hunts and councils, and a thousand incidents illustrating the Indians' mode of life, were consid- ered too trivial for the white traders to record; perhaps as business men in the pursuit of gain, they preferred that the public should not know much about the affairs of the patent. They made no effort toward ameliorating the hard condition of their Indian wards; they gave them no teachers, either secular or religious, but looked upon them much as they did upon the other inhabitants of the wilderness. When trade ceased to be profitable they abandoned them. III. FATHER DRUILLETTES AND HIS KENNEBEC MISSION. The first Mission in Canada.— Father Masse at the Residence of St. Joseph of Sillery.— Father Druillettes among the Algonquins.— Intercourse between the Kennebec and St. Lawrence. — St. Lawrence Indian killed on the Kenne- bec—Treaty between the Algonquins and Abenakis.— The Latter ask for a Missionary.— Father Druillettes sent to them.— His Visit to Pentagoet.— Chapel built near Cushnoc and named the Mission of the Assumption.— Father Druillettes' return to Quebec. It was left to the people of the French nation, who once dis- played the symbol of Christianity to the Indians on the lower Ken- nebec (1611), to undertake the conversion of the Abenakis. The first missions on the St. Lawrence were begun in 1614, under the patronage of Champlain; they were reinforced in 1625 by the arrival of three Jesuits, one of whom was Father Ennemond Mas.se, who was driven by Argal from St. Sauveur with Father Biard twelve years before. 24 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Quebec was captured by Englishmen in 1629, when Father Masse was again expelled from the country, with his associates. Three years later (1632) France by treaty resumed dominion over both Canada and Acadia; the suspended missions were immediately re- vived, and a system of evangelizing labor was soon established, under which in a few years heroic priests had carried the gospel to the na- tives of every part of New France. Quebec was the central radiating point. By the shore of the St. Lawrence, about four miles above Quebec and nearly opposite the mouth of the Chaudiere, there was an Indian village (called Ka-miskoua-ouangachit'), where the missionaries built a church; in 1637 Father Masse became a resident pastor there; two years later (1639) the mission was endowed by a gift of twenty thousand livres by a converted French courtier, and in honor of its benefactor was given the name of the Residence of St. Joseph of Sil- lery. The establishment became the seminary of the missionaries, for the acquiring of the various Indian languages, preparatory to their going forth to their fields of labor. To this place came in 1648, Father Gabriel Druillettes, the first regular missionary to the Kenne- bec. He first essayed to learn the tongue of the Algonquins or St. Lawrence tribe, and soon went among them. The smoke of the wig- wams inflamed his eyes and made him blind; he was led about in his helplessness by an Indian boy; he implored his neophytes to join him in offering prayer for his recovery; this they did and his sight was from that hour restored! He ever after believed that his cure was a miracle in answer to the prayers of his converts. Weakened by the sufferings attending his first year's labors, he was given the second year a less exacting service near the mission of Sillery. The gently- bred scholar and priest was seasoning and hardening for the wonder- ful apostolic career that was before him. There can be no doubt that long before the written history of the Indians begins there were occasional exchanges of visits between the natives on the St. Lawrence and those who lived in the valley of the Kennebec. It is said in the Jesuit Relations that in the year 1637 a party of Abenakis (Kennebecs) Indians went to Quebec to buy beaver skins to sell to the English traders; a jealous Montanais (mountaineer) chief denounced them before the French governor, Montmagny, and offered to go and shut the rivers against their return to their country. The governor forbade bloodshed, but allowed the mountaineers to rob the strangers and send them home. In 1640 an English trader (prob- ably one of the Plymouth colony's men) accompanied by twenty Ken- nebecs, undertook the journey from Maine to Quebec. After he had reached the St. Lawrence, the French governor ordered him to return immediately; but this he could not do as the rivers were low and some of the streams were dry; so, without allowing him to visit Quebec, the THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 25 governor sent him down to Tadoussac (at the mouth of the Saguenay) from whence he was shipped to Europe. The same year an Algon- quin (St. Lawrence) Indian named Makheabichtichiou, came to the Kennebec with his family, to escape the reproaches of the missionaries for his persistency in continuing his heathen practice of polygamy. In the course of the winter following he was killed by a drunken Abenakis; while his two widowed wives were journeying back to their kindred in Canada, one died miserably of grief and famine. Under the Indian code the tragedy was liable to be avenged on the whole tribe — to avoid which two chiefs were sent to Canada to announce the affair with the regret of their people, and to offer satisfaction in the form of presents to the parents of the deceased. It seems probable that the ambassadors would have been summarily tomahawked in retaliation for the deed they had come to excuse, if John Baptist Etiuechkawat and Christmas Negabamat, two baptized chiefs of Sil- lery, had not interceded eloquently for them. It was declared that the murder was not committed by the tribe, which on the contrary wholly disapproved of it, but that it was the act of an individual san- nup while frenzied by the English traders' fire-water. Finally the exasperated tribesmen and bereaved relatives were soothed by words and gifts, and a treaty of friendship was made between their tribe and the Abenakis, which was never broken. Thereafter the two tribes were inseparable allies in peace and war. Father Marault says in his Histoirc dcs Abenakis, that thenceforth the latter, until their final emigration to Canada and extinction on the Kennebec, annually sent envoys to Quebec to renew and celebrate this alliance. In the fall of 1643 a Christianized St. Lawrence Indian named Charles Mejachkawat, came from Sillery to the Kennebec, and passed the winter among the Abenakis. He seems to have been sent pur- posely to extol on the Kennebec his conception of the gospel which the missionaries were preaching on the St. Lawrence. His visit aroused the interest or curiosity of many in the mysterious ceremonies of baptism and the mass, which he described. During his stay he visited the English trading house at Cushnoc (Augusta), and there had occasion to defend his faith with spirited words against the humorous raillery of the Puritan heretics. He returned to Sillery in the spring (1641), accompanied by one of the chiefs who, three years before, had been sent to requite the killing of the refugee. The life of this chief had been saved with that of his associate, and war averted by the good offices of the proselytes of Sillery, whom he had prom- ised in the fullness of his gratitude to join in accepting the religion of the Black-gowns; he was now going to Sillery to crave baptism. The rite was duly administered by the priest in the Sillery chapel, Gov- ernor Montmagny acting as his godfather; the church christened him 26 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. John Baptist, but his Indian name is not recorded. He was the first Kennebec chief on whom holy water was placed. He started alone on his journey back to his people, and sad to relate, fell into the hands of a party of the merciless Iroquiois and was cruelly killed. The history of the Jesuit missions shows the remarkable fact that while most tribes received the missionaries with indiiference or apathy, and some murdered them, the Abenakis asked for them. The frequent visits between the Kennebec and the St. Lawrence that fol- lowed the treaty of 1641, brought favorably to the attention of the Abenakis the meek and peace-loving Black-robes, who, unlike other white men, did not greedily grasp their beaver, but appeared to be unselfishly anxious for their comfort and welfare. In the .spring of 1646, several Abenakis returned to the Kennebec from Sillery, full of enthusiasm which the Fathers' zeal had inspired in them for the Christian faith. After having visited the families and chiefs of their tribe, they journeyed back to Sillery, bearing the request of their people for a missionary. They arrived at Sillery on the 14th of August; the next day, after participating in the celebration of the Assumption, they went before an assembly of the Fathers and in the customary Indian form of proceeding in council, delivered an oration. They said that their tribe on the Kennebec had been deeply moved by the kindness of Noel (Christmas) Negabamat; that the treaty of friendship which had been made would end with this earthly life; that the bond of faith would continue after death eternally; that they had been told of the beauties of heaven and the horrors of hell; that thirty men and six women of their tribe, having already endorsed the new belief, now begged for a Father to come from Quebec to in- struct and baptize them, and that the ears of the chiefs and people would be open to the preaching of the gospel. The record says: " The Fathers acceded to the pious desire of these good Christians, and selected Father Gabriel Druillettes to go and establish a mission on the river Kennebec." "•'" Father Druillettes accepted the choice of his brethren as the voice of God, and prepared for his journey; he had little to do to make ready. Besides the parcels containing the missal and crucifix, his outfit consisted of only a few articles of priestly apparel, a little box of medicines and some bread and wine for the mass — made into a pack that could be slung on the shoulders or laid in the canoe. On the 29th of August, he started with the Christianized chief Negaba- mat, and a few Abenakis who were to be his guides. He ascended the rapid Chaudiere about ninety miles, to its source in Lake Megantic; from the waters of that lake he followed the trail that led across the divide through swamp and logan to the waters of the Kennebec; these *Re/atioiis of the Jesuits in New Fraiiee for the year IQ.'fC.. Chap \\ p. 19. THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 27 he descended to the main river, and by the middle of vSeptember reached the upper village of the Abenakis (probably Nanrantsouack — now called Old Point, in Norridgewock). Here he seems to have tarried for a week, and then resumed his journey down the river, call- ing at the different villages and conferring with the chiefs and people about their souls' salvation. By the end of September he had pro- gre.ssed as far as the Plymouth trading post at Cushnoc, where he called and was kindly received by John Winslow, the agent, who in- vited him to become his guest. The missionary gladly accepted the Pilgrim's hospitality, and enjoyed for a few days the comforts of the trading house, which, though few and humble, were great in contrast with those found in the huts of the natives. The Father was the first white man who had ever entered the Kennebec from Canada and ap- proached the trading house from the north. He was a Frenchman, and neither he nor Winslow could converse in the language of the other, but by signs and pantomimes and the spirit of Christian kind- ness that knows all languages, the host and guest soon became mu- tually intelligible, and by the help of Indian interpreters were able to understand each other. Father Druillettes remained a few days as the distinguished guest of the Pilgrim trader, and then went back to the cabins of the Indians, where he found pressing employment in the nursing of the sick, the baptizing of the dying, and the instructing of the living. In about two weeks, partly to finish his reconnaissance of the country, but chiefly to confer with some fellow-missionaries of the Capuchin order on the Penobscot, Father Druillettes started in a canoe with a native guide down the river, and went along the sea-coast to Pentagoet (now Castine), " visiting seven or eight English habitations on the way." Father Ignace de Paris, the superior at Pentagoet (which was then a French post), " saluted him lovingly," and approved of the planting of a Jesuit mission on the Kennebec — which river was then regarded by Frenchmen as the western boundary of Acadia. Father Druillettes soon started on his return, encouraged in his heart by the benediction of his brother missionary, and the courteous treatment given him at the English habitations, where he again called as a wayfarer for nightly shelter and rest. At one of these—" Mr. Chaste gave to him food abundantly for his voyage and some letters for the English at Kennebec [Cushnoc]. In these he protested that he had seen nothing in the Father which was not praiseworthy; that he carried nothing to trade. The savages gave him this testimony: that he labored only for their instruction; that he came to procure their salvation at the risk of his life; and that, in a word, he admired his courage." '-^ *Who this kind "Mr. Chaste " was we do not know; we like to believe the name is a misspelled rendering of Mr. Shurt — good Abraham Shurt of Pemaquid 20 HISTO.RY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. The priest, with his dusky guide, paddled back to the Plymouth trading- house at Cushnoc; he presented his letters to Winslow, and then showed his commission as missionary from the Jesuit superior at Quebec; the commission was in French and the Englishman could not read it, but with his own hand carefully made a copy to carry to Plymouth. He then extended to the Father all the kindness in his power; he consented to the planting of a mission within the Plymouth jurisdiction, and gave his active assistance to the undertaking. Father Druillettes then chose for his mission a place near the river a league above the trading post, in the vicinity of what has since been named Gilley's point in Augusta; his record says " the savages had there as- sembled to the number of fifteen large cabins," and that there " they made for him a little chapel of planks built in their own fashion " [ils luy bastirent une petite cliapelle de planches, faite d leur mode). He be- stowed upon this chapel the name selected for it by the Fathers at Siller}' — The Mission of the Assumption on the Kennebec {La Mission de I'Assoinption au pays des Abnaquiois).* It v.'as on the anniversary of the Assumption (August 15) that Father Druillettes arrived in Canada, and on the same calendar day he had been assigned to the Kennebec by his brethren, who, in compliment, gave him a name for his mission to commemorate those events. "It was there that the Father, acquiring sufficiently their [the Indians'] language, instructed them zealously: making them listen to the subject that kept him with them, and telling them of the importance of confessing Him who had created them and who punished or blessed them according to their deeds." His humble parishioners appear to have been willing listeners and docile pupils, for he says: " Seeing that a large part professed to love the good news of the gospel, he [the missionary] demanded of them three things, as tokens of their good will and desire to receive the faith of Jesus Christ. The first was to leave the beverages of Europe [the brandy of the traders], from which followed much drunkenness among the savages; secondly, he asked them to live peaceably together and to put an end to the jealousies and quarrels which were often occurring between them and members of other tribes; thirdly, he required that they throw away their Manitous or demons or mysterious charms; there were few young men who had not some stone or other thing —whose long life was full of deeds of kindness toward the Indians, and who, if satisfied that the priest was their real friend, would have written such a letter. The Father must have met some French and English speaking person by whom, as interpreter, his character as a missionary could be expressed in English as certified by "Mr. Chaste." Of the " seven or eight English settlements " along the route, Pemaquid was the oldest and largest: the others may have been Pejepscot, Sagadahoc, Sheepscot, Capenewaggen, Damariscotta, New Harbor and St. George. * Jesuit Relations for the year 1G],7, Chap. X, p. 52. THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 29 which they held as a propitiation to their demon for his kindness in the chase or the games, or in war; it is given to them by some sor- cerer [medicine man] or they dream that they found it, or that the Manitou gave it to them. . . Many who had charms or Manitous drew them from their pouches — some threw them away and others brought them to the Father. Some sorcerers or jugglers burned their drums and other implements of their trade; so that no longer were heard in their cabins, the yellings, and cries and hubbub which they made around their sick, because the greater part protested stoutly that they wanted refuge in God. I say the greater part, but not all; some never liked the change, so they carried a sick man to be whispered and chanted over by the.se cheats. But the poor man, being well pre- pared for heaven, said that if he recovered his health he would hold it as a gift from Him who alone can give and take away as it pleases Him. The Father stayed among these fifteen cabins, teaching in public and private, making the savages pray, vi.siting, consoling and relieving the sick; with much suffering it is true, but tempered by a blessing and inspiration from heaven which sweetens the most bitter trials. God does not yield; He scatters his blessings as well upon the cross of iron as upon the cross of silver and gold. It is not a small joy to baptize thirty persons prepared for death and paradise. The Father had not yet wished to entrust the holy waters to those who were full of life; he only .scattered them upon the dying, some of whom recovered, to the surprise of their comrades." * In the month of January (1647) the Father went with the Indians on their winter hunt to Moosehead lake, where, " being divided into many bands, they wage war against deer, elk and beaver, and other wild beasts;" the Father stayed with one party, " following it in all its journeys." In the spring, " the chase ended, all the savages reassem- bled upon the banks of this great lake [Moosehead] at the place where they had stopped [before the dispersion]. Here the sorcerers lost credit, for not only those who prayed to God had not encountered misfortune but the Father and his company had not fallen into the ambush of the Iroquiois, but instead had been favored with a fortu- nate chase, and some sick persons separated from the Father, having had recourse to God in their agonies, had received the blessing of a sudden return to health." The reassembling of the tribe at the close of the hunt was at the outlet of the lake and such occasions were cele- brated by feasting and dancing, until the canoes were ready for the descent of the river. When Father Druillettes arrived with his com- pany at the place of the mission house, he found that Winslow had already reached the trading house three miles below. Winslow had spent the winter in Plymouth and Boston; he told the missionary that * Jesuit J^c/atioiis, 1647, Chap. X. pp. o;^-o4. 60 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. he " had shown the letter of Mr. Chate to twenty-four persons of im- portance in New England, atnong whom were four famous ministers; and that they all approved his plan, saying boldly that it was a good and praiseworthy and generous action to instruct the savages, and that God must be praised for it. ' The gentlemen of the Kennebec company [the Plymouth colony] charged me,' said Mr. Houinslaud [Winslow], ' to bring you [Father Druillettes] word that if you wish for some French to come and build a house [mission establishment] on the Kennebec river, they will gladly allow it; and that you will never be molested in your ministry; if you are there,' added he, ' many English will come to visit you;' giving us to understand that there are some Catholics in these countries. The Father, having no orders on this proposition, replied to Winslow that he would write to him soon if the plan was judged practicable." * Father Druillettes left the Mission of the Assumption on the 20th of May, 1647, " going to visit all the places where the savages were, baptizing the sick and thus rescuing those beyond all hope. . . There were neither small nor great who did not express sorrow at the departure of their Patriarch " (the name of endearment which the missionary's neophytes had given him). Thirty Indians accompanied him to Quebec, where he arrived on the 15th of June " full of health." The disciples who escorted him besought him to return with them after eleven days' rest, " but the Jesuit Fathers for sufficient reasons, did not grant their request, and the savages returned to their country, afflicted by the refusal." IV. FATHER DRUILLETTES AS A MISSIONARY AND ENVOY. The Kennebec Mission Field reopened. — Iroquiois Enemies. — Scene at the Cushnoc Trading House. — Father Druillettes and Negabamat go to Boston and Plymouth.— The Father meets the Governors.— He visits John Eliot and John Endicott. — Resumes Labor in his Mission. — Returns to Quebec. — Sent back to New England.— Lost in the Forests on the St. John.— Reaches Nanrantsouak. — Welcomed with Joy.— Visits the four Colonies.— Last Labors on the Kennebec. — Painful Journey to Quebec. The next year (1648) the neophytes of the Kennebec went to Que- bec and repeated their request for the return of Father Druillettes, but the Jesuit Fathers, thinking that the distant Abenakis could be sufficiently ministered unto by the Capuchins of Pengbscot, and hav- itig great need in Canada of all of the missionaries of their own society, did not yield to the petition. The next year (1649) the .same request was made with the same result; but in 1650, the persistency * /fsiat Relatiotis, 1647, Chap. X, p. 56. THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 31 and earnestness of the appeals, supported by a letter from Father Come de Mante of the Pentagoet mission, were sitccessful. Father Druiliettes was appointed to reopen his Kennebec mission. He left Quebec (or Sillery) September 1st, accompanied by his faithful disci- ple and constant companion, Noel Negabamat. On reaching the Ken- nebec, he visited hastily the several villages, and received the joyful welcome of his former pupils. On St. Michael's eve (September 29) he arrived at the Plymouth trading house, at Cushnoc. To his great pleasure he there met again his foi'mer friend, " the agent, by name Jehan Winslau [John Winslow], a citizen merchant of Plymouth." At the time of Father Druiliettes' first labors on the river four years before, there was a feeling of unrest among the Abenakis arising from the dread of their enemies, the Mohawks (one of the celebrated Iroquiois tribes), whose raids from their country beyond the western highlands had reached even to the Kennebec. Since 1646, six French missionaries* had been massacred by the Mohawks and their kindred tribes, and marauding parties were yearly roaming the banks of the St. Lawrence, with hatchets and knives bought of the Dutch and English traders on the Hudson. The governor of Canada (D'Alli- boust), to protect his own people and the far more numerous friendly natives of his domain, sought to repel the invaders; and he gave to Father Druiliettes on his departure for the Kennebec, " a letter of credit to speak on behalf of Sieur d'AUiboust to the governor and magistrates of said country " (New England). It was therefore in the dual capacity of missionary and envoy that Father Druiliettes made his second visit to the Abenakis. The then existing colonies (Ply- mouth, Massachusetts, New Haven, Connecticut,) had formed (in 1643) a confederation to promote their common interests, and espe- cially to enable them to deal as a unit with the neighboring Dutch and French colonies. This confederacy — the embryo of our great republic— prohibited the individual colony from going to war alone and from concluding a peace without the consent of the others. Before 1650, this confederacy had proposed a system of commer- cial reciprocity between New England and New France. Father Druiliettes was now instructed to agree on behalf of his government to the proposed treaty, provided New England would unite with Canada in keeping the Iroquiois from the war path against the tribes * They were all of the Society of Jesus. Father Isaac Jogues (killed October 18, 1646) was sent to the Mohawk country at the same time that Father Druil- iettes was ordered to the Kennebec. The two Fathers received their assign- ments on the same day. The other victims to Iroquiois cruelty were: Fathers Antoine Daniel, killed July 4. 1648; Jean de Brebeuf, March 16, 1649; Gabriel Lallemant, March 17, 1649; Charles Gamier, December 7, 1649; Noel Chobanel, December 8, \&i^.—Al>ri(fgeJ Relations of the Missions of the Jesuits in New Fiance. By Father P. F. J. Bressani, 16.53. Montreal, 1853. 32 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. that were friendly to the French. In the light of these facts we can understand the proceedings at the Kennebec trading house on the 30th of September, 1650. Father Druillettes, with Negabamat and a throng of Indians who had followed them from the different villages, met with ceremony the representative of the colony of Plymouth at the trading house. Negabamat, addressing John Winslow and hand- ing to him a bundle of beaver skins, said in his mother tongue (the Algonquin, and interpreted into French for us by the missionary): " The governor of the river St. Lawrence, by the Father who stands here, to those of your nation, and I as ally join my word to his; Not to speak to thee alone, but rather to tell thee to embark my word, that is to say my present [the beaver skins], to carry it to the governor of Plymouth." Winslow answered that he would do with the governor and magistrates all that could be expected from a good friend; where- upon Negabamat and the other Indians asked that the Father should go with him (Winslow) to present in person d'Alliboust's letter and " explain his intentions according to the letter of credit which he had, and to bear the words of the Christians of Sillery and the catechumens of the river Kennebec." Winslow replied: " I will lodge him in my house, and I will treat him as my own brother; for I well know the good that he [the missionary] does among you, and the life that he leads there." The record adds: " This he said because he had a par- ticular zeal for the conversion of the Indians." Thus accredited by the Kennebec Indians as well as by the Cana- dian governor, to negotiate against the Iroquiois, the missionary-envoy started about the 20th of November for Boston; he says: " I left Cous- sinoc by land, with the said agent [Winslow], inasmuch as the vessel that was to carry us had some cause for delay in waiting for the In- dians; and fearing to be surprised by the ice, we were therefore obliged to go ten leagues, to embark by sea at Marimiten [Merry- meeting], which the Indians call Nassouac. This was a painful march, especially to the agent, who is already somewhat in years [born in 1597] and who assured me that he would never have undertaken it if he had not given his word to Noel " (Negabamat). They embarked at Tameriskau (Damariscove ?) on the 25th, but the winds and storms drove them ashore at Cape Ann, from whence " partly by land and partly by boat," they reached Boston on the 8th of December. The incidents of this embassy were quite fully recorded by Father Druil- lettes, '•■■ but it would be apart from the present purpose to recite them all. He was blandly received by the principal personages of Boston, * " Narrative of a voyage, made for the Abenaquiois mission and information acquired of New England and the magistrates of that republic, for assistance against the Iroquiois. The whole by me, Gabriel Druillettes, of the Society of Jesus."— Trans, from the original MS. by John Gilmary Shea. Coll. New York Hist. Society (2d series), Vol. Ill, part 1. THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 33 ■who, because he was a foreign envoy, did not inflict upon him the execution which one of their laws made the earthly doom of a Jesuit. After receiving many courteous attentions and an audience and din- ner with the governor (Thomas Dudley) and magistrates, he was at last told that in consequence of the character he had assumed as am- bassador of the Kennebec Indians, Boston had no interest in the sub- ject; and he was referred to Plymouth. He then went to Plymouth (December 21-22), and saw the Pilgrim fathers at their homes. The Father says: "The governor of the place John Brentford [William Bradford] received me with courtesy, and appointed the next day for audience, and then invited me to a dinner of fish which he had pre- pared on my account, seeing that it was Friday. I met with much favor at this settlement, for the farmers [lessees of the Plymouth patent], and among others Captain Thomas Willets, spoke to the gov- ernor on behalf of my negotiation. . . The governor . . with all the magistrates, not only consents but presses this affair in favor of the Abenaquois. The whole colony has no trifling interest in it, be- cause by its right of seigniory, it annually takes the sixth part of all that arises from the trade on that river Quinebec; and the governor himself in particular, who with four other of the most considerable citi- S*'^'>'i^A' 'iVi>-i^f<^es SecJ-J"- zens, are as it were, farmers of this trade, who lose much, losing all hope of the commerce of the Kenne- bec and Quebec, by means of the Abnaquiois, which will soon infalli- bly happen, if the Iroquois continues to kill and hunt to death the Abenaquiois as he has done for some years past." The sanguine Father returned to Boston, where he wrote to Gov- ernor d'Alliboust his official report, from which the last few preceding lines are copied. He had the faith of the enthusiast that the purpose of his embassy would be accomplished. It was winter and the season when vessels seldom ventured along the coast; consequently his de- parture was delayed a few days, during which time he was the guest of distinguished people, one of whom was John Eliot, the Protestant Indian apostle, at Roxbury, who hospitably invited him to stay at his house all winter. On the 5th of January he embarked on " a vessel clearing for the Kennebec;" bad weather stopped it for a week or more at Marblehead; the envoy improved the time by going up to Salem, to see John Endicott, " who," says the Father, " seeing that I had no money, defrayed my expenses." * On the 24th of January the bark reached Piscataqua, and on the 7th of February anchored at Tameriskau. The next day the missionary reached the Kennebec, up * Which kind act gives us a rare glimpse into the inner nature of the man who soon after as governor was led by his infuriated zeal for Puritanism, to have Quakers tortured and put to death. 31 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. which on its frozen and snow covered surface he laboriously tramped to resume his interrupted labors. From the comforts of guest cham- bers and the luxuries of governors' tables, he returned unflinchingly to the squalid huts, and pitiful, uncertain fare of the savages, whom he had been called to serve. In the spring, on his return to Cushnoc with the tribe from the winter hunt at Moosehead, he found John Winslow had returned from Plymouth, bringing the message that " all the magistrates and the two commissioners of Plymouth have given their word, and resolved that they must press the other colonies to join them against the Iroquiois in favor of the Abnaquiois, who are under the protection of the colony of Plymouth." This cheering re- sponse to the Father's visit to Plymouth was supplemented by letters brought to him by Winslow from men in Boston, representing the common opinion to be that " if the republic will not undertake this aid against the Iroquiois . . individuals are ready as volunteers for the expedition." With these hopeful assurances, Father Druillettes, taking affectionate leave of his neophytes, returned in the month of June (1651) to Quebec, and reported in person to his government the apparent result of his embassy. But so active and malignant was the enemy and so unhappy the outlook, that after a rest of only fifteen days Father Druillettes and Negabamat were sent back to the Kennebec, " Negabamat being com- missioned as before by the Algonquins of the Great River [St. Law- rence], and the Father by both the governor of Canada and the good Abenaquiois catechumens." This last trip of Father Druillettes was exceedingly painful — almost tragical in its beginning and ending — and bitterly disappointing in its political result. He was accompanied by one Frenchman (Jean Guerin) and several Abenakis, who had fol- lowed him to Quebec. In the hope of finding a shorter route than the usual one up the Chaudiere to Lake Megantic. the guides took one with which they were not acquainted; " after having rowed and walked for fifteen days by torrents and through many frightful ways," they saw with dismay that they had mistaken the river down which they should have glided, and that instead of being in the country of the Abenakis they were at Madawaska (on the St. John). But a worse feature of their condition was food-famine. The provisions taken for the two weeks' journey to the Kennebec were exhausted; the com- pany were weak from hunger and unable to perform the labor of stemming the current of the river which they must ascend before they could reach the route to their destination. In this dark hour Father Druillettes piously re.sorted to the resources of his religion; in the solitude of the immense forest he proceeded to offer the sacrifice of the holy mass for relief and deliverance. He had just concluded the ceremony when one of the Indians came running to the spot with the joyful news that the party had killed three moose. The lives of THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 35 the famishing- wanderers were thereby saved. The Father deemed it the visible interposition of God as he did the restoration of his eye- sight seven years before. After having restored their strength with the miraculously sent moose meat and preserved by the process of smoking enough to last until some could be procured in the ordinary way, the party started to return up river. There were rapids, falls and difficulties number- less; one of the Indians — an Etechemin from the St. John — attributed all of the party's bad luck to the presence of the Black-robe; some of the streams were too low to float the canoes, so the Father prayed for rain — which came and the water rose; but the ill will and persecu- tions of the savage compelled the Father to cast off his luggage in order to lighten the boat, and finally to separate himself from the party and grope his way in loneliness among rocks and windfalls and dismal stretches of swamp; be " rose at break of day and traveled till night without eating; his supper was a little piece of smoked meat hard as wood, or a small fish if he could catch it, and after having said his prayers the earth was his bed, his pillow a log." * At last, after twenty-two or twenty-three days from Quebec, the party reached Nan- rantsouak (Norridgewock). The chief, Oumamanradock, welcomed the Father with a salute of musketry, and embraced him, saying: " I see now that the Great Spirit who rules in heaven has looked upon us with a kind eye since he has sent us our Patriarch again." The chief inquired of the attendants if the Father had been well and well treated on the journey, and when told of the harsh conduct of the Etechemin, he berated the fellow roundly, saying: " If you were one of my sub- jects or of my nation, I would make you feel the grief which you have caused the whole country." The culprit admitted his guilt and con- fessed— " I am a dog to have treated the Black-gown so badly." The rec6rd says, " there was no man, woman or child who did not express to the Father the joy that was felt at his return; there were feasts in all the cabins: he was taken possession of and carried away with love." It was probably about this time that " in a great meeting " they " naturalized and admitted the Father to their nation." Subsequently, when he was at the village near Cushnoc, an attache of the trading post, who had entered a wigwam where the priest was conversing, re- ported to Winslow his employer, that the missionary was declaiming against the English. This offended Winslow, but the Indians went to the trading house and declared that the tattler lied— that he did not understand the Abenakis tongue from which he pretended to quote, and in their resentment of the injustice done to their missionary, said: " We have adopted him for our comrade, we love him as the wisest of our captains, . . and whoever assails him attacks all the Abenaquiois." * Jesuit Relations for 1002, Chap. VII, p. 23. > _m ^ Q^^'^OQ 36 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Father Druillettes' third arrival on the Kennebec caused a round of profound welcome and rejoicing. Friends old and new flocked from all sides to see him; he made a tour of the " twelve or thirteen villages which are ranged partly upon the river Kennebec, and partly upon the coast of Acadia. . . He was everywhere received as an angel from heaven." The warmth of his reception impressed him, and in alluding to it he wrote: " If the years have their winter they have also their spring-time; if these missions have their afifiictions, they are not deprived of their joys and consolations. I have felt more than I can express, seeing the gospel-seed which I have sown for four years, which produced in the ground in so many centuries only briars and thorns, bring forth fruit worthy of the table of God. . . One captain [chief] broke my heart; he repeated to me often in public and private that he loved his children as himself; ' I have lost two of them since your departure; their death is not my greatest sorrow, but you had not baptized them; that is what distresses me. It is true that I have done for them what you recommended me to do, but I do not know whether I have done well, or if I shall ever see them in heaven; if you had baptized them I would not grieve for them; I would not be sorry for their death, on the contrary I would be consoled; at least if to banish my sorrow you will promise not to think of Quebec for ten years, and will not depart during that time, you will see that we love you.' Besides he led me to the graves of his two children, upon which he had erected two beautiful crosses, painted red, which he came to salute from time to time in sight of the English at Koussinok [Cush- noc], where the cemetery of these good people is, because they hold at this place two great meetings, one in tine spring and the other in the autumn." * The.se children were probably buried in ground that had been consecrated for burial purposes by Father Druillettes during one of his previous visits. Its location was probably near the Mission of the Assumption. Ancient human skeletons were plowed up by the early settlers in the vicinity of Gilley's point, where the chapel must have stood, f After Father Druillettes had spent several weeks " in instructing the villages that were farther inland and more remote from the English, he took with him Noel Negabamat and went down to New England." This time, besides visiting Boston and Plymouth, they went to the two other colonies (New Haven and Connecticut), implor- ing for their people protection from the Iroquiois; but the fervent de- sire of Plymouth to save the inhabitants of its domain on the Kenne- bec from the Mohawk hatchet was neutralized by Massachusetts' indifference and the reluctance of the other colonies toward disturb- * Jesuit Relations, 1G52, Chap. VII, p. 25. t This fact was communicated by the late Mrs. Robert Dennison, an aged lady of North Augusta, who died in the early part of 1892. THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 37 ing the relations that existed between themselves and the Dutch in the territory that is now the state of New York. So the tremendous and patient labors of the embassy were fruitless. Christian New England would not be aroused to protect the Christianized Indians of the Kennebec. Father Druillettes returned with his companion to the mission field in the depths of the wilderness, where he passed the dreary winter among his neophytes, destitute of every physical com- fort, the menial servant of savages, the target of the jealous jugglers' spite; tramping from village to village at the call of the sick and dying; always preaching by act and word the sublime gospel of divine humanity. At the beginning of March (1652) he departed wearily for Quebec. The hardships of his journey hither were far exceeded by those of his return. The party started on snow-shoes; we are not told their route. The time occupied was more than a month. The supplj' of food gave out, and some of the Indians died of exhaustion. All of the company expected to perish with hunger and cold. Father Druil- lettes and Negabamat were without food for six days following the fasting season of Lent. Finally they were obliged to boil their moc- casins, and then the Father's gown (camisole) which was made of moose skin; the snow melting, they boiled the braids of their snow- shoes. On such frail broth they kept sufficient strength to finally reach Quebec on Monday after Easter (April 8), " having no more courage or strength than zeal for the salvation of souls can give to skeletons." With a pale, thin face, and worn body, the intrepid, de- vout and half-martyred Druillettes closed his labors with the Indians of the Kennebec* V. THE FIRST INDIAN WAR IN MAINE. English and French irritation in Acadia. — Alienation between the Indians and the EngHsh.— Afifinity between the Indians and the French.— Phihp's War reaches to Maine.— Kennebecs disarmed.— Robinhood makes Treaty of Peace.— Outrageous Affront to the Saco Chief. — War begins at Merrymeet- ing Bay. — Parley at Teconnet. — Hammond's Fort at Woolwich, and Clark & Lake's Fort at Arrowsic, captured. — Dreadful Massacres.— Kennebecs return Captives and ask for Peace. — Treaties of Casco and Portsmouth. The history of the Indians on the Kennebec is nearly a blank for a quarter of a century after the retirement of Father Druillettes. The feeble mission of the Capuchins on the Penobscot was broken up by the Huguenot Frenchman, La Tour, in his quarrel with his Catholic * Father Druillettes was born in France in the year 1393. After his retire- ment from the Kennebec he was constantly with the Montagnais, Kristineaux, Papinachois, and other tribes. In 1661 he ascended the Saguenay, in the attempt to reach Hudson's bay. He went West in 1666 with the celebrated Marquette, and labored at Sault Ste. Mary till 1679, when he returned to Quebec, and there died on the 8th of April, 1681, after a missionary career of nearly forty years. ci« HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. countryman, D'Aulnay, and the semi-Christianized tribes of Maine were left for awhile to revert to their primeval heathenism. The English traders had for twenty-five years been annoyed by the French occupation of the country from the Penobscot eastward, and in 1654, the confederated colonies seized with force and arms all Acadia, dis- possessing the French and sending- them home or driving them in their poverty to seek subsistence among the Indians, and frequently adoption into the tribes. The natives had learned to confide in the French and distrust the English. The Kennebecs had found out that the English cared only for their furs; to add to their jealousy they believed that their missionary had been driven away from them. They attributed all of their woes to the Englishmen. Mohawk parties came oftener, spoiling the villages and infesting the hunting grounds. As the hunters could get but few skins, the traders finally ceased coming to Cushnoc. In 1661 the Iroquiois war-whoop echoed along the vSt. Lawrence from Montreal three hundred miles to the mouth of the Saguenay, carrying dismay to all Canada. A party penetrated to the Kennebec and surprised a village near the outlet of a lake; all the people were massacred, save one old chief whom the murderers led home as a trophy, and afterward tortured to death.* This cruel event may have given origin to the tradition among the Maine Indians in after generations, of an Iroquiois victory on the shores of Moosehead lake. There was no historian to describe for us the Indian battles on the Kennebec; the only record ever made was the one which was deftly woven by dusky fingers into symbolic figures on the sacred wampum belt, that the duty of vengeance might not be forgotten by warriors yet unborn. Most of the causes that alienated the Kennebec Indians from the English were the same that drove the other tribes of New England into a pitiless war upon the settlements. The French never had war with their Indian subjects, but kept their loyalty by flattery, charity and religious ceremonials. The English used no such arts; Puritan- ism, whatever its triumphs, was a failure with the Indians; it neither converted nor attracted them; it was too metaphysical for their appre- hension— they preferred their Manitous and medicine men. On the contrary, Catholicism with its symbols, and gilded images displayed by disciplined, skillful and enthusiastic priests of philanthropic lives, impressed them strongly, and took the place of their own materialistic heathen superstitions. So the French in their long struggle to hold Acadia had the natives with them. When the irritations and wrongs of half a century of English occupation came to be avenged by the * Histoire des Abeiiakis. By Father J. A. Marault. Sorel, Canada, 1866. At the time Father Marault wrote his history he had been for nineteen years a mis- sionary among the Indians at St. Francis, where nearly all of the living descend- ants of the Kennebec tribe reside. THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. B9 Indians there was no bond of religion or humanity to stay the hatchet and scalping knife. The catastrophe of Philip's war (1675-8) had long been portending; its immediate exciting cause was the execution by Plymouth of three of Philip's subjects for having, by Philip's order and according to Indian law, inflicted the punishment of death upon an Indian traitor. Philip, as leader, was suppressed in fourteen months — his head cut off and carried to Plymouth, there to dangle from a gibbet for twenty years; but the cause to which he had called his race to rally did not die with him. The first victim in what has been named King Philip's war was an Indian who was shot while marauding with his fellows in a settler's pasture, for food (at Swansey, June 24, 1675). His death was avenged the same day by the killing of three white persons. Then followed alarm and consternation throughout the colonies. In a few weeks the trader-settlers on the lower Kennebec were anxiously astir. Captains Lake, Patteshall and Wiswell had been appointed by the general court a committee of safety for " the eastern parts." This committee met at the house of Captain Patteshall (on the island that for many years bore his name, but which is now called Lee's island, in Phipps- burg), and after consulting with the settlers concluded to disarm the natives.* A party ascended the river for the purpose, and meeting five Andro-scoggins and seven Kennebecs, persuaded them to surren- der their guns and knives. During the proceeding, a Kennebec Indian named Sowen struck at Hosea Mallet, a bystander, and would have killed him had not the savage been seized; the other Indians admitted that the assailant deserved death, yet they prayed for his re- lease, offering a ransom of forty beaver skins and hostages for his future good behavior. The proposal was accepted and Sowen was released. The traders then treated the Indians with food and tobacco, and solemnly promised them protection and favor if they would con- tinue peaceable. The principal sagamore in the party was Mahoti- wormet {alias Damarine), called by the English Robinhood, who lived in Nequasset (Woolwichj. The next day he assembled as many of his tribe as possible and celebrated the treaty of peace with a great dance, t * Williamson's History of Maine, Vol. I, p. 519. tThis chief, who was a Wawenoc, had been intimate with the English during- his whole life, and never so far as we know became their enemy. He sold in 1639, to Edward Butman and John Brown (who bought Pemaquid of Samoset and another), the territory of the present town of Woolwich (then called Nequas- set); he also sold in 1649, to John Parker, the island of Georgetown (Erascohe- gan), and to John Richards, the island of Arrowsic; also in 16.58, to John Parker, 2d, the territory that now makes the town of Phippsburg as far south as "Cock's high head;" and in 1661, to Robert Gutch, the territory now included within the limits of Bath. The memory of Mahotiwormet is preserved by his English nick- name in Robinhood's cove, the long arm of Sheepscot bay that nearly severs the island of Georgeto'wn. Hopegood, the warrior, is said to have been his son. 40 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. The Indians on the Sheepscot were likewise prevailed upon to yield up their arms, and there seemed to be good reason to hope that Philip's influence might not reach disastrously to the province of Maine. But at this critical hour an incident occurred which neutral- ized all the efforts that had been made to stay the spreading of Philip's conflagration. A chief of the Sacos, named Squando, had suffered an outrage that sank deep into his heart. Two rollicking sailors jocosely threw his little child into the water to see if it could swim instinctively, like an animal. Though the infant was rescued alive it soon died. From that moment the grief stricken father be- came the inveterate enemy of the English; no overtures could reach him, no gifts placate him. He called the neighboring tribes to war councils, and being a chief of great influence, war dances began. Set- tlers from the Merrimac to Pemaquid saw with grave forebodings the changed behavior and increasing insolence of the Indians. The first overt act was by a band of twenty Indians, who sacked the house of Thomas Purchase at the mouth of the Androscoggin, on the 4th or 5th of September (1675). Purchase had lived there and cheated the Indians for fifty years. A few days later (September 12), the first Indian massacre in Maine took place — that of Thomas Wakeley and his family of eight persons at Falmouth on the Presumpscot river. During the next three months seventy-two other barbarous mur- ders were committed between Casco and the Piscataqua. This series of tragedies was mostly the work of the Sacos and Androscoggins. The traders of Sagadahoc (on the lower Kennebec) were putting forth their utmost endeavors to prevent the terrible contagion from spread- ing to their river. They employed the services of their venerable trading neighbor of Pemaquid, Abraham Shurte, who by his rugged honesty and kind heart, had won the confidence of the Indians. He invited some of the sagamores to Pemaquid; they told him their grievances; they said some of their innocent friends had been treach- erously seized and sold as slaves under the pretext that they were conspirators or manslayers. " Yes," added they, " and your people frightened us away last fall [1675] from our cornfields about Kenne- bec; you have since withholden powder and shot from us, so that we have not been able to kill either fowl or venison, and some of our Indians, too, the last winter, actually perished of hunger." Shurte assured them that all of their wrongs should be righted if they would remain friendly. They gave him a wampum belt to denote their de- sire for peace, and a captive boy to be returned to his family. This parley was soon followed by an invitation to Mr. Shurte to meet the sachems of all the tribes in council, to make a general treaty of peace. The message was borne to Pemaquid by an Indian runner from Teconnet, where the council was to be held. Shurte fearlessly started THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 41 on his errand, probably sailing in his own boat from Pemaquid along the coast and into the Kennebec. At Sagadahoc he took council with the committee of safety, who selected Captain Sylvanus Davis to accompany him. The two a.scended the river to Teconnet (now spelled Ticonic) where they found a large number of Indians awaiting them. Five chiefs were there: Assiminasqua and Wahowa {alias Hopegood) of the Kennebecs; Madockawando and Mugg of the Penobscots, and Tarumkin of the Androscoggins; but Squando of the Sacos was ominously absent. The commissioners were welcomed by a salute of musketry, and conducted into the great wigwam where the chiefs were seated, each attended by his people. Assiminasqua opened the proceedings, say- ing: " Brothers, keep your arms, they are a badge of honor. Be at ease. It is not our custom like' the Mohawks to seize the messengers coming unto us; nay, we never do as your people once did with four- teen of our Indians, sent to treat with you; taking away their arms and setting a guard over their heads. We now must tell you, we have been in deep waters; you told us to come down and give up our arms and powder or you would kill us, so to keep peace we were forced to part with our hunting-guns, or to leave both our fort and our corn. What we did was a great loss; we feel its weight." To this Mr. Shurte replied: " Our men who have done you wrong are greatly blamed; if they could be reached by the arm of our rulers they would be punished. All the Indians know how kindly they have been treated at Pemaquid. We come now to confirm the peace, especially to treat with the Anasagunticooks [Androscoggins]. We wish to see Squando and to hear Tarumkin speak." Tarumkin responded: " I have been westward, where I found three sagamores wishing for peace; many Indians are unwilling. I love the clear streams of friendship that meet and unite. Certainly, I myself, choose the shades of peace. My heart is true, and I give you my hand in pledge of the truth." Seven Androscoggins echoed the sentiments of their chief, while Hopegood and Mugg, representing two other tribes, likewise declared for peace. But the absence of the childless chief of the Sacos was fatal; no gen- eral treaty could be made without him. The commissioners were dis- appointed and anxious, and even suspicious of the fidelity of the tribes present. The Indians had parted with their guns and knives; they were unable in their life as hunters to gain their sub.sistence without them; no substitute by which they could obtain 'food was given in recompense; they were now pinched with hunger and threat- ened with starvation; some they declared had thus died already. They now asked for their weapons that they might legitimately follow the game of the forest. The cominissioners could not conceal their mis- trust that the implements might be misused. Madockawando then 42 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. speaking abruptly, said: " Do we not meet here on equal ground? Where shall we buy powder and shot for our winter's hunting, when we have eaten up all our corn? Shall we leave Englishmen and turn to the French? or let our Indians die? We have waited long to hear you tell us, and now we want Yes, or No." The commissioners could no longer hide in diplomatic words the unhappy condition of affairs; they said: " You may have ammunition for necessary use; but you say yourselves, there are many western Indians [the Sacos] who do not choo.se peace. Should you let them have the powder we sell you, what do we better than cut our own throats? This is the best answer we are allowed to return you, though you wait ten years."* The chiefs would neither hear more nor talk longer; they rose abruptly and ended the parley, their flashing eyes announcing to the assembly the hopeless answer of the English. The commissioners, discomfited,, withdrew to their boat and embarked for home with painful appre- hensions. The condition of the Indians was pitiable. In their destitution and wretchedness they had vainly asked for the restoration of their hunting outfits. The alternative of starvation or war was now be- fore them. If the forests could not be made to furnish them food should not the plenty of the white man's .settlements? Emis.saries and refugees from Philip's shattered band — each on.e an incendiary, and murderer of Englishmen — were deploying eastward and mixing with the tribes. They recounted by many a lodge fire the deeds of Philip's warriors and awakened in the hearts of their excited listeners the wild thoughts of English extermination. The time had come when the Kennebecs could sit peacefully on their mats no longer. The pangs of hunger and impending famine made them desperate, and impelled them to the war path for self-preservation. A few weeks after the parley at Teconnet some Kennebecs in alli- ance with some Androscoggins formed their first war party. On the 13th of August (1675) they went forth in cruelty against the trading fort of Richard Hammond, that stood at the head of Long Reach, just below the chops or outlet of Merrymeeting bay f (in the present town of Woolwich). Hammond had aforetime kept a temporary trading post at Teconnet; the Indians said he had made them drunk and then cheated them. They ruthlessly killed him and two of his men — Samuel Smith and John Grant — and took sixteen persons captive, among them Francis Card and his family. A brave young woman e-scaped from the bloody scene and fleeing in the darkness of night across the country to Sheepscot, alarmed that settlement and saved it * Williamson's History of Maine, Vol. I, pp. 539, 533. t Problem of Hammond's Fort. By Rev. H. O. Thayer, in Collections of the Maine Historical Society. Quarterly series No. 3, 1890. THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 43 from surprise. After supplying themselves with food and plunder, and burning the buildings, some of the Indians returned up river with their captives, while others in the night stole down to Clark & Lake's trading place on Arrowsic island; they adroitly entered the fort through the gate behind the sleepy sentinels as they were retir- ing from their posts at daybreak. The consternation of the inmates of the garrison, thus aroused from slumber in the early morning, was indescribable. In their helplessness they could make no resistance to the fearful onslaught; a few ran out of the fort and escaped. Thirty- five persons were either killed or captured. Among the slain was Captain Lake, a member of the committee of safety, and one of the wealthy proprietors of the establishment. Among the wounded was Captain Davis, one of the recent peace messengers to Teconnet, who barely escaped capture and death by hiding in the clefts of the rocks by the water's edge until the savages had departed. The destruction of these forts, which was only a small part of the general devastation that presently marked the entire coast from Piscataqua to Pemaquid, drove all the English settlers from the Kennebec. Of the Indians concerned in the sacking of the Nequasset and Arrowsic forts, there is reason to believe that the Kennebecs were less fierce and brutal than their fellows; indeed, there is no evidence that the Kennebecs, like some of their allies, ever tortured a white captive. This omission of a diabolical superstitious requirement is traceable to the teaching of Father Druillettes, and the softening in- fluence of the missionaries with whom the tribe had contact by its intercourse with Quebec. Many of the unhappy captives who were led away from the ruins of Sagadahoc, never returned, and their sad fate can only be conjectured. But in June of the next year (1677) the Kennebecs sent back a company of twenty, as is shown by a letter from the chiefs " to the governor of Boston," borne by Mrs. Ham- mond, the widow of the trader. This unique document, illiterately written by some captive sitting abjectly among the chiefs who dic- tated it, is a valuable souvenir of the comparative humanity of the tribe. The chiefs say they have been careful of the prisoners; that Mrs. Hammond and the rest " will tell that we have drove away all the Androscoggin Indians from us, for they will fight and we are not willing of their company. . . We have not done as the Androscog- gin Indians who killed all their prisoners. . . We can fight as well as others, but we are willing to live peaceable; we will not fight with- out they [the settlers] fight with us first; . . We are willing to trade with you, as we have done for many years; we pray you send us such things as we name: powder, cloth, tobacco, liquor, corn, bread — and send the captives you took at Pemaquid. . . Squando is minded to cheat you, . . and make you believe that it is Kennebec men 44 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. that have done all this spoil." The names of eleven Indians are appended: William WoumWood, HenNwedloked, Winakeermit, Moxus, Essomonosko, Deogenes, Pebemowoveit, Tasset, John, Shyrot, Mr. Thomas.* These are some of the actors in the Sagadahoc trage- dies, who were anxious to make it appear that their tribe had not for- feited all claim to English reconciliation. As a chief had said at Teconnet, they loved " the clear streams of friendship that meet and unite;" they had tasted of war and were now anxious for peace; early in the strife they had mostly withdrawn into the distant forest, and left their allies to murder and pillage alone. They tardily and reluct- antly broke with the English, and they were the first to suggest a return to peace. A full account of the first Indian war in Maine, covering a period of about three years, belongs to the general history of the state, and cannot here be given. It makes a dreadful chapter of surprisals, mas- sacres and conflagrations, in which nearly three hundred English people were killed or died in captivity. The region was made deso- late. The losses and sufferings of the tribes can never be told. Finally, after a mutual cessation of hostilities for a few months, the Kennebec sagamores gladly joined with those of the Androscoggin, Saco and Penobscot, in meeting English commissioners at Casco, to make a treaty of peace (April 12, 1678). All surviving captives were restored. It was a day of rejoicing. The settlements that had been destroyed soon began to revive, and returning prosperity gradually cheered again the coast of Maine. But the tribes were broken and their condition changed. The Mohawks had long been the scourge of the Kennebecs and other tribes, the English had ever refused pro- tection against them; in the late war they had been employed to kill and torture by the side of the English; they continued their warfare in vagrant bands after the treaty of peace. The crippled tribes asso- ciated these raids with English perfidy. The terror from these Mohawk parties was finally allayed by the governor of New York (Edmund Andros) forbidding his friends and allies up the Hudson from further molesting the conquered subjects of his master's eastern dukedom of Pemaquid. A second treaty was made at Portsmouth in 1685 (and signed on behalf of the Kennebecs by Hopegood), wherein for the first time the English agreed to protect the tribes of Maine so long as they were peaceable, from their Mohawk enemies. Notwith- standing all outward promises of peace, the Indians' nature, their mode of life, and the bitter memories of the past, made the treaties little else than temporary truces. The two races were mutually repellant. *Rev. H. O. Thayer in article on Hammond's fort, quoting Mass. Archives, Vol. XXX: 241, 242. THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 45 VI.— THE SECOND AND THIRD INDIAN WARS IN MAINE. Indian Refugees in Canada.— New Mission established for them.— Fathers Jacques and Vincent Bigot on the Kennebec and Penobscot. — Castine inspires the Tribes to avenge his Wrong. — King William's War begtui. — French Intrigue with the Indians. — Father Rale sent to the Kennebec. — Bomaseen Imprisoned. — Treaties of Ryswick and Mare-point. — Third Indian War. — Parley at Casco. — Bounties for Scalps. — Arruawikwabemt Slain. — Rebekah Taylor rescued by Bomaseen. — Acadia ceded to England.— Treaties of Utrecht and Portsmouth. In a few years following the war, the Kennebec refugees, mixing with the Canada Indians, so overcrowded the Sillery mission, that in 1685 it was removed to the opposite side of the St. Lawrence, a few miles up the Chaudiere. The new village, composed mostly of fugitives from the Kennebec, was named the Mission of St. Francis de Sales, and given to the care of two brothers and Jesuit fathers named Jacques and Vincent Bigot. The instruction given by Druil- lettes on the Kennebec a generation before had nearly if not quite faded out, and the new missionaries, like their predecessor, had to begin their labors by teaching the mere rudiments of their faith. But they found their flock of five or six hundred souls altogether attentive and docile to priestly influence; they endeavored to Christ- ianize anew the whole tribe; they visited the head-waters of the Chaudiere and the Kennebec, where many Kennebecs and other Maine Indians had permanently collected for fishing and hunting, in their northward hegira from their English neighbors. The two Fathers extended at different times their wandering labors down the Kennebec to Nanrantsouak (Indian Old Point), and even as far as Pentagoet (Castine), where, under the patronage of the half Indianized French- man, Castine, Father Jacques laid the foundation of a church in 1687. The two brothers toiled among the Maine Indians for more than twenty years, principally in the villages of the refugees on the St. Lawrence.* Their visits to the Kennebec were few and comparatively brief. It appears that a chapel was built by them at Old Point; they revived the mission that had been closed for thirty years, and pre- pared the way for a permanent successor to Father Druillettes, who finally came in the remarkable person of Father Sebastian Rale. The first war in Maine had been wholly between the natives and the Engli.sh; no boundary line of Acadia was involved. The French were inactive spectators, harmlessly sympathizing, for national reasons, with the Indians. But ere a decade had passed, events were leading to a war in which all of the natives of Maine were to be the helpers of France in a national struggle. The first provocation for trouble * Relation of Father Jacques Bigot. 46 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. was given as usual by the English. It was the rifling by Governor Andres of the house of Baron St. Castine at Pentagoet (in the spring of 1688), under the pretext that the Penobscot was in the king's province, and that Acadia did not extend westward of the St. Croix. The haughty governor cared as little for human rights as his royal master (James II), whom he fancied he was pleasing by the outrage. The deed brought bitter retribution. Castine was a naturalized tribes- man, and a personage of unsurpassed eminence among the Penob- scots.* He easily aroused his followers to war, and in a few months he led them remorselessly against the English settlements. But Castine's personal quarrel soon became lost in the greater one between his king and William III of England. James II had been driven from his throne (1688); fleeing to France in his distress he received the aid of Louis XIV. The war that immediately opened extended to the French and English possessions in America. In Maine history it has been called King William's or the second Indian war. It was a series of dreadful massacres and reprisals — largely predatory on the part of the Indians, who marshalled by French ofScers, issued in bands from Canada to rob, murder or capture the English. Every settlement had to be provided with a fortress or defensible place into which the inhabitants could quickly gather. Such an one was at Pemaquid, garrisoned by Captain Weems and fifteen men; it was sur- prised and captured in August, 1689, and the place made desolate; another at Berwick was attacked on the 28th of March following, when thirty-four persons were slain and many more than that num- ber captured; another (Fort Loyal) was at Falmouth (now Portland, on the site of the Grand Trunk railroad station); the place was attacked May 26, 1690, by a force of five hundred French and Indians; after four days the inhabitants were forced to surrender only to be toma- hawked, and their mutilated bodies left unburied as prey for the wild beasts. These are only instances of the sufferings that were inflicted upon the English during a period of ten years. Warriors from all the tribes participated. It was the policy of the French, when they saw their ancient Acadia passing into the possession of the English, to seek to draw into Canada through the missionaries the discontented natives of Maine. The Kennebecs had been attracted to St. Francis de Sales. The Sacos emigrated nearly en masse within one or two years after Philip's war, and assembled in Canada near the mouth of the St. Francis river, down which from their deserted Saco they had reached the St. Law- rence. They were soon gathered into the parish of St. Francis. Their warriors, like those of the Kennebecs in the Chaudiere village, were utilized by the French to fight both the troublesome Iroquiois and the *///j-/(VV of Aidi/ia, by James Hannay. pp. 215-216. THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 47 hated English. It. was for this purpose rather than from a sentiment of philanthropy, that French statesmen and Canadian governors had sought through the machinery of the church to manipulate the tribes of Maine. But many families still clung to the Androscoggin and Kennebec. With the design of collecting these fragments and mak- ing them useful against the English, the Canadian rulers had encour- aged the sending of the Fathers Bigot to the Kennebec to reconnoiter for a new mission. Thus it was amid the throes of war and for reasons more political than religious, that Father Rale was sent to the Kennebec to re- occupy the old mission-field of Druillettes. He came in 1693, by the well traveled route that had been followed by his predecessor in 1646; he lingered on the way among the wigwams at Lake Megantic •(from Namesokantik — place where there are many fishes), and the neighboring waters; in 1695 we find him at Nanrantsouak, which he ■chose for the center of his field of labors. Already schooled in the arts of savage living, he here drew by the persuasives of a trained and cultured enthusiast, the remaining families of the shattered tribes west of the Penobscot. The history of his mission is the remaining history of the Indians on the Kennebec — who from the location of the village which he founded, thenceforward bore the Anglicised name of Norridgewocks. The Kennebec was again a Canadian parish, and a semi-military outpost of New France. Of the three or four Indian routes of travel between the St. Lawrence and the Atlantic coast, none was more direct or easy than the one up the Chaudiere and down the Kennebec; the portage between the waters of the two rivers was .sometimes made from an upper tributary of the Chaudiere to one •of the Penobscot and from thence to Moosehead lake, but usually from Lake Megantic to the nearest stream that runs into Dead river. It was by this thoroughfare that the little Catholic village of Nanrant- souak maintained its communication with the diocese of Quebec. In war it was often the route of the French captains with their trains of scarcely more savage and cruel allies. Nanrantsouak was a village site of great excellence; the circling river, foam-laden from the wild falls above, almost surrounds it; it is in the midst of hundreds of acres -of mellow land suitable for corn raising; it was secluded from the English, while the Sandy river made it accessible from the Andros- coggin. The tribal distinctions of the natives of Maine began to dis- appear during the common cause against the English; soon after the coming of Father Rale the shreds of the tribes that had lingered on the Saco and Androscoggin, united with the Kennebecs as the Wawenocs had done before. The Penobscots, under the lead of the elder and younger Castine, maintained themselves as a tribe and so 48 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. remain to this day. We do not know the nature or extent of Father Rale's influence over his people in reference to the war in which he found them involved. If he exerted any*it may have been in the direction of peace; for on the 11th of August, 1693 (the year of his earliest intercourse with the Abenakis), thirteen sagamores appeared at Pemaquid and offered the submission of their tribes to the English government; among them were Wassabomet, Ketteramogis, Wenob- son. and Bomaseen from the Kennebec. The resident Indians were ready for peace, but the French, on whom the war pressed less sorely, were not; they ignored the treaty which their allies had made; and as a part of their endeavor to repossess themiselves of Acadia, which had been taken from them by Governor Phipps in 1690, they sent a party against the New England settlements in 1694; as Cotton Mather says: " What was talked at Quebec in the month of May, must be done at Oyster river [in New Hampshire] in the month of July." Several dreadful massacres were committed, and all the settlements were again filled with horror and fear. That Bomaseen, the Kennebec chief, was an accomplice in those deeds was never known; but the public exasperation was so great, and the possibility of other butcheries so imminent, that the authorities felt justified in seizing and imprisoning every prominent or doubtful Indian it could lay hands upon. Bomaseen was seized November 19, 1694, at Pemaquid garrison, whither he had gone with a flag of truce in apparent confidence that his professions of regret at the recent tragedies would relieve both himself and tribe from blame. He pro- tested his innocence, and showed that he felt his arrest to be an act of perfidy. Cotton Mather says, " he discovered a more than ordi- nary disturbance of mind; his passions foamed and boiled like the very waters of the fall of Niagara." The sagamore was immediately transported to Boston and there put in prison. The injustice of his treatment — hardly ever questioned by dispassionate Englishmen — turned his followers back to their French alliance and to a renewal of the war from which the treaty at Pemaquid a year before had freed them. The Norridgewock warriors returned to the war path, and two years later (1696) helped the French to overawe and capture even the proud Fort William Henry of Pemaquid, whose walls had been the prison of Bomaseen. The French participation in the war closed with the treaty of Ryswick in 1697, but the Indians, cherishing new as well as old resentments, remained in hostility two years longer. The last to desist from their attacks and acquiesce in a treaty with the English, were the Kennebecs, whose kidnapped sagamore was fretting behind prison bars in Boston. But finally, on the 7th of January, 1799, at Mare point (in Brunswick) Moxus and his lieuten- ants of the Kennebec, united with the sachems of the other tribes in THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 49 humble submission to King- William III. Bomaseen was then and there restored to his people, and the latter returned as many of their English captives as Avere able to make the terrible journey in the cold and snow of winter from Nanrantsouak to Casco bay. Little had been accomplished between France and England, for Acadia reverted by treaty to the former, while the Indians were left in reduced num- bers and more forlorn and miserable than before. The treaty of Mare point was a truce, that lasted only until another war broke out between England and France. So subtle were the re- lations of France with its allies in the new world that a royal wish expressed in the Tuilleries could reach the low-browed savages at their camp fires, and excite them into the frenzy of the war dance. The exiled James II died September 16, 1701, leaving a son — nicknamed the Pretender — to be placed by the power of France if possible on the throne. William III died March 8. 1702; Anne, the Protestant daugh- ter of James, was given the English crown; she immediately declared war against France, and asserted sovereignty over Acadia to the St. Croix. The inevitable result of another war in America followed. The Indians on the Kennebec were again the supple instruments of France. Father Rale had lived in companionship with them for ten years — ministering to their ailments of sickness and wounds, attach- ing them to his person and faith, and trying ever to better their earthly condition and save their souls. His influence over them was great; he followed and yet he led them — sometimes yielding to their inconstant humors, yet always holding them loyal to France and con- formable to the wishes of the Canadian governors. The warlike premonitions that followed the crowning of Queen Anne, led the governor (Joseph Dudley) of Massachusetts to solicit a personal conference with the Maine tribes, to renew the last treaty (of Mare point). The Indians responded with alacrity, and assembled in large numbers at Casco (now Portland), June 20, 1703, to meet the governor and his suite. It was agreed with great ceremony that peace should continue (in the language of Bomaseen) " so long as the sun and moon shall endure." Moxus and a new chief named Captain Sam, with Bomaseen, were of the delegation from Nanrantsouak. Father Rale was present, but stayed in the background until his identity was accidentally discovered by the governor, who then showed signs of annoyance that the Indians should have in their interest a diplomat as watchful and suspicious as himself. But the treaty, though it was celebrated with more pomp than any .similar one ever made in Maine, could not long be kept. The pressure of French poli- tics was too strong for the morally weak Indian to resist. In less than two months after the treaty was made, the dogs of war were let loose from Canada, and stealing through Maine with increasing numbers, 4 50 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. they rushed upon the English settlements for booty and scalps. This was the beginning of Queen Anne's or the third Indian war in Maine. It was instigated m Canada and carried on by the French with such aid as their Indian allies would give them. It was a war of many revolting features. In the winter of 1705, an English party of 270 men under Colonel Hilton went on snow- shoes to Nanrantsouak, but the village was deserted. The " large chapel with a vestry at the end of it," which Father Rale had built for his people, was set on fire and destroyed. At Casco, in January, 1707, the same officer with two hundred men, killed four Indians and cap- tured a squaw and child, whereupon the woman, to save her own life, conducted the party to a camp of eighteen sleeping Indians, seventeen of whom they killed. The savages themselves could not have been guilty of a more wanton stroke of butchery. It was a war of exter- mination. The government offered a bounty for scalps. In 1710 Colonel Walton with 170 men, surprised a company of Indians on the clam beds at the mouth of the Kennebec; Arruawikwabemt, a Nor- ridgewock sachem, was captured; Penhallow says he was " an active, bold fellow, and one of unbounded spirit; for when they asked several questions he made no reply, and when they threatened him with death, he laughed at it with contempt; upon which they delivered him up unto our friend Indians [Mohawks], who soon became his executioners."* The French are known to have barbarousl}' surren- dered English captives to a similar fate. But in the dreadful chapter of this ten years' war, one act of Indian compassion shines through the smoke and gloom of ruined settlements, and makes us grateful to the grim warrior whose heart is shown to have been human and could be touched with pity for his enemy's suffering child. It was in 1706 that Rebekah Taylor was made captive by a huge savage, who, while making the journey to Canada to sell her for a French ransom, be- came enraged at her exhaustion, and untying his girdle from his body wound it around her neck and hung her to a tree; the weight of the captive broke the cord; the fiend in his diabolism was again hoisting his victim to the limb, when Bomaseen, the sachem of the Kennebecs, came by chance upon the scene, and by overawing the executioner, prevented the consummation of the tragedy. Rebekah was afterward returned to her friends, and her own lips related the story of her deliverance, f After ten years, England and France settled their dispute by the treaty of Utrecht (March 30, 1713), in which it was agreed that " Acadia with its ancient boundaries . . are resigned and made over to the crown of Great Britain forever." Thus the contest for * History of the Wars of New England. By Samuel Penhallow, pp. 65-66. \ Idem, p. 47. THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 51 Acadia that was begun with bloodshed at St. Sauveur just one hun- dred years before (1613) was ended. Four months after the treaty of Utrecht, the Indians of Maine sent their sachems to Portsmouth, -where a treaty was made with the provincial government July 13, 1713; it was signed in behalf of the Kennebecs with the respective totem characters of Warrakansit, Bomaseen and Wedaranaquin. Moxus was present, but for some reason did not place his hand to the document. VII. THE FOURTH INDIAN WAR IN MAINE. Settlements at Sagadahoc— Pejepscot Land Company.— Conference at Aitow- sic. — Wiwurna's Anger.— Fort Richmond built.— Father Rale with an Indian Embassy at Arrowsic— First Attempt to seize Father Rale.— Warriors make Captures at Merrymeeting. — Captain Sam slain. — Harmon's Massacre. — War declared.— Arrowsic burned.— Bounty of $1,000 for Father Rale.— Second Attempt to Capture him.— Mohawks invited.— Skirmish above Fort Rich- mond.— Third Attempt to Capture Father Rale. The conquest of Acadia and the treaty of Portsmouth gave confi- dence to New England that her Indian troubles were ended. As a result the abandoned frontier settlements were revived and new ones begun. Nowhere were the happy effects of peace manifested more strongly than in Maine, where the suffering and desolation had been the greatest. The lower Kennebec (or Sagadahoc) was perhaps the first devastated region that rang to the cheery echoes of returning civilization. The heirs and assigns of early proprietors came to claim their estates. John Watts, whose wife (as granddaughter of Captain Lake, .slain in Philip's war) inherited a good part of the island of Arrowsic, came to the Kennebec in 1714, and settled at a place now called Butler's cove; he built a fine dwelling and a defensible house or fort, and by the next year had drawn hither fifteen families. Soon following the Watts enterprise were various others in the same region, and in 1716, Georgetown was incorporated. The heirs and assigns of other land claimants through ancient Indian deeds, organ- ized themselves into the Pejepscot Company, to grasp with the strength of a giant's hands their vague heritage on the Androscoggin. This territory, like that of the lower Kennebec, had suddenly become of great prospective value by the treaties of Utrecht and Portsmouth. It was, however, all-important to the land company that the Indians should be kept peaceable. To learn their temper and test their amiability the device of a conference between them and the governor was hit upon. The suggestion met with official favor, and in the summer of 1717, ■Governor Shute attended by his councilors and other important gen- 52 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. tlemen, sailed from Boston to the Kennebec in the royal ship The Squirrel. The gallant ship, with her colors gaily flying, arrived on the morning of August 9th opposite the Watts settlement and there dropped anchor. The Indians were already at their rendezvous on Patteshall's island. They sent a message asking his excellency when it would be his pleasure for them to attend him; he replied at three o'clock that afternoon, " when he would order the Union flag to be displayed at the tent erected near Mr. Watts, his house," and ordered a British flag to be delivered to the Indians " for them to wear when they came, in token of their subjection to his majesty King George " I; " at the time appointed, the flag being set up, the Indians forthwith came over, with the British flag in their headmost canoe." Eight sagamores filed up the bank to the great tent where the governor and attendants had assembled to receive them. They " made their rever- ence to the governor, who was pleased to give them his hand." John Gyles and Samuel Jordan were sv/orn as interpreters; the governor addressed the interpreters and they repeated his remarks in the Indian tongue to the sachems. In his opening speech the governor said that he was glad to find so many of them in health; since the good treaty of Portsmouth King George had happily ascended the throne and by his gracious command they were favored with the present interview; France was at peace with him and desired his friendship; the Indians were his subjects like the English, and they must not hearken to any contrary insinuation; they would always find themselves safest under the government of Great Britain; he would gladly have them of the same religion as King George and the Eng- lish, and therefore would immediately give them a Protestant mission- ary and in a little while a schoolmaster to teach their children; he naively remarked that the English settlements lately made in the eastern parts had been promoted partly for the benefit of the Indians, and that he had given strict orders to the English to be very just and kind to them; if any wrong was done them it should be reported to his officers, and he would see that it was redressed; he wished them to look upon the English government in New England as their great and safe shelter; he took in his hands two copies of the holy Bible, one printed in English and the other in the Apostle Eliot's transla- tion, and gave them to the chiefs for use by their new minister, ]SIr. Baxter, whenever they desired to be taught. Wiwurna was the Indian spokesman; he arose from his seat and responded to the courtly governor in uncultured but appropriate phrase. His people, he said, " were glad of the opportunity to wait upon the governor; they ratified all previous treaties; they hoped all hard thoughts would be laid aside between the English and them- selves, so that amity might be hearty; but other governors had told THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 53 them that thej' were under no government but their own; they would be obedient to King George if they liked the terms made to them — if they were not molested in their lands; if any wrong happened to them they would not avenge themselves, but apply to the governor for redress; this place [Arrowsic] was formerly settled and was then being settled by their permission, but they desired there be no more settlements made; it was said at Casco treaty [1713] that no more forts should be made; they would be pleased with King George if there was never a fort in the eastern parts; they were willing the English should possess all they have occupied except forts; they did not wish to change their ministers or their religion; God had already given them teaching; they did not understand how their lands had been purchased — what had been alienated was by gift only." The governor thereupon triumphantly exhibited the so-called deed of sale of lands on the Kennebec and Androscoggin rivers, made by six sagamores July 7, 1684, on which the Pejepscot Company based their claim. The Indians could have as easily understood the docu- ment if it had been written in Greek; it was, however, to their appre- hension possessed of a mysterious power which they could not ques- tion: they knew not how to meet such a form of argument; they were dazed and dumfounded; the plot to usurp their lands by the use of dingy papers, and fence them with forts was revealed. The angered chiefs sprang to their feet, and without obeisance sullenly withdrew from the audience tent, leaving in disdain their English flag and the inexorable but discomfited governor. In a few hours they returned from their camp with a letter to his ex- ^^ /9 .^ m a/7-^^ cellency from Father Rale, that quoted S^e^. ^^i„.^L_ ^^-f the French king as saying he had not given to the English by the cession of Acadia any of the Indians' land, and that he was ready to succor the Indians if their lands were en- croached upon. It was now the governor's turn to be angry, as he saw that the sachems had a friend who was able to cope with him in Indian diplomacy; he scornfully threw' the letter aside and made preparations to depart for home. The next morning he had entered into his ship and ordered the sails to be loosed, when two Indians hastily came alongside in a canoe and climbed on board; they apologized for the unpleasant behavior of the sachems, and begged that the parley might be reopened. The governor said he would grant the request if the sachems would aban- don " their unreasonable pretensions to the English lands, and com- plied with what he had said, but not otherwise;" to this condition the messengers agreed, and asked that the deserted flag be given again to decorate the Indian embassy. At six o'clock in the evening the sachems and principal men once more crossed the river from their 54 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. island camp to Arrowsic and sat down in council. Querebennit was their speaker in place of the too spirited Wiwurna, who had been dis- gracefully left at camp, in courtesy to the English. The Indians' de- sire for peace was overmastering; it made them capable of submitting to any terms which the English might dictate; they did not again venture to oppose the land scheme or the forts, but yielded in their hopelessness to such an agreement as the governor was pleased to have prepared, when " they all readily and without any objection consented to the whole." * Then all the chief Indians shook hands with the governor, who made them presents of food and ammunition; and the young men came over from the island and danced before the assembly in honor of the occasion. This so-called treaty of Arrowsic exacted the acknowledgment that the English might enjoy both the lands which they formerly pos- sessed, " and all others which they had obtained a right unto " — leav- ing the English to decide that they were entitled to all territory that was ever included in pretended sales by debauched and tribeless saga- mores. The Pejepscot people went resolutely forward to develop their property; timber cutters, mill builders and settlers flocked rapidly to Georgetown and the Androscoggin: Robert Temple brought five ship-loads of people from the north of Ireland to the Kennebec; settlements multiplied, and each one in fear of the Indians had its fort or place of possible refuge. In the guise of a trading house for the accommodation of the Indians, the government built Fort Rich- mond in 1718-19 (opposite the head of Swan island — the present town of Perkins); it was really built for the protection of the Pejepscot frontier. Fort George was built about the same time at Brunswick, for the same purpose. Before 1720 fifteen public forts and many more private ones had risen between Kittery and Pemaquid. The Indians could see in the enterprise of the white men only trouble and distress for themselves; their game was stampeded, their fishing places usurped, and their camping grounds plowed over. But the forts were peculiarly hateful to them; the frowning walls were proof against their tiny artillery, and the tactics of stealth and ambuscade that ex- celled in forest warfare, failed utterly before fortifications. Every new fort, therefore, was to them another menace and exasperation; it meant additional conquest of their territory. The treaty of Arrowsic had not been the cordial act of the Indians: * This submission was signed (August 13) by the following named Kennebec Indians: Moxus, Bomaseen, Captain Sam, Nagucawen, Summehawis, Wegwaru- menet, Terramuggus, Nudggumboit, Abissanehraw, Umguinnawas, Awohaway, Paquaharet and Csesar. It was also signed by Sabatus and Sam Humphries of the Androscoggins; Lerebenuit, Ohanumbames and Segunki of the Penobscots; and Adewando and Scawesco of the Peqwakets. Wiwurna's name does not ap- pear. For treaty entire, see Article XII, Me. Hist. Soc. Coll., pp. 361-37.5. THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 55 the land company through the governor had overawed the sachems and extorted assent to conditions whicli they abhorred. The unhesi- tating appropriation of the disputed lands, and the blockading of the rivers above them with forts, were proceedings which the weaker side could not endure with composttre. There soon began to be signs of irritation. The government, while claiming the Indians to be .sub- jects of the king equally with the English, felt called to favor and protect only the latter; and in 1720 it sent two hundred .soldiers to guard the frontier of Maine. In May, 1721, as reparation for cattle killing and other misdeeds by some vagabond Indians, the Kennebecs promised the English two hundred beaver skins, and gave in hand four comrades as hostages; the hostages were sent to Boston and kept as prisoners. It is apparent that Father Rale labored indefatigably to save to his people the lands which in his view the English had un- justly seized. One result of his efforts was the awakening in Canada of a lively interest in his cause. In the summer of 1721, with a Cana- dian official named Crozen and Father de la Chasse of the Penobscot mission, he organized a grand embassy- composed of delegations from the villages of St. Francis, Becancourt, Penobscot and Norridgewock, to remonstrate with the English, and as Governor Vaudreuil of Canada said, " dare let them know that they will have to deal with other tribes than the one at Norridgewock if they continue their en- croachments." On the first day of August, the startled inhabitants of Arrowsic and vicinity beheld approaching with the tide a fleet of ninety canoes filled with stalwart Indians and two or three pale faces; two of the latter wore the conspicuous habit of the Jesuits. The French flag was flying in the foremost canoe. The mysterious flotilla landed on Patteshall's island, and soon sent a message to the captain of the Watts garri.son, inviting him to an interview; that officer, through fear, refused to cro.ss the river, whereupon the Indians launched their canoes and paddled to Arrowsic, led by Fathers Rale and de la Chasse and Monsieur Crozen. They respectfully sought the English repre- sentative, who, with trepidation, came forth from the fort to receive them. The details of this conference were not preserved. It was an occasion of great moment, and had been planned with infinite labor as a last appeal before a resort to arms, yet only a passing record was made of it. The Indians presented in the names of all the tribes a manifesto addres.sed to Governor Shute, warning the settlers to re- move in three weeks, else the warriors would come and kill them, burn their houses and eat their cattle, adding — " Englishmen have taken away the lands which the great God gave to our fathers and to us." The deputation, having thus given according to ancient Indian custom due notice of war, retired peacefully. 56 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. The writing to the governor, with an account of its delivery at Georgetown, was immediately forwarded to Boston, where it excited great alarm. The response was prompt and vigorous. The general court on August 23d ordered the equipment of three hundred men to prosecute the eastern Indians for the crime of rebellion; it demanded that they forthwith deliver to the English Father Rale and any other Jesuit who might be among them; if the tribes neglected to so purge themselves, Indians were to be seized indiscriminately and imprisoned at Boston. Under this order, Castine, the unresisting chief of the Penobscots, was taken captive soon after his visit to Arrowsic with the great embassy. It was a time of great public unrest, and many cruel imprudencies were committed. In November (1721) the general court resolved upon the removal of Father Rale, who it assumed was the mainspring of all the portending trouble. In December, after the streams had frozen over. Colonel Westbrook led a battalion of 230 men on snow-shoes up the Kennebec to Nanrantsouak, with orders to make the priest a prisoner. When the party after a laborious journey had reached the village, the leader was chagrined to find the missionary's dwelling deserted and the intended captive hiding in the mazes of the forest. In his hasty flight Father Rale had left his books and papers and humble treasures unconcealed. These were all summarily seized and carried away as booty. Among them was the Abenakis diction- ary in manuscript, which had been compiled with great care and labor by the industrious Father as an aid in his pastoral work; also the curious " strong box," divided and subdivided into compartments, in which the owner kept the sacred emblems of the church while roving with his people; a letter in French from the Canadian governor, en- couraging the Norridgewocks in their contest with " those who would drive them from their native country," was found, and interpreted as rank treason in him who received it. This attempt to kidnap Father Rale with the accompanying rob- bery, was felt by the Indians as a blow on themselves, and a cause for war. Up to that hour they had committed no like act against the English. The mischiefs by hungry poachers had been compounded with beaver skins and hostages still languishing in prison. The tribe was now bitterly incensed. The government itself, fearing that it had been hasty, suddenly softened, and tried the policy of pacification. Luckily no blood had been shed to make such a plan seem hopeless. So a few weeks after the rifling of Rale's hut, the governor sent a present to Bomaseen and a proposal to the tribe for a conference; both were rejected with derision. On the 13lh of June following, sixty warriors in twenty canoes, descended to Merrymeeting bay, and rang- ing the northern shore took captive nine English families; after selecting five of the principal men as indemnities for the four Indians THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 07 held as hostages in Boston, they released the others uninjured. A few days later, the Norridgewock chief, Captain Sam, with five followers, boarded a fishing smack off Damariscove, and in revenge for some English act, lashed the captain and crew to the rigging, and proceeded to flog them; breaking from their bonds, the fishermen turned furiously on their tormentors, killing two and pitching one overboard. We hear no more of Captain Sam's exploits, and he was probably one of the slain. Fort St. George (Thomaston) was the next place of hostile demon- stration. About the first of July Fort George (Brunswick) was at- tacked, and the village that had risen from the conflict of the Pejep- scot company, was burned to ashes. Thereupon the elated enemy went down to Merrymeeting, to enjoy their plunder and celebrate their success with demoniacal orgies. An English captive — Moses Eaton of Salisbury — appears to have been on this occasion the wretched victim of death torture. The raid on Brunswick aroused the people on the neighboring Kennebec; Captain John Harmon and thirty-four other soldiers hastily started in boats from one of the gar- risons to patrol the waters of the Kennebec. While scouting in the night they saw the gleam of a waning fire near the shore of Merry- meeting bay; while landing in the darkness to learn its origin they discovered eleven canoes; then they stumbled upon the recumbent bodies of about a score of savages who, in their exhaustion from their revelry, were dead in sleep. "••■ It was easy to slay them all in their helplessness, and the deed was quickly done. Harmon and his men carried away the guns of fifteen warriors as trophies of their ten min- utes' work. They found the mutilated body of Moses Eaton, and gave it respectful burial. The operations of the Pejepscot proprietors had incited a similar land enterpri.se on the ancient Muscongus patent, eastward, and in 1719-20, a fort was built by the Twenty Associates at Thomaston on the St. George river. The Penobscots looked upon St. George fort with the same feeling of indignation that the Kenne- becs did the forts on their own lands. Two or three days after the burning of Brunswick, a party of two hundred Indians surrounded Fort St. George; they burned a sloop, killed one man and took six prisoners. The conciliatory policy— adopted too late— could not undo the lamentable effects of earlier intolerance and the attempted capture of Father Rale. After releasing the four hostages and sending them to their tribe as possible emissaries of peace, the truth began to dawn upon the authorities that they had indeed, as prophesied by Vaudreuil in his letter to Rale, "other tribes than the Norridgewocks to deal * Tradition says this traged)^ was at Somerset point on Merrymeeting bay, and the late Mr. John McKeen so locates. Me. Hist. Soc. Coll., Vol. Ill, pp. 313-14. .58 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. with." All the tribes eastward of the Merrimac had listened to the story of the Norridgewocks and were developing warriors for their cause. Many in the St. Francis and Becancourt villages were of the same blood and naturally looked upon the grievances of the Kenne- becs as their own. There were many reflective people who believed that the Indians — especially the Kennebecs — had been maltreated, and that the prevailing troubles were only the fruitage of injustice and broken promises. This sentiment had influenced the government in its later policy, but after the destruction of Pejepscot (Brunswick) and the outrages at St. George, there seemed to be no reason to hope longer for reconciliation. On the 26th of July, 1722, Governor Shute made proclamation, declaring the eastern Indians (those of Maine, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia), " with their confederates to be robbers, traitors and enemies to the King;" the legislature promptly provided money to pay an army of a thousand men, and elaborated a scale of bounties for Indian scalps, with a view to equity whether torn off by a duly enlisted and paid soldier, or by a volunteer civilian. The theater of war extended from New Hampshire to Nova Scotia; in distributing its forces the government stationed 25 men at Arrowsic, and 25 at Richmond fort; 400 were appointed to range by land or water between the Kennebec and Penobscot; 10 were placed at Maquoit, 20 at North Yarmouth, 30 at Falmouth (Portland), and 100 at York. On the morning of the 10th of September, thirteen months after the great deputation had delivered its message at the Arrowsic garri- son, a swarm of stranger Indians, estimated to number between four and five hundred, poured from the eastward upon the shores of George- town, in hostile array. Fortunately the inhabitants got timely warn- ing and all safely reached the shelter of the fort; but presently thirty- seven of their dwellings were in flames, and most of their cattle slaughtered for food. The accounts say that one Englishman — Samuel Brookings — was killed in the fort by a bullet shot by an Indian marksman through a port-hole. A similar body of Indians — and probably the same one — had appeared before St. George fort August 29th, and beseiged it without success for twelve days. In their dread of fortifications, they did not assail Arrowsic garrison, but after feast- ing sufficiently on their plunder, suddenly disappeared in the night; some paddled up the Kennebec; where, after mortally wounding Cap- tain Stratton of the province sloop, they menaced Fort Richmond as they scowlingly passed by it on their way to Norridgewock and Canada. The settling of the Pejepscot lands was fatally checked by these Indian forays. The Scotch-Irish immigrants, brought by hundreds in the ships of Robert Temple, and located on the shores of Merrymeet- ing bay, took flight to New Hampshire and Pennsylvania, and save THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 59 the forts at Richmond and Brunswick, the region was again a soli- tude. Father Rale was conceived by the English to be the powerful genius whose malign influence had brought all the disaster and rum. The government finally announced a special reward of two hundred pounds ($1,000) for his body dead or alive. Permission had been given by the legislature for such an expenditure of money two years before. The act was in harmony with the stern policy shown in extravagant rewards for Indian scalps. With the allurements before them of money and glory, 120 men, led by Captain Harmon, undertook the enterprise of removing Father Rale in the winter of 1723. The party started from Fort George (Brunswick) for Nanrantsouak, on the 6th of February, equipped with arms, rations and snow-shoes — taking as a measure of secrecy the unfrequented route via the Androscoggin and Sandy rivers. After accomplishing about half of the journey, the party was stopped by a thaw that softened the snow and flushed the rivers, and made further advance impos.sible. The expedition was a complete failure. The following summer the authorities invited a delegation of Mohawks to Boston, and tempted them with bribes ($500 a scalp) to fall upon the Indians of Maine, and hunt them down as in former times; but now the Iroquiois were at peace with their old ene- mies and concluded as a tribe not to take up the white man's quarrel, but allowed their young men to sell their services if they so wished. Only a few entered into public service. Two were assigned to Fort Richmond, and soon after arriving there were sent by Captain Heath on a scout with three soldiers under an ensign named Colby. The party had gone less than a league, when the Mohawks said they smelt fire, and refused to expose themselves further unless reinforced; a messenger was hastily sent back to the fort, who returned with thir- teen men; the whole party presently meeting thirty Indians killed two and drove the others to their canoes in so much haste that they left their packs; Colby was slain and two of his men wounded. "•■■ This skirmish must have occurred in the vicinity of the place that is now South Gardiner. The two Mohawks were by their first experience sickened of war, and returned ingloriously to Boston. The government, worried by the distresses of the people, used every expedient to annihilate the stealthy and capricious enemy. A month's seige of Fort St. George (on St. George's river), begun Decem- ber 5, 1723, provoked the authorities to make another attempt to take Father Rale. Accordingly a special party was equipped to march to Nanrantsouak; it was led by Captain Moulton, in mid-winter, on snow- shoes, up the Kennebec. On reaching the village the soldiers found the huts empty and the snow untracked. The missionary, aware that a price had been offered from the public treasury for his head, had *W\\\\ams,o-a's History of Afaine, Vol. II, p. 133. W HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. gone with his people for the winter to a safer place. His hut was again ransacked for trophies, which consisted of a few books and papers and another letter from the Canadian governor, exhorting him " to push on the Indians with all zeal against the English." No in- jury was done to the chapel or dwellings, in the hope that the for- bearance might be imitated by the owners when making similar in- cursions. VIII. FOURTH INDIAN WAR IN MAINE (CONCLUDED). Indian Assassinations. — Massacre on the St. George. — Fourth Expedition to Nanrantsouak. — Bomaseen and Family surprised. — Daughter and Father killed. — The Indian Village surprised.— Massacre of the Inhabitants.— Father Rale killed at the Mission-cross. — His Burial. — Monument over his Grave. — Dispersion of his Flock to Canada.— Treaty of Falmouth.— Father DeSirenne at Nanrantsouak.— The French Monarch's Gift.— Final Extinguishment of the Mission. In the spring of 1724 the Indians resumed their warfare with increased virulence. On the 17th of April they shot William Mitchell at Scarboro', and led his two boys captives to Nanrantsouak; John Felt, William Wormwell and Ebenezer Lewis were killed while at work in a saw mill on the Kennebec. On the 24th of April Captain Josiah Winslow and seventeen men fell into an Indian ambush on St. George river, a few miles below their fort, and all except four were killed. Captain Winslow's death was lamented throughout New Eng- land. He was a great-grandson of Edward Winslow, who came in the Mayfloivcr, and the great-grandnephew of John Winslow, whom the patient reader of these pages has seen as the friend of Father Druillettes at the Cushnoc trading house; his distinguished lineage, character and acquirements gave great prominence to the tragedy in which he bravely perished. This massacre was the burning memory that nerved the hearts and steeled the sensibilities of men for the aveng- ing blow that was soon to follow, and which the savages themselves could not have given with less mercy. Three expeditions had been sent forth expressly to capture or slay Father Rale. The errand was still unperformed; it had always been attempted in the winter, when the snow might show the tracks of lurking enemies, and the leafless forest could less securely hide the dreaded ambuscade. It was determined to make a fourth attempt in the summer time, and brave all increased perils. Thirty persons had been killed or captured in Maine since early spring; the exigency was great and popular vengeance could be appeased only by the blood of Father Rale. Ca,ptain Moulton, who had once been to Nanrantsouak and knew its topography, was selected to go again; his associate was THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 61 Captain Harmon, whom we saw one night at Somerset point, and later on a futile march up the Androscoggin; there were two other captains — Bourne and Beane — and a total force of 208 men. Two or three decorated Mohawks were welcomed by the company with their free- lances. Appropriately enough. Fort Richmond, in whose erection Father Rale had presaged the doom of his flock, was the rendezvous of the companies on their way to the fated village. The troops em- barked at the fort landing in seventeen whaleboats, on the 19th of August, and pulled lu.stily for Teconnet, 36 miles, where they arrived the next day; there the boats were tethered and forty men detailed to guard them and the surplus stores. On the 21st, the main force in light marching order, struck into the forest by the Indian trail for Nanrantsouak, twenty miles distant. Before night the advance surprised a solitary family of three persons, living in fancied security near the site of the present village of South Norridgewock. There was a crash of musketry in the thicket and an Indian maiden fell writhing in death agonies on the reddened moss. The frantic mother fell an easy captive by the side of her dying child. The father, lithe and fleet-footed, started to carry warning to the dis- tant village; the soldiers pursued him desperately, for the success of the expedition now depended on his fall. He finally rushed into the river at a fording place to cross to the other side, a league below Nan- rantsouak; he had reached an island-l^dge in the channel, when in the twilight the keen-eyed marksmen on the shore behind him riddled his panting body through and through with bullets.* So died Boma- seen, the noted chief, while trying to escape to his village with the tidings that would have saved it. By fate he was a savage, unblessed with the endowments which his Maker gives so freely to men of another race, but he bravely yielded his humble life for his lowly sub- jects in their defense of ancestral soil — a cause which enlightened Christendom always applauds among its own people. The place where he was killed now bears the name of Bomaseen rips. The widowed squaw, terrorized by her captors, told them of the condition of Nan- rantsouak, and of a route by which the village could be reached with the utmost secrecy. So little was recorded that related to the details of this expedition, that it is not known to a certainty where the soldiers crossed the river, or from what direction they approached the village. It is passing *Such was the manner of Bomaseen's death according to local tradition. There does not seem to be any other authority worth following-. Penhallow, in his history of the Indian wars, makes a geographical jumble; he says nonsensi- cally that afteV the troops " landed at Ticonic they met with Bomaseen at Bruns- wick, whom they shot in the river," p. 102. That author was living at the time and could easily have been more accurate in his statement of fact in spite of his CDnventional animosity. ■62 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Strange that no personal diary or adequate narrative of a participant was ever given to the world. The accounts which we have are slight and vague and even contradictory in some particulars. It is probable the troops forded the river in the shallow water at the place where the chief was shot; then leaving the intervale and moving stealthily west- ward on the high land, a mile or two from the river, they reached a spot a little after noon on the 22d where they could overlook the vil- lage of huts that curved like a crescent, conforming to the bending river, on the plain below. The forces were then prepared for action. Captain Harmon led off a company in the direction of an imaginary camp, whose smoke it was fancied could be seen rising in the hazy distance. Captain Moulton moved his force of one hundred men directly toward the village; when near it he stationed two detach- ments in ambush and pushed forward another as a storming party. As the latter issued from the thickets on the double-quick into the vil- lage clearing, they saw their first Indian, who, raising the death yell, sprang for his weapons. The village, thus startled from its sluggish siesta of a summer day, was at once in a state of panic; the people rushed out of their huts in terror and dismay; the warriors seized their guns and fired them wildly. The soldiers advanced in determined ranks, and when close upon the bark-walled wigwams and distracted people poured into them volley after volley indiscriminately. The helpless survivors scattered for the shelter of the woods, and in their flight encountered the murderous ambuscades that had been placed to anticipate them. At the first onset. Father Rale, aroused by the rumult, ran forth from his dwelling to the place of the village cross, perhaps in the hope that his efforts might tend to allay the conflict or mitigate its cruelties. A few terror stricken followers had gathered about him, as if to shield and to be miraculously shielded by his beloved person, when the soldiers, catching sight of his priestly dress, and recognizing him as the person on whom the hate of all New England was concentrated, raised a hue and cry for his destruction; and selecting his breast as a target, sent forth a shower of bullets that laid him lifeless by the mis- sion cross which his own hands had raised.* Seven of his neophytes * There is another version of the story of the kilHng of Father Rale. It is to the effect that a son-in-law of Captain Harmon, named Richard Jacques, discov- ered the missionary firing from a wigwam on the soldiers, whereupon he broke down the door and shot him dead. If this be true we must conclude that the Father was not very efficient with a musket, for we are not told that any soldier was seriously disabled; and we must also conclude that his mutilated body was considerately dragged out of doors to save cremation when the village was burned. The truth of the wigwam story was denied at the time. Charlevoix, History of New France, pp. 130,122; Williamson's History of Maine, pp. 129-132; Life of Sebastian Rale, by Convers Francis, D.D., pp. 311-322 (in Sparks' Ameri- can Biography, Vol. VII). As to the scalping of the body, see FenAallow's Indian THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 63 fell beside him; all the others fled from the village and the slaughter- tempest was over. Thirty Indian men, women and children lay dead, and half as many more were hobbling into the thickets with wounds. Not an Englishman had been hurt; one of the Mohawks was killed, but it may be an open question whether his dusky hue did not make him the accidental victim of some excited soldier. The purpose of the expedition had been accomplished; it only re- mained for the victors to enjoy their triumph and prepare to return home. Captain Harmon and his men returned before evening from their barren reconnoissance, and the reassembled companies passed the night in the village. The next morning, loading themselves with all the articles of worth (including Father Rale's gray and blood- stained scalp, which had a high commercial value in Boston, and the scalps of the other dead), the soldiers started on their return to Fort Richmond, leaving devastated Nanrantsouak rising in smoke and crackling flames behind them. They took with them the two Mitchell boys, who had been captured at Scarboro', and one other rescued pris- oner. The retirement of the soldiers was noted by the fugitives hid- ing in the surrounding forest, who soon returned to the ruins to look for their massacred friends. We are told by Charlevoix that they first sought the body of their missionary, and prepared it for sepulture -with pathetic tears and kisses, and that they buried it where the church altar had stood. The cassock which he had worn was too frayed and bedraggled for the soldiers to care for; they threw it away, and it was saved by the Indians and carried to Quebec as a precious relic. The chapel bell was taken from the ashes by an Indian boy and hid; he never would reveal the place of its concealment, saying, " May be Indian want it some time;" and the secret died with him. Many years after it was accidentally discovered by a woodman in the hollow of an ancient pine tree.* The grave of Father Rale was never forgotten — but was always IVars, p. 103; see £ariy Settlements at Sagadahoc, by John McKeen, in Me. Hist. Soc. Coll., Vol. Ill, p. 318; Abbot's History of Maine, pp. 313-316; Drake's Book of the Indians, book III, p. 119; History of Norridgewock, by William Allen. Rev. Jonathan G«-eenleaf, a Congregational minister of Wells, writing in 1821 (nearly a century after the death of Father Rale) says of him: " The fact of his having devoted his superior talents to the instruction of the rude children of the wilder- ness; consenting to spend his days in the depths of the forest, in unrepining con- formity to savage customs, and modes of life; enduring such privations, hard- ships, and fatigues as he did by night and day in the discharge of his mission, proves him to have been a very superior man, and well entitled to the admira- tion of sM."— Ecclesiastical Sketches, Maine, 1821, pp. 23;i-4. * This bell, together with the "strong box" taken by Westbrook in 1721, and a crucifix found in the soil within a few years by a lad, and preserved by the Hon. A. R. Bixby of Skowhegan, are now in the rooms of the Maine Histori- cal Society, Portland. 64 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. kept green — so long as any of the tribe haunted the river. It was first marked by a wooden cross — perhaps by the one made by Father Rale himself. When Arnold's army followed in 1775 the old Indian route to Quebec, his soldiers saw " a priest's grave " among the vestiges of the Indian village of Nanrantsouak.* In 18B3, under the patronage of Bishop Fenwick of Boston (an ex-member of the Society of Jesus), the site of Father Rale's church was purchased of the white man, and a granite monument erected with great ceremony over his grave. Some of the descendants of Rale's parishioners were present from Canada. The shaft was raised just 109 years after the burning of the church. Even that period of time had not been long enough for all animosity against the missionary to disappear, and the monument was maliciously overturned two years later, and again in 1851. It was replaced each time by the good people of the town of Norridgewock, and still stands in its harmlessness a mute reminder to the passing generations of a life of sublime toil, devotion and martyrdom on the banks of the Kennebec.f The offense of Father Rale was his constancy to his vows and loyalty to his people. Had his efforts been less he would not have been true to his view of pastoral duty. He sought sympathy and help for his flock where only it could be obtained, not questioning in his zeal the propriety of the Canadian government's hearty encour- agement, for which he was denounced as a traitor. After a bounty had been offered for his head he was urged by Father de la Chasse to look after his own safety, but he replied, " God has committed this flock to my care, and I will share its lot, only too happy if I am allowed to lay down my life for it." He believed the disputed lands had been taken from the Indians by deception and force (and who does not ?) and in the visionary cause of his tribe to recover them he serenely met * Journal of Return J. Meigs, Sept. ii, 1775, to Jan. 1, 1776. Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll. (1814), Vol. I, second series, p. 331. t This monument is a gfranite structure of appropriate simplicity. The base is composed of irregularly shaped ashlar blocks, on which stands a graduated quadrilateral shaft that towers eighteen feet from the ground, and which is sur- mounted by an iron cross two feet high. On the southern face of.one of the blocks is the inscription in Latin, which may be translated as follows: "Rev. Sebastian Rale, a native of France, a missionary of the Society of Jesus, at first preaching for awhile to the Illinois and Hurons, afterwards for thirty-four years to the Abenakis, in faith and charity a true apostle of Christ; undaunted by the danger of arms, often testifying that he was ready to die for his people; at length this best of pastors fell amidst arms at the destruction of the village of Nor- ridgewock and the ruins of his own church, on this spot, on the twenty-third day of August, A.D. 1724." " Benedict Fenwick, Bishop of Boston, has erected this monument, and dedicated it to him and his deceased children in Christ, on the 23d of August, A.D. 1833, to the greater glory of God." THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 65 his death."" There were about two hundred persons affiliated with his mission at the time of its overthrow; three-fourths of them moved immediately to St. Francis, into which the Abenaki mission, near the mouth of the Chaudiere had been merged (in the year 1700); the rest clung to the northern lakes and streams, far inland. Though the war continued to rage for a year longer, the Nanrantsoiiaks took no further part in it, and were not repre- sented at the peace parleys of 1725-6; ri__j but in July, 1727, forty Kennebecs and ''-^;.\ fifteen Wawenocs, under the sachem }\ Wiwurna, whom we last saw in a pa- ' % triotic passion at Arrowsic, met the authorities at Falmouth and ratified a /' peace — after having pleaded in vain as , of yore, for the English to retire their boundaries from Richmond fort to Ar- rowsic, and from St. George fort to | Pemaquid. Thus closed the fourth .*- , *^ Indian war in ^ ^^^ called Lovewell's _ !•:,;■■ If M war, from a scalp 7 .„.,"! \ '^■~— — --" "^T fm hunter's exploit -.'- -.,. ^„ «^- [' kW and death at Lake ^^'ll^X -^/ . ,^^- - %^r <^ Peqwaket, INIay 8, '^^^^^M^;,^ '^ ,^,.^- ■* .. 1725)-another "S"'...^ ^"^^f^-.- .^ hemorrhage from •'%> "^^i^ -^ ^ ^ ^ the old French ^^ ^ \ '^^^'- '' ' , conflict, and '^^''" > ^^^^^^>S^ which was not father rale monument. //>^^^>^^^^ even yet ended. /^ Six years after the death of Father Rale, the mission cross was re- erected over the ashes of Nanrantsouak, by Father James de Sirenne.f The King of France had taken notice of the sorrows of the survivors of the massacre, and ordered Father de la Chasse to cover the body of * Father Rale was bom in 1658, in France; he came to America in 1689, ar- riving at Quebec October 1.3th. He studied the Indian languages at Sillery, and was affiliated for two or three years with the Abenakis on the Chaudiere. In 1693 he went to Illinois, but returned to Quebec in 1694 or '95, to be sent to his life work on the Kennebec. t The Catholic Church in Colonial Days, by John G. Shea (New York, 1886), p. 604. History of the Cath. Miss. Among the Ind. Tribes of the U. S.. by John G. Shea. p. 152. 5 66 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Father Rale, which in Indian parlance is to condole with them on their loss. Eight years later (1738) the French monarch gave an out- fit of plate, vestments and furniture for the mission chapel; perhaps it was this gracious deed that excited a general movement among the exiled Kennebecs to return to their old home; but the Canadian government, to prevent the exodus and to have the fighting men near at hand in case of need, had Father de vSirenne recalled, and Nanrant- souak as a mission place was forever abandoned. IX. THE FIFTH AND SIXTH INDIAN WARS IN MAINE. England and France again at War. — The Indians join the French. — The Kenne- bec a Route for War Parties. — English Scalp Hunters scout the Cobbosseecon- tee and Messalonskee Lakes. — Treaty of Aix la Chapelle. — Fatal Affray at Wiscasset. — War Party from St. Francis. — Fort Richmond and Georgetown attacked. — Advent of the Plymouth Land Company. — Protest of Ongewas- gone. — Forts Shirley, Western and Halifax. — Bounties for St. Francis In- dians or their Scalps. — Last Skirmish on the Kennebec. — Capture of Quebec, and Exting^iishment of French Power in America, — Natanis wounded under Arnold. — Sabatis. — Peerpole carries his Dead Child to Canada for Burial. The ambitions of European monarchs were to precipitate again the horrors of war in New England and New France. So sensitive were the rival colonies to the prevailing politics of their home coun- tries a thousand leagues distant, that a declaration of war by France against England in 1744 — generated by a British-Spanish war then in progress — was presently felt in America, and the next year it de- veloped into what has been called the fifth Indian war, so far as it related to Maine. The French and English colonies vied sharply for the support of the Indians. The French were successful as usual. It was a wanton and fruitless war, prompted by no loftier impulse on either side than gratification of national, religious or race antipathy. It was made notable, however, by the capture, by New England valor, of the French fortress of Louisbourg (June 17, 1745). The few resi- dent Kennebec Indians were not early to engage m it, but their river was the thoroughfare for brigand parties from Canada, and however innocent, they came under the ban of the government (August 12, 1745), which offered prizes for their scalps ranging from one hundred to four hundred pounds ($500 to $2,000) apiece. By an odd discrim- ination the scalps of French leaders and accomplices were rated at only thirty-eight pounds ($190) apiece. Fort Richmond and Fort George (at Brunswick) were kept in order; a few hundred men were employed as scouts in Maine. Parties roamed the forests for scalps as huntsmen do for furs; there is record of one such party on the Kennebec. THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 67 On thfc 7th of March, 1747, some men under Captain John Gatchell ■started from the Brunswick fort to hunt for Indians; they reached Richmond fort the first day; the next day they tramped northwesterly toward the lakes that feed the Cobbosseecontee, where they hoped to surprise some camps; not finding any tracks at the small ponds (in Litchfield), they followed the stream up to Great Cobbosseecontee, where they were also disappointed. With great persistency they plodded a dozen miles northward to the waters of the Messalonskee; this lake they scouted in vain. There was not an Indian in all the region. The dispirited rangers now faced homeward, and emerging from the forest into the light of the river opening about eight miles above Cushnoc, they marched on the ice in a blinding snow storm down to the rapids where Augusta has .since been built. There they went ashore and bivouacked for the night among the great trees; the next day (March 17) they reached Richmond fort, with neither scalps nor other laurels to recompense them for their toilsome outing.* The vigor and alertness of the government kept the Indians in awe, and restricted their mischiefs in Maine to a few assassinations and cases of kidnapping. The treaty of Aix la Chapelle was signed October 7, 1748, by England and France, which restored peace again to their American colonies. A year later (October 16, 1749), eight Kennebec Indians with a few others went to Falmouth and renewed their hum- ble submission to the authorities, f But so demoralized and fragmentary had the tribes now become, that this treaty affected few Indians except those who were parties to it. Irrespon.sible tramps from St. Francis and Becancourt, with old scores to settle, continued to infest the Kennebec. In a quarrel with some white men at Wiscasset December 2, 1749, an Indian was wickedly killed; the guilty parties were arrested but not otherwise punished. The victim's Indian friends became greatly excited; thir- teen went to Boston to see the governor, who gave them stately court- esy and condoning presents. The next spring a party of eighty war- riors came from St. Francis to settle the affair in the Indian fashion; they asked the Penobscots to join them, and the people of Maine began to shudder in dread of some act of savage retaliation. It finally came in an attack on Fort Richmond (September 11, 1750), when the Indians killed one man and wounded another and led away fifteen inhabitants as captives. Two weeks later (September 25), they appeared on Parker's island in Georgetown; shunning the garrison, they attacked where the danger was less. In one case they battered down with their tomahawks the door of a house which the owner— a Mr. Rose — * History of Brunswick, pp. 58-00. t The names of these Indians were — Toxus, Magawombee, Harry, Soosephania, Nooktoonas, Nesagunibuit, Peereer, ■Cneas. 68 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. had bolted against them; the man at bay then fled through a window and running to the sliore rushed into the water to swim across Back river and Newtown bay, half a mile, to Arrowsic island. The savages nimbly pursued, and resorting to their canoe, paddled after him; when they overtook their expected prize, he upset their canoe by a dexter- ous movement, spilling them into the water and putting them on the .same footing with himself. Leaving them floundering, Mr. Rose re- sumed his swim and reached Arrowsic fort.* The Kennebec saga- mores disavowed these and many other revengeful acts, that followed as a sequence to the unfortunate Wiscasset affray. Thirty years had passed since the Pejepscot company made the land seizure that led to the war in which Father Rale was slain. During that period Richmond fort had been the outpost of the Eng- lish frontier. The time had now come when the Plymouth company, tracing its title to a patent given in 1627 to the Plymouth colony, wanted all of the lands above Richmond fort. The tribe that had protested a generation before, had been crushed for its contumacy; its survivors had nearly all removed to Canada; the few who still lin- gered by the burial-places of their fathers, had no steadfast and fear- less Rale to befriend them. So insignificant were they that the Ply- mouth company began to lot their land without any thought of asking their leave. Its strong hands built Fort Shirley (nearly opposite Fort Richmond) in 1751, but in February, 1754, a party of about sixty stal- wart Indians appeared at Richmond fort with a warning to the Eng- lish to depart. Governor Shirley in behalf of the settlers, retorted by detailing six companies of militia for the Kennebec. In April the general court authorized him to build a new fort as far up the river as he pleased. In June he made a personal visit to the Kennebec and decided to locate a fortress at Teconnet for the protection of the Ply- mouth company's lands. On the 21st he held a conference (at Falmouth) with forty-two Kennebec Indians. Ongewasgone, the sagamore, pleaded piteously for his people, saying: " Here is a river that belongs to us; you have lately built a new fort [Shirley]; we now only ask that you be content to go no further up the river; we live wholly by this land, and live poorly; the Penob.scot Indians hunt on one side of us and the Canada Indians on the other; so do not turn us off this land; we are willing for you to have the lands from this fort to the sea." f But the poor chief was protesting in vain; as in the case of the Arrowsic parley thirty-seven years before, the will of the white man prevailed. The Indians signed what was conventionally called a treaty. The bitter- ness of the cup was lessened by a few presents. Immediately the gov- * Luther D. Emerson, Oakland, Maine, t Journal of the Rev. Thomas Smith, pp. 153, 1.54. See Abbot's History of Maine, p. 352. THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. by ernment sent workmen to build Fort Halifax at Teconnet (now Wins- low), and the Plymouth land proprietors sent others to build Fort Western at Cushnoc. Five hundred soldiers under General John Winslow* attended as escort, and some of them went far beyond into the wilderness to look for a fictitious fort which rumor said the French were establishing near the sources of the Chaudiere. Fort Halifax was completed for occupancy in September, and put in command of William Lithgow. The Indians soon showed their opinion of it by killing and scalping one of the soldiers, and capturing four others. This bloody deed prompted the government to send Captain Lithgow a reinforcement of men and cannon, and to offer a reward of ^110 ($550) for every captive St. Francis Indian, or i;'10 ($50) less for his scalp. Fort Western was armed with twenty men and four cannon, but it was not attacked. Thus the advent of the Plymouth company was met with resistance and bloodshed, as that of the Pejepscot company had been. This was the opening of the sixth Indian war in Maine, which soon became part of the greater conflict between France and England that ended with the fall of Quebec. The Maine tribes having generally trans- planted themselves, recruited the French ranks in Canada; some of the warriors were on the flanks at Braddock's de'feat (July 9, 1755); others were in the no less bloody actions at Crown Point and Fort William Henry, but a few chose their own war paths, and skulked fitfully on the outskirts of the Maine settlements. In the spring and summer of 1755, they shot one Barrett near Teconnet, and two others near Fort Shirley; a courier was captured while going from Fort Western to Fort Halifax; John Tufts and Abner Marston were cap- tured in Dresden. The government at once increased the scalp bounty to $1,000 and offered $1,250 per captive. In the summer of 1756, while England and France were moving with new intensity toward their final combat, the Indians continued their miserable warfare in iSIaine. On the Kennebec two men were assassinated at Teconnet; Mr. Preble and his wife were killed at their home on the northern end of Arrowsic island, opposite Bath, and their three children taken. One of the latter, an infant, was soon killed because it was an incumbrance. A young woman named Motherwell was captured the same day at Harnden's fort (in Woolwich). In the spring of 1757, a few soldiers went out from Fort Halifax to hunt for * General Winslow was a brother of Captain Josiah Winslow (slain at St. George thirty years before), and the officer whom the government detailed in 1755 to enforce its order for the expulsion of the Acadians from Nova Scotia, on which event Longfellow founded his pathetic and beautiful idyl Evangeline. The celebrated Winslow family, so prominent in affairs on the Kennebec after the voyage of Edward in 1635, has left its name to the town (incorp. 1771) of which Fort Halifax was the nucleus. 70 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. game; as five mysteriously disappeared their comrades supposed that a party of savages, discovered to be in the neighborhood, had taken them.- Captain Lithgow hastily sent ten men in a boat down the river to warn the settlements. While returning to Fort Halifax (May IS), and when about eight miles above Fort Western (in the vicinity of Riverside or Lovejoy's ferry), the boat was fired at from the shore by seventeen lurking Indians. Two men were wounded. The soldiers returned the volley, killing one of the enemy and wounding another; they then landed on the shore opposite the Indians, whom they saw in the distance bear across an open field the body of their fallen com- rade for burial."" This was the last Indian encounter on the Kenne- bec; by a strange coincidence it happened near the place where Cap- tain Gilbert was received by the natives just one hundred and fifty years before. England and France were now in the midst of their mighty con- test for supremacy in America: their respective colonies were the battle ground, and the prizes at stake. For more than a century — beginning with the labors of Father Druillettes at Cushnoc in 1646 — the Kennebec had been an environ of Quebec, and a door to Acadia. Acadia itself with its shadowy boundary had made the territory of Maine an uncertain borderland. Five wars — not counting King Philip's— had been waged against Maine settlements by French- Canadian intrigues; but the time was near when the terrible alliance that had desolated so many New England settlements must be dis- solved. An English heart was beating under a soldier's uniform whose valor was to thrill all hearts, and determine the political des- tiny of the western world. In July, 1758, General Wolfe was before Louisbourg, which capitulated on the 16th; fourteen months later he led his little army up the heights of Abraham to the mad fight on the plains above, where he died victorious (September 13, 1759), bequeath- ing to his countrymen the citadel of Quebec. His blood washed New France from the map. The flag that had been planted by Champlain in 1608 (three years after his visit to the Kennebec) was lowered from its staff, and North America came under the dominion of the English speaking race. Acadia was no more; its boundary was no longer of any importance; Forts Halifax, Western and Shirley, on the Kenne- bec, were needed no more. In the long, painful, tragical contest, the Kennebec tribe (as well as others) had been annihilated. A few families continued to live in hermit-like seclusion around the upper waters of the river, but the young men learned the art of war no more. When Arnold's army was marching to Quebec, the pioneer party discovered at a point on the trail near the Dead river, a birch bark * Letter of William Lithgow to Governor Shirley, May 33, 1757, quoted by Joseph Williamson in Me. Hist. Soc. Coll., Vol. IX, p. 194. THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 71 map of the streams of the region, which an Indian had posted for the benefit of his fellows: a score or more of Indians were dwelling m the vicinity. The intrusion disturbed them, and they flitted undiscovered within spying distance of the troops for more than a month. Finally, having divined that the army was the enemy of the English at Que- bec, they disclosed themselves as friends, and nineteen joined the ex- pedition as allies. Among them were the noted chiefs — Natanis and Sabatis. They took part in the assault on Quebec, January 1, 1776.* Natanis received a musket ball through his wrist. This was the first time that Indians had fought in the war of the revolution. Thus, to the last remnant of the Kennebec tribe belongs the distinction of an alliance with the continental army, and Natanis was the first of his race to shed blood in the cause of American independence. Sabatis afterward lived for many years, an errant but amiable life on his native river— sensible and mild — a friend to the settlers as they were to him. One of the last well-remembered Indians lingered with his family around the upper waters of the Sandy river for many years; this was Peerpole; he had received baptism, and like a good Catholic went yearly to Quebec with his humble gifts to receive the blessing of the church. He would not bury the body of his dead child in the soil of his lost country, but carried it to Canada for religious rites and deposit in consecrated ground. + About the year 1797, with his wife and sur- viving children and precious burden tied on a hand-sled, he wended his way for the last time northward to the adopted land of his surviv- ing kindred. The mournful procession symbolizes the extinction of the red men in the valley of the Kennebec. * Aicoi/iif of Arnold's Campaign against Quebec, by John Joseph Henry, pp. 74, 7.5. tThe late William Allen of Norridgewock, in Me. Hist. See. Coll., Vol. IV, p. .31, note. CHAPTER III. SOURCES OF LAND TITLES. Bv Lend.\ll Titcome, Esq. Indian Occupancy. — Sales of Lands by the Indians. — Claims of Spain and Portugal. — Counter-claim of France. — The Virginia Charter. — The New- England Charter.— The Kennebeck or Plymouth Patent. — Trade with the Indians. — Sale of Plymouth Patent.— Settlement of the Kennebec Purchase. — Province of Massachusetts Bay. — Maine Separated from Massachusetts and Admitted into the Union. WHEN first foreign peoples came to the shores of Maine with the purpose of occupying the territory, establishing homes and creating an organized government, they found, of course, the country occupied by a primeval people whose history was no better known to themselves than it is to us to-day. It is even probable, with the concentration of legends of other peoples and drafts from asso- ciated histories, that the history of the Indian nations could now be written, giving with greater certainty the story of their ancestry than the dim traditions which were to them the only record of their past. The different nations and clans occupied each a separate country, the natural divisions on the surface of the earth, in the absence of a sur- veyor's chain and compass, establishing the boundaries of the separate tribes and nations. The Indian had no conception of the European idea of exclusive ownership of land. The tribes and their sachems neither made nor understood such claims of arbitrary ownership of the lands they occu- pied. The passing cloud which threw its shadow on his path, and the running water in which he paddled his canoe, were as much his prop- erty as the pathless land whereon his wigwam chanced to be. He neither coveted nor comprehended sole ownership of land. It was to him a mother whose streams and forests offered to him, as to his neighbor, food and shelter. No such thing as inheritance by children from parents was cared for or understood. They held their lands, if theirs they were, as life tenants in common; and no matter what were the forms or words of the deeds they signed, they only signified to the Indian mind the white man's privilege to occupy the lands as they themselves had occupied them; hence the SOURCES OF LAND TITLES. 73 trifling consideration named as price in the so-called Indian deeds. Monquine, son of Mahotiwormet, sagamore, sold for two skins of liquor and one skin of bread, more than a million acres of land above Gard- iner. As late as 1761 Samuel Goodwin was authorized to obtain a deed from the sagamores of the whole territory extending from the Wes- serunsett river to the ocean on both sides of the Kennebec river, " pro- vided he could obtain it at an expense of not more than ;f50." Hence also the fact that the Indian chiefs sold the same lands many times over and to different parties. In the " Statement of Kennebeck Claims" — Pamphlet Report of committee made June 15, 1785— after reciting the history of old Indian deeds the committee say: " From the his- tory and mode of living amongst the Indians in this country there can be no great doubt but that they originally held as tenants in com- mon in a state of nature; and though they have formed themselves into tribes and clans, yet the members of those tribes still retain a common and undivided right to the lands of their respective tribes." The aboriginal occupant of Kennebec county was the Indian tribe called Canibas. This was a large and important tribe and claimed as their territory the land extending from the sources of the Kennebec river to Merrymeeting bay. It may be noted as bearing on the Indian ideas of ownership of land, that Assiminasqua, a sagamore, in 1653 certified that the region of Teconnet (Waterville) belonged to him and the wife of Watchogo; while at near the same time the chief sag- amores, Monquine, Kennebis and Abbagadussett, conveyed to the English all the lands on the Kennebec river extending from Swan island to Wesserunsett river, near Skowhegan, as their property. In the earlier years a verbal grant was asserted by the English as a sufficient "deed." But subsequently concession was made to the formalities, and the conveyances from the Indians were made in legal form without much inquiry whether they were understood by the native grantors or not. Governor Winslow asserted " that the Eng- lish did not possess one foot of land in the colony but was fairly ob- tained by honest purchase from the Indian proprietors." But Andros, in 1686, boldly condemned the title so obtained from the natives and declared that " Indian deeds were no better than the scratch of a bear's paw." Though by a strict rule of right the Indian's deed could not be held to convey an exclusive ownership, it formed one of the strands, though a slender one, which the first settlers gathered together through which they maintained their early dominion over no incon- siderable portion of the soil of Maine. The thrifty adventurers from beyond the sea who sought wealth within her boundaries professed to largely base their rights on the Indian deeds and a prior occupation and possession. But the Crown of England is the source to which trace all lines of title to lands within the county of Kennebec. It was by royal license 74 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. that the first English settlement was made in Maine. The emigrants came as English subjects and they brought with them English laws. England planted her colonies here as her subjects, on lands claimed by her as her territory, and she alone maintained her authority. In 1493 Spain and Portugal claimed the entire New World which Columbus had discovered, by virtue of a bull of Pope Alexander VI. It is said that some seventy years later Spain took fortified possession of Maine at Pemaquid, but if so her possession was abandoned before many years. In 1524, Francis I, king of France, saying he should like to see the clause in Adam's will which made the American con- tinent the exclusive possession of his brothers of Spain and Portu- gal, sent Verrazzano, a navigator, who explored the entire coast and named the whole country Nciu France. Later King Francis, in 1534 and the following years, through Jacques Ouartier, took actual possession of Canada, explored the St. Lawrence and " laid the found- ation of French dominion on this continent." In 1495, Henry VII, of England, commissioned the Venetian, John Cabot, and his sons to make discoveries in the Western World, and under this commission they discovered the Western Continent more than a year before Columbus saw it; and in 1502 the same king com- missioned Hugh Eliot and Thomas Ashurst, in his name and for his u.se, to take possession of the islands and continent of America. Under the claim made by France the southern limit of New France was the 40th parallel of north latitude. Below that line was Florida, claimed by Spain as her territory. These two powers claimed the whole of North America by right of discovery. But it was a settled rule of international law that discovery of barbarous countries must be followed by actual possession to complete the title of any Christian power. Neither Spain nor France willingly yielded to England's claim to the new territory. But when Spain complained of an alleged act of trespass at Jamestown, England replied that all north of 32° belonged to the Crown of England by right of discovery and actual possession taken through Sir Walter Raleigh and English colonies. And when France complained against England's assumed control north of the 40th north parallel, England replied reciting the discov- eries by authority of the Crown made by Cabot, and the colonies estab- lished by her royal charter. England repeatedly asserted her claim to the lands held by her colonists, and overruled the claim to the whole country made by France, and as a result the map shows to-day not Neiv France, but Nczv England. By the English law the ultimate right to the soil remained in the Crown and grants made by the Crown were on condition of fealty and service, and on breach of such condition, the lands reverted to the Crown. " The newly discovered lands beyond the sea followed SOURCES OF LAND TITLES. 75- the same rule. If they were to become English possessions it was the right of the Sovereign to assign them to his subjects, and the validity of the titles thus conferred and transmitted has never been questioned, but stands unimpeached to this day."* The first transfer of title or English sovereignty was by what is known as the Virginia charter, which was granted by James I, April 10, 1606, to the Adventurers of London and their associates known as the first colony, and to the Adventurers of Plymouth and their asso- ciates known as the second colony, and under this charter a futile at- tempt was made the following year to plant a colony at the mouth of the Kennebec river. On November 3, 1620, King James I granted what is known as the New England charter to the cottncil of Plymouth in the county of Devon, successors to the Plymouth company under the charter of 1606. This charter was granted to forty lords, knights and merchants of England, among whom were the Duke of Lenox, Marquis of Buck- ingham, Marquis of Hamilton, Earl of Arundel, Earl of Warwick, Sir Ferdinando Gorges, Francis Popham and Raleigh Gilbert. They were incorporated as " The Council Established at Plymouth in the County of Devon for the planting, ruling and governing New Eng- land in America." This charter granted in fee simple all the North American continent and islands between the parallels of 40° and 48° north latitude, " throughout the mainland from sea to sea," excepting " all places actually possessed by any other Christian prince or people." Under the charter of 1606 no permanent colony with an organized government had been planted in Maine. But its rivers, coast and harbors had been explored, knowledge of the Indians and their habits had been acquired, and trading posts and fishing stations had been established. Gorges and his associates had learned the value of the fur trade and fisheries, and it was to control these that the Plymouth company sought and obtained the great New England charter. On January 13, 1629, a grant was made by the Plymouth council to the Pilgrim colony, of what has since been known as the Kennebeck or Plymouth Patent. There was long dispute as to the boundaries of this patent, but its territory as ultimately settled, extended from the north line of Woolwich below Swan island on the east side of the river, and from the north line of Topsham on the west side of the river to a line a league above the mouth of the Wesserunsett river and fifteen miles wide on either side of the Kennebec. This patent covered about 1,500,000 acres. With the patent were transferred rights of exclusive trade, an open passage at all times from the patent to the sea, author- ity to make all necessary rules and regulations for their protection and government. *H. W. Richardson, Introduction, York Deeds. 76 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. A trading post was established at Cushnoc, and some writers say, at Richmond's landing and at Popham's fort also. For several years the trade with the Indians was found to be profitable, but it gradually declined till in 1652 the trade at Kennebec was leased at the small price of fifty pounds a year, and in 1655 the lease was renewed for seven years at thirty-five pounds a year — " to be paid in money, moose or beaver." This rental was reduced after three years to ten pounds and the next year the trade was abandoned. Discouraged by meager returns the holders of the Kennebeck or Plymouth patent sought a purchaser for their patent and on October 27, 1661. it was sold * for four hundred pounds to Antipas Boyes, Ed- ward Tyng, Thomas Brattle and John Winslow. This transfer, of course, carried with it whatever apparent shadow of title there was in the Indian deeds, which from the year 1648, when the whole Kenne- bec valley was purchased by William Bradford from a chief, had been collected from different sagamores covering the same territory. From 1661 till 1749 the title to the lands on the Kennebec lay dor- mant and no special effort was made to establish settlements on the land. This was at least partially due to the French and Indian border wars, which for a series of years diverted attention from the arts of peace. But in 1749, eighty-eight years after the transfer of the patent, though the four original purchasers were dead, the proprietors had greatly increased in numbers and were widely scattered, and knew very little of the extent or value of their lands. On August 17, 1749, a number of the proprietors joined in a petition to call a meeting of the proprietors of the Plymouth company's lands to devise means of settling or dividing the same " as the major part of the proprietors shall or may agree." A meeting was called for September 21, 1849, at Boston, and a number of subsequent meetings were held until in June, 1753, the owners of shares in the patent were incorporated under the name of" The Proprietors of the Kennebec Purchase from the late Colony of New Plymouth;" though they were generally known as the Kennebec company or the Plymouth company. The new proprietors in 1761 employed Nathan Winslow f to make a survey and lay out into lots the Kennebec valley on either side of the river, from Chelsea to Vassalboro inclusive, and offered to each settler, upon certain conditions, two lots aggregating 250 acres. The conditions imposed by the proprietors looked to the permanent settle- ment of the towns and the establishment of churches; for the grantee * The deed was executed October 15, 1665, and recorded in the York County Registry in 1719.— [Ed. t Winslow's map of this survey shows on either side of the river, three ranges of lots, each one mile deep with eight-rod ways between the ranges. The origi- nal map is in possession of Governor Joseph H. Williams, of Augusta, and a copy is on file in the Kennebec County Registry. — [Ed. SOURCES OF LAND TITLES. 77 was required to build a house of certain size — generally 20 by 20 feet — and reduce to cultivation five acres of the land in his possession within three years; also to occupy it himself or by his heirs or assigns seven years besides the three. Each grantee was also bound to labor two davs yearly for ten years on the highways and two days every year on the minister's lot or upon the house of worship. By reason of these inducements and the advantages which were held out to settlers the valley was gradually covered with colonists. In 1762 the lots were rapidly taken, especially around Fort Western at Cushnoc, and by 1766 nearly all the lots were granted. Settlements and grants in other sections of the patent continued as the country's resources attracted settlers until nearly all the Ken- nebec lands had been reduced to individual ownership, when it was decided by the owners to close out their scattered possessions. Ac- cordingly the heirs and successors of the original purchasers met in Boston in January, 1816, and sold at auction all their remaining rights. Thomas L. Winthrop was the purchaser and became the owner of the unsold rangeways, gores and islands throughout the Kennebec pur- chase. His title deeds appear of record in Somerset County Registry, Vol. Ill, p. 164, and in Kennebec County Registry, Vol. Ill, p. 64. It is interesting to trace the intricate historical chain of title which began in 1620 and has extended unbroken to this generationin, to the hands of those who to-day hold the parent title from which countless branches have been derived. Judge James Bridge and Hon. Reuel Williams, both of Augusta, purchased each, one-fourth interest from Thomas L. Winthrop, who subsequently sold his remaining half to Hon. Joseph H. Williams. At the death of Judge Bridge in 1834, his interest passed to his daughter, Mrs. Daniel Williams, and at the death of Reuel Williams in 1862, his fourth interest descended to his heirs. It would not seem necessary in a chapter of this character to recite the historical facts of the charter of the province of Maine, granted by Charles I, April 3, 1639, to Sir Ferdinando Gorges, nor the charter granted by Charles II to the Duke of York in 1664, which was re- newed ten years later. But perhaps reference should be made to the charter granted by William and Mary, by which the name of the province of Massachusetts Bay was given to the consolidated colonies of Massachusetts Bay and New Plymouth, the province of Maine and the territory of Nova Scotia. It was this province of Massachusetts Bay which sent its delegates to continental congress, which adopted the declaration of independence July 4, 1776, which of course termi- nated the political sovereignty and authority of England in the United States. The separation of Maine from her parent Massachusetts was effected through the consent of the Massachusetts general court by act of June 19, 1819. and the act of congress admitting Maine into the Union passed May 3, 1820. CHAPTER IV. CIVIL HISTORY AND INSTITUTIONS. The County Erected. — County Buildings. — State House. — State and National Officers. — State Senators. — State Representatives. — Sheriffs. — Registers. — Treasurers. — Hospital for Insane. — Educational Institutions. — State Library. — Arsenal. — Soldiers' Home. THE territory now included in Kennebec county comprises nearly all of the original Kennebeck patent, and like it preserves in a name an allusion to the Kennebec Indians, who first inhabited the valley. It was within the widely extended boundaries of the old county of York, which Massachusetts erected in 1658, and became a part of Lincoln county in 1760. This territory which, until the close of the revolutionary war, remained largely undeveloped, began then to furnish evidences of the remarkable resources which have since placed it among the leading counties of New England. In 1787, Lin- coln county, whose shire-town was at Dresden, established at Augusta some public buildings and made it a co-ordinate shire-town. The demands of a rapidly increasing population soon led to a di- vision of the great county of Lincoln, and on the 20th of February, 1799, Kennebec county was incorporated as the sixth county in the district of Maine. It then, embracing nearly six times its present area, included the whole of Somerset county, which was taken from it in 1809; four of the towns on the east were made a part of Waldo county in 1827; five were included in Franklin county in 1838, and four were set off to Androscoggin county in 1854; so that the Kenne- bec county of to-day, to whose local history we turn our present atten- tion, consists of twenty-five towns, four cities and a plantation. For three years following the establishment of Augusta as a co- ordinate shire-town, the sessions were held at Fort Western. The first court house was built by subscription. It was erected on Market Square, opposite the site of the old Journal office. The frame was raised September 21, 1790, but as sufficient funds for its completion could not be secured, the sub.scribers decided to partition off only one room. In this room the January term of court convened, and notwith- standing the absence of laths and plastering, it was reported that they were considerably well accommodated. Augusta, which had not been separated from its parent town, Hallowell, took from this date the CIVIL HISTORY AND INSTITUTIONS. 79 appellation Hallowell Court House, by which the locality was known for many years after its incorporation under the name it now bears. In June, 1 801, the county commenced the erection, on the site of the present jail, of a second court house, which was completed and occu- pied by a court March 16, 1802. It was a commodious structure, and was occupied as a court house thirty years. The third court house was commenced in the spring- of 1829, upon its present site, which had been purchased of Nathaniel Hamlen. Robert C. Vose was the contractor. The building was occupied first by the supreme court in June, 1830, at which time Judge Mellen, who presided, called the building a very supe- iioi one. This build- ing was enlarged in 1851 The illustration shows it as again en- laiged m 1891. The first jail was r_*^ erected in 1793, on the comei of State and Winthrop stieets, opposite the present court house. Its walls were constructed of hewn timber and were not remarkably secure. Through these walls, which were two stories high, small openings were cut to admit light and air to the cells. Just at sundown on the 16th day of March, 1808, a fire was discovered in the upper story. It spread rapidly over the dry timbers and soon the entire structure and the adjoining keeper's hou.se were utterly destroyed. The jailor, Pitt Dilling- ham, was prepared for such a catastrophe, and under a strong guard, escorted the prisoners to the house of Lot Hamlin, where they were again secured without the loss of a man. General John Chan- dler, who was then high sheriff, immediately erected a temporary place of confinement near the east end of the court house. Proceed- ings were immediately instituted for the erection of a stone building on the old lot, and so expeditiously was the work carried forward that oO HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. in the following December it was approved and accepted, although not then completed, and the sheriff was instructed to use it as a jail on account of its greater security. The brick building which was subse- quently erected as a keeper's house is still standing. In April an ad- ditional tax was laid upon the county for its completion. It was much in advance of the pri.son accommodations of that day and was consid- ered a very expensive and secure structure. It was two stories high, the walls being constructed of large blocks of rough hammered stone fastened together with iron dowels. On May 21, 1857, it was voted " to proceed at once in the preliminary measures necessary to the erection " of a building better fitted for the keeping of prisoners, the old jail built in 1808 being wholly unfit for the purpose. The build- ing was finished in January, 1859, and opened for public inspection on February 1st. State Capitol. — In 1821 a committee composed of members from both branches of the legislature, which was then convened at the Portland court house, appointed to select a ^^,^^ place for the next session of that body, re- commended Hallowell as the most central point of popula- tion and repre- sentation. Al- ^' d^^^P*^^^^^ i.^^S''* though assured that suitable ac- commodations for the several state depart- ments would be piovidedfreeof expense to the commonwealth, a resolve favoring the removal to that point failed to pass either house. After an acrimonious de- bate, which was renewed at each session for several years, between Portland's politicians and the best economists of the state, Weston's hill, at Augusta, was, by the advice of a committee of three, of which John Chandler, of Monmouth, was a member, selected for the .site of the new capitol. The lot was conveyed to the state June 6, 1827; in the autumn of this year shade trees were set about the grounds and the work of laying the foundation begun; on the Fourth of July, 1829, the corner-stone was laid with imposing ceremonies conducted by the Masonic fraternity, in the presence of the president, vice-president and chief ju.stice of the United States. The building, which was designed by Charles Bulfinch, the archi- tect of the national capitol, was erected at an expense of $138,991.34, t CIVIL HISTORY AND INSTITUTIONS. 81 of which Sll,4GG.7o was furnished by the city of Aug'usta. As ac- cepted, in 1S32, the capitol consisted of a central building eighty-four feet in length by fifty-six in width, faced with a high arcade resting on massive Doric columns. Flanking this are two wings, each thirty- three feet long, making an aggregate length of 150 feet. The total height, including the cupola, is 114 feet. In 1832, and again in 1860, the interior was slightly remodeled to accommodate the increasing demands of some of the departments. An addition has recently been made to the main building, which increases the floor space by about one-third. This annex contains, in addition to apartments for the better accommodation of officials, the spacious and well arranged room in which are the valuable collections of books and pamphlets which compose the State Library. State and National Officers.— Since the formation of the state the county has furnished nine governors: Jona G. Hunton of Read- field, in 1830; Dr. John Hubbard of Hallowell, in IS.oO; Anson P. Mor- rill, Readfield, 1855; Joseph H. Williams, Augusta, 1857; Lot M. Mor- rill, Augusta, 1858; vSamuel Cony, Augusta, 1864; Selden Connor, Augusta, 1876; Joseph R. Bodwell, Hallowell. 1887; and Edwin C. Burleigh of Augusta, now completing his second term. The present governor is Hon. Edwin C. Burleigh, of Augusta, now completing the last year of his second term. He is a native of Aroos- took county, Me., but his ancestor eight generations back (in 1648) was Giles Burleigh, of Ipswich, Mass., where the first two or three generations of the family in America resided. James' and Josiah^ were natives of Ma.ssachusetts, but Thomas' was born in Sandwich, N. H., where the family name is still preserved in the name of " Bur- leigh Hill." There Benjamin.' a farmer and merchant, lived and died, and there his son, Moses, was born in 1781. This Moses Burleigh, the governor's grandfather, came to Maine before 1812 and resided until 1830 in Palermo, where he filled various civil offices and as a militia officer in 1812-16 gained by promotion to lieutenant colonel, the title by which he was generally known. He was elected to the Massachusetts legislature; was delegate in 1816 to the convention framing a constitution for the proposed state of Maine, and in 1830 he removed with his family to Linneus, Aroostook county, where he died in 1860. His eldest surviving child, born while they resided in Palermo, is Hon. Parker P. Burleigh, the governor's father. Like six generations of his New England progenitors he follows the peaceful and honorable calling of the farmer, and in the new garden county of Maine has found agriculture both pleasant and profitable. He has always been a leading citizen of Linneus, has served repeatedly in each branch of the legislature, and was for a long time state land agent. He was educated as a surveyor, and, as 82 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. chairman in 1869 of the Maine commission on the settlement of the public land, contributed largely to the rapid development of Aroos- took county. Such, briefly, are the antecedents of Maine's present executive. He was born at the family farm house, November 27, 1843, and after the common schools of Linneus had laid the foundation, he received an academical education in the academy at Houlton. While yet a boy he found employment in teaching school and in surveying land. In this latter occupation he gained a knowledge of the nature and value of the public lands of Maine, such as not many men posse.ssed, and which at a later period of his life recommended him to the governor of Maine as a proper person to fill the responsible position of state land agent. He enlisted during the civil war but, not being in sound health at that time, was rejected by the examining surgeon. For two win- ters during the war he was clerk in the adjutant general's office. He was a farmer and land surveyor until 1870, when he entered the state land office as a clerk, and in 1872 he moved to Bangor. He was state land agent in 1876, '77 and '78, and was assistant clerk of the house of representatives for same years. In 1880 he resigned his position as assistant clerk to accept a position in the office of the treasurer of state. He removed to Augusta with his family during that time, where he has since resided. In 1885 he was elected treasurer of the state and reelected in 1887. In 1888 he was elected governor of the state, receiving a plurality of 18,048. In 1890 he was reelected governor, receiving the increased plurality of 18,883. Thus has Governor Burleigh been recognized by the sovereign people of his native state, who have seen fit to honor him with their confidence and esteem. In no other decade since the republic was founded have the private life and domestic relations of public men been so keenly scrutinized by their constituents as now; and probably in no section more than in Puritan New England, and certainly in no state more than in the Pine Tree state do clean hands and a pure life count for more to one who aspires to political preferment. In the person of Governor Burleigh we have, too, the almost per- fect New England type. How much of his great popularity is due to his splendid physique and how much to his genial and courteous bear- ing would puzzle his best friend to say. Born to the inheritance of those who toil, his sympathies are ever with the humble, and in his extensive intercourse with his constituents his democratic ideas and his kindly bearing have given him a home in their hearts more enviable than office — more honorable than place. The U. S. Senators from Kennebec county since the state was or- ganized have been: John Chandler, of Monmouth, 1820, reelected 1823; Peleg Sprague, Haliowell, 1829; Reuel Williams, Augusta, 1837, re- ^^2:w^^^ (^ /::^^^.€^i CIVIL HISTORY AND INSTITUTIONS. bd ■elected 1839: Wyman B. S. Moor, Waterville, 1848; George Evans, Gardiner, 1841; James W. Bradbury, Augusta, 1847; Lot M. :SIorrill, Augusta, 1861, and in 1863, 1869 and 1871; James G. Blaine, Augusta, 1876 and 1877. The Representatives in Congress have been: Joshua Cushman, Winslow, in 1823; Peleg Sprague, Hallowell, 1825, reelected in 1827; ■George Evans, Gardiner, 1829, reelected for six .successive terms; Gen- eral Alfred Marshall, China, 1841; Luther Severance, Augusta, 1843, reelected 1845; John Otis, Hallowell, 1849; Samuel P. Benson, Win- throp, 1853, reelected 1855; Anson P. Morrill, Readfield, 1861; James G. Blaine, Augusta, 1863, reelected for the six succeeding terms. The Secretaries of the State from the county have been: Amos Nichols, Augusta, 1822; Asaph R. Nichols, Augusta, 1835; Samuel P^ Benson, Winthrop, 1838; Asaph R. Nichols, Augusta, 1839; Philip C. Johnson, Augusta, 1840; Samuel P. Benson, Winthrop, 1841; Philip C. Johnson, Augusta, 1842; William B. Hartwell, Augusta, 1845; John G. Sawyer, Augusta, 1850; Alden Jackson, Augusta, 1854, also in 1857; S. J. Chadbourne, Augusta, 1880; Joseph O. Smith, Augusta, 1881; Ora- mandel Smith, Litchfield, 1885. The State Treasurers from the county have been: Asa Redington, jun., Augusta, 1835; Daniel Williams, Augusta, Com., 1835; and as treas- urer in 1840; Samuel Cony, Augusta, 1850; J. A. Sanborn, Readfield, Com., 1855; William Caldwell, Augusta, 1869; and Charles A. White, Gardiner, 1879. Two Attorneys General of Maine have been chosen from the county: W. B. S. Moor of Waterville, in 1844; and Orville D. Baker of Augusta, in 1885. Kennebec has furnished three cabinet officers: James G. Blaine, secretary of state under Garfield and Harrison; Lot M. Morrill, secre- tary of the treasury, and Henry Dearborn, secretary of war. Mell- ville W. Fuller, a native of Augusta, has been appointed associate jus- tice of the supreme court, and James G. Blaine was speaker of the house of representatives during the sessions of the 41st, 42d and 43d Congress. Under the first apportionment, Kennebec county was entitled to three senators in the Maine legislature. The apportionment of 1871 reduced the number to two. Those elected from what is now Kenne- bec county, with residence and years of service have been: Augusta, Joshua Gage, 1820, '21; Reuel Williams, 1826, '27, '28; William Em- mons, 1834, '35; Luther Severance, 1836, '37: Richard H. Vose, 1840, '41; Joseph Baker, 1847; Lot M. Morrill, 1856; Joseph H.Williams, 1857; James A. Bicknell, 1860; John L. Stevens, 1868, '69; J. Man- chester Haynes, 1878, '79; George E. Weeks, 1883, '85; and Herbert M. Heath, in 1887, '89. A/biou, Joel Wellington, 1824; Asher Hinds, 1830, '31; Enoch Farnbam, 1834, '35; Thomas Burrill, 1856. Be/grade, 84 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Jacob Alain, 1843; George E. Minot, 1870, 71. Benton, Crosby Hinds, 1865, '66. China, Timothy F. Hanscom, 1842; Alfred Fletcher, 1858, '59; Ambrcse H. Abbott, 1873, '74. Fayette-, Albert G. French, 1875, '76. Gardiner, Joshua Lord, 1825; Sanford Kingsbury, 1829, '30; Mer- rill Clough, 1842; Edward Swan, 1844, '45; Isaac N. Tucker, 1853, '54; Nathaniel Graves, 1857; John Berry, jun., 1858, '59; Noah Woods, 1862, '63; Joshua Gray, 1870, '71; Albert M. Spear, 1891. Hallowell, Thomas Bond, 1822. '23; John T. P. Dumont. 1838, '39, '48, '49; John Otis, 1842; John Hubbard, 1843; Joseph A. Sanborn, 1864, '65; George W. Per- kins, 1866, '67. Litchfield, John Neal, 1850, '51, '52; Josiah True, 1864, '65; John Woodbury, 1876, '77. Momnouth, John Chandler, 1820, '21 (resigned to take a seat in congress); Abraham Morrill, 1822, '23; Jo- seph Chandler, 1824; Ebenezer Freeman, 1850, '51, '52; William B. Snell, 1868, '69. Mt. Vernon, Elijah Morse, 1830, '31: Calvin Hopkins, 1860, '61; Moses S. Mayhew, 1879. Pittston, Eliakira Scammon, 1832, '33. Readfie-ld, Jonathan G. Hunton, 1832, "33; Oliver Bean, 1848, '49; Henry P. Torsey, 1854, '55; Emery O. Bean, 1856; George A. Russell, 1887. Sidney, Asa Smiley, 1844, '45; Joseph T. Woodward, 1867, '68. Vassalboro, Joseph Southwick, 1825, '26, '27; Elijah Robinson, 1836, '37; Oliver Prescott, 1848, '49; Warren Percival, 1861, '62; Thomas S. Lang, 1869, '70. Waterville, Timothy Boutelle, 1820, '21, '32, '33, '38, '39; Isaac Redington, 1846, '47; Edwin Noyes, 1850; Stephen Stark, 1853, '54; Josiah H. Drummond, I860; Dennis L. Millikin, 1863, '64; Reuben Foster, 1871, '72; Edmund F. Webb, 1874, '75; F. E. Heath, 1883, '84; William T. Haines, 1889, '91. Wayiie, Thomas B. Read, 1866, '67; Jo- seph S. Berry, 1880, '81. West Waterville, Greenlief T. Stevens, 1877, '78. Winslow, Joseph Eaton, 1840, '41, '53, '55; David Garland, 1851, '52; Colby C. Cornish, 1880, '81. Winthrop, Samuel P. Benson, 1836, '37; David Stanley, 1843; Ezekiel Holmes, 1844, '45; Charles A. Wing, 1858, '59; Peleg F. Pike, 1862, '63; John May, 1872, '73. The names of Thomas W. Herrick, 1857, William Ayer, 1843, Daniel Hutchinson, 1831, and Josiah Chapman. 1829, appear as mem- bers of the senate from Kennebec county; but their respective resi- dences are not shown by the records in the state archives from which the foregoing was transcribed. Of the Presidents of the State Senate six have been residents of what is now Kennebec county: Richard H. Vose, Augusta, in 1841; Lot M. Morrill, Augu.sta, 1856; Joseph H. Williams, Augusta, 1857 Reuben Foster, Waterville, 1872; Edmund F. Webb, Waterville, 1875 and J. Manchester Haynes of Augusta, 1879. The county as it existed when Maine became a state was allotted twenty-one seats in the state's house of representatives. Belgrade, Dear- born and Rome made one district; Fayette and Vienna were joined with Chesterville as a district; Mt. Vernon was classed with New Sharon, Winslow with Clinton, Pittston with Windsor, and Harlem with CIVIL HISTORY AND INSTITUTIONS. China. These six districts, and each of the other towns, elected one representative each year, except Wayne, which elected for four of the ten years. The apportionment of 1831 gave the county twenty-four members for the next decade. Augusta and Hallowell each elected two,Winslow, Wayne and Windsor were each to elect for five of the ten years, as was Albion with the unincorporated territory north of it. Dearborn was joined with Belgrade, Vienna and Rome with Chesterville, and Mt. Vernon with Fayette, making three districts which elected each one member. The other towns had each one representative each year. The 1841 apportionment gave Kennebec county twenty-two repre- sentatives. Albion, Albion Gore and Winslow were joined to make one di.strict; also Clinton and Clinton Gore; Belgrade, Dearborn and Rome: Mt.Vernon and Vienna; Wayne and Fayette. These five districts each chose one member every year; Windsor was represented six years of the ten; Augusta, Hallowell and Gardiner each had two representa- tives annually and the other towns each one. For the decade from 1851 the county elected sixteen members. Vassalboro with Rome; Albion, Benton, Clinton with the Gores; Hal- lowell with Manchester, and West Gardiner with Farmingdale made up four districts. Augusta chose two annually, and the others one, except the smaller towns, which elected for part of the years accord- ing to their population. The apportionment of 1861 gave Kennebec thirteen members. Six districts were made: China, Albion and Clinton Gore with Unity Plantation; Vassalboro with Windsor; Readfield with Mt. Vernon and Vienna; Pittston with West Gardiner and Farmingdale; Benton, Clinton and Winslow; Sidney, Rome and Belgrade. This classifica- tion was slightly modified in 1871 by joining Winthrop with Wayne and Fayette; Hallowell with Chelsea, and Manchester to Litchfield and Monmouth — the county still having thirteen representatives. The several towns have been represented as follows: Albion, Joel Wellington, 1820, '21,, '28, '31, '33; Josiah Crosby, 1823, '24; John Winslow, 1826, '27; Enoch Farnham, 1833; James Stratton, 1835; Ben- jamin Webb, 1837; Codding Blake, 1839; Thomas Burrill, 1839, '41; Amasa Taylor, 1841, '42; Scotland Chalmers, 1844; Simeon Skillin 1846; David Hanscom, 1848, '50; Artemas, Libby, 1853; John T. Main 1855; William H. Palmer, 1858; N. E. Murray, 1860; Otis M. Sturte vant, 1861; H. T. Baker, 1863; Robert Crosby, 1866; Ezra Pray, 1868 '70: Mark Rollins, jun., 1873; Elias C. Fowler, 1876; Ora O. Crosby 1878; George H. Wilson, 1880; George B. Pray, 1887-8. Augusta Robert C. Vose, 1820, '21; Reuel Williams, 1822, '23, '24, '25, '29, '32 '48; Robert Howard, 1826; John Davis, 1827; Henry W. Fuller, 1828 Luther Severance, 1830, '40, '41, '43, '47; Daniel Williams, 1831; Elihu 86 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Robinson, 1832: William Emmons, 1833; George W. Morton, 1833, '34, '38, '39, '51, '52, '53; Richard H. Vose, 1834, '35, '38, '39; John Potter, 1835, '36; Loring Gushing, 1836; Robert A. Con^^ 1837, '42; Alfred Redington, 1837; Benjamin .Swan, 1840, '41; John Arnold, jun., 1842; Richard F. Perkins, 1844, '45; Gharles Keen, 1846; James W. North, 1849, '53, '74, '75; George W. Stanley, 1850; Lot M. Morrill, 1854; James A. Thompson, 1854; Edward Fenno, 1855; Samuel Titcomb, 1855, '67, '68, '72, '73; Benjamin A. G. Fuller, 1856; Daniel C. Stan- wood, 1856; William T. Johnson, 1857, '58, '59, '71; James A. Bicknell, 1857, '58; James G. Blame. 1859. '60, '61, '62; Josiah P. Wyman, I860, '61, '80, '81, '82; Vassal D. Pinkham, 1862; Joshua S. Turner, 1863, '64; Samuel Cony, 1863: Joseph H. Williams, 1864, '65, '66, '74; John L, Stevens, 1865, '66, '67; George E. Brickett, 1868, '69; Alanson B. Far- well, 1869, '70; Joseph Baker, 1870; John W. Chase, 1871; J. Prescott Wyman, 1872; George E. Weeks, 1873, '78, '79, '80; Gardiner C. Vose, 1875; George S. Ballard, 1876, '77; J. Manchester Haynes, 1876, '77, '83, '84; Peleg O. Vickery, 1878, '79; Anson P. Morrill, 1881-2r Herbert M. Heath, 1883-4, '85-6; Ira H. Randall, 1885-6, '87-8r Joseph H. Manley, 1887-8, '89-90; John F. Hill, 1889-90, '91-2; Treby Johnson, 1891-2. Belgrade. Samuel Taylor, 1822; John Chan- dler, 1824; John Pitts, 1825, '27, '28, '32; John Rockwood, 1829; Anson P. Morrill, 1834; Richard Mills, 1835; George Smith, 1837; David Blake, 1838: Ephraim Tibbetts, jun., 1839; Jacob Main, 1840, '51, '52; Thomas Eldred, 1841; Moses Page, 1842; Reuben H. Yeaton, 1843; Samuel Frost, 1845; Joseph Taylor, 1847, '53; Levi Guptill, 1849; Ste- phen Smith, 1855; George Smith, 1857; Warren W. Springer, 1859; Thomas Rollins, 1861; Thomas Eldred, 1863; John S. Minot, 1866; Albert Caswell, 1868; Chaslew W. Stewart, 1871; C. Marshall Weston, 1873; David Colder (unseated), 1876; Henry F. D. Wyman (contested), 1876; Albert E. Faught, 1878; William F. Eldred, 1881-2; Hermon H. Adams, 1889-90. Benton, Orrin Brown, 1844; Daniel H. Brown, 1846; Japheth Winn, 1848; Stewart Hunt, 1854; Daniel H. Brown, 1856; Clark Piper, 1859; Albert C. Hinds, 1864; Asher H. Barton, 1867, '70; Madison Crowell, 1874; Simeon Skillin, 1876; Asher H. Learned, 1877; Bryant Roundy, 1880; Sprague Holt, 1885-6; Frank W. Gifford, 1891-2. Chelsea, Franklin B. Davis, 1853; Alonzo Tenney, 1857; Henry D. Doe, 1862; Josiah F. Morrill, 1867; George Brown, 1867; N. R. Winslow, 1873; Benjamin Tenney, 1876; William W. Hankerson, 1879; William T. Searles, 1885-6; Mark L. Rollins, 1891-2. Clinton, Herbert Moors, 1820, '21, '23; William Eames, 1822; William Spear- ing, jun., 1825; Samuel Hudson, 1826; Josiah Hayden, 1827; William Ames, 1828, '30; David Hunter, 1833; James Lamb, 1834, '35; Charles Brown, 1836; Shubael Dixon, 1837; Matthias Weeks, 1838, '39, '40, '42; James Hunter, 1841; Joseph P. Brown, 1843; Richard Wells, 1845, '57; Francis Low, 1847; Samuel Haines, 1849; Samuel Weymouth, 1851, CIVIL HISTORY AND INSTITUTIONS. 87 '52; Jonas Chase, 1853; Samuel Haines, 1855; David L. Hunter, 1859; William Lamb, 1861; Daniel H. Brown, 1863; Charles Jesett, 1866; William H. Bigelow, 1869; John F. Lamb, 1871; John Totman, 1873; William Lamb (unseated), 1875; Alfred W^eymouth, 1879; William G. Foster, 1883-4; Daniel C^in, 1889-90. China, Robert Fletcher, 1820, '21, '22. '23, '24; Abishai Benson, 1825, '26; Alfred Marshall, 1827, '28; John Weeks, 1829, '30; Ebenezer Meigs, 1831, '48; Benjamin Libby, jun., 1832; Gustavus A. Benson, 1833; Alfred Marshall, 1834; Prince B. Moores, 1835; Nathaniel .Spratt, 1836; Freeman Shaw, 1837; Tim- othy F. Hanscomb, 1838; William Mosher, 1839; Corydon Chadwick, 1840: Jonathan Clark, 1841; Samuel Hanscomb, 1842; Charles F. Russ, 1843, '44; Reuben Hamlin, 1845; Jason Chadwick, 1846; James H. Brainard, 1847; Thomas B. Lincoln, 1849; Samuel Plummer, 1850; John L. Gray, 1851, '52; Alfred Marshall, 1853; Eli Jones, 1855; Alfred Fletcher, 1857; Abel Chadwick, 1859; Dana C. Hanson, 1860; Josiah H. Greely, 1862; Ambrose H. Abbott, 1864, '65; Alfred H. Jones, 1867: George F. Clark, 1871; Eli Jepson, 1872; L. B. Tibbetts, 1874; John O. Page, 1875; Moses W. Newbert, 1877; Francis Jones. 1879; Charles F. Achorn, 1881-2; Elijah D. Jepson, 1883-4; John A. Woodsum, 1889-90. Fanningdalc, Daniel Lancaster, 1856; Gideon C. McCausland, 1863; Andrew B. McCausland, 1869; Reuben S. Neal, 1873; David Wing, 1879; Levi M. Lancaster, 1885-6; Elisha S. Newell, 1891-2. Fayette, Samuel Tuck, 1820, '21; Charles Smith, 1823; Merrill Clough, 1826; Ezra Fisk, 1829, '31; Joseph H. Under- wood, 1833, '35, '38; Abijah Crane, jun., 1841; Isreal Chase, 1843; Jona- than Tuck, 1846; Howard B. Lovejoy, 1849; Moses Hubbard, 1854; Asa Hutchenson, 1860; Phineas Libby, 1864; F. A. Chase, 1869; J. H. Sturtevant, 1873; Albert G. Underwood, 1878; Charles Russell, 1887 -8. Gardiner, Joshua Lord, 1820, '21, '24, '31; Robert H. Gardiner, 1822; James Parker, 1823, '32; Daniel Robinson, 1825; George Evans, 1826, '27, '28, '29; Peter Adams, 1830; Alexander S. Chadwick, 1833, '84, '35, '36; Parker Sheldon, 1837, '38, '39; Ebenezer F. Deane, 1840, '41; Edwin Swan, 1842; Philip R. Holmes, 1842; Philip C. Holmes, 1843; Mason Damon, 1844; Silas Holman, 1845; Noah Woods, 1846, '47; Isaac N. Tucker, 1848, '49; Charles Danforth, 1850, '51, '52, '57; Robert Thompson, 1853; John Berry, jun., 1854, '55; Charles P. Wal- ton, 1856; John W. Hanson, 1858; John Webb, 1859, '60; William Perkins, 1861, '62; Lorenzo Clay, 1863, '64; John S. Moore, 1865; Henry B. Hoskins, 1866; John Berry, 1867; G. S. Palmer, 1868, '69; D. C. Palmer, 1870. '71; James Nash, 1872, '73; Nathan O. Mitchell, 1874, '75; Arthur Berry, 1876: Melvin C. Wadsworth, 1877, 78; William F. Richards, 1879, '80; David Wentworth, 1881-2, '83-4; Gustavus Moore, 1885-6, '87-8; Oliver B. Clayson, 1889-90, '91-2. Hallo- ivell, Peleg Sprague, 1820, '21, '22; William H. Page, 1823, '24, '25, '27: William Clark, 1826, '28, '29, '30, '32, '33; Charles Dummer, 1831, 88 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTV. '32; John T. P. Dumont, 1833, '34, '35; S. ^V. Robinson, 1834, '35; Samuel Wells, 1836, '37; James Atkins. 1838, '39; Henry W. Paine, 1836, '37, '38, '53: John Otis, 1839, '40, '41, '46, '47; Benjamin F. Mel- vin, 1840, '41; George W. Perkins, jun., 1842, '43, '45, '65; Henry K. Baker, 1842, '44, '54; Samuel K. Oilman, 1848, '49, '50, '51, '52; Rodney G. Lincoln, 1855; Henry Reed, 1856; Eliphalet Rowell, 1858, '61, '80, '81-2; Francis F. Day, 1859; Edward K. Butler, 1863; Charles Dum- mer, 1865; Ariel Wall, 1866, '71; Isaac F. Thompson, 1868, '70; Wil- liam Wilson, 1872; John S. Snow, 1874, '75; Joseph R. Bodwell, 1877, '78; Albert M. Spear, 1883-4, '85-6; Walter F. Marston, 1887-8; Hiram L. Grindle, 1889-90; George S. Fuller, 1891-^2. Litchfield, Asa Batcheldor, 1836; Hiram Shorey, 1837; John Neal, 1838, '39; David W. Perry, 1840; Ebenezer B. Pike, 1841, '42: Rev. William O. Grant, 1843, '44, '46; Aaron True, 1847, '49; Constant Quinnan, 1850; John Woodbury, 1854; Mark Getchell, 1855; Benjamin Smith, 1858; True Woodbury, 1860; Josiah True, 1861, '62; Nathaniel Dennis, 1864; Charles Howard Robinson, 1866; James Colby, 1868; Oramandel Smith, 1870; Isaac W. Springer, 1872; John Woodbury, 1875; Samuel Smith, 1878; David S. Springer, 1880; James E. Chase, 1883-4; Enoch Ad- ams, 1887-8. Manchester, William A. Sampson, 1857; H. G. Cole, 1860; Isaac N. Wad,sworth, 1864, '77; Stephen D. Richardson, 1869; I. Warren Hawkes, 1874; Willis H. Wing, 1889-90. Monmouth, Abra- ham Morrill, 1820, '21; Benjamin White, jun., 1822, '23, '24, '25, '26, '27, '28, '29, '30, '31, '32; John Chandler, 1832; Isaac S. Small, 1833, '34; Ebenezer Freeman, 1835, '36, '37, '46; Otis Norris, 1838, '39; Augus- tine Blake, 1840; Jedediah B. Prescott, 1841; Henry V. Cumston, 1842; Joseph Loomis, 1844; John A. Tinkham, 1847; Royal Fogg, 1849; Jona- than M. Heath, 1851, '52; William G. Brown, 1854; Charles S. Norris, 1855; George H. Andrews, 1857, '59; Abner C. Stockin, 1861; Daniel F. Ayer, 1863; John B. Fogg. 1865; Ambrose Beal, 1867; Mason J. Metcalf, 1869; James G. Blossom, 1871; Henry O. Pierce, 1873; Joshua Cumston, 1876; Seth Martin, 1879; J. H. Norris, 1881-2; Otis W. Andrews, 1885-6; Josiah L. Orcutt, 1891-2. Mt. Vernon, Nathaniel Rice, 1820,' '21; Elijah Morse, 1822, '24, '26, '28; David McGaffey, 1830, '39, '40; John Blake, 1832, '34; Samuel Davis, 1836, '37; James Chap- man, 1842; Daniel H. Thing, 1844, '63; Daniel Mansion, 1846; William H. Hartwell, 1848; Edward French, 1850; Stephen S. Robinson, 1853; Aaron S. Lyford, 1856; Elisha C. Carson, 1859; Washington Blake, 1861; John Walton, 1866; Ezra Kempton, 1869; Calvin Hookins, 1871; Moses S. Mayhew, 1873; James A. Robinson, 1876; James C. Howland, 1878; Quintin L. Smith, 1881-2; John P. Carson, 1889-90. Oakland, William Macartney, 1874; Greenlief T. Stevens, 1875; George W. Goulding, 1879, '80; Albion P. Benjamin, 1885-6; William M. Ayer, 1891-2. Pittston, Thomas Coss, 1820, '21. '23, '25; Eliakim Scammon, 1826, '28, '30, '31, '35, '36, '47; Henry Dearborn, 1832, '39; John Stev- CIVIL HISTORY AND INSTITUTIONS. 89 •ens, 1833, '34; Hiram Stevens, 1837, '38: John Blanchard, 1840, '41; Samuel G. Bailey. 1842; George Williamson, 1843; William Troop, 1844, '45; John Coss, 1848; Samuel Clark, 1849; Benjamin Flitner, 1S,'5(); Benjamin F. Fuller, 1854; Heran T. Clark. 1855; John Blanchsird, 1856; Alphonso H. Clark. 1858; William H. Mooers, 1859, '61; Caleb Stevens, 1860; John Boynton. 1862; Gideon Barker, 1864; Arnold Good- speed, 1866; Sumner R. Tibbetts, 1868; Warren R. Lewis, 1870; Zachariah Flitner, 1872; William Grant, 1874; Sumner Smiley, 1876; Daniel H. Moody, 1878; G. A. Colburn, 1880; Moses J. Donnell, 1883-4; Gorham P. H. Jewett, 1887-8. Randolph, Henry P. Closson, 1889-90. Readfield, Samuel Currier, 1820, '21; John Smith, 1822; Edward Fuller, 1823; Solomon Lombard, 1824, '25; Jere. Page, 1826, '27; James Wil- liams, 1828, '29; Eliphalet Hoyt, 1830, '31; Oliver Bean, 1832, '33; Jon- athan G. Hunton, 1834; David F. Sampson, 1835, '36: William Vance, 1837; John O. Craig, 1838; Elisha Prescott, 1839; John Haynes, 1840; Richard Judkins, 1841: Peter F. Sanborn, 1842; Dudley Haines, 1844; Timothy O. Howe, 1845; Hiram S. Melvin. 1847; Thomas Pierce, 1848: Eliab Lyon, 1850; Joshua Packard, 1851, '52; Emery O. Bean, 1852; Joseph A. Sanborn, 1854; George W. Hunton, 1856; Elisha S. Case, 1858; James R. Batchelder, 1860; Peter F. Sanborn, 1862; H. M. Eaton, 1865; Bradbury H. Thomas, 1868; Gustavus Clark. 1870; John Lam- bard, 1872; Jos'iah N. Fogg, 1875; George A. Russell, 1877: Benjamin W. Harrirnan, 1880; Francis A. Robinson. 1883-4; Frederick I. Brown, 1891-2. Rome, Hosea Spaulding, 1830; Job N. Tuttle, 1832: Samuel Goodridge, 1836: Thomas Whittier, 1839, '50: Eben Tracy, 1844: Nathaniel Staples, 1847: N. P. Martin, 1857; John T. Fifield, 1864; Eleazer Kelley, 1869: Elbridge Blaisdell, 1874: Thomas S.Golder, 1879; John R. Pre.scott, 1885-6. Sidney, Ambrose Howard, 1820, '21; Daniel Tiffany, 1822; Samuel Butterfield, 1823, '24, '27, '32, '33; Reuel Howard, 1825, '26, '2S; Nathaniel Merrill, 1829, '30, "31, '34; Daniel Tiffany, jun., 1835, '36: Asa Smiley. 1837, '38, '39, '42: John B. Clifford, 1840, '41; George Fields, 1843: Moses Frost, 1845; Moses Trask, 1846; Silas L.Wait, 1848, '49; Lauriston Guild, 1851, '52; Gideon Wing, 1854; Paul Hammond, 1856; James Sherman, 1858; John Merrill, 1860; Jo- seph T. Woodard, 1862: Martin V. B. Chase, 1865, '67; J. S. Gushing, 1870; Jonas Butterfield, 1872: Henry A. Baker, 1875; Nathan W. Tay- lor. 1877; Gorham Hastings, 1880; Lorin B. Ward, 1883-4; Martin L. Reynolds, 1887-8. Vassalboro, Samuel Redington, 1820, '21, '28; Philip Leach, 1822, '23; Joseph R. Abbott, 1824, '25, '26, '34, '35; Elijah Robinson, 1827, '29, '30, '31, '32; Albert G. Brown, 1833; Moses Taber, 1836, '37, '38: Amos Stickney, 1839, '40; Obed Durrill, 1841, '42; Isaac Fairfield, 1843, '46; John Moore, 1844, '45; Joseph E. Wing, 1847, '48; George Cox, 1849; John Homans, 1850, '51, '52; John G. Hall, 1853; William Merrill, 1854, '55; Hiram Pishon, 1856: Henry Weeks, 1858; Warren Percival, 1859; Timothy Rowell, 1860; W. H. Gates, 1862; Jo- 90 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. seph B. Low, 1863; Thomas S. Lang, 1865, '66; Orrick Hawes, 1868 '70, '79; Ira D. Sturgis, 1869; James C. Pierce, 1873; George Gifford 1873; Howard G. Abbot, 1874; William P. Thompson, 1876; Isaiah Gifford, 1877; Nathaniel Butler, 1880; Edwin C. Barrows, 1883-4; W S. Bradley. 1887-8; Hall C. Burleigh, 1889-90; Reuel C. Burgess, 1891-2. Vienna, Bernard Kimball. 1822; James Chapman, 1825, '28 '34; Benjamin Porter, 1838; Nathaniel Graves, 1841; Joseph Edge comb, 1846; Thomas C. Norris, 1851, '52, '64; Joshua Little, 1857 Obadiah Whittier, 1867; Henry Dowst, 1874; Saunders Morrill. 1879 Albion G. Whittier. 1885-6. Waterville, Baxter Crowell, 1820, '21, '22, '23, '24, '32: Timothy Boutelle, 1825, '26, '29, '30, '31; Sylvanus Cobb, 1827, '28; Jedediah Morrill. 1833, '34; David Combs, 1836; Ne- hemiah Getchell, 1837; Calvin Gardner, 1838; Wyman B. S. Moor 1839; Erastus O. Wheeler. 1840; Joseph Hitching, 1841; Moses Hans- com, 1842, '55; William Dorr, 1844, '45; Frederick P. Haviland, 1846 '76 (unseated); Stephen Stark, 1847, '48; Thomas Baker, 1849; Joseph Percival, 1850, '51, '52; Joshua Nye.'jun., 1853; Joel Harriman, 1854 Jones R. Elden, 1856; Josiah H. Drummond, 1857. '58; James Stack- pole, 1859; B. C. Benson, 1860; Joseph Percival, 1861; Dennis L. Milli ken, 1862: John M. Libby. 1863; W. A. P. Dillingham, 1864, '65; Reu ben Foster, 1866. '67, '70; Edwin P. Blaisdell, 1868, '69; Solyman Heath 1871; Edmund F. Webb, 1872, '73; Nathaniel Meader (contestant) 1876, '77, '83-4; Franklin Smith, 1878; F. E. Heath, 1881-2; Fred erick C. Thayer, 1885-6; Perham S. Heald, 1887-8, '89-90; Frank L. Thayer, 1891-2. Wayne, Moses Wing. 1825; Thomas S. Bridg ham, 1828, '30; Moses Wing, jun., 1833; John Morrison. 1835; Francis I. Bowles, 1837; Uriah H. Virgin, 1839; James Wing, 1841; Hamilton Jenkins, 1842; William Lewis, 1844; Benjamin Ridley, 1845; Caleb Fuller, 1848; Napoleon B. Hunton, 1850; Thomas Silson, 1853; Josiah Norris, jun., 1856; Arcadius Pettingill, 1858; Josiah Norris, 1860; James H. Thorne, 1862; George W. Walton, 1867; Matthias Smith, 1872; Jo^ seph S. Berry, 1877; Alfred F. Johnson, 1883-4; Benjamin F. Maxim, 1889-90. West Gardiner, Thaddeus Spear, 1853; Cyrus Bran, 1859; Asa F. Hutchingson. 1865; George W. Blanchard, 1867; Phineas S.. Hogden. 1871; William H. Merrill, 1875; William P. Haskell, 1877; E.. P. Seavey, 1881-2. Windsor, Joseph Stewart, 1820, '21; William Hil- ton, 1822; Joseph Merrill, 1824; Charles Currier, 1827, '29; Nathan Newell, 1832; Gideon Barton, 1834, '36; John B. Swanton. 1838, '40;. Benjamin W. Farrar, 1842; Henry Perkins, 1843; Stephen F. Pierce, 1845; Asa Heath, 1847; David Bryant, 1849; William S. Hatch, 1851, '.52; David Clary, 1854; Thomas Hyson, 1856; Stephen Barton. 1858; Elias Perkins, 1861; Elijah Moody, 1864; Levi Perkins, 1867; Horace Colburn, 1871; Joel W. Taylor, 1875; Adam L. Stimpson, 1878; James E. Ashford, 1881-2; Samuel P. Barton, 1885-6. Winslow, Josiah Hayden, 1824; Joseph Eaton, 1829, '31, '32, '62; Joshua Cushman, 1834; CIVIL HISTORY AND INSTITUTIONS. 91 David Garland, 1834, 'SO, '60; Sidney Keith, 1836, 40; Robert Ayer, 1838; William Getcliell, 1844, '48; Thomas J. Hayden, 1846; Robert H. Drummond, 1854, '58; Isaac W. Britten, 1856; Charles Drummond, 1865; Charles A. Priest, 1868; Colby C. Cornish, 1872; James W.Withee,_ 1875 (contestant); Leslie C. Cornish, ]878; Allen P. Varney, 1881-2; Charles E. Warren, 1887-8. Winthrop, Andrew Wood, 1820, '21, '22, '23, "30; Thomas Fillebrown, 1824, '27, '29, '31; Nathan Howard, 1825, '26; Isaac Moore, jun., 1828; Samuel Clark, 1832, '33; Samuel P. Benson, 1834, '35; Dr.Ezekiel Holmes, 1836, '37, '38, '39, '40, '51; Nathan Foster, 1841, '42; Samuel Wood, jun., 1843; Francis Perley, 1845; Thomas C. Wood, 1847; Francis Fuller, 1849; Ezekiel Bailey, 1853; Benjamin H. Cushman, 1855; William H. Parlin, 1857; John M. Benjamin, 1859; Francis E. Webb, 1861, '65; P. C. Bradford, 1863; David Cargill, 1866; John May, 1868, '70; Dr. Albion P. Snow, 1871; George A. Longfellow. 1874; Amos Wheeler, 1875; Silas T. Floyd, 1876; Elliot Wood, 1879; Abijah R. Crane, 1880; Reuben T. Jones, 1881-2; Rutillas Alden, 1887-8; John E. Brainard, 1891-2. Unity Plantation, Francis B. Lane, 1869. The Speakers of the Maine House from Kennebec county have been: George Evans, Gardiner, in 1829; Benjamin White, Monmouth, 1831; J. H. Drummond, Waterville, 1858; William T. Johnson, Au- gusta, 1859; James G. Blaine, Augusta, 1861; W. A. P. Dillingham, Waterville, 1865; Reuben Foster. Waterville, 1870; Edmund F. Webb, Waterville, 1873; George E. Weeks, Augusta, 1880; J. Manchester Haynes, Augusta, 1883. County Officers. — The successive sheriffs of Kennebec county since the incorporation of Maine, in 1820, have been: Jesse Robinson, Hallowell. who began serving in 1820; Benjamin White, Monmouth, in 1832; George W. Stanley, Winthrop, 1834; Gustavus A. Benson, Win- throp, 1838; Eben F. Bacon, Waterville, 1839; William Dorr. Water- ville, 1841; James R. Bachelder, Readfield, 1842; Ebenezer Shaw, China, 1850; Charles N. Bodfish, Gardiner, 1851; John A. Pettingil, Augusta, 1854; Benjamin H. Gilbreth, Readfield, 1855; John A. Pet- tingil, Augusta. 1856; Benjamin H. Gilbreth, Readfield, 1857; John Hatch, China. 1861; Charles Hewins, Augusta, 1867; Asher H. Barton, Benton, 1871; William H. Libby, Augusta, 1875; George R. Stevens, Belgrade, 1881; Charles R. McFadden, Augusta, 1885; and Greenlief T. Stevens, Augusta, since January 1, 1889. The present sheriff of Kennebec county is Major Greenlief T. Stevens, of Augusta, now completing his fourth year of faithful and efficient service. Although educated to a profession and thoroughly identified with civil affairs, he is best known and probably destined to be longest remembered by his military career. Facts are the only fast colors in history. The facts that hold a life like his, fully repre- sent the actor, without comment or commendation. He comes of 92 HISTORY UF KENNEBEC COUNTY. patriotic stock. His grandfather, William Stevens, came from Leba- non, in York county, and settled in Belgrade about the year 1796, and was a soldier in the revolutionary war. Daniel and Mahala (Smith) Stevens, daughter of Captain Samuel Smith of Belgrade, where he was born August 20, 1831, were his parents. A farm life, a happy home and a country school, supplemented by the advantages of the Titcomb Belgrade Academy, and of the Litchfield Liberal Institute, were the good fortune of his childhood and youth. Then he applied his talents and acquirements for several years to teaching school, a part of the time in the South. By that time the purpose of his future was settled and Jie went to Augusta and read law with Hon. Samuel Titcomb till 1860, when he obtained admission to the Cumberland bar. Wishing the best possi- ble equipment, he then took the regular course at the Harvard Law School, fromi which he graduated in August, 1861, receiving the de- gree of LL.B. In the meantime the first cloudburst of the impending] rebellion had captured Fort Sumter and fired the patriotism of every truly American heart. Instantly the inherited hero blood of the citizen dominated over the professional ambitions of the lawyer, and with his own name at the head of the roll, he recruited at his own expense, a large number of men for the Fifth Maine Battery, and tendered his services to Governor Washburn. From the Maine adjutant general's report it appears that on December 14, 1861, he was commissioned first lieutenant in that battery, and on January 31, 1862, was mu.stered into the United States service for three years. In May he joined the army at Fredericksburg, Va., and served successively under McDowell, Pope, McClellan, Mead, Grant and Sheridan. At the battle of Fred- ericksburg he was temporarilj' in command of the Fifth Battery, and at the battle of Chancellorsville was wounded in the left side by a fragment of a shell. He was promoted captain, June 21st, and at the battle of Gettysburg, July 2d, received another wound, a ball passing through both legs, below the knee. In July, 1864, he was detached from the army of the Potomac with the Sixth Corps and proceeded to Washington for its defense. Subsequently joining the army of the Shenandoah under Sheridan, he was engaged in the three great bat- tles which resulted in the complete destruction of the rebel army under Early. On February 14, 1865, he was appointed major by brevet, to take rank from October 19, 1864, for gallant and meritorious conduct at the battles of Cold Harbor, Winchester and Cedar Creek. Major Stevens was mustered out of the United States service with his battery, at Augusta, Me.. July 6, 1865. An extract from The Cannoneer in describing the battle of Cedar Creek, October 19, 1864, under Sheridan, reads: -^c^^-^^-t^^^^ CIVIL HISTORY AND INSTITUTIONS. 98 " At the time when Getty's division was fighting in its second position Stevens, who had apparently been retiring in the interval between the right of Getty and the left of Wheaton, formed his bat- tery on the knoll opposite the right flank of Warner's Brigade and opened a tremendous fire of canister on that part of the enemy's line which was advancing to envelope Warner. These must have been Kershaw's troops, but there was another Rebel division coming up still beyond Kershaw over the ground vacated by our First Division. This, according to Early's account, was Gordon's division, and one brigade of it started to charge Stevens' Battery. According to the best information immediately after the battle or since, there was no infantry of the First Division within supporting distance of Stevens at that moment, as that division was then reforming at from one-third to one-half a mile in his rear. But he stood his ground and repulsed the charge of Gordon's troops, who did not get more than half way up the acclivity of the knoll he was holding, and who, according to Gen. Early's account, ' recoiled in considerable confusion.' " On a document requesting his promotion General Wright, com- manding the Sixth Corps, endonsed: " The gallant and important ser- vices rendered by Captain Stevens of which I was personally cogni- zant make it my duty to bring his merits before the authorities of his state and to ask for him at their hands such acknowledgment in the way of promotion as it is in their power to bestow." General Sheri- dan endorsed the recommendation as " highly approved." Describing the great crisis in the battle of Winchester the field correspondent of the Nezv York IVor/d saxA: " The moment was a fear- ful one; such a sight rarely occurs more than once in any battle, as was presented on the open space between two pieces of woodland into which the cheering enemy poured. The whole line, reckless of bul- lets, even of the shell of our battery, constantly advanced. Captain Stevens' battery, the Fifth Maine, posted immediately in their front, poured its fire unflinchingly into their columns to the last. A staff officer riding up warned it to the rear, to save it from capture. It did not move — the men of the battery loading and firing with the regu- larity and precision of a field day. The foe advanced to a point wnthin two hundred yards of the muzzles of Captain Stevens' guns." Colonel C. H. Tompkins, chief of artillery. Sixth Corps, .said: " However try- ing the circumstances Captain Stevens has always been found equal to the occasion." After the war Major Stevens returned to his profession and opened a law office in West Waterville, now Oakland, where he bad a lucra- tive practice, being employed in nearly every case in that vicinity. During the score of years of Mr. Stevens' professional life he has built up a most enviable reputation, not only for knowledge of the law but for what is still more important, complete devotion to his clients' interests. His fellow citizens expressed their respect and confidence by placing him in the legislature in 1875, where he was a most useful -94 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. member of the judiciar}' committee. In 1877 he was promoted to the state senate, serving as chairman of the committee on legal affairs. He was also a member of the committee on railroads and military affairs. Reelected to the senate of 1878, he was chairman of the com- mittee on the judiciary. In 1882 he was commissioned colonel and assigned to duty as chief of staff First Division Maine Militia, under Major General Joshua L. Chamberlain. He is a member of the Maine Gettysburg Commission, and is widely known in Grand Army circles. He was first elected to the office of sheriff in 1888 and was reelected in 1890. His administration of the affairs of this important office, and his management of the criminal department have been characterized by economy, efficiency and good judgment. Major Stevens' wife is Mary Ann, daughter of Richard Yeaton, 2d, a prominent citizen of Belgrade. They have had four children: Jesse; Don Carlos, a Unitarian minister now located in Fairhaven, Mass.; Ala, and Rupert — the first and two latter now deceased. The first deed recorded in this county bears the date 1783. Only .a few transfers are recorded, however, while Augusta was a half shire- •town, and until the regular series of dates beginning with 1799. Those who have served the county in the capacity of registers of deeds are: Henry Sewall, from June 12, 1799; John Hovey, April 10, 1816; J. R. Abbott, December 29, 1836; John Richards, January 1, 1842; Alanson Starks, November 1, 1844; J. A. Richards, January 1, 1858; Archibald ■Clark, January 1, 1868; William M. Stratton, September 23, 1870; P. M. Fogler, November 12, 1870. The present efficient system of the -office was largely inaugurated during Major Fogler's long term of service, and he compiled the elaborate indexes now in use. His suc- cessor, George R. Smith, of Winthrop, took the office January 1, 1892. The following have served as treasurers of Kennebec county. Accompanying their names are the dates on which their respective terms of office began: Joshua Gage, Augusta, 1810; Daniel Stone, Augusta, 1832; Daniel Pike, Augusta, 1838, died in office, July 1, 1868; John Wheeler, of Farmingdale, who was appointed to fill the vacancy, -served until 1869; Alanson Starks, Augusta, 1869; Mark Rollins, Al- bion, 1879; and James E. Blanchard, Chelsea, 1889. Mr. Blanchard is a .son of Edwin H. Blanchard, of Chelsea, where he was born in 18.57. He was educated there, and in Hallowell Classical School, and Dirigo Business College. He was elected town clerk of Chelsea in 1879, and after holding various town offices, was elected county treasurer in 1888. Asylum for the Insane.— Prior to 1839 Maine had no state pro- vision for the care of the insane. The several towns provided in various indifferent ways for such unfortunates as were in indigent -circumstances, while dangerous lunatics were simply restrained in the common prisons, which were wholly without means of care or relief. ', /- ' »_ 1 ^a/i£^/72<^— CIVIL HISTORY AND INSTITUTION'S. 95 The cardinal motive in building a state asylum was to provide better ■care for such. Now any indigent person within the state may be ad- mitted upon proper order, and the town in which such person has a settlement is charged chiefly with, the expense; but a person within the state not having a settlement may be cared for wholly at the ex- pense of the state. The attention of the legislature was first called to the subject in 1830, by Governor Jonathan G. Hunton; but nothing •definite was done until 1834, when Governor Dunlap urged that a sys- tematic and suitable provision be made by the state for the relief of her insane. Petitions to that end and in regard to a location followed from various parts of the state, and these, with that part of the gov- ernor's message pertaining to it, were referred to a legislative com- mittee, which reported in favor of the establishment of such an insti- tution. On the 8th of March, 1834, the legislature appropriated $20,000 for the purpose, upon condition that a like sum should be raised by indi- vidual donations within one year. Before the time limit was reached Reuel Williams of Augusta and Benjamin Brown of Vassalboro each agreed to contribute $10,000 for the purpose. Mr. Brown in his dona- tion proposed to convey to the state as a site, two hundred acres of land, lying on the Kennebec river in Vassalboro, and would consent to a sale of the estate, if advisable to build elsewhere. The legisla- ture accepted the land, which was sold for $4,000 and the present more eligible site was selected in Augusta, on the eastern bank of the Ken- nebec, nearly opposite the state house, for which $3,000 was-paid. Reuel Williams, who was appointed a commissioner to erect the hos- pital, sent John B. Lord, of Hallowell, to examine similar institutions, and the general plan of the asylum at Worce>^ter, Mass., was adopted. During 1836 contracts were made and materials collected, but in March, 1837, Mr. Williams resigned the office and John H. Hartwell was ap- pointed, under whose supervision the work was carried on one year. In March, 1838, a further appropriation of $29,500 was made to complete the exterior, and Charles Keene was appointed in place of Mr. Hart- well. In 1840 a further appropriation of $28,000 was made to com- plete the wings, and on the 14th of October one of the 126 rooms was •occupied by the first patient. Dr. Cyrus Knapp, of Winthrop, was appointed superintendent and physician; Dr. Chauncey Booth, jun., assistant; Henry Winslow, steward, •and Mrs. Catherine Win.slow, matron. In 1846-7 appropriations of ■$29,400 were made to erect a new wing, which was completed during 1848 and provided for seventy-five additional male patients. Doctor Knapp resigned early in 1841 and was succeeded in August by Dr. Isaac Ray, of Eastport, whose first edition of Medical J urispru- ■dence had recently appeared. During his three years here he re-wrote the work and published the second edition, which became authority 96 HISTORY OF KEXNEBEC COUNTY. in Europe as well as in America. He was succeeded March 19, 1845, by Dr. James Bates, the father of Dr. James Bates of Yarmouth, and formerly a member of congress from Norridgewock. He remained until after the terrible fire of ISSO. This fire, in which twenty-seven patients and one attendant lost their lives, occurred on the early morn- ing of December 4th. The building was immediately repaired and was occupied before the close of 1850, and Dr. Henry M. Harlow, who came as assistant to Doctor Bates in June, 1845, was made superintend- ent June 17, 1851. During that and the following year $49,000 was appropriated to rebuild and improve the buildings, which were thor- oughly and safely heated by steam. By 1854 facilities were ample for 250 patients, and the fact that this capacity was often fully taxed, co i- firms the judgment of its founders. Doctor Harlow is a native of Westminster, Vt., a graduate from the Berkshire Medical School of Pittsfield, and before coming to Augusta had been assistant physician in the Vermont Asylum at Brat- tleboro. After thirt3'-two years of faithful and appreciated service to the state and to mankind, he resigned his control of the institution and is passing his later years in quiet life at his home in Augusta. His resignation, tendered some time previous, was accepted on the 18th of April, 1883, on the appointment of his successor. Dr. Bigelow T. Sanborn, who had been his assistant for more than sixteen years. Doctor Sanborn was born July 11, 1839, in Standish, Me., his an- cestors having been substantial residents of Cumberland county since his grandfather was in the revolutionary war. He received his earlier education in select and town schools and in Limington Academy, and subsequently studied medicine in Portland Medical School, but took his degree from Bowdoin Medical School. When he was first offered a place in the institution as assistant superintendent it was through the advice of the medical faculty of Bowdoin, where he had graduated June 6, 1866,- only ten days before entering here, upon his career now covering a quarter of a century. After accepting the superintendency of the asylum in 1883, Doctor Sanborn spent a few months investigat- ing the workings of similar institutions, thus bringing to the manage- ment of this, the most modern theories of the schools and the medi- cal profession, as well as a personal knowledge of the most approved features in the practical workings of the best asylums. The accompanying landscape illustration shows the asylum and its beautiful surroundings in 1892. The view is from the northwest, looking from the river. The farm of four hundred acres belonging to the state reaches into the left background of the picture, and also includes some broad fields sloping west to the river bank, showing models of thrifty and profitable farming. The two large hospital buildings in the center background of the view were erected by Doctor Sanborn in 1888 and 1889; in fact less than half of the present equipment of the institution ^a^/i^u/- J. J) eM^U^^^^^^^-^^ CIVIL HISTORY AND INSTITUTIONS. 97 was in existence when he came here in 1S66, and nearly half of the buildings have been erected and occupied under his supervision. It is a great credit to the commonwealth — the existence and efficiency of so liberal a charity to unfortunate humanity — and it is only just to a broad-minded, capable public servant to note here that this noble in- stitution under the liberal provisions of the state has reached its most important period thus far within the decade marked by the manage- ment of Dr. Bigelow T. Sanborn. The first directors -were: Reuel Williams of Augusta, Benjamin Brown of Vassalboro, and William C. Larrabee. In 1843 these direc- tors were superseded by four trustees, which number was subse- quently increased to six, one of whom must be a woman. Kennebec county has been represented in the board of tru.stees by Dr. Amos Nourse and Dr. John Hubbard, Hallowell; Hon. J. H. Hartwell, Hon. J. L. Cutler, Dr. William B. Lapham, Hon. J. H. Manley, George E. Weeks, J. W. Chase and Mrs. C. A. Quimby, Augusta; Dr. A. P. vSnow, Winthrop; Hon. Edward Swan and R. H. Gardiner, Gardiner; John Ware, Waterville; and Mrs. E.J. Torsey. The pay is merely nominal and the board has included other philanthropic gentlemen, who have given the institution their attention in sympathy with the generous purpose of its earlier friends. The trustees in 1891 were: Frederick Robie, M. D., William H. Hunt, M. D., George E. Weeks, of Augusta; Mrs. E. J. Torsey, of Kents Hill; Lyndon Oak and R. B. Shepherd. The resident ofScers are: Bigelow T. Sanborn, M. D., superintendent; H. B. Hill, AI. D., asst. sup.; George D. Rowe, M. D., second asst.; Emmer Virginia Baker, M. D., third asst.; P. H. S. Vaughan, M. D., fourth asst.; Manning vS. Campbell, steward and treas.; and Alice G. Twitchell, matron. Educational Institutions. — Before Maine was a state, Massa- chusetts had made broad and liberal provisions for popular education, and from, then until now we find in this county well equipped schools besides those supported by the several cities and towns. The laws of Massachusetts provided for elementary English schools in every town containing sixty families, and a grammar school in every town con- taining two hundred; when Maine became a state she changed this, requiring schools in every town, each town to raise annually forty cents per capita and distribute the same to the districts in proportion to the pupils in them. In 1825 this school fund averaged $47.75 for each dis- trict; but from the first the amount actually raised averaged more than the law required. In compliance with a petition addressed to the general court, in which it was stated that no public school existed between Exeter, N. H., and the eastern boundary of Maine, a tract three hundred miles broad, and embracing a population of 100,000, an act was passed 98 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. March o, 1791, establishing an academy at Hallowell. The following June the corporation was endowed with a township of unappropriated land; four years later the building was completed and the school opened, with Mr. Woodman as principal. In its years of prosperity, many who subsequently became eminent in professional vocations availed themselves of the advantages which this school afforded. Next to Hallowell Academy, the first school in Maine which em- braced in its curriculum a complete college preparatory course, was Monmouth Academy, which was incorporated as a free grammar school in 1803, and as an academy in 1809. Among the alumni of this institution, which is treated more exhau.stively in the chapter devoted to the history of Monmouth, are found some of the leading statesmen and professional men in the country. In 1813 the Maine Literary and Theological Institution was incor- porated, for the education of young men for the Baptist ministry. In June, 1820, the powers of the school were enlarged, and authority given to confer the usual university degrees. In the following Feb- ruary its name was changed to Waterville College. The state of Mas- sachusetts granted the school about 38,000 acres of land, and in 1829 the college had buildings valued at $14,000, a library of 1,700 volumes and other permanent property aggregating $29,500. The first build- ing erected was a house for the president, who instructed the students in a private house from 1818, when he accepted the position of pro- fessor in theology, until 1821, when the dormitory now known as South College was completed. In 1822 Chaplin Hall was begun, and in 1832 and 1837, respectively, two other large buildings were added. In 1862 Maine granted the institution two half townships of land, in addition to a former endowment of an annuity of $1,000 for seven years succeeding its incorporation as a college. A manual labor depart- ment was established in 1830, with a view to lighten the expenses of the institution, but after a thorough trial the project was abandoned and the shops and tools sold. The munificent gift of $50,000 from Gardiner Colby, of Xewton, Mass., in 1864, and $100,000 received from other sources, placed the col- lege on a secure basis, and led to the title Colby University, which it has borne since January, 1867. In 1871 women were first admitted on equal terms with young men. There are three academical institutions in Maine controlled by the trustees of Colby University, from which pupils are admitted to the college on presentation of a diploma — Heb- ron Academy, Ricker Institute and Coburn Classical Institute. Jere- miah Chaplin, D. D., was president from 1822, succeeded by Rufus Babcock, D. D., in 1833; Robert E. Pattison, D. D., 1836; E. Fay, A. M., 1841; David N. Sheldon, 1843; R. E. Pattison again, 1854; and James T. Champlin, 1857 to 1873. CIVIL HISTORY AND INSTITUTIONS. 99 The president of Colby University from 1873 to 1882 was Rev. Henry E. Robins, followed by Rev. G. D. B. Pepper, D. D., who served until 1889, when he was succeeded by Albion Woodbury Small, Ph. D., born May 11, 1854, at Buckfield, Me. He graduated from Portland High School in 1872, from Colby University in the class of '76, and three years later from Newton Theological Institute. He went to Germany in 1879, where he spent one year each at the universities of Berlin and Leipsic. In the fall of 1881 he began his work at Colby in the chair of history and political economy, where his abilit}^ as an educator soon became apparent, and in 1889 he was made president. He is the youngest president, that Colby has ever had, and the first graduate of the institution to hold that office. His depth and origi- nality of thought, and his earnest, straightforward and powerful dic- tion never fail to command the attention of his listeners, whether in sermon or lecture.* Coburn Classical Institute was founded in 1829, a s.Waterville Acad- emy. Hon. Timothy Boutelle had given a lot for the purpose, and by the earnest efforts of Dr. Jeremiah Chaplin and others a suitable building was erected. The school went into operation under the charge of Henry W. Paine, a senior in Waterville College, now Hon. Henry W. Paine, LL. D., of Boston. He was assisted by Josiah Hodges, jun., a fellow student in the college. Robert W. Wood had charge of the school a part of the term. George I. Chase was principal from August, 1830, until May, 1831. In August, 1831, Henry Paine, a grad- uate of Waterville College, took charge of the school, and kept his place for five years. He was succeeded by Mr. Freeman and he by Moses Burbank, who stayed but a few months. His successor was Lorenzo B. Allen. In 1837 Charles R. Train, afterward attorney gen- eral of Massachusetts, took his place. For the next five years the •office was filled by several different persons, among whom were Charles H. Wheeler and Nathaniel B. Rogers, a nephew of Hon. Timothy Boutelle. In the winter of 1841-2 the trustees of the college gave up the charge of the school and it was incorporated and Rev. Dr. Nathaniel Butler, was put in charge. In 1843 Dr. James H. Hanson took charge and in September became principal. In 184.'5 another room was fitted up and Miss Roxana F. Han.scom was employed to teach a department for girls. When Doctor Hanson took the school there were but five pupils. In 1853 the 308 pupils demanded another teacher, and George B. Gow was employed as assistant. Doctor Hanson resigned in 1854, and Mr. Gow was principal until 1855, after which James T. Bradbury was principal until 1857, Isaac vS. Hamblen until 1861. Ransom E. Norton, Randall E. Jones and John W. Lamb were principals succes- *Doctor Small has accepted the head professorship of social science in Chicago University. October, 1892.— [Ed. TOO ISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUXTV. sively until 186;"). The trustees then made over their trust to the trustees of the college. The name was changed to Waterville Classi- calTnstitute, with a three years' (subsequently four years') collegiate course for young ladies, and Doctor Hanson was persuaded to return as principal, which position he still occupies. In 1883 Governor Abner Coburn gave the school its present elegant building in Waterville, and the institution has since been known as Coburn Classical Institute. T " Dr. James H. Hanson, the present principal of the institute, is a native of China, Me., having been born there June 26, 1816. At the age of eighteen he left the farm to attend China Academy, where COBURN CLASSICAL INSTITUTE. he was fitted for college, and graduated from Colby University in the class of '42. He began teaching in 1835, and taught each winter until his graduation. Since that time he has taught continuously, and in this period of fifty years he has not been absent from the school room a week altogether from any cause. He became principal of Water- ville Academy in 1843, continuing until 1854, when he took charge of the high school of Eastport, Me., and three years later he became principal of the Portland High School for boys, where he remained until 1865, then returned to Waterville, and has since been the untir- ing and energetic principal. civil. HISTORY AND INSTITUTIONS. 101 In 1835 the legislature incorporated the Waterville Liberal Insti- tute, and December 12, 1836, the school was opened under the auspices of the Universalist society, with fifty-four pupils under Nathaniel M. Whitmore as principal. In 1850 a female department was added and the school flourished until 1855, when the growth of Westbrook Sem- inary sufficiently filled the field. Mr. Whitmore's successors were: T. G. Kimball, Rev. J. P. Weston, P. L. Chandler, J. H. Withington, T. W. Herrick, Rev. H. B. Maglathlin, J. M. Palmer, Hon. H. M. Plaisted and J. W. Butterfield. In 1815 Judge Cony, of Augusta, erected, entirely at his own ex- pense, a building for a female seminary. The structure, which stood on the corner of Cony and Bangor streets, was completed in great secrecy, and until the seats and desks with which it was furnished arrived, no one but the judge knew the purpose for which it was intended. On Christmas day, 1815, he presented the academy to a board of trustees appointed by himself. In 1818 the institution was incorporated as Cony Female Academy, when it was further endowed by its munificent patron. The legislature, in 1827, granted half a township of state land, and Benjamin Bussey, of Boston, donated a tract of land in Sidney. On the strength of these endowments, a commodious brick boarding house and dormitory was erected on the corner of Bangor and Myrtle streets. In 1825 the school had fifty girls in attendance. Board was quoted at $1.25 per week and tuition $20 per annum. The donation of $3,225 by the founder, together with the funds derived from the sale of lands given by the state, raised the permanent fund of the school $9,985. At that time the library, also donated, embraced 1,200 volumes. The school having outgrown its accommodations, in 1844, Bethlehem church, a structure erected by the Unitarian society in 1827, was pur- chased and remodeled for its use, the old building being sold for a private residence. With the growth of Augusta's splendid free school system, the academy disappears, but the generous founder is remem- bered in name of the Cony High School of that city. Through the liberality of Mr. Luther vSampson, of Kents Hill, the Readfield Religious and Charitable Society was incorporated in 1821. One of the multifarious designs of this organization was that of estab- lishing a school, on land donated by Mr. Sampson, for in.struction in experimental Christianity, theology, literature, and a practical knowl- edge of agriculture and the mechanic arts. By a new charter, granted in 1825, the corporation adopted the title Maine Wesleyan Seminary, and was united with a religious boarding school which had been estab- lished by Elihu Robinson at Augusta. Mr. Robinson removed to Kents Hill where, by means of an endowment of $10,000 by Mr. Sampson, buildings for the school were erected, and assumed the duties of prin- cipal. Thinking to further the designs of the founders to furnish 102 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. the means of acquiring a liberal education at small cost, a manual labor department was established, with the usual unhappy result. In 1841 the institution had almost succumbed to adversity. At this juncture Dr. Stephen Allen became principal, and under his man- agement and the indefatigable efforts of his successor, Dr. Henry P. Torsey, who was elected president in 1844, the institution was relieved of many of its embarrassments and gradually rose to prominence. It is now the largest and best equipped academical institution in the state. In addition to its regular classical and scientific departments, it supports a female college, founded about 1830, a conservatory of music, an art department and a commercial college. The Gardiner Lyceum, founded in 1822, being an important agri- cultural school, is fully noticed in the chapter on agriculture, and an account of Oak Grove Seminary, at Vassalboro, will be found in the chapter on the Society of Friends. About 1821 an academy was started in a small building at China village, on the bank of the lake, where the district school house now stands. John S. Abbott, a popular lawyer; E. P. Lovejoy, a martyr in the cause of freedom in anti-slavery days; Rev. Henry Paine, Rev. Hadley Proctor, and others were among the preceptors. A new and spacious brick academy was subsequently erected at China village, in which many young men have been fitted for college. Hon. Japheth C. Washburn procured the charter of this academy, and with his own hands felled and prepared for hewing the first stick of timber for the building. The institution was endowed by the state with a grant of state lands to the value of $10,000. This school stood high in public estimate as an educational institution for many years. The stock- holders held their annual elections and meetings until 1887, when the property was deeded to the school district for educational purposes. Belgrade Titcomb Academy, founded in 1829, was named in honor of Samuel Titcomb, through whose efforts, together with those of John Pitts, its establishment was made possible. The academy build- ing was a large, two story brick structure, and fromi its situation on the summit of Belgrade hill commanded one of the grandest views in Kennebec county. The institution was incorporated, and its man- agement was in the hands of a board of trustees elected annually. Here were taught the higher branches, unknown to the common schools, as well as ancient and modern languages, and students of both sexes came from many of the neighboring towns. In its most prosperous days over a hundred pupils were in attendance. A lyceum, connected with it during its whole existence, formed no unimportant part of its course. Among its teachers and pupils were many who have since won high names for themselves. Regular terms of the academy were held each year until about 1865, when lack of financial support and the introduction of free high schools in many of the sur- CIVIL HISTORY AND INSTITUTIONS. 103 rounding towns were the chief reasons for closing its doors. In June, 1885, the edifice was burned under suspicious circumstances. The first principal of the academy was William Farmer, and among others who acted as principals in subsequent years were Thomas Hubbard, Horace Austin, Charles K. Hutchins, D. F. Goodrich, Milford T. Mer- chant, Mr. Grant, Mr. Matthews and Mr. Adams. A few bricks in an open field now mark the spot where once flourished this, the only in- stitution of higher education ever in that part of the county. Litchfield Academy was incorporated in 1845. It was endowed by the state in 1849 with half a township of land in Aroostook county, and in 1891 with an annuity of $500 for ten years. The building which is now occupied by the school was erected in 1852. [See Litchfield.] Butler's Female Seminary, a private school for young ladies, located at East Winthrop, was, in its day, one of the most popular and best patronized educational institutions in Maine. It was founded and conducted by Rev. Mr. Butler. The West Gardiner Academy was built and incorporated in 1858. It was also used as a place of worship by the First Free Baptist Soci- ety. The building has long since ceased to be used for educational purposes. Jenness Towle made provisions by will for a Winthrop Academy, stipulating that his gift should revert to Bangor Theological Seminary unless the town made use of the bequest within a limited time. In 1855 the town erected a building for a town hall and academy, using the bequest, and thus Towle Academy began a period of usefulness, merging about 1876 in the subsequent period of the present high school of the town. The first principal was John Walker May, now of Lewiston. St. Catherine's Hall was established by members of St. Mark's parish, Augusta, aided by friends outside of the diocese, in 1868. For several years prior a small denominational school for girls had been conducted in a private house on the east side of the river, under the patronage of Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Lambard. At an expense of $18,000 a large private residence was purchased and remodeled for the accommodation of the school. But such was the growth of the institution under its able management that it became necessary to erect the present beautiful structure on the east side of the river. Hallowell Classical Institute was organized in 1S73, and the new buildings erected for its occupancy were dedicated January 14th of the following year. It was designed for a preparatory school for Bowdoin College and for a seminary for young ladies, and incidentally became a local school of higher grade than the regular city schools. For sixteen years it did good work in its broad field of usefulness, but want of means proved too great an obstacle to be overcome after 104 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. the summer term in 1889. Its first principal was Rev. Vincent Moses. His successors were: Rev. Almon W. Burr, 1876-82; Lawrence Rolfe, A.B., 1883-5, and Rev. Edward Chase, 1886-9. The Maine Industrial School for Girls was organized at Hallowell in 1872. The purpose of the institution is to afford girls who are thrown upon their own resources at an early age the advantages and influences of home training. The school is convened in a large, well- planned brick building on the crown of a high hill overlooking the city, and is supported by appropriations from the state and private contributions and donations. Since the organization of the institu- tion between three and four hundred have found in it an asylum, and of these a large number, after a short tuition, have been received into good homes in private families. The board of managers and trus- tees, of which the governor, secretary of state and superintendent of common schools are members c.r officio, are appointed by the state. The Erskine School, at China, was founded in 1883, by Mrs. Sul- livan Erskine, who purchased at Chadwick's Corners the church build- ing which, in 1891, was enlarged and fitted for the growing wants of the school. Here under the principalship of William J. Thompson, many j'oung people are receiving a serviceable article of real learning. Professor Thompson was born in Knox county and was educated at the Castine Normal School. He taught at South Thomaston and in i.l}6.^PU. civil. HISTORY AND INSTITUTIONS. 105 the Searsport High School until 1883, when he came to China as the first principal of this school, which has flourished under his manage- ment. The Dirigo Business College is located at Augusta. The modern business training school is the result of- a revolution in methods of preparing for business pursuits, which once were thought to involve a liberal scientific, if not a classical, course in seminary or college. A private business school— the first in the interior of Maine — was opened in Augusta in 1863, by David M. Waitt. He was a good teacher and the school became popular and useful under his management, and subsequently the legislature granted it a charter as the Dirigo Busi- ness College. In May, 1880, Mr. Waitt was succeeded by the present principal, R. B. Capen, who, with an able corps of teachers, has en- larged the usefulness and increased the popularity of this college, whose graduates include many of the younger professional and busi- ness men in this part of the state. Mr. Capen is a native of Massa- chusetts, where he was master of the Norwood High School and prin- cipal of the Dowse Academy in Sherborn. The Maine State Library was founded in 1839 and its little collec- tion of 3,349 volumes was under the charge of the secretary of state. Twenty-two years later, when the collection had reached 11,000 vol- umes, the office of state librarian was created and George G. Stacy be- came its first incumbent. His successors have been: Joseph T. Wood- ward, John D. Myrick, Josiah S. Hobbs and Leonard D. Carver. In 1892, the collection having reached 45,000 volumes, was removed to the new wing of the capitol building. In October, 1872, J. S. Hobbs, then of Oxford county, was appointed state librarian, and in the following January removed to Augusta, where he resided during the long period of service by which he is now best known to the people of Kennebec county. He was born in Chatham, N. H., June 27, 1828, and with his father, James Hobbs, removed to P'ryeburg, where he was educated, and at eighteen years of age began teaching for a time, as his father for nearly thirty years had done. From the Fryeburg schools he at- tended the Norway Liberal Institute, when Hon. Mark H. Donnell was principal, and in 1850 took the English prize for prose declama- tion. Four years later, after reading law under D. R. Hastings, he was admitted to the bar of Oxford county and began practice in Waterford in 1855. The son of a whig, who was twice elected to the state .senate, Mr. Hobbs was active in the organization of the republi- can party in Oxford county, and in 1857 and 1858 represented his dis- trict in the legislature. Beginning in January, 1861, he was register of probate of Oxford county for twelve years and was two years a trial justice at the county seat. The efficiency of his .service in the State Library, as well as his 106 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. general bearing in the extensive intercourse with the public, made his administration popular and must have increased to the state the usefulness of the institution. In November, 1890, in his sixth term, he resigned the position and retired to his country place in a beauti- ful and picturesque spot in Litchfield, where he is enjoying rural peace and domestic happiness. His wife, Emelin, is a daughter of Stevens Smith, of Waterford, Oxford county. Me. L. D. Carver, the present librarian, was educated as a lawyer, but in 1870 he went West, where he was principal of high schools. Re- turning to Waterville in 1876, he was admitted to the bar and for six years was city clerk. He served on the school board and was the author of the school provisions in the city charter. His military ser- vice, covering two years and three months,^was with the '2d Maine Infantry. His wife, Mary C. Low, was the first lady graduate of Colby, class of '75. LTnited States Arsenal.— An act passed the United States sen- ate in 1827, providing for the establishment of an arsenal at Augusta for the safe storage of arms and munitions for the protection of the northern and eastern frontier. Beginning with the meager appro- priation of $15,000, the government, as the advantages of the location for a general storage depot became more apparent, made further ap- propriations aggregating $90,000. On June 14, 1828, the corner-stone of the main building was laid. This building is one hundred feet long, thirty wide and three stories high, with a storage capacity of 7,128 muskets. The following year two magazines, capable of holding 914 barrels of powder, store-houses, officers' quarters, barracks, stable and shops were erected. These buildings, nearly all of which are of rough granite, occupy a forty acre lot, all of which is surrounded by a high iron fence. Fixed am- munition and war rockets were prepared here during the civil war and the war with Mexico. Among commanders of this institution who afterward secured national fame, are General O. O. Howard, of the United States Army, and Lieutenant Anderson, the hero of Fort Sumter. National Soldiers' Home.— As early as 1810 a mineral spring was discovered in a meadow in the town of Chelsea, which, on account of the sulphurous odor it emitted, was popularly known as the "Gun- powder Spring." The water gained more than a local reputation of healing malignant humors, and was for several years in considerable demand. The spring and a large tract of surrounding land were pur- chased in 1858, by Mr. Horace Beals, of Rockland, who, the following year erected, at an expense of many thousands of dollars, a magnifi- cently appointed hotel, which he opened in June, 1859, as a fashiona- ble watering place. At any. other period than that of the civil war such an enterprise CIVIL HISTORY AND INSTITUTIONS. 107 might have flourished: but under the depressing events which fol- lowed it proved an utter failure. After two or three years of weak existence it was closed to the public, and in 1866, after his decease, it was sold for $50,000 to the United States government for an asylum for disabled veterans. In 1867 the building had been remodeled and two hundred ex-soldiers had availed themselves of the refuge thus afforded. As it was evident that the accommodations would shortly be insufficient to meet the constantly increasing demand, proceedings were instituted for the erection of new buildings capable of accom- modating five hundred men. A brick hospital was soon erected, and plans for the erection of a large chapel and workshop were beginning to materialize when the principal building was destroyed by fire. This casualty, which occurred late in the evening of January 7, 1868, turned the inmates, many of whom were confined to their beds with sickness, into the piercing frosts of a midwinter's night. The sick were placed on the snow until they could be removed to private houses, while those who were able to be carried so long a distance, were quartered in Waverly Hall, at Augusta. The hospital, which was not seriously damaged, was hastily prepared for barracks, and earl}' in the spring three large brick buildings were commenced, each of which was nearly one hundred feet in length. These were placed contigu- ous to the hospital, so as to form a hollow square surrounding an ample courtyard. With these were erected a large amusement hall, work- shop, barn and a residence for the commanding officers, all of which were constructed of brick manufactured on the spot. The hall was de- stroyed by fire in the spring of 1871, at a loss of about $20,000. A smaller building has been erected to supply its loss. Other structures for the accommodation of the surgeon, bandmaster and other subor- dinate officials have recently been erected. The home is open to all survivors of the civil and Mexican wars, and the war of 1812, who received an honorable discharge from the service. Cutler Post, No. 48, a local division of the G. A. R., has been established by the veterans, and in their cemetery a monument of granite blocks has been erected, bearing a dedicatory inscription and dates of the three principal wars succeeding the revolution. The first deputy governor of the home and commandant was Major General Edward W. Hincks, of Massachusetts, who held the position until March 6, 1867, when, at his request, he was relieved and was succeeded by Colonel Timothy Ingraham, of Massachusetts, who was soon succeeded by General Charles Everett, of Washington, D. C, who was shortly followed by Major Nathan Cutler, of Augusta, Me., and he by Colonel E. A. Ludwick, of New York, who, after a short term of ser- vice, was succeeded, in 1869, by Brigadier General William S. Tilton, of Boston. General Luther Stephenson, the present governor of the home, was born at Hingham, Mass., April 25, 1830. Entering the ser- 108 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. vice in April, 1861, as lieutenant in the Fourth Massachusetts, he was several times promoted for merit, and by order of General Grant was brevetted colonel and brigadier general, March 15, 1865, for " gallant and meritorious services in the campaign against Richmond." He was appointed governor of the National Home at Togus on the 17th of April, 1883, and assumed the duties of the position the next day. The home has increased in numbers since that date from 1,400 to 2,000. The whole appearance of the buildings and grounds has been changed and beautified and twenty new structures have been erected. CHAPTER V. MILITARY HISTORY. Revolutionary Period. — War of 1813. — Coast Defense of Maine. — Militia Com- panies called out. — Officers and Men. — Town Companies. — Treaty of Ghent. THE peaceful interim of above two decades which followed the last of the skirmishes referred to in Chapter H, was dissipated by the call of the minute men of Concord and Lexington — a call which, although sounding from beyond an almost unbroken wilderness over one hundred miles in extent, met a prompt response on the part of the patriots of the Kennebec valley. The smoke had hardly cleared from Lexington green before bands of scantily equipped men and boys were pushing their way through the forests, eager to reach the point of enlistment. Many of the settlers in the interior of the county had removed from towns adjacent to the scene of the conflict, and while the oppression to which those who resided nearer the metropolitan districts were subjected, was not as severely realized by these men who depended almost entirely on the products of their own farm and loom for the luxuries as well as the essentials of life, the impulse of a brother's need moved them to earnest action. Many farms were abandoned or left to the care of women and minors, and, in many instances, the latter, catching the inspiration from the fathers, stealthily left their homes and followed on the tracks of their seniors. However obscure and comparatively unimportant may be the part Kennebec played in the war of the revolution, the influence of that critical epoch on the subsequent history of this section is con- siderable. Arnold's ascent of the Kennebec on his expedition against Quebec changed, to quite an extent, the life of the settlements along its banks. This expedition, which was embarked at Newburyport, September 17, 1775, arrived at Pittston, on the Kennebec, the day fol- lowing. Here the eleven transports of which the fleet consisted were exchanged for bateaux, which had for. some time been under process of construction, under the supervision of Major Colburn. The troops, consisting of eleven hundred men, being transferred to the bateaux, began the next day their slow and wearisome advance toward the Canadian frontier. The officers, conspicuous among whom were Bene- 110 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. diet Arnold, Christopher Green, Daniel Morgan, Aaron Burr and Henry Dearborn, men whose later careers challenged the attention of nations, remained on their sailing vessel until they reached Augusta. Here they joined the fleet on the bateaux and proceeded on that dis- astrous errand, the result of which is familiar to the general reader. The rare beauty of the valley through which they passed, the waving meadows, the heavy forest growth, made a lasting impression which the hardship, the cold and the starvation of the terrible cam- paign which followed could not efface. The proclamation of peace which brought as a minor accompaniment to the joyous notes of lib- erty a siege of famine upon the settlers all along the main thorough- fare of the Kennebec, through the depredations of famishing regi- ments of soldiers bound for their homes in the eastern part of the state, brought, also, many of the members of the Arnold expedition back as permanent settlers. Among others of them whose names hold a prominent place in history was General Henry Dearborn, who pur- chased extensive tracts of land west of the river, and founded a home near the point where he first landed after entering the Kennebec, to which he resorted as often as the duties of the high office he held under the national government permitted, until called by President Madison to assume the responsibilities of commander-in-chief of the national forces in the second war with Great Britain. War of 1812. — The opening of this war found the military condi- tions of Maine entirely unlike those that existed thirty-seven years before, when the first call to arms resounded on her pine-clad hills. In compliance with a law of the commonwealth, every able-bodied man had, at stated periods, been submitted to instruction at the hands of a competent drill-master; and well equipped and disciplined regi- ments took the place of the straggling, unarmed hordes of the conti- nental minute men. There was not, however, that unanimity of sen- timent which characterized the patriots who brought the nation through her birth throes. Although blood as warm for their country's weal as that which flowed at Lexington coursed through their veins, there were many who firmly believed that the nation's honor was not at stake, and that money, not blood, should be the price of England's depredations on our commerce. The federalists of Kennebec were especiall}' bitter in their denunciations of the policy of the national government, and when the intelligence reached Augusta that a formal declaration of war had been issued, the quick blood of the party imme- diately responded by hanging President Madison in eftigy, and placing the Stars and Stripes at half-mast. The national troops quartered in the city exhibited due respect for their chief executive by military interference, and but for the action of the civil authorities the episode must have closed with bloodshed. In 1814 the British fleet hovered on the coast of Maine; Eastport, MILITARY HISTORY. Ill Bangror and other places were seized during tlie summer. The county ■of Kennebec was on the alert, and many companies of men were en- listed. The Adams, a United States vessel of war, was burned by her commander to prevent her falling into the enemy's hands, and her crew retired through the woods from the Penobscot to the Kennebec, causing an alarm that the enemy were approaching. On Saturday, September 10th, a special town meeting was held at Augusta to consider the safety of the towns. A committee consisting of George Crosby, Joshua Gage, John Davis, Thomas Rice, Pitt Dill- ingham, William Emmons and Joseph Chandler was appointed, who reported that the selectmen should be directed " to procure 200 lbs. of powder at once, and a quantity of materials for tents, camp kettles, etc." Sunday, the following day, while at meeting. General Sewall re- ceived a dispatch from the committee of safety at Wiscasset, asking for a thousand men, as the enemy threatened a landing. Colonel Stone's and Colonel Sweet's regiments, with the Hallowell Artillery, marched forthwith in companies for Wiscasset. On the 15th General Sewall went to a.ssume the command of the troops; but the alarm proved groundless. In the Maine adjutant general's office is a record of the officers and men called into the state service in those trying times. In 1876, by order of the governor and his council, this manuscript record was carefully compiled by Z. K. Harmon, of Portland. It is a model of neatness, the volume containing 420 pages. It appears that the 1st Brigade, 8th Division, was under command of Major General Henry Sewall, Augusta: Eben Dutch was major; William K. Page, of Au- gusta, was aidde-camp; and William Emmons, Augusta, was judge advocate. The brigadier general was William Gould, Farmington; the brigadier major was Samuel Howard, Augusta; and the quarter- master was Jes.se Robinson, of Hallowell. Lieutenant Colonel Stone's regiment of the 8th Division, 1st Bri- gade, had the following officers: John Stone, Gardiner, lieutenant colonel; Reuel Howard, Augusta, major; Henry W. Fuller, Augusta, major; Enoch Hale, jun., Gardiner, adjutant; Gideon Farrell, Win- throp, quartermaster; Rufus K. Page, paymaster; Eliphalet Gillett, Hallowell, chaplain; Ariel Mann, Hallowell, surgeon; Joel R. Ellis, Hallowell, surgeon's mate; Benjamin Davenport, Winthrop, sergeant major; James Tarbox, quartermaster sergeant; Roswell Whittemore, ■drum major; and John Wadsworth, fife major. yiz<^«/rt.— Captain Burbank's company of Lieutenant Colonel Stone's regiment was raised in Augusta. The officers of the company were: Benjamin Burbank, captain; Nathan Wood, lieutenant, and David Church, ensign. Ephraim Dutton, Benjamin Ross, Ebenezer B. Williams and Philip W. Peck were sergeants; John Hamlen, Wil- Jiam B. Johnson, Thomas Elmes and Bartlett Lancaster, corporals. 112 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. In this company were thirty-four privates, who served at Wiscasset in September, 1814. Another company raised in Augusta for Lieutenant Colonel vStone's regiment had for captain David Wall and for ensign Charles Sewall. The non-commissioned officers were: Luther Church, William Fel- lows, Nathan Stackpole, Elias Stackpole, sergeants; Jeremiah Tolman, Jesse Babcock, Elisha Bolton, corporals. Thirty-four privates went out with the.se officers. Augusta raised still another company for Lieutenant Colonel Stone's regiment, of which Stephen Jewett was captain, and Oliver Wyman, lieutenant; and the non-commissioned officers were: Ben- jamin Swan, William Stone, Timothy Goldthwait, George Hamlen, sergeants; William Pillsbury, John Goldthwait, Del F. Ballard, Varanos Pearce, corporals. Newel Stone was musician. The privates of this company numbered fifty-one. Albion. — A company was raised for Lieutenant Colonel Albert Moore's regiment at Albion, of which Joseph Wellington was captain; Samuel Kidder, lieutenant, and Ebenezer Stratton, ensign. The non- commissioned officers were: Samuel Libbey, James Chalmer, James Ski! ling, Charles Stratton, sergeants; Samuel Tarbel, John Jackson, John Kidder, jun., Samuel Stackpole, jun., corporals. The musicians were: Benjamin Reed, jun., and Thadeus Broad. The privates num- bered forty-eight men. Captain Robinson raised a company in Albion for Lieutenant Colonel Moore's regiment. The commissioned officers were: Benja- min Robinson, captain; Thomas Harlow, lieutenant, and Benjamin Louis, ensign. The non-commissioned officers were: Warren Drake, Hiram Brackett, Stephen Bragg, Ebenezer Shaw, sergeants; Washing- ton Drake, Richard Handy, Oliver Baker, Moses Dow, corporals. Zebulon Morse and Asa Burrell went out as musicians, and twenty- six privates were enrolled. A company was drafted from Albion in the autumn of 1814, of which Joel Wellington was made captain; Washington Heald, lieu- tenant, and Israel Richardson, ensign. Robert Richardson, Charles Stratton, William Fames and Samuel Ward were sergeants; Richard V. Haydon, Nathaniel Merchant, Andrew S. Perkins and Benjamin Reed, jun., corporals; Odiorne Heald, John Kidder, jun., and Samuel Gibson,musicians. Eighty-seven privates were sent out in this company. y^V/orrt^/r.— Belonging to Lieutenant Colonel Sherwin's regiment was a company of fifty privates raised at Belgrade, with James Minot, captain; John Fage, lieutenant, and Jesse Fage, ensign. The non- commissioned officers were: Richard Mills, Lewis Page, Samuel Page, Lemuel Lombard, sergeants; Charles Lombard, Wentworth Stewart, Briant Fall, James Black, jun., corporals. The musicians were David Wyman, Davison Hibbard, David Moshier and Jeremiah Tilton. MILITARY HISTORY. 113 Belgrade raised another company for Lieutenant Colonel Sherwin's regiment and the commissioned officers were; Joseph Sylvester, cap- tain; Levi Bean, lieutenant; Isaac Lord, ensign. The non-commis- sioned officers were: Daniel Stevens, vSamuel Sinith, John Sylvester, William Stevens, jun., sergeants; Jonathan H. Hill, Ephraim Tib- betts,William Wells, Samuel Tucker, corporals. Samuel Littlefield and Isaac Farnham were enrolled as musicians, with thirty-six privates. Clinton. — For Lieutenant Colonel Herbert Moore's regiment a com- pany was raised in Clinton, of which Trial Hall was commissioned captain; James Gray, lieutenant, and Israel Richardson, ensign. The non-commissioned officers were: Samuel Haywood, Nathaniel Brown, John Fitzgerald, William M. Carr, sergeants; William Richardson, Peter Robinson, David Gray, George Flagg, corporals; Rufus Bartlett, Samuel Gibson, musicians. Thirty-two privates went out in the company. China.— Yov Lieutenant Colonel Moore's regiment a company was raised in China, for which the commissioned officers were: Daniel Crowell, captain; Nathaniel Spratt, lieutenant, and Zalmuna Wash- burn, ensign. Jonathan Thurber, Elisha Clark, Jabish Crowell and Thomas Ward, jun., were sergeants; Samuel Branch, David Spratt, Samuel Ward and James Wiggins, corporals; Ephraim Clark 3d and Jonathan Coe, musicians. Twenty-four privates were enrolled in the company. Another larger company was enlisted in China, of which Robert Fletcher was captain; Nathaniel Bragg, lieutenant, and Caleb Palme- ter, ensign. John Weeks, John Whitley, William Bradford and Jede- diah Fairfield were sergeants; Nathaniel Evans, Daniel Fowler, Daniel Bragg and Ephraim Weeks, corporals; Thomas Burrell and Timothy Waterhouse, musicians; with fifty privates. Fayette. — In Lieutenant Colonel Ellis Sweet's regiment was a com- pany of men, enlisted at Fayette, of which Henry Watson was cap- tain; Alden Josselyn, lieutenant, and David Knowles 2d, ensign. Elisha Marston, Richard Hubbard, Thomas Fuller, jun., and Benja- min J. Winchester were sergeants; James Watson, Moses Hubbard, David Knowles, 3d, and Moses Sturdevant, corporals; and William Sturdevant and John D. Josselyn, musicians; with thirty- five privates. Another company was raised in Fayette, of which the commis- sioned officers were: John Judkins, captain; Thomas Anderson, lieu- tenant, and Luther Bumpus, ensign. The non-commissioned officers were: James McGaffey, 'William Whitten, Levi Fletcher and John Brown, .sergeants; and Joseph Greely, Edward Griffin, Mo.ses Carson and Bazaled BuUard, corporals. Musicians were A. Whitten, Squire Bishop, jun., and James Trask; and the company mustered thirty- eight privates. 114 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Gardiner. — The field and staff officers of Lieutenant Colonel John Stone's regiment, 1st Brigade, 8th Division, in service at Wiscasset and vicinity in the autumn of 1814, were: John Stone, Gardiner, lieu- tenant colonel; Reuel Howard, Augusta, major: Henry W. Fuller, Augusta, major; Enoch Hale, jun., Gardiner, adjutant; Gideon Far- rell, Winthrop, quartermaster; Rufus K. Page, paymaster; Eliphalet Gillett, Hallowell, chaplain; Ariel Mann, Hallowell, surgeon; Joel R. Ellis, Hallowell, surgeon's mate; Benjamin Davenport, Winthrop, sergeant major; James Tarbox, Winthrop, quartermaster sergeant; Roswell Whittemore, drum major; and John Wadsworth, fife major. From Gardiner a company went out in Stone's regiment with the following commissioned officers: Jacob Davis, captain; Ebenezer Moore, lieutenant; Arthur Plummer. ensign, and William Partridge, clerk. The non-commissioned officers were not given in the record, but the company enrolled eighty privates. Another company was raised at Gardiner with Edward Swan, captain; Daniel Woodard, lieutenant, and William Norton, ensign. The non-commissioned officers were: William B. Grant, Thomas Gil- patrick, Michael Woodard, Arthur Berry, sergeants; Benjamin C. Lawrence, William Bradstreet, Charles M. Dustin, corporals. The musicians were: Jonah Perkins, John Palmer, Edward Bourman and Andrew B. Berry. This company embraced forty-two privates. Hallowell. — In Lieutenant Colonel Stone's regiment was a large company from Hallowell, of which William C. Vaughan was captain, Pettey Vaughan, lieutenant, and William Cobb Wilder, ensign. The non-commis.sioned officers were: Abisha Handy, Nathaniel Brown, 2d, Levi Thing, jun., George Carr, sergeants; Benjamin Perry, Charles Kenney, Joseph Richards, corporals; David Dyer, Zebulon Sawyer, Samuel Howard, John Moons, musicians. The privates numbered seventy-three men. Captain Simeon Morris' company for Stone's regiment was raised at Hallowell, for which Lsaac Leonard was lieutenant and Stephen Smith was ensign. James B. Starr, William B. Littlefield, Samuel Merrill and James Kean were sergeants; Samuel Carr, jun., John Greely, George Waterhouse and Joshua Carr, corporals; Robert Child, musi- cian; and there were fifty privates. Captain Dearborn's company was also raised in Hallowell and was attached to Lieutenant Colonel Stone's regiment, with Benjamin Dearborn, captain; Thomas B. Coolidge, lieutenant, and William Clark, ensign. Isaac Smith, Enoch Marshall, Ebenezer White and Sheppard H. Norris were sergeants; Ephraim Mayo, Thomas Fille- brown, jun., John Folsom and Benjamin Plummer, corporals; Seth Sturtevant, James Batchelder, Elias Webber and Bradley Folsom, musicians. The company had thirty-seven privates. A company of artillery was raised in Hallowell, which was attached MILITARY HISTORY. 115 to jSIajor Joseph Chandler's Battalion of Artillerj'. The officers of the company were: Samuel G. Ladd, captain; Jedediah Lakeman, lieuten- ant, and Joseph S. Smith, ensign. Non-commissioned: Abraham Thurd, Samuel Tinney, Daniel Norcross, David Stickney, sergeants; Ezekiel Goodall, Richard Dana, William Livermore, jun., Cumwell Aldrich, corporals. Musicians: John Woods, Levi Johnson, Aaron Bickford, Harvey Porter and John Dennett. The privates numbered forty-six. Hallowell also raised a cavalry company for Major Peter Grant's Battalion of 1st Brigade, 11th Division. Of this company Thomas Eastman was captain; Francis Morris, lieutenant, and William Wins- low, ensign. Henry D. Morrill and Ebenezer Mathews were musi- cians, and Parsons Smith, clerk. Benjamin Paine, Alvan Hayward and Jonathan Mathews were sergeants; Samuel Blake, John Savage, Albert Hayward and Richard Belcher, corporals. The company em- braced thirty-two privates. Litchfield. — Colonel Abel Merrill commanded a regiment at Bath, in which was a company from Litchfield. The commissioned officers of this company were: Hugh Getchell, captain; William Randall, lieu- tenant, and Jesse Richardson, ensign. The noncommissioned officers were: James B. Smith, Cornelius Richardson, Cyrus Burke, sergeants; Adam Johnson, Isaac Smith, Thomas Springer, William Towns, cor- porals. John Hodgman, Cornelius Thompson and Isaac ShirtlefE were musicians, and the company contained fifty-seven privates. Litchfield also raised a company for Lieutenant Colonel Stone's regiment. Of this company David C. Burr was captain; Nathaniel Marston, lieutenant, and Ebenezer Colby, ensign. Andrew Goodwin, Daniel Herrick, Jesse Tucker and James Parker were sergeants; Wil- liam Hutchinson, John Sears, Joshua Ritchinson and Daniel Cram, corporals; and Cypron J. Edwards, David Fuller, William Brown and James Goodwin, musicians. The privates numbered fifty-seven. Another company from Litchfield in Lieutenant Colonel John Stone's regiment had for captain, John Dennis; for lieutenant, Daniel Stevens; and for ensign, Joseph Jewell. Samuel Hutchinson. Joseph Wharfif, Israel Hutchinson and William Robinson were sergeants; Robert Crawford, Ebenezer Harriman, Miser Williams and William Spear, corporals; John Robbins, James Hutchinson and Elijah Palmer, musicians; and the company enrolled thirty-eight privates. A company in Litchfield was drafted from the lOth Division and mustered into the United States service to garrison the forts on the coast of eastern Maine. The commis-sioned officers of the company were: David C. Burr, captain; John Dennis, jun., lieutenant; Benjamin White, jun., lieutenant; and John A. Neal, ensign. Caleb Goodwin, Joshua Walker, Andrew Goodwin and William Hutchinson were ser- geants; William Bailey, Francis Douglass, Hezekiah Richardson and 116 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Moses Stevens, corporals; Joseph Hutchinson and David F. Wey- mouth, musicians. Fifty privates went out in the company. Monmo7ith. — A company of thirty-nine, under Captain John A. Tor- sey, raised in Monmouth, was attached to Lieutenant Colonel Blais- dell's regiment. Pascal P. Blake was lieutenant and Frederic W. Dearborn, ensign. The non-commissioned officers were: Martin Gushing, Jacob Smith, Robert Oilman, Thomas Witherell, sergeants; John Plummer, Samuel Titus, Josiah Towle, James Merrill, corporals. Henry Day and John Merrill were musicians. Another company of fifty-six privates was raised in Monmouth for the same regiment, with Moses Boynton for captain; Royal Fogg, lieutenant, and Benjamin Sinclair, ensign. Joseph Prescott, Joseph B. Allen, Jedediah B. Prescott and John S. Blake were sergeants; Newell Fogg, Hugh M. Boynton, Ira Towle and George W. Fogg, corporals; Levi Tozier and John Richardson, musicians. Joseph Chandler was major of a battalion of artillery attached to the 1st Brigade, Sth Division. His adjutant was Jonathan G. Hun- toon, of Readfield, and his quartermaster was John S. Kimball, of Au- gusta. Monmouth raised a company for this battalion, with the fol- lowing officers: Samuel Ranlett, captain; Dudly Moody, lieutenant; Eleazur Smith, lieutenant; Ebenezer Freeman, Jacob Mills, jun., Joseph Kelley, James Fairbanks, sergeants; Asa Robbins, jun., Jason Prescott, Phinehas Kelly, Marcus Gilbert, corporals; Levi Gilbert, Benjamin Berry, musicians. The company embraced only twenty- seven privates. This company was subsequently attached to Sher- win's regiment of militia, with William Talcott and Benjamin Butler added as sergeants; Peleg B. Fogg, Jesse Fairbanks and John Mar- shall added as musicians; and twenty privates were added. The com- pany were at Wiscasset from vSeptember 24 to November 8, 1814. Mt. Vernon. — In Lieutenant Colonel Ellis Sweet's regiment was a company raised at Mt. Vernon, and its captain was Timothy Stevens; lieutenant, George McGaffey; ensign, Ariel Kimball. James Mc- Gaffey, William Whitten, Levi Fletcher and John Brown were ser- geants; Joseph Greely, Edward Griffin, Moses Carson, Bazaled Bul- lock, corporals; Aled Whitten, Squire Bishop, jun., and James Trask, musicians. Thirty-eight privates belonged to the company. In the same regiment was another company from Mt. Vernon, of which Thomas Nickerson was captain; John Stevens, lieutenant, and John Blake, ensign. The non-commissioned officers were: Joseph Gilman, Daniel Gordon, Nathan S. Philbrook, Ephraim Nickerson, sergeants; Walter W. Philbrook, Nathan Smith, Levi French, jun., and Bela Gilman, corporals. The musicians were John Stone and Jes.se Ladd, and the privates numbered thirty-four men. Pittstoii. — Two companies for Lieutenant Colonel Stone's regiment were raised in Pittston. The captain of the first was David P. Bailey; MILITARY HISTORY. 117 lieutenant, John Blanchard; ensign, Jacob Bailey. Joseph Follansbee, Elihu Lord, Joseph Kidder and George Williamson were sergeants; William Troop, Nathaniel Brown, George Jewett and Tristram Fol- som, corporals; James Bailey and Alexander Blanchard, musicians. The company embraced forty privates. Of the second company, Jonathan Young was captain; Eli Young, lieutenant, and Dudley Young, ensign. Jonathan Clark, Leonard Coopey and James Gray, jun., were sergeants; Henry Banner, Nathaniel Benner, Reuben Lewis and Frederic Lewis, corporals. The privates numbered fifty-six. Readfield. — A company- of militia was drafted from Readfield and attached to Lieutenant Colonel Ellis Sweet's regiment. The commis- sioned officers of the company were: John Smith, captain; Samuel Benjamin, lieutenant, and Eli Adams, ensign. Joseph Gilman, Na- than S. Philbrick, Joseph Heselton and James McGaffey were ser- geants; Walter N. Philbrick, Benjamin King, David Huntoon and Warren Crocker, corporals; Joshua Bartlett, Josiah Bacon, Stephen Abbott and John M. Shaw, musicians. The privates of the company numbered fifty-nine. Another company drafted from Readfield was attached to Lieuten- ant Colonel Sweet's regiment. Of this company George Waugh was captain: Alden Josselyn, lieutenant, and Herman Harris, ensign. Three of the sergeants were Elisha Marston, William Whittier and Richard Hubbard. The corporals given in the record were Gilman Bacheler and Samuel Tuck. In this company were thirty-eight pri- vates. It would seem that the latter company was increased and partly re-officered, for we find in Sweet's regiment a company of which George Waugh was captain; Samuel Page, lieutenant; Reuben Smith, ensign; John Page, William Taylor, Christopher Adle and Joseph Hutchinson, sergeants; Moses Simmons, Seward Page, Elijah Clough and Nathan Coy, corporals; Henry Carlton, William Tucker and Levi Morrill, musicians. In this company were forty-four privates. The same regiment received from Readfield still another company, of which John Smith was the captain; Daniel Carlptell, lieutenant, and Eli Adams, ensign. James Fillebrown, Lory Bacon, Jethro Hil- man and James Smith were sergeants; Jacob Turner, David Huntoon, Jacob Cochran and William Stimpson, corporals; Thomas Pierce, Charles Pierce and John Turner, musicians. The company also had forty-five privates. ie(?wf.— Lieutenant Colonel McGaffey's regiment of militia was at- tached to the 8th Division and was the oth Regiment. The field and staff officers from Kennebec county were: David McGaffey, Rome, lieutenant colonel; Moses Sanborn, Vienna, major; Francis Mayhew, major; Jonathan Gilbreth, Rome, adjutant. 118 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. A company was raised in Rome for Colonel McGaffey's regiment and the commissioned officers of the company were: William Hussey, captain; Robert Hussey, lieutenant, and Ezekiel Page, ensign. The non-commissioned officers were: Enoch Knight, Samuel Mitchell, Elijah K. Hussey and Richard Furbush, 2d, .sergeants; Benjamin White, Rufus Clements, Jonathan Butterfield and Moses Choate, cor- porals; Elisha Mosher and Samuel Grant, musicians. Twenty-five privates were enrolled. Rome raised another company which was in the same regiment, and in service at Hallowell awaiting orders, in September, 1814. Mat- thias Lane was captain; Palatiah Leighton, ensign; Peter Beede, James Colbath, jun., William Blye and Benjamin Folsom, sergeants; James Wells, Joseph Gordon, John Allen, jun., and Peter Folsom, corporals; John Jewett and Joseph Jewett, musicians. This company enrolled eighteen men. Sidney. — Sidney raised men for Lieutenant Colonel Sherwin's regi- ment. One company had Richard Smith as captain, Benjamin Saw- telle as lieutenant, John Robinson, ensign. vSamuel Jones, Paul Ham- mond, jun., George Woodcock and Edmund Longly, sergeants; Eben- ezer Irish, jun., Ichabod Pitts, jun., Samuel Smith, jun., and David Weeks, corporals; Asa Sawtelle and Abial Abbott, musicians. Thirty- two privates were enrolled. Another company for Sherwin's regiment had for captain Stephen Lovejoy; for ensign, Joshua Ellis. The sergeants were: John Tink- ham, jun., John Sawtelle, jun., Joseph Hastings and Thomas Johnson. Abial Dinsmore and Jacob Lovejoy were musicians. Thirty-nine pri- vates enlisted in the company from Sidney. The third enlisted company from Sidney had for its captain,, Amasa Lesley; lieutenant, Bethuel Perry; ensign, David Daniels. The non-commissioned officers were: Ebenezer Perry, John Bragg, jun., John Davis, Rufus Emerson, sergeants; Zenos Perry, Robert Packard, Abel Sawtelle, Woodhouse Boyd, corporals; Francis Smiley, Seth Perry, musicians. The privates numbered thirty-two. Men were drafted from Sidney and a company attached to Colonel Sherwin's regiment, of which company Stephen Lovejoy was captain; Joseph Warren, lieutenant; Ebenezer Lawrence, ensign; Palmer Branch, John Bates, Jabez Harlow and Joshua Grant, sergeants; Levi Meade and Ebenezer Morse, corporals; Winthrope Robinson, musi- cian. This company embraced eighty men as privates. Captain Lesley's company, before mentioned, was enlisted; but he went to Wiscasset late in the autumn of 1814, with a company of drafted men from Sidney. The commissioned officers were: Captain, Amasa Lesley; lieutenant, Benjamin Sawtelle; ensign, William Bod- fish. Elias Doughty, Samuel Page, David GuUifer and John Bragg, jun., were sergeants; Wentworth Steward, Samuel Jones, Robert MILITARY HISTORY. 119 Packard and Ebenezer Trask, corporals; Nathaniel Dunn and Richard Jones, musicians. This company had fifty-two privates. ]"assalboro. — This town raised companies by enlistment. One was raised for Lieutenant Colonel Moore's regiment, and the commissioned officers were: Daniel Wyman, captain; Alexander Jackson, lieutenant; William Tarbell, ensign. Thomas Hawes, Daniel Whitehouse, Zenas Percival and Roland Frye were sergeants; John Clay, Gersham Clark, Thomas Whitehouse and Jonathan Smart, corporals; George Webber, musician. There were twenty-nine privates. Wing's company, enlisted in Vassalboro, was attached to the same regiment. The commissioned officers of the company were: Joseph Wing, captain; Levi Maynard, lieutenant, and Nehemiah Gould, en- sign. The non-commissioned officers were: Elijah Robinson, Moses Rollins, vStephen Low, Josiah Priest, .sergeants; Levi Chadbourne, Amasa Starkey, John Frye, Reuben Priest, corporals. The musicians were Enoch Marshall and Stephen Townsend. The privates num- bered fifty-three men. Still another small company was enlisted for Moore's regiment, and the captain was Jeremiah Farwell; lieutenant, Aaron Gaslin. Charles Webber, Eli French, John G. Hall and Elijah Morse were sergeants; Benjamin Bassett, Nathaniel Merchant and Heman Stur- ges, corporals; John Lovejoy, musician; and the file of privates num- bered thirty men. A company was drafted from Vassalboro, of which Jeremiah Far- well was commissioned captain; Nathaniel Spratt, lieutenant, and Nehemiah Gould, ensign. Charles Webber, Amariah Hardin, jun., Jabez Crowell and Elijah Morse were sergeants; Rowland Frye, Samuel Brand. Benjamin Melvin and Thomas Whitehouse, corporals; Washington Drake and Timothy Waterhouse, musicians. The com- pany embraced sixty-seven men as privates. Wayne. — This town enlisted men for a company in Sweet's regi- ment. Of this company Jacob Haskell was captain; William Burgess, lieutenant, and Levi Roberts, ensign. The other officers were: Wil- liam Knight, Jesse Bishop, Eliakim Top, Gustavus Top, sergeants; Warren Crocker, James Wing, Asa Tapley, James Burgess, corporals. Joshua Norris was fifer and Asa Top drummer. Twenty-eight men were enrolled as privates. Lieutenant Colonel Ellis Sweet's regiment— the 4th in 1st Brigade, 8th Division — was officered in part from Wayne. Colonel Sweet was a Wayne officer and also Moses Wing, jun., the major of the regiment. Another small company from Wayne was commanded by Ebenezer Norris, lieutenant. Amasa Dexter, Seth Billington and Benjamin Norris were sergeants; Samuel Besse, Allen House, Samuel Wing and Elisha Besse, corporals; Nathan Sturdevant and Seth Hammond, musicians. The privates numbered only twenty-seven men. 120 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Watcrvillc. — This town and Vassalboro raised a company that was assigned to Major Joseph Chandler's Battalion of Artillery. Of this company Dean Bangs was captain; Lemuel Pullen, lieutenant; Abra- ham vSmith, ensign; Jabez Dow, Artemus Smith, Levi Moore, jun., William McFarland, sergeants; William Marston, Alexander McKech- nie, Abiel Moore, James Bragg, corporals; Henry Richardson, Reward Sturdevant, musicians. Twenty privates enlisted in this company. Lieutenant Colonel Elnathan Sherwin's regiment was in the 8th Division, 2d Brigade, his being the 1st Regiment. From this regiment a draft was made, May 24, 1814, to fill up the regiment of Colonel Ellis Sweet. The officers of the first-named regiment were: Elnathan Sherwin, Waterville, lieutenant colonel; John Cleveland, Fairfield, major; Joseph H. Hallett, Waterville, quartermaster; Moses Appleton, Winslow, surgeon; David Wheeler, Waterville, paymaster; and Jede- kiah Belknap, Waterville, chaplain. One of the companies of Lieutenant Colonel vSherwin's regiment was raised at Waterville, of which Joseph Hitchings was captain; Samuel Webb, lieutenant; Thomas McFarland, ensign; Josiah Jacob, jun., Abraham Morrill, Solomon Berry, Calvin L. Gatchell, ser- geants; Abraham Butts, Pelatiah Soule, Simeon Tozier, 2d, William Watson, corporals; David Low, Lewis Tozier, musicians. The com- pany had twenty-nine enlisted privates. Another company from Waterville contained forty privates for Sherwin's regiment. The commissioned officers of this company were: William Pullen, captain; Joseph Warren, lieutenant, and Leon- ard Comfourth, ensign. Leonard Smith, Reuben Ricker, Isaiah Hal- lett and John Hallett were sergeants; Samuel Merry, James Gilbert, Wyman Shorey, and Thomas Stevens, corporals; Dexter Pullen, Isaac Gage and Asa Bates, musicians. Winthrop. — This town raised two companies for state defense. The one attached to Stone's regiment had for captain Asa Fairbanks; lieu- tenant, Solomon Easty; ensign, Jonathan Whiting. Benjamin Rich- ard, Wadsworth Foster, John Richards and Oliver Foster were ser- geants; Eliphalet Stevens, Thomas Stevens, Samuel Chandler and Columbus Fairbanks, corporals; Beser Snelland Nathan Bishop, musi- cians. The privates numbered thirty-four men. The other company was attached to Sweet's regiment. The cap- tain was Elijah Davenport; lieutenant, Samuel Benjamin; ensign, Herman Harris. Jabez Bacon, Levi Fairbanks, Joseph Heselton and Francis Perley were the sergeants; Stephen Sewall, Benjamin King, Daniel C. Heselton and Caleb Harris, corporals; Waterman Stanley, Josiah Bacon, jun., Stephen Abbot, Thomas Fuller and Simon Clough, musicians; and the company contained forty-nine privates. Windsor.— "Dix-a town raised a company of thirty-three privates for Colonel Cummings' regiment. The commissioned officers for this MILITARY HISTORY. lai company were: Gideon Barton, captain; George Marson, lieutenant; John Page, ensign. William Bowler, Jacob Jewett, Clement Moody and Micliael Lane were sergeants; Robert Hutchinson, Luther Pierce, Walter DockendorfE and Thomas Harriman, corporals; Lot Chadwick and Joseph Wright, musicians. IVins/ow. — Lieutenant Colonel Herbert Moore commanded the 3d Regiment, 2d Brigade, 8th Division of Maine militia in service in 1814,at Wiscassett. The officers from Kennebec county were; Herbert Moore, Winslow, lieutenant colonel; Nathan Stanley and Daniel Stevens, China, majors; Whiting Robinson, Clinton, surgeon's mate; Charles McFaddin, Vassalboro, paymaster; and Joseph Clark, Clinton, ad- jutant. Winslow had a company in Moore's regiment, and its commissioned officers were: James L. Child, captain; Washington Heald, lieutenant; William Getchell, ensign. The other officers were: William Harvey, James Heald, Joel Crosby, Abraham Bean, sergeants; Alvin Blackwell, Richard V. Hayden, Simeon Heald, Elisha Ellis, corporals. The privates numbered thirty-eight men. The adjutant general's office at Augusta also contains a manuscript record of enlistments in the regular army for 1812-14, carefully ar- ranged by companies and regiments; but the residences of the officers and men are not indicated. By the treaty of Ghent, December 24, 1814, the war ended, and the news was received in this country February 11, 1815, with great demonstrations of joy. CHAPTER VI. MILITARY HISTORY (Concluded.) The Civil War. — First Call for Troops. — Response by Kennebec County. — Early Enlistments. — Call of July 3, 1862. — Bounties. — Enlistments. — Equalization Bonds. — Peace.— General Seth Williams. — G. A. R. Posts. — Monuments. WHEN the angry mutterings of the storm that for years had been gathering over the institutions which held in check the aggressions of a despotic feudalism culminated, on that memorable 12th of April, in the crash which dismantled the walls of Fort Sumter and jarred the foundations of the nation, no section of the federal territory was more prompt and energetic in rallying to the protection of the loyal colors than Maine. In twenty-four hours from the time the despatches from Washington were bulletined, whole com- panies had reported to their officers, regiments were in readiness for the roll-call, and impatiently awaited orders to enter the service. Although 00,000 men were enrolled in the state militia, only 1,200 were, in the language of the adjutant general, "in a condition to re- spond to calls for ordinary duty within the state," while their uniforms, equipments and camp equipage were of a character totally unfitted for service in the field. Seven days from the issuing of the call from Washington for 75,000 men, the legislature, at a special session convoked by Governor Wash- burn, passed an act authorizing the organization of ten regiments of infantry, and the bonding of a loan of one million dollars for their equipment. Under this act six regiments were mustered into the ser- vice; and such was the celerity with which they were equipped and forwarded that we find it recorded that of all the loyal troops who were actually engaged in the first battle of Bull Run, one fourth, at least, were sons of the Pine Tree state, and of these as large a ratio were citizens of Kennebec county. The disastrous result of this en- gagement led to an immediate call for more troops, accompanying which aitthority was granted by the war department to organize, in the maximum, eight new regiments of light infantry. At the close of the year 1861 Maine had enlisted fifteen regiments of infantry, one regiment of cavalry, six batteries of light artillery, one company of sharpshooters and four companies of coast guards. For these various MILITARY HISTORY. 123 companies, Kennebec county furnished 1,535 enlisted men-, credited to the towns as follows: Albion. — James Austin, Albert Bessee, Atwood Crosby p at Rich- mond July 21 61, Augustine Crosby p at Richmond July 21 61, Rodney Crosby, Albert D. Foss p at Richmond, Martin Foss p at New Orleans July 21 61, Lieut. John vS. French 1^: at Rappahannock Station Nov. 7 63, William H. Gifford, Henry S. F. Gerald, Erastus H. Hamilton d at Ship Island Mar. 23 62, Amaziah F. T. Hussey, Timan N. Hamilton, James Jameson, Marshall Lawrence, Rufus F. Lancaster, Morrison Leonard w at Baton Rouge d Aug. 62, William Mayberry, Walter H. Morrison, James Murdough d at Yorktown 62, John Nade, Gilman S. Ouinn d Jan. 12 62, James A. Ridlon, John W. Ridlon, Rodolphus Rider, Daniel Rollins, William B. Robinson, William A. Stackpole, Warren B. Stinson, Charles Seekins, w July 10 63 and May 20 64, Lieut. Joseph H. Spencer w at Baton Rouge, William H. Tabor, C. B. Taber, Atwell M. Wixon w at Chantilly. Augusta. — Cyrus D. Albee, Lieut. James H. Albee, George Allen d in 63, James M. Allen, Judson Ames, George W. Annable, Lieut. Hol- man M. Anderson p at Gum Springs June 20 63, William R. Anderson, Edward H. Austin, Riley B. Avery, George F. Bachelder w June 1 64, George E. Bartlett, George M. Bean, Josiah W. Bangs, Algernon S. Bangs, Capt. Edwin A. Bachelder, C. M. Bachelder, Lieut. Silas C. Barker, Musician Fenelon G. Barker, Charles Berry, Chap. George W. Bartlett, Josiah L. Bennett w June 16 64 d May 10 65, Samuel Ben- nett, Gardiner Beal, C. F. Beal d Feb. 8 63, Homer S. Bean d Nov. 4 62, Samuel Berry, Charles S. Beverley, Sherebiah H. Billington w July 2 64, Thomas G. Billington, Josiah B. Blackman, Wingate W. Brad- bury, Sumner S. Brick, William H. Brooks, Jeremiah Buckley, George H. Brick, Eli A. Black d at Fernandina Aug. 14 63, Isaac P. Billington, William Bushea, John W. Boynton, John H. Breen w and p May 5 64, Samuel F. Bennett, George W. Bowman k May 12 64, William Bren- nan, Jacob Bolton, Sumner L. Brick, Isaac C. Brick, William H. Brick, William H. Brock d April 20 64, Adjt. Edwin Burt, George F. Burgess d at Fernandina Sept. 21 62, B. C. Bickford, W. A. Brown, Calvin H. Burden p at Bull Run k July 2 63, William Bolton, Byron Branch, Nathan H. Call w July 2 63, Francis M. Caswell, Horace Church, George L. Cromett w March 10 64, Charles Clark, John A. Clark, Augustus Chadwick, Edgar M. Churchill, Warren B. Chapman w and p April 8 64, Samuel Cunningham, John F. Chase w July 3 63, Henry A. Cummmgs, Lemuel A. Cummings, William Campbell, Lieut. George Cony, George Cowell, William Cahoon, Charles Cunningham, Surg. Albert S.Clark, Capt. Nathaniel W.Cole, John Code d 63, Henry *Names transcribed by Captain Thomas Clark, adjutant general's office. The following abbreviations are used in these lists; k killed, w wounded, d died, p prisoner. 124 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Clark w July 18 63, Daniel H. Cunningham, L. M.Conway, I. H. Cook, Charles Clark, Chap. Andrew J. Church, Daniel Chadwick, George H. Chadwick. Nathaniel G. Church. Leander M. Clark, Amasa L.Cook, William Clark, Richard Cunningham, Lieut. Rufus T. Crockett, Lieut. Warren Cox p at Manassas k May 3 63, George Cunningham, Capt. Robert F. Dyer, David Day, Sylvester Davis, John J. Delmage, Milton Dellings, Charles S. Delano, Joseph Devine, Henry Day, Caleb Den- nison, Thomas Dougherty, Sewell Dickinson, Adj. Charles C. Drew p at Bull Run, William H. Dunn, Alden S. Dudley, Reuel W. Dutton, Charles F. Emerson, Elisha S. Fargo w at x\ntietam, Edmond Fay, Charles A. Farnham w Aug. 9 64, Samuel S. Farnham, George L. Fel- lows p at Bull Run k at Gettysburg July 2 63, George H. Fisher, Ro- land R. Fletcher, Elias W. Folsom, John Fox, Andrew J. Getchell, Edwin A. Getchell, William T. Getchell, H. A. Griffith, G. H. Gordon d from wounds, Samuel Gowell, Edward Gilley, Serg. Frederick Gannett w July 2 63, Leonard J. Grant, Daniel W. Gage, Samuel H. Gage, Com. Serg. Lorenzo D. Grafton, William Gordon, Solomon Gordon, Dennis Getchell, Alonzo H. Getchell, Henry W. Getchell, George W. Gould d at Carrollton La. Sept. 4 62, Daniel Gordon, Robert Gilley, Marcellus Gale, Hartwell Hatch w, Elijah S. Horn k Dec. 13 63, Reuel Haskell, Samuel Hall, Andrew Herrin p at Gettysburg, Richard B. Hussey, Henry Hutcherson, John Hayes, Otis Haskell, Lieut. Lucius M. S. Haynes, Albert B. Hall, Hadley O. Hawesw, George Hawes, Elijah K. Hill, William H. Hersum, Isaac C. Hovey, Henry Hodsdon, George Ingraham, Horace Ingraham, Thomas F. Ingraham, Henry W. Jones, John W. Jones p at Bull Run June 1 62 k July 2 63, Thomas C. Jones, William H. Jones, John A. Keating, Edwin A. Keay, George A. Kim- ball, Levi W. Keen, Miles H. Keene, Orrin Keene w May 16 64, George H. Kimball, Capt. William H. Kimball, John H. Larrabee, Aaron Leighton, L. H. Livermore, William Leighton, Lyman E. Leach, Edwin Ladd, Col. M. B. Lakeman, John Leighton w at Cold Harbor June 3 64, Ira B. Lyon, Harvey N. Leighton w at Fair Oaks, William F. Locke k at Chancellorsville May 3 63, Martin Lord, Abijah S. Lord, Ira Lovejoy, Otis Ludwick, John McMaster, John McMaster jun. w July 8 63, Alexander McDavitt, Reuel Merrill, William McDavitt jun., William McDonald p at Bull Run, Hos. St. Joseph D. Moore, Ambrose Marriner, Lieut. Jo.seph H. Metcalf, J. A. Mann, Edward Murphy, Joseph W. Merchant, Horace A. Manley, Bradford Mc- Farland, John Mahoney, Jeremiah Murphy, John M.Mosher d Oct. 19 63, William C. Moore, Lieut. Fred A. Morton, Daniel B. Morey, Peter B. Merry, William E. Mariner d at Yorktown May 13 62, Henry C. Marston, Henry McMaster, John Morphy, Thomas Murphy d Dec. 13 62, John W. Murphy, James W. McGregor d in service, Charles P. Morton, William N. Murray, John B. Murray, R. S. McCurdy, F. S. Morton, Edward E. Myrick, William H. Nason w May 4 63, William MILITARY HISTORY. 125 Nason d in Maine, Capt. Joseph Noble, Frank Nutting, Amos B. Nichols, Andrew Nicholas. Augustus Nichols, Lyman C. Neal \v July 2 6B, James Orick, James M. Porter, John Parker w July 30 64, Henry Parker, John H. Packard, John O. Perry, Frank Perry, Eben Packard d Mar. 17 63, Allen Partridge, Thomas O. Pease, Henry E. Patterson d at Carrollton La. Aug. 17 62, Augustus Plummer, Lieut. Frank C. Peirce, George E. Pond, Horace P. Pike, Mansfield H. Pettingill, Capt. Edward C. Pierce, Daniel Pease jun., William Place, Stephen H. Prescott, Asa Piper, N. Byron Phillips, John W. Phinney, Asbury Pottle, Lieut. A. R. Quinby, Silas Reed, Peter Russell, John P. Ryan, William Ryan, Charles L. Ray, James Rideout, Serg. Asa C. Rowe k July 2 63, Emerson Remick d at Yorktown May 4 62, Capt. Thomas L. Reed, Benjamin A. Ray, Lieut. H. M. Rines, George N. Rice, Luther A. Robbins, Q. M. Ivory J Robinson, G. L. Rus.sell, Alfred Savage p July 8 63 and July 18 64, Charles Stilkey, W. M. Sabin, William Stover, Charles O. Stone, William H. Spofford, George W. Stone, Edward A. Smart, George E. Stickney, Stephen M. Scales, Lewis Selbing w and p at Manassas, J. H. Spauld- ing, E. A. Stewart, Thomas Sawtelle, James Sullivan, Thomas Stevens, Nathan W. Savage, James F. Snow, William A. Swan, William H. Stacey, Col. Henry G. Staples, Lieut. William T. Smith, Cyrus A. Sturdy, Major Greenlief T. Stevens w May 3 and July 2 63, Lieut. Henry Sewall, Jason Spear, John N. Scott d Nov. 25 63 in New Or- leans, Capt. Samuel G. Sewall, Enoch Sampson d in rebel prison Aug. 12 64, James Scott, Greenleaf Smart, Harrison R. Stone, Charles E. Smith, Charles A. Thoms, George H. Thompson p at Manassas w Aug. 81 62, Actor P. Thompson, W. S. Thoms, Caleb Trask, Alfred Trask, John A. Trufant w at Slaughter Mountain, Arnold P. Thompson, Lieut. James L. Thompson, Alan.son G. Taylor d at Carrollton La. Oct. 30 62, George Taylor, William H. Taylor, Aaron C. Varney w Aug. 2 and d Aug. 22 63, Peleg O. Vickery, Thomas H. Welch p at Bull Run d Dec. 23 62 from wounds received at Fair Oaks, Nathaniel Wentworth, Frank White, Edwin S. Witherell, Frank Whitney, Lewis Widge, Elbridge Warren, Randall S. Webb, G. P. Wentworth, C. H. Wagg, Charles Whittemore, Daniel Williams, Asa Wing, Charles H. White, Serg. Charles B. Whittemore, John O. Webster, Thaddeus S. Wmg, George Woods, Orison Wood k at Manassas Aug. 30 62, True Whit- tier, Capt. Edward P. Wyman, George M. Wyman, Charles O. Wyman, William A. Young. Belgrade. — James M. Rockwood, Charles M. Stevens, Albert Aus- tin, Samuel E. Frost w at Gettysburg July 2 63, Lieut. George S. Blake p June 20 63, Henry C. Kennison, Roscoe S. Farnham d at Hil- ton Head June 18 62, John M. Rockwood, Lorenzo H. Wallace, Wil- liam H. Lord, Charles L. Damrem, Sanford Bartlett k in R.R. collision June 1 62, Henry Frost, Henry Richard.son p at Cedar Mountain. 126 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Benton. — Reuel W. Brown, Rufus F. Brown, W. Scott Brown d Mar. 1 64, Sumner Emery, William H. Goodale, Lieut. Nathaniel Hanscom d at Fair Oaks June 16 62, Asher C. Hinds, Nathaniel P. Hudson, Charles H. Pratt, Charles H. Preston p at Bull Run July 21 61, Chand- ler Reynolds, George H. Robinson, Joel C. Smiley, John McClusky, Erastus McKenney, John A. McKinney, Alonzo Wyman, Lorenzo Wyman, Bowman Wood, Luke B. Williams. China. — John H. Babcock, Asst. Surg. George E. Brickett, William V. Cook, Jacob Emery, John Farris, Augustus P. Jackson, Charles H. Johnson, Ira S. Jones, Capt. James P. Jones, Daniel B. Hanson w May 6 64, Edward P. Hanscom p, Sylvester L. Hatch, Roscoe G. Hamlin, Western Hallowell, William Holmes d at Columbian Hospital Dec. 29 61, Samuel W. Howes p Mar. 2 d in prison 6.5, John M. Hussey, Al- vanah Libby, Augustus Libbey, Samuel R. McCurdy, Isaac Morrill w Aug. 30 62, Charles H. Plummer, George W. Rogers, Charles L. Rob- tins d at New Orleans May 26 62, G. L. Robinson, George Stewart, George L. Spaulding p, Charles G. Thwing, Edmund Thombs, Chap. James A. Varney, Francis P. Ward, Daniel Ward, Joseph F. Winslow p at Bull Run, George N. Wiggin p at Winchester, Capt. Everett M. Whitehouse, Capt. Eli H. Webber, George Weymouth, Ora C. Wyman. Chelsea. — Andrew J. Bailey w July 2 63, James W. Bailey, Robert Brawn, William H. Booker, Rinaldo Brown, John H. Cappers, Henry •Cappers w Oct. 19 64, Charles H. Caniston, Charles J. Dalton p, John F. Davis d at Baltimore May 26 62, Nathan Durgin, James S. Emerson, Joseph Irwin, G. H. Kimball, C. M. Kimball w, George W. Kenniston w at Fair Oaks, Benjamin F. Merrill, Daniel Moulton, John McPike, Franklin B. Neal, James Robbins, Henry Stevens, Harrison B. San- born, Joseph H. Stone d of wounds received May 12, Laratius Stevens d at Newport News Apr. 62, Austin Yelden. Clinton. — Franklin Bagley, Jonathan Bagley, Oliver Bagley, Wil- liam Bagley, Justin E. Brown, William Chandler, David Cole, Asbury Cole, Horace Cole, Patrick Connor, Gardiner L. Eastman, Alpheus R. Eastman, Sumner Flood, Almason Fly, Adam C. Goodwin w June 27 62, James Gerald, Increase F. Goodwin, John C. Flail, Harrison D. Hobbs d from wounds July 1 62, Lieut. Alvin S. Hall d of wounds re- ceived May 6, Philander Hunter p May 2 63, Albert M. Harriman, Cyrus Hunter, Horace Hunter w and p at Richmond July 21 61 d in prison from wounds, William Hunter, Melvin Hunter, John Kelley, Orren Kendall, Augustus Knox, Jesse Kimball w at Drury's Bluff May 16 64, John F. Lamb, Henry W. Livingston, George A. Lewis, Arthur F. Malcom, Ora M. Nason p at Gettysburg, Horatio N. Reed, Charles M. Reed, George Ricker, A. Riley Spaulding, James P. .Spaulding, George Sargent, David Spearin, Dustan Smith, Charles S. Thompson, MILITARY HISTORY. 127 James Thurston, John Winn, Warren Weymouth, Alonzo Weymouth, John Weymouth. Faruiiiigdalc. — Alvin Brann, Eugene D. Burns, Charles E. Carter, Eugene B. Carter, Joseph L. Colcord, Joseph B. Cannon, Albert J. Colcord, Edwin A. Colcord k Aug. 30 62, Henry C. Carter w at Manas- .sas, Benjamin F. Grover k at Chancellorsville May 3 63, Charles J. Higgins wat Middleburgh Ya. June 19 61, Alvin M. Johnson w at Mid- dleburgh Va. June 19 61, Franklin Lowell, Henry M. Neal, Reuben S. Neal p, George W. Rice, William J. Seavey d at Washington, Seth Sweetland p at Annapolis w at Chantilly, Frank Sweetland, Alonzo Sweetland, Frank W. Whitney, William A. Winter. Fayettc.~Q.2c^\. John E. Bryant, Charles E. Clough d July 14, 62, Edwin R. Crane d at Baton Rouge July 25 62, Otis Conant, Charles L. Crane w at Chancellorsville May 3 63, Capt. Lewis Chase, Arthur D. Chase, Stephen Fellov.'s, Stephen H. French, Allen Fisk, Charles H. K. French, Henry H. Folsom, Lewis C. Gordon, De Forrest M. Gille, Calvin S. Gordon, William H. Irish, Sylvester Jones, Daniel H. Mor- rill, Charles F. Palmer p at Winchester, James G. Palmer, George H. Palmer, Thaxter B. Safford, G. B. Sanborn, Sturdevant, Freeman C. Thurston d June 2 62, Calvin C. Woodworth. Gardiner.— ^\\\\2xa. A. Abbott, Peter Adlay, Lieut. George E. At- wood w, Lieut. George S. Andrews, Eben Andrews, Francis Anne, Ellis W. Ayer, Thomas O. Brian, Lieut. Thomas A. Brann, Daniel H. Backus, William C. A. Brown, Michael Burns, Roscoe G. Buck, Joshua H. Crane, John F. Crawford, Capt. James M. Colson, Lieut. Parlin Crawford w July 2 63, George B. Douglass, Roswell Dunton, Capt. Augustus P. Davis, Frederick W. Dahlman, We.stbrook Deane, Horace W Dale k July 2 63, John C. Dalton p at Fair Oaks w May 3 63, John S. Dennis w July 2 63, Alexander Fuller, Joseph M. Fuller, Sewell F. Frost p. Hamden A. Fall, Sylvester S. Fall w Aug. 30 62, Charles H. Foy w July 2 63. Lincoln Grover, William Garland, J. B. Grover, Lin- coln Grover, John H. Howe, Horace W. Hildreth, Charles A. Hildreth, Charles Hodges p, Osgood Hildreth d at Gaines Hill, Phineas B. Hammond, Lieut. Melvin S. Hutchinson, Leander C. Hinckley d at Alexandria Apr. 12 61, William Horn, George M. Houghton w, Albion T. Hutchinson, George H. Hutchinson, Horatio N. Jarvis k in action Aug. 30 62. Capt. William E. Jarvis, Orison D. Jaquith, Charles H. Jaquith, Augustus Jack, William Jordan, John S. Kelley, Capt. George S. Kimball k June 19 63, James W. Kimball, Samuel W. Kimball, Meltiah W. Lawrence, James M. Larrabee, William Libby, Lieut. Horatio S. Libby, Hiram L. Lawrence, Charles F. McLond, Joseph Lunt p June 9 63, Parker G. Lunt, Thomas Lunt, James W. McDonald, John C. Meader, Charles H. Merrill, William Maher, Capt. John S. Moore, Lieut. Gus- tavus Moore, Joseph C. Morrison p May 2 63, Michael Murray, Bargill S. Newell, Ingraham Nickerson, Lieut. Thomas L Noyes, Thaddeus 128 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Page, Surg. Gideon S. Palmer, Sidney Patten, James H. Pope, Benja- min F. Pincin, Almon J. Packard, Nathan E. Quint, Peter Reaves p May 3 63, John Redman, Luther Ridley, Edwin M. Reed d of wounds received at Manassas, Hiram H. Ricker, Mellen Ring, Ira Rollins, Thomas J. Robinson, William H. Robinson, Osgood M. Sampson, William C. Stewart, David Stevens, David M. Stevens, George H. Smith d Feb. 13 63, John Sawyer, George F. Spear k July 2 63, Charles H. Spear, Hiram B. Stevens, George W. Stevens, William H. Sturte- vant, Eugene A. Smith, Robert A. Stinchfield p at Fair Oaks, Robert Strickland, William M. Stone, David Strong, Dexter Taylor, William F. Taylor, Abijah W. Tripp, H. D. Tarbox, Emerson Turner jun., Col. Isaac N. Tucker, A. B. Wakefield, George Ware, Hiram Wakefield d Jan. 11 62, William H. Wakefield, James Witham, John Webber, Frank Williams, Moses S. Wadsworth, Fife Maj. Moses M. Wads- worth, Lieut. Denola Witham k May 3 63, G. C. Wentworth, James F. Williams, Nathan Willard, Charles B. Winslow, Capt. Henry P. Wor- cester, Stephen D. W^akefield, Nathan N. Walker k May 23 64, George M. Washburn, Orrin H. Weeks, Charles H. Welch, William Weight. //rr/Zimr//.— Horatio N. Atherton, Henry A. Albee, Henry A. Ar- thur, Jesse Austin, Elijah Bartes, Plummer Butler, Charles H. Bubier, Charles M. Bursley p at Manassas May 10 64, Ammi A. Burgess, Martin V. B. Benman, Sumner H. Bryant d Jan. 8 63, Charles Bancroft w July 2 63 k July 2 63, Albert S. Buswell, William F. Bragg, Hugh Burns, Erastus B. Burgess, John W. Bryant, Lorenzo Chamberlain, Horace E. Choate w Aug. 16 64, Daniel Calaghan, James S. Choate, George F. Chamberlain d Aug 21 63, Joseph D. Carr d at Harrison Landing July 4 62, Henry S. Currier, Joshua Cunningham, Sewell S. Douglass, Augustus L. Dunn, John Dunn, George F. Douglass, George H. Dear- born. Charles M. Dodge, Hazen H. Emerson p May 5 64, William J. Emerson, Nathaniel Ellery, David H. Ellery, Albert Fly, David Flavin, James Frank, George A. Francis, Lieut. George S. Fuller, John P. Greeley, Lieut. Franklin Glazier, Capt. George O. Getchell d May 30 64, William B. Oilman, Capt. C. W. Gardner, Harry W. Gardner, Edwin S. Goodwin p May 3 63 d at Annapolis 64, Charles C. Oilman k May 1 64, Orlando Gould, George W. Oilman, Sherburne E. George, Weston Oilman, James H. Haskell, Joseph S. Haskell, Frank B. Howe, William W. Heath, William H. Hodges, Reuel M. Heath, James T. Howard, George W. Hubbard, Joseph E. Howe jun,, Frank B. Howe, John F. Hobbs, Lieut. John B. Hubbard, Lieut. Hannibal A. Johnson p July 2, Capt. Gorham S. Johnson, Thomas Keenan, Major Kelley, James Leighton, William E. Laughton, John H. Lowell, O. jSI. Charles H. Lincoln, Jackson M. Libbey, Byron Lowell, William E. Mathews, George O. Morrill w at Chantilly, Charles C. Morrill, Capt. John M. Nash, George E. Nason, J. Edwin Nye, Capt. George A. Nye, Alonzo D. Pottle, John A. Paine w July 1 63, George W. Piper w Oct. 19 64, MILITARY HISTORY. ]29 Charles B. Rogers k July 2 63, Sanford E. Runnells d June 16 62, George S. Ricker, George O. Russell w at Manassas, Joshua Robinson, Frank B. Runnells, William F. Richards, Ferdinand S. Richards p Oct. 62, Lieut. John S. Snow, Joseph W. Swain, Frank E. Sager, Ben- jamin A. Smith, Lieut. John W. Sanborn, Charles Smith p, Spooner Simmons, Stephen Simmons, William B. Smith, Richard D. Smith, Henry A. Swanton, Stephen H. Simmons p at Richmond, Eben S. Stevens w at Malvern Hill, Charles Tobey, John Tommony, John Tomony, Thomas E. Wagoner, William White, Reuben A. Went- worth, Francis H. Weymouth, Noah F. Weeks, George S. Wood- bridge, William Wiley. Albert T. Wharton, Amos Webber jnn. d at Georgetown Jan. 14 62, William '\\'illis, Horace F. Woods, Charles H. Watson, George Webber w at Chancellorsville, Samuel Wannofsky p June 30 62, Edward Willis. Litchfield. — Surg. Enoch Adams, George Allen, George A. W. Bliss, William H. Bosworth, Lieut. James S. Burke, George S. Buker, R. Franklin Chase, Charles F. Campbell, Charles H. Chick, George H. Douglass, Edward H. Dunn w at Gaines Hill d Apr. 16 64, Watson Foster, Alphonso C. Gowell, Emery Gilbert, Frank Gilbert, Lewis E. Grant, Levi Gordon, w at Manassas, Page F. Grover, John C. Grover d at New Orleans Nov. 12 63, Charles M. Hattin, John H. Hayden, George A. Howard, Joseph E. Howard, Bradford T. Howard, William K. Huntington, G. H. Huntington, Edward L. Knowlton w at Chan- cellorsville May 3 63, Lieut. J. Edwin Libby d Sept. 16 63, Lieut. Joseph E. Latham, Benjamin Landers, Thomas H. Lombard p July 23 63, George M. Maxwell k at Fredericksburg May 4 63, Darius Meader, George Meader, Joseph Meader, John W. Neal k in action June 19 63, John Potter w May 5 64, Joseph E. Perry, John Perry d Jan. 15 64, Joseph J. Perry, Cyrus Perry, Warren D. Stuart, Orrin A. True, H. S. Vining, Jones M. Waire, Hutchinson E. Williams, Thomas S. Wedge wood. Manchester. — Isaac L. Brainard d June 29 62 at New Orleans, Her- bert T. N. Brainard d Mar. 22 62 at Ship Island, Xerxes O. Campbell, James G. Cummings, Augustus A. Caswell, Greenleaf D. Greely, Seth D. Gordon, John L. Hatch, Joseph T. Hewins, Elias Howard, Silas F. Leighton w July 2 63, William H. Lyon w at Manassas, Henry F. Lyon k at Shepherdstown July 16 62, L. W. Merrill d Nov. 6 62, Wel- lington Murray d at Fernandina Aug. 22 62, Wellington Murney, Ira Mason, George B. Safford, Joseph H. Spencer, Thomas Sun, Alton M. Stackpole, George E. Tums, John H. Varney. Monmouth. — Nathaniel Billington d at Point Lookout Sept 18 62, William A. Bowers d Dec. 25 62, Nathaniel Boynton, Lieut. William H Briggs k May 30 64, William H. H. Brown, John Chick. Capt. Gran- ville P. Cochrane, Lewis H. Cushman, Asa W. Cummings d at Wash- 9 130 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. ington, Warren S. Folsom d 62, Andrew J. Fogg w May 4 63, Frank M. Follynsbee, Horace C. Frost, Adj. Henry O. Fox w at Fair Oaks, Otis H. Getchell, Charle.s F. Oilman, John O. A. Oilson, Nathaniel O. Gilson, Joshua Oray, Valentine R. Orey, Oeorge B. Hall p at Antie- tam, Francis Hall, Silas E: Hinkley d Oct. 30 63, Charles H. Hinkley, John B. Hodsdon, George H. Hutchins, John Ingersoll, William H. Jones, Thompson S. Keenan, Charles K. Keenan, Henry F. Leach, Harlow Z. Murch, W. Scott Norcross w June 27 62, Capt. Greenleaf K. Norris, John B. Parsons, Shepard Pease d Aug. 6 62, S. B. Plummet, Solomon O. Prescott, Josiah T. Smith, George Small, Nathaniel M. Smith, Joseph S. Taylor, Emeelus S. Tozier, Milburn S. Tozier, Frank Wardsworth, Edward P. White, Lieut. Spencer F. Wadsworth, Lieut. John F. Witherell, Elias H. Wadsworth. Mt. Vcrno)i. — Ansel H. Cram, Roscoe G. Cram, Capt. John P. Car- son, Samuel Davis, Benjamin F. Griffin, Calvin C. Griffin, George W. Griffin, F. M. Oilman, John H. Gordon w at Slaughter Mountain, De- lano Leighton, Otis McOaffey d at Frederick.sburg Nov. 30 62, George McOaffey, William B. Morse, Daniel S. Norris, George G. Potter, Jo- siah F\ Pearl d July 6 63, George M. Rollins, Edwin L. Robinson d at New Orleans June 23 62, Wesley Storer d Jan. 29 62, C. E. Scofield, Henry Sargent, Leroy H. Tuttle, John R. Teague, Oliver Trask d in hospital May 10 62, Everard Thing p at Winchester w, O. J. Wells, Parker Wyman. Coolidge Whitney, Verona AVhittier, T. J. Woods p at Bull Run, George Whittier, James M. Wright, Charles B. Williams, George W. Woods, Lorenzo W^eston, Cyrus M. W^illiams. Pittston. — Walter N. Boynton, Daniel Brookings, John G. Boynton, Harrison H. Blair d Oct. 16 62, Kendall Bickford, Hiram W. Colburn, W^illiam Connor, Levi Connor, William Denene, Lewis Gray d Feb. 20 63, vSeth Hunt, Capt. Eben D. Haley w Oct. 19 64, Simeon F. Hunt ■d June 3 62, Rodney C. Harriman, Alexander T. Katon d July 8 62, Robert A. Morton, Daniel M. Moody w July 2 63, Andrew Nelson, John L. Newhall, George W. Nichols, Alvin A. Potter, David Potter, Daniel Plummer, Millen Potter, Thomas A. Richardson, Joseph A. Shea, Joseph W. Stewart, Calvin R. Sears, Joseph A. Spea, George W. Thompson, Franklin Trask, Charles L. Ware, C. L. C. Wease. RcadfiAd.—]dWxi F. Brown d at Hilton Head Dec. 5 61, Charles C. Brown w July 18 63, Henry G. Blake, Lewis F. Brown d at Little Washington Va. Aug. 4 62, Lemuel S. Brown, William P. Caldwell k July 4 62, Benjamin J. Cram, James L. Craig, Lieut Hamlin F. Eaton, Elias H. Gove, Robert Gordon, Lieut. Dudley L. Haines, John M. Howes, William H. Howard, Abner Haskell d Jan. 2 63, Lieut. Charles B. Haskell w at Fair Oaks d June 12 62, Herbert Hunton, Emory L. Hunton, Samuel Hunton, George W. Handy, George H. Holden, Den- nis B. Jewett, Lieut. Noah Jewett, Charles R. Kitteridge, Franklin M. La Croix, George Lyons, Capt. Melville C. Linscott, William H. MILITARY HISTORY. 131 Linscott, Joseph S. Merrill, David A'. Merrill, Elijah A. Mace, Joseph S. Morrill, Auburn Merrill, Charles S. Morse. Jacob P. Morrill w at Fair Oaks, Michael Moran, Hugh S. Newall, Anson B. Perkins, Chris- topher C. Putnam, Thomas H. B. Pierce, Thomas A. Packard, Oscar E. Robbins, Bradbury N. Thomas, Zadoc H. Thomas, Henry C. Thomas, Alvaro S. Whittier, Charles H. Williams, Elbridge G. Wright, George W. Wright, Hebron M. Wentworth, Cyrus B. Whittier. Rome. — Arthur Mclntire, Wheelock Moshier, William H. Charles, Russell Clement, Lafayette Clement, Abram S. Brooks. Sidney.— Z\i2iX\Q& H. Arnold p at Gettysburg July 2 63, Perry Arnold. Calvin Bacon, William E. Brown w at Gettysburg, Joseph A. Clark d in prison June 22 64, Francis O. Dealing, Allen H. Drummond w Dec. 13 63, William Ellis, Charles T. Ellis, George A. Ellis k at Chantilly, Henry Field, Ausburn Hutchins, James H. Mathews, - George W. Nason p May 2 63. Hiram G. Robinson, Greenleaf W. Robinson p May 2 63, Joel F. Richardson, Charles H. Robinson, John E. Shaw d at New Orleans Aug. 17 62, Augustus M. Sawtelle, August- ine P. Smiley w at Bull Run, Henry AV. Sawtelle, John R. Sawtelle, •Charles W. Smiley, Charles Snell, Allen Smith, James A. Thomas, ■George F. Wixen, William Henry Young. Unity Plantation. — George Davis, Samuel A. Myrick. Vassalboro.—Q,\i2iX\&& F. Austin, Albert C. Ballard p at Richmond July 21 61, Llewellyn Ballard w and p at Richmond July 21 61, Lean- der Bean, Joab D. Bragg, Lewis Bragg, George E. Burgess, Jefferson Bragg, William H. Brown d Oct. 24 62, Daniel W. Buzzell, Edmund P. Buck, Frederick O. Chick. Eugene AV. Cross, Antone Cady, Benja- min B. Coombs, Alonzo P. Cortland, Daniel Eaton, Jeremiah A. Estes k Aug. 25 64, James R. Eaton, AVilliam Elliott, Lorenzo Farmington, George R. Freeman, George L. Freeman d at AVashington Dec. 19 61, James Farrell, H. P. Fairfield, Frank Forbes p at Bull Run July 21 61 k May 5 64, John E. Fossett w at Chantilly and Gettysburg July 2 63, Edwin P. Getchell, Edwin F. Getchell, A^an T. Gilbert, Alonzo Hinckley d Sept. 20 62, Thomas E. Home d Apr. 25 62, Orrick H. Hopkins, James W. Irving, AVilliam H. Irving, Asa AA^. Jaqueth, Ben- jamin Lamson, John W. Livermore, William AA''. Livermore w July 2 63, Samuel Lisherness, Henry Lyon k in action, Timothy Merrow, Horace S. Mills w in action, John McCommic, Capt. Richard AV. Mul- len w at Baton Rouge, George C. Morrow, AVilliam A. Merrill d Feb. 6 62, Cyrus M. Major d Dec. 9 63, Nathaniel Meigs d Nov. 13 62, John M. Mower, Allen W. Mills, John Morrow, Alamber H. Pray, Isaac C. Pratt, Benjamin Parker, Nathaniel P. Randall, George S. Rollins d of wounds received at Fredericksburg, William A. Robinson d Oct. 8 62, W. J. Rowe, AVilliam B. Shaw d Nov. 1862, George W. Sabins, Tim- othy Small jun., Edwin Small, Alonzo Stillings, George A. vStillings. Charles A. Smart w July 2 63, Lieut. Bradford AA^. Smart p at Manas- 132 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. sas, Charles H. Stone, G. W. Seward, Cyrus Southards, James H. Tay- lor, Nathan P. Taber p at Bull Run July 21 61, Albert Varney k in action, Orrison Warren, Hermon S. Webber w at Fair Oaks June 4 62 d Aug. 10 62, Elisha T. Weymouth, William Wentworth, Daniel Weeks, George A. Wills, James W. White, William Weiler, Charles H. Whitehouse, Eben W. Young p at Richmond. J"ic;nia.— H. G. Colby, Charles D. Hall, Daniel A. Lord, Jethro Brown, Marcellus Wells, Thomas Penn Rice, Warren Ladd d Dec. 24 61, Stephen P. Evans, Francis W. Ladd p at Annapolis, Orren B. Whittier d at New Orleans Nov. 20 62, Henry W. King, George Lord, Emulus F. Whittier. JVayue. — Stephen Allen, William H. Bean, Rufus N. Burgess, Francis Burgoine, James W. Boyle, Franklin Burrell, David Berry, Charles D. Crosby, Lieut. Archibald Clark w May 17 64, Hermon N. Dexter, Samuel T. Foss d at Ship Island 62, Darius Harriman, Lieut. Nelson H. Norris w. Greenwood Norris d July 30 62, William H. Prince d at Baton Rouge July 30 62, William R. Raymond w July 2 63, Ephraim D. Raymond d in New Orleans 62, George W. Ray- mond, Lyman E. Richardson w at Bull Run d at Manassas, Capt. Win- field Smith, John O. Sullivan, AVilliam Stevens. Waterville. — George T. Benson, George W. Bowman d May 13 62, James K. Bacon, George Bacon, David Bates w p at Richmond July 21 61 d of wounds, Charles Bacon d Nov. 3 of wounds received Oct. 27 64, Henry W. Barney, Levi Bushier, Thomas Butler, Daniel Black- stone, Horace Bow, John H. Bacon w July 2 63, William K. Barrett d at Richmond 62, William H. Bacon, Charles I. Corson, Andrew J. Cushman, Robert Cochran, Albert Corson d of wounds July 2 63, James M. Curtis, William H. Clapp, Henry Crowell, Baxter Crowell, George W. Davis w at Gettysburg, Henry Derocher p June 24 62, Charles W. Derocher, Lieut. John R. Day p June 20 63, James Dusty, Hadley P. D3'er, Luther N. Eames, Shepherd Eldridge w at Freder- icksburg, Charles A. Fenno, Henry N. Fairbanks, Hiram Fish d at Culpepper Oct. 4 63, Asst. Surg. Frank H. Getchell, John F. Goodwin, George Geyrough, Serg. Maj. Marshall P. Getchell, Cyrus C. Galusha, Henry Goulding p May 2 63, David B. Gibbs, David B. Gibbs jun. d Apr. 1 63, Lieut. Samuel Hamblen, Col. William S. Heath k at Gaines Hill June 27 62, Lieut. Col. Francis E. Heath, Lieut. Col. Frank S. Hesseltine, Capt. William A. Hatch, Charles A. Henrickson p at Rich- mond July 21 61, Adj. Frank W. Haskell, Algernon P. Herrick w at Chantilly, John S. Hodgdon, Albro Hubbard p, Isaiah H. James, Charles R. Kendall, George Lashers, George Littlefield, Albert G. Libbey, Solomon B. Lewis, Edward C. Low, Lieut. Charles AV. Lowe, Lieut. Edwin C. Lowe, Gott Lubier, Michael McFadden, Capt. George A. Mclntire, Watson Marston, John N. Messer, George M. Maxham, Hezekiah O. Nickerson, Sylvanus Nook, Paul Oeward, Lafayette Oli- MILITARY HISTORY. 133 ver, William Penney, Capt. James H. Plaisted, John H. Plummer, Nathaniel Parley, Henry P. Perley, Gott Pooler, George Perry w May 20 64, William D. Peavey, Joseph M. Penney d at Waterville Nov. 19 62, Joseph Perry k Aug. 80 62, Peltiah Penney, Peter Preo, Charles Perry, Edw. S. Percival, Frank D. Pullen, James Perry w at Gettys- burg July 2 63, Abram Ranco, Moses Renco, Lucius Rankins, James F. Ricker, Elisha M. Rowe, William Rowe, David Seavey, Charles R. Shorey, Jacob Shurburne, Major Abner R. Small, Jason K. Stevens, Frank O. Smiley, Charles W. Thing, Henry A. Thing, John Tallus, Welcome Thayer, Lieut. Henry E. Tozier w May 20 64, Albert Tozier d in Waterville, Asa L. Thompson d Dec. 26 62, Levi Vique, Hos. St. W. W. West, George L. Wheeler k at Chantilly, William W. Wyman w at Bull Run, Henry White d at Fredericksburg Oct. 20 62, Alvin B. Woodman, Eugene H. Young. IVest Gardiner. — Joseph Edwin Babb, Jeremiah C. Bailey, Amos J. Bachelder, George W. Bailey w July 2 63, Hiram Babb, Lieut. Alfred G. Brann, Lieut. Cyrus W. Brann, James S. Burns, Charles A. Cooke, William O. Davis, Stephen S. Emerson, Henry Fairbanks, George E. Grover, William F. Haines, Adams Johnston p at Bull Riin July 21 61, William H. Jewett, Seward Merrill. Charles J. McCausland, L. D. Mc- Kinney, Horace Morrill, Ferdinand A. Nudd, Dexter W. Page, Wil- liam H. Peacock, Cyrus S. Peacock, Hubbard C. Smith, Daniel S. Smith, Ari Thompson, Ebenezer Whitney. Windsor. — Samuel R. Cottle d in service 64, James O. Carroll p at Manassas, E. B. F. Colby, Albert A. Craig, Francisco Colburn .William Dockendorff, Byron H. Farrington d at Washington Aug. 22 62, Capt. John Goldthwait, George Gray, William H. Hewitt, Daniel Hallowell, S. C. Huntley, Francis J. Lacey, William Lisherness, William B. Mar- •son, George L. Marson, Melmouth M. Marson d Jan. 22 64, Oakman W. Marson, Daniel Melvin d at New Orleans Sept. 30 62, George A. Pollard, Nathan Peva, George H. Pevea, Freeman C. Pera, Harrison Reed, Seth Rhines, Edward W. Sanborn, Wentworth L. Sampson, Lu- cius S. vStarkey, David Stevens, Reuel W. Trask, Lieut. Marcellus Vin- ing w May 12 64. Winsloiv.—]. Holman Abbott, George A. Baker, Elisha S. Baker, Daniel Burgess, George H. Bassett, Rial M. Bryant w at Fair Oaks d June 7 62, George W. Boulter, Charles H. Burgess k June 20 64, Fran- cis E. Chadwick, Simon McCausland, George C. Drummond, Daniel H. Elliott, Serg. Maj. Andrew W. Fuller, James E. Fox, Edward F. Garland, Martin V. Guptill, John L. Hale, Llewellyn E. Hodges, Max- cey Hamlin. Charles W. Jackins, Assenius Littlefield, George L. Mor- rill, Isaac Morrill, George P. Morrell, Addison Morrill, Edward B. Merrill, Frank E. Nelson, Albion Osborn, Asa Pollard d at Yorktown June 62, Homer Proctor, Henry Pollard, Otis Pollard w July 22 63, Charles Pillsbury, William Pollard d Dec. 4 62, Hiram S. Pollard, 134 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Rufus Preble k at Antietam, George A. Pollard. George W. Pillsbury p at New Orleans July 21 61, William T. Prebble, Harri.s C. Quinby, Amasa Spaulding, Henry Spaulding, Charles E. Smiley, Sharon C. Taylor, William H. Taylor, Seward A. Wood, Hiram C. Webber d of wounds Aug. 18 63, Oliver W. Wilson d July 27 62. Wint/irop. — Andrew P. Bachelder d at Andersonville, Orrin G. Babb, William H. Burgess k July 2 63, John W. Bussell, George A. Butler p July 2 63 d Andersonville, Andrew C. Butler, William P. Bailey, Samuel Ballantine, Weston Burgess, John Bessee, Frank Beal w May 16 64, Rish worth A. Burgess, Franklin S. Briggs, George W. Chandler, Franklin Buyer, Thomas M. Daniels, Charles H. Dearborn p Ander- sonville, Stephen H. Day mortally w Sept. 20 63, John Dealy jun. k June 9 63, AVilliam Durham mortally w Sept. 62, Lieut. William Elder,. James M. Forsaith, Melville N. Freeman, Thomas R. Forsaith, David P. Freeman w at Fair Oaks, Warren A. Friend p near Richmond June 29 62, Albert H. Frost k at Gettysburg July 2 63, Calvin B. Green, David Grant d at New York June 13 62, Edwin Goldthwait, John F. Ga.slin w at Fair Oaks, Christopher Hammond, James M. Holmes, Ivory C. Hanson, Capt. Thomas S. Hutchins, Elijah T. Jacobs, Henry Judkins, Lieut. Bimsley S. Kelley, Lieut. Daniel Lothrop, Solomon A. Nelke, George Perkins, Daniel W. Philbrook p at Chancellorsville, Lieut. Henry Penniman w July 2 63, Elias Pullen, Orrin Quint, Capt. William L. Richmond, James C. Ricker p July 2 63, Sumner H. Stan- ley, Charles H. Smiley, Joseph H. Sterns, Charles J. Sterns, Patrick H. Snell, Charles D. Sleeper, Edward F. Towns, Edward K. Thomas k May 6 64, Stephen A. Thurston, George W. Upton d at Yorktown May 19 62, George W. Williams, A. G. H. Wood w at Gettysburg July 2 63, William G. Wilson k in action, Andrew Woodbury. The president's call of July 2, 1862, for 300,000 volunteers chilled the hearts of men like the clang of a death-knell. The youthful pas- sion for war that gave the first summons all the joyous peal of the ■wedding chimes had now subsided. The beautiful vista of valient achievements and brilliant victories which fancy painted had grad- ually faded away, and, like a dissolving view from the stereoscope, war, hideous in its vestments of blood and carnage, had taken its place on the screen. The days of filling state quotas by the impulse of chivalry were gone. Some inducement must be offered to exchange the then highly remunerative pursuits of civil life for the dangers of war. At the special session of the legislature called by Governor Washburn, to which the attention of the reader has already been called, a bounty equal to two months' pay was appropriated. As the novelty of war gradually wore off and men became more self-conservative, many of the towns offered an additional bounty. With this last call for volunteers the state promptly offered an increase of fifteen dollars for enlistments in new regiments, and twenty dol- MILITARY HISTORY. 135 lars to recruits for regiments already in the field. But even this and the liberal government bounty failed to arouse enthusiasm sufficient to insure the completion of some of the local quotas. To meet this emergency and counteract the effect of the exorbitant bounties offered by some of the wealthy municipalities in other New England states, many of the towns followed their example and appropriated sums reaching, in many instances, four hundred dollars per capita. The reader can readily apprehend the effect of this measure on some localities. The quota being based entirely on the population of the communities, those small towns which had not the accompani- ment of wealth with a large citizenship were unequally burdened. To meet and equalize this oppression of the less opulent localities the legislature of 1868 passed an act authorizing that each town, city and plantation should receive as a reimbursement from the state one hun- dred dollars for each man furnished for the military service for a term of three years, under the call of July 2, 1862, and all subsequent calls, and in the same proportion for any man furnished for any shorter period. A commission of three persons was appointed by the governor to audit the claims of towns. By this commission certificates were issued to the towns, duplicates of which were deposited with the state treas- urer. On presentation of a certificate to the latter functionary by the treasurers of the municipalities, bonds of the state were issued to the towns for the amount of their claims in even hundreds of dollars with a currency payment of all fractional excesses. A loan of $2,827,500 was procured on twenty year bonds of the state bearing six per cent, semi-annual interest. No town which furnished its quota without the payment of at least one hundred dollars per capita was entitled to reimbursement under this act, unless the town appropriated the amount thus received to the benefit of the soldiers who enlisted, or were drafted, or, if deceased, to their legal heirs. Thus it became the duty of the selectmen of the respective towns to file lists of their citizens' military service under enlistments after July 2, 1862. These original rolls, by towns, authenticated by the selectmen's signatures, are among the most reliable documents in the adjutant general's office. The 3,813 names of enlisted men in the succeeding list aire from those documents, transcribed for these pages, by Captain Thomas Clark, of the adjutant general's office. A/h'ofi.— Moses Atkinson, Lieut. Amos J. Billings d July 28 63, Howard S. Bessey, Selden E. Brann, David Brown, Albert B. Brown, Emery Bruce, George Bolton, Charles A. Coleman, James A. Craig, Luther W. Crosby, Lewis H. Cofran, Seth R. Clark, Persia B. Clifford, John F. Clifford. Samuel Charlton, James H. Coombs, Isaac N. Coombs, John E. Copeland, William T. Cressey, Luther Davis, Charles A. Douglass, William D. Doe, Robert Dingley, John Donnough, Had 136 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. ley P. Doe, Martin V. Eldridge, Caleb F. E^tes, Josiah Edwards, George W. Flood, Charles L, Feldtman, Albert P. Farnham, Charles G. Fowler, Edward Fox, John M. Gaslin, Henry S. F. Gerald, Joseph C. Gilman, George W. Gilman, Henry A. Griffith, Charles P. Gove, George W. Griffith, Adj. Sanford Hanscom, James Hodgkins, Cyrus S. Hamilton d, Eben Hanely, George F. Hopkins w May 6 64, Lewis E. Hopkins, Lewis E. Hovey, John M. Hussey, vStafford B. Jones, Charles Keene,Wil- liam G. Kidder, Joshua Knights, William Leonard w May 6 64, Charles H. Libby, Rufus F. Lancaster, George W. Longfellow, Albert P. Leavitt, Isaac H. Libby d June 28 63, Herbert E. Lewis, Samuel Longley, Davis McDonald, Andrew G. Mudgett, George F. Martin, George Meader, John Mains, Jeptha C. Murch, Joseph L. Nado, Albert Nor- ton, Isaac Y. Pierce, George F. Pease, Ezra A. Pray, Allen Parmeter, Alphonso C. Pray, Lieut. Osborn J. Pierce, George Rutledge, Calvin Rollins, Benjamin F. Runnels, Daniel Rollins, Simon Spaulding, Lieut. Joseph H. Spencer, Andrew H. Smiley d in Albion Aug. 19 63, Erastus M. vShaw, Edwin Staples, Warren B. vStinson, Orrin F. Stinson d Dec. 15 64, John F. Stackpole, William G. Stratton, Charles Seekins, Josephus Simpson, Gardiner P. Smiley d Mar. 28 63, E. N. D. Small, James M. Tyler k near Petersburg Oct. 24 64, Lieut. William H. Tabor, Charles B. Tabor, A. S. Weed, Algernon Weymouth, Isaac W. Whit- taker, George M. Wiggin, Eugene Worthens, Orrin T. White, Nathan S. Winslow d in rebel prison Aug. 13 64, Samuel Wilder, Charles T. Whitten, Olney Worthens. Augusta. — Peter Adley, Louis Alexander, Leverett A. Albee, George Allen w, Judson Ames, Charles Annable w May 12 64, Edward Ander- son, George W. Andrews, Lieut. William R. Anderson, Lieut. Hol- man B. Anderson, Charles Arnold, Daniel Anderson, W. F. Applegate, Edgar Atkins, H. D. Austin, Charles \V. Allen, Charles H. Arnold, Charles S. Avery paroled p Dec. 7 64, Riley B. Avery, George E. Allen, Orlando R. Achorn, Roscoe G. Avery, John G. Abbott, John F. Arnold w Oct. 13 64, Edward Austin d June 13 65, Charles F. Applebee, George Arbo, Josiah S. Arey jun., Charles M. Batchelder, Byron Branch, Wil- liam M. Brick, Cyrus Bishop, William Burns, Charles Bushey, Benj. F. Barrows w and p 64, Amasa M. Bennett, Q. M. George W. Brown, William W. Bruce, S. H. Billington, Thomas G. Billington, John S. Brown d in Libby Prison Nov. 63, James D. Brooks w Dec. 13 62, James Britt, Samuel G. Brannan, Stephen B. Brannan, Joshua E. Black- well, John H. Babcock, Darius Brooks d of wounds June 18 64, Joseph Brooks, William A. Brown, William Bolton, George H. Brick, Lieut. George A. Barton w May 6 64, James E. Bell, Benjamin Backliff, Ed- ward K. Bacon, Lieut. Silas C. Barker p at Manassas, Isaac D. Billing- ton, Edward Brady, Chap. Horace L. Bray, Thomas Brennan, Surg. George E. Brickett, Jesse M. Black, John W. Blomvelt, Walter L. Boynton, John W. Boynton, Peter R. Breen, Charles L. Brann, John >riLITARy HISTORY. 137 H. Breene, Capt. Uriah W. Briggs, Col. Edwin Burt, Lieut. William H. Briggs, Jcseph L. Brown, Joseph Bushey, William Barber, William Bready, John Buderman, Jonas Bruce, Joseph Bunk, Frank Babbitt, Charles F. Berry, Samuel Berry, Charles H. Bradbury, William Buck- man, Hezekiah Bean, George H. Brackett, Isaac Bennett, Charles Clark, Augustus Chadwick, Charles C. Chagnon, Rodger Connelly d in rebel prison, Andrew Clark jun., Everett Colson, Richard Cunning- ham, Ezra G. Ca,swell jun., Thomas Cready, Thomas Clow, John Cun- ningham. John Canton, William Collins, James P. Capron, Alonzo Clark, Charles O. Cha.se, Thomas Cole, Anthony Conway, Morris Cogan, Rowland S. Clark d Feb. 27 63, Charles E. Caswell, David B. Cole, Albert Call, Lieut. William Campbell, William A. Campbell, Frank Carlin, Judah A. Chadwick. Elbridge G. Chick, George E. Cham- berlin d in rebel prison Nov. 11 64, Reuel Chamberlin, Horace Church, Leander M. Clark, Reuel Clark paroled p, .Stephen R. Clark, Theodore Clark d in rebel prison Nov. 1 64, George M. Clark, Clinton G. Clark, James H. Cook. John A. Clark, Llewellyn Clough, Joseph Cogan, John Connor, Lieut. George Cony, Lucius Cony, Robert A. Cony jun., Surg. Richard L. Cook, Eugene W. Cross, Robert Cochrane, Robert Crawford, Lieut. Warren Cox, Charles Cunningham, Maj. Nathan Cutler, Uriah Cunningham w June 26 64, D. H. Cunningham, Henry C. Daley, James Davis k May 8 64, David Day, Henry Day, William H. Day, Serg. Maj. John N. Dennen, George W. Dill d in hospital Feb. 4 6.^, William H. Dill, Benjamin R. Dingley, Lieut. Ed- ward P. Donnell, Benjamin Douglass w July 20 64, Thomas Doyle, John E. Dresden, Edmund M. Dunham, Dan forth Dunton, Capt. Robert T. Dyer, Sylvester Davis, James F. Doyle, George H. Devine, Thomas Doyle, John W. Dinsmore, Henry S. Donnell, George W. Dudley, Henry Dresser, Kneeland A. Darrow, Charles Dickson, William Dwyer, Peter Donnelly, George Donahoe, John F. Duggan, Frank Edgerty, Cyrus H. Elems w June 8 64, Charles F. Emerson, Sylvester S. Fall, Samuel S. P'arnham, Gustavus A. Farrington d Oct. 30 64, Edmund Fay, George E. Field, Dennis Finnegan, George H. Fisher, Roland R. Fletcher, Edward Fogler w Aug. 18 64, Henry G. Frizzell, D. FuUock, Eugen S. Fogg, Miles Frain, Francis J. Folsom, Augustine Fowler, John Fenney, John Feeny, John Fitzgerald, Patrick Flenning, William J. P'orbes, Andrew Fox, Alfred F. Gage, Marcellus Gale, Harvey R. Getchell, Artemus K. Gilley, P. P. Getchell, Lieut. Fred W. Gilbreth, Merritt Goodwin, Daniel Gordon, Charles H. Gordon d about June 15 64, Solomon Gordon, James R. Gordon, Josiah H. Gordon, William O. Grady, Leonard J. Grant d Mar. 6 64, Mark C. Grant, Calvin P.Green, John F. Greeley, Elbridge Gardiner, Edward Grover, John Greene, Lorenzo W. Hackett, Elisha Heath jun., Otis Haskell, William F. Hus- sey, Warren C. Harlow, Thomas A. Harvey, Abner Haskell, Hadley O. Hawes, Charles R. Haynes, John Hayes, Capt. Albion Hersey, Ed- 138 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. ward H. Hicks, Charles E. Higgins, Henry Hodsdon, William H> Holmes, William Holmes, Charles P. Hubbard, George A. Hussey w July 3 63, Merrill Hussey, John F. Hussey, Capt. Charles K. Hutchins, Alonzo F. Hill. George H. Heath, Henry W. Hawes d Apr. 9 63, Simon Higgins, Amos A. Hansom, Greenfield P. Hall, Harvey A. Hovey^ Valentine Holt, Daniel W. Hume, Patrick Hynes, David Haggerty, James Higgins, Henry Hugh, John Howard, F. H. Hamilton, John Hogan. Harry Ingraham, Martin Ingraham w June 14 63, Thomas F. Ingraham, John Jenkins, James Jordan, Lieut. Hannibal A. Johnson, John Johnson, William J. Johnson, Frank Jones, Llewellyn Jones^ William Jung, William O. Kaherl, John Kavanagh, Stephen Keating, Edward B. Keene, Isaac Keene, John W. Kenney, Michael Kennedy, George Kelly, Thomas H. Kimball, William King, Henry G. Kimball w Aug. 16 64 d Dec. 12 64, Charles N. Kincaid w May 18 64, George W. Ladd, Frank H. Lailer, Col. Moses B. Lakeman, Nathaniel Lane k May 6 64, John Larrabee p June 29 64, Cyrus A. Langton, Hampton W. Leighton w at Gettysburg 63, Thomas Lilley d in rebel prison Nov. 16 64, Robert A. Lishness, Ruel Littlefield, Amasa Lord, Converse Lowell, Judson A. Lovejoy, Newman B. Lane, Robert Lishness, John Leighton, John Laughton, Daniel Lane, Martin Lynch, George C. Lawrence, Nelson G. Libby, Reuel Lambard, Timothy Lucey, Cor- nelius Lane, William H. Lyon, David S. Lyon, Henry A. Mann, Adj. Joseph H. Metcalf, Josiah M. Morse, William Morgridge, Hiram C. Moody, Daniel McGrath, James McGrath, John H. Moore, H. W. Mer- rill d of disease Mar. 27 65, Francis McBride, Patrick Maloney, Joseph Meek, Stephen S. Morse, Daniel B. Morey w May 20 64, John McMas- ter jun., John McMaster, Daniel Mahoney p Oct. 63, James W. Miller, Melville Merrill, Milford Mahoney, George E. Maloon, Charles J. Mar- den, Ambrose Marriner, Alfred J. Marston p June 22 d Sept. 12 64, Benjamin R. Marston, Charles L. Marston, Henry C. Marston, George T. Mason, Enoch Merrill, Amos Merrill, Florentus R. Merrill, Capt. Joseph H. Metcalf, Eben McFarland, John H. Miller, Stephen Miller, Charles Mile, Stephen McKenney, Henry A. McMaster, Wilder Mc- Mitchell, Charles F. Moore, James Moren, Edward Miner, James Mc- Grath, James McGann, John Murphy, William Murphy p, Capt. J. D. My rick, Timothy Mahoney, Thomas Mmton, Fred E. Marshall, Daniel Murry, Fred Morrison, James Malone, Hugh McKenna, John R. Meyer, William F. Moody, Capt. William C. Morgan, William N. Mur- ray d of wounds Apr. 2 65, Eugene Moraney, Oliver Marr, Isaac Moody w May 6 64, William G. Merrill d of disease 63, Thomas Mur- phy, Jeremiah Murphy k at Middletown Oct. 19 64, Thomas J. Nary, Albert H. Norcross, Patrick Naughton, Albert P. Nichols, Lieut. A. J. Nichols, Charles F. Nichols w June 63 p June 28 64, John W. Nicholas, Col. Joseph Noble, John B. Nutting, John O'Brien, John O'Neal, Pat- rick O'Gara, Whitman L. Orcutt, James Orrick, Samuel Orr, Dennis MILITARY HISTORY. Iciy O'Brien, Samuel A. Packard, Albert H. Packard, James E. Parker, Charles B. Patterson, Daniel Pease, Frank W. Peaslee dof disease Mar. 6 65, George Peva, John W. Phinney, Augustus W. Plummer, Charles M. Phillips d Feb. 19 64, Allen Partridge, Capt. Edward C. Pierce, Phillip Piper p Oct. 19 64, George E. Pond, Charles H. Powers, Michael Powers, Joseph Pluskey, Jones F. Pratt, Eben E. Pushor, Nathan E. Quint, John Rappel, Sewall R. Reeves, Moses Richards, Orlando W. Richardson w May 16 64, Albert Ricker, James Rideout, Thomas B. Rideout, Andrew J. Riley, Lieut. George E. Rines, George F. Ray, Charles C. Rideout d Apr. 13 65, John Rollins, James B. Robbins w May 19 64, Philander W. Rowell, Franklin Ruffin, William Reed, Jo- seph Ruggles, Silas H. Runnell, Michael Ryan, Hollis M. Sabine, Capt. James M. Safford, Omar F. Savage, George Scates, Stephen M. Scates, Adj. Henry Sewall, Capt. Samuel G. Sewell, Lorenzo D. Shaw, Thomas Singleton, William B. Small, Augustus C. Smith, Augustus L. Smith, Charles F. Smith, Corp. George W. Smith, Wilson C. Smith, Lieut. William T. Smith. William E. Smith d in rebel prison Nov. 64, Orrin P. Smart w June 6 64, Greenlief Smart, Richard N. Smart, Jo- seph Snow, James F. Snow, Bt. Maj. G. T. Stevens, Lorenzo D. Stev- ens, George Stewart, Edward P. Sargent, John F. Short, David W. Small, John Stewart w July 9 64, Charles O. Stone, George A. Snow, Edwin F. Stone, Joseph M. Springer, Abraham Stickney, George H. Smith d at Augusta Maine Aug. 15 63, Homer R. Stratton, Albert M. Scott, Fred A. Sullivan, Daniel B. Savage, David Stuart, Michael Sul- livan, Patrick Sullivan, Jacob Sleeper, John Smith, August Smith, George Taylor, Howard W. Taylor, Richard C. Taylor, William W. Taylor, Everett Temple, Augustus G. Thomas, Lieut. James L. Thompson d of wounds June 6 64, Actor P. Thompson, William O. Tibbetts d of wounds May 1 64, Lauriston G. Trask, Anson T. Tilson, James R. Tibbetts, Henry Towle, Charles F. Tibbetts, Joseph A. Tur- ner, Sumner W. Turner, Albion R. R. Twombley, Nicholas Vickolby, Charles Victor, Theodore C. Van Clasburg, Charles De Villenenoe, Charles H. Wade, George Wall, Lieut. William H. H. Ware, Jeremiah Watkins, John O. Webster, Col. James W. Welch, Thomas Welch, Benjamin Wells, John P. Wells d in rebel prison Jan. 12 65, Eben Wellman, Benjamin H. Wescott, Charles H. White, Caleb F. Wade, William A. R. Withee, Andrew P. Webber, William T. C. Wescott, Philander E. Worthley, Stephen Wing, Oliver P. Webber, Joseph Whitney, Henry A. Whitney, Eben B. Whitney, Michael Whalen, Charles Woodman, John L. Watson, George N. White, Frank White, Oliver Woodbury, Joshua R. Webber d May 28 63, William H. H. Ware, John Wentworth d at Barrancas Fla. Dec. 10 64, Nathaniel W. White, True Whittier, Fred A. Wilson, John Wil.son, Albert N. Wil- liams d July 3 63, Frederick A. Williams, Henry Williamson, Holmes B. Williamson, Reuel Williams, John Wills, Gilmore S. Wing, Atwell J4U HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNT V. M. Wixson p 63, John H. Woodbury, Capt. Edward F. Wyman, Charles O. Wyman, William C. Young p d Aug. 24 64, David H. Young, A. J. Zimmerman. Belgrade— ]ose])\\ A. Ackley, isaac Adams, Charles Allen, Bowman V. Ames, George E. Andrews, John W. Austin, Thomas J. Austin d of wounds Oct. 27 64, Theodore Ayer. Charles A. Bailey, Edwin L. Barker, William B. Bates, Charles M. Bickford, Milford Bickford, Thomas M. Bickford, William Bickford d Mar. 24 63, George F. Bliss, Franklin Brann, George H. Boston, George F. Breeden, William Brooks, Frederick C. Brookings, Franklin L. Bumpus, William Bushee, James Cavanaugh, Sylvanus W. Chamberlain, Nathaniel F. Clark d in hospital July 29 65, George Clark, Charles A. Clement, Thomas Crosby, Asa J. Cummings, Joseph S. Cummings, Charles C. Damren, James C. Damren, Willard H. Darmen, Charles A. Davis, George Dow, Charles F. Ellis, Freeman Ellis, George W. Emerson, Amasa T. Fall, Lorenzo Farnham, Otis B. Faulkingham, Samuel Fitzherbert, Thomas W. Flint, Daniel L. Folsom, William T. Foss, Sylvester W. Giles, William Garrett, George Guptill w Oct. 19 64, George Grant, Lieut. Henry W. Golder, Charles B. Goldsmith, George W. Grose, Henry Grover, Franklin Grant, John J. Gundlack. Guard Guard, George W. Glidden, John Hammond jun., John Harris, Rufus H. Hopkins, Ausburn Hutchins, Levi Higgins, William H. Huskins, Cyrus Huff, Rodna Flegwood, Charles A. Hinkley, Charles L. Hutchings, P. P. Hutchins, Henry L Hotchkiss, Henry Huff, Samuel Jobbot, William Joneas, Silas P. Leighton, James A. Lombard, Allen Leavitt, Charles H. Lit- tlefield d at Frederick Md. Apr. 25 65, Acel A. Littlefield k June 20 64, Manselus N. Libby, William H. Leighton, William Mathews, Harthorn Marston, Edward H. Merchant d in hospital July 18 65, Asal L. Mer- chant d in hospital July 25 65, Lyman Maxwell p, H. A. Mills, Alex- ander McDavitt, Michael McLaughlin, George McMullen, Edwin G. Minot d in hospital Sept. 17 64, Stephen C. Mills, Alphonzo W. Mc- Kay, George W. Morrill, Ambrose Merrow, Charles B. Moseley, Flor- ence McCarty, James R. Nickerson, Everet A. Penney, William A. Parker, Fred B. Philbrick, John Patridge, Greenwood C. Pray, John W. Pray, Reuben H. Pray, John Putman, Fred E. Patridge, Leonard H. Pratt, George F. Parks, Gideon Powers, Asst. Surg. Ingraham G. Richardson, Joel Richardson, Royal Richardson d Aug. 15 63, J. D. Rhoades, William Rankins, Henry Richardson, Peter W. Swan d Apr. 1 64,' Cathbert E. Stonehouse, Charles Simmons, Henry J. Spaulding, Edward L. Smith d Oct. 7 64, Aaron Simpson, George B. Stevens, Cy- rus Shaw, Elijah J. Stevens, Joel Spaulding, Jesse Spaulding, David Strong, George F. Smith, Arthur Stewart, Ezra W. Trask w May 5 d Sept. 14 64, William A. Tibbetts, Miles J. Temple, Thomas C. Wadley, John Worster w at Petersburg June 19 64, Hiram G. Wellman, John W. Weaver, Charles H. Webber, George Warren, William V. White- MILITARY HISTORY. 141 house k July 24 64, George D. Wyman, William E. Willey, John M. Williams, Ruel Williams, A. J. Woodbury, William Wilbur, Thomas S. Wyman, Alphonzo H. Wadley d of wounds July 2 64, Jotham D. Young. Benton.— Oliver Averill, Daniel R. Bartlett, Isaac S. Bicknell, Al- pheus Brown, James A. Brown, Charles S. Buken, Benjamin F. Buz- zell, Asbury Cole, Abijah Crosby, John Crowley, Daniel F. Davis, William L. Davis, Loren Dodge, John E. Dougla.ss, Leander H. Dow d from injuries May 19 65, George W. Flagg, Gershan Flagg, Stephen Flood, Daniel S. Foss, James H. Foster, Charles Gage, Alvin Gibson, Charles Giles, George W. Grace, John Gray, Albert Gray jun., Charles Goodale, David Goodale d of disease Apr. 28 6a, William H. Goodale, James Goodale, John M. Goodin, Joseph Conner, Freeman Hansworn, James F. Hern, Theodore V. Hill, James Henderson, Benjamin Hun- ter, John H. Hyer, Aaron Johnson, Henry Johnson, Isaac W. Kenner- son, John F. O. Malloy, Watson D. Marston, David Mason, John O. Dodge w Oct. 27 64, Frank McGray, S. F. McKenney, John A. McKinney, William H. Morrill, Richard McVinet, Charles Noble, Henry Noble, Thomas Pamphay, Noah S. Paul, Lyman Pettigrow, A. R. Preston, Frank Raneo, Charles B. Reed, Henry M. Reed, Albert Rideout, George A. Roundy, George F. Runnells, James Ryan, Cyrus Savage, C. W. Smith, John Smith, Charles H. Spaulding, Charles Spauldiug, Henry E. Spaulding, William Spaulding, John Spaulding, Hollis Spearing, Charles Spencer, Charles A. Speneer, Samuel Stacy, John H. Stephens, Alonzo Sylvester, Gershom F. Tarbell, Isaac Trask, Orrin S. Usher, Bowman Wood, Daniel Wood, Henry Wood, Ephraim Win.ship, Lorenzo Wyman. Chelsea.— Charles E. Ames, Charles M. Bailey k Apr. 6 64, William H. Bolton, George T. Blanchard, Samuel L. Blanchard, Cyrus Brann, Daniel C. Brown jun., Rinaldo Brown, Plummer H. Butler, Edwin Cappers, Rinaldo A. Carr, John M. Chase d Feb. 20 63, Stephen Cobb w May 27 63, Alfonzo C. Collins, Augustus H. Collins k July 30 64, Augustus Collins, Frank Condon, Albert Cooper, Frank Cooper, Uriah Cunningham, David P. Cornish, William A. Drake, James S. Emerson, George A. Evans, Charles F. French. Stephen H. French, Arnold L. Foye, William A. Foye, Joseph L. Haskell, James F. Has- kell, James Hogan, Joseph Irving, Ruel W. Keene. Wilbert W. Ken- iston, Otis W. Littlefield, Lorin N. Marston, Nathaniel H. Meader, Andrew Morang w May 12 64, William Morgan, Calvin Morang, Ce- phas Morang d July 17 63, Simon Morang, James G. Morang, Hiram Moulton, George H. Neal, Lyman C. Neal, Henry L. Patterson, Isaac L. Page, Reuben H. Page, John E. Page, George M. Perkins, Augus- tus H. Pinkham, Solomon H. Preble, Mark L. Rollins, Harrison B. Sanborn d 64. Charles M. Searls d June 8 63, Henry Stevens, Eben 142 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Tasker, James Wellman d July 7 64, Fred H.White, Henry E. White, Arad Woodbury d May 17 64, James M. Wright. China. — Edwin Alley, John L. Allen, John C. Andrews, Joseph E. Babb, F. S. Barnard, AVilliam Bell, Asst. Surg. David P. Bolster, •George A. Bosworth, Edmund Bragg, Everett H. Bridgham, John S. Briggs, Orpheus P. Brann, John Brown, Alonzo Burrill, John Burrill, Thomas E. Carpenter, Lendell S. Caswell, Gustavus B. Chadwick, -Charles F. Choate, Stillman Choate, Thomas F. Clark, Osgood Coffran, Ezekiel L. Cole p Aug. 19 61 d Feb. 2 65, William J. Cole, Elias Colla- tnore, Elisha Cooley, William B. Coombs. Joseph Coro w at Gettys- burg 63, Atwell J. Cross, Watson W. Cross, Greenlief P. Curtis, Philip W. Day, Aaron Davis jun., John D. Davis, Wallace A. E. De Beque, Addison G. Deering, Adolphus W. Doe, George L. Dow, John Doyle, James H. Ellis, Orren Emerson, Jacob Emery d Aug. 27 64, Jeremiah H. Estes, Isaac W. Fairbrother, William H. Fairbrother, Reuben M. Farrington d 64, John Farris, Alvanna V. Farris d July 24 64, Oscar M. Fernold, Abisha B. Fletcher, Capt. Alfred Fletcher, Charles B. Fletcher, Eben L. Fletcher, Edward A. Fletcher, Edwin A. Fletcher, Charles Fowler, Alden H. Frazier, Oscar S. Frost, James E. Fulton, Frederick G. Gage, Samuel S. Galligar, Joseph Gelcott jun., Samuel D. Giddings, F. C. Goodspeed, Charles B. Greeley, Alfred M. Hamlin, Thomas E. Har- rington, Joseph H. Haskell, Orrin A. Haskell, Oscar H. Haskell, George S. Hawes, Thomas E. Harrington, Myron C. Harrington, Am- brose B. Hanson, Quimby H. Hamilton d of disease Apr. 19 63, Ste- phen Harmon, Sylvester L. Hatch d of disease Sept. 23 65, Sumner Haskell, Joseph Hatch, J. W. Hall, Samuel C. Haskell, Edwin H. Hana, Andrew B. Hubbard, George K. Huntington w May 20 64, Fred E. Hutchinson, George H. Hussy, Charles H. Jackson, Willis J. James, Charles H. Johnson, Amos Jones, John Jordan, Edwin Kelley, Charles A. Ketchen d Jan 13 64, Charles Kellran, Amos Keller d Aug. 18 64 in Florida, J. Kempton, James Knichler d Sept. 18 64, Edwin D. Lee, Aaron Libby, Albanah H. Libby d in rebel prison, Llewellyn Libby, Moses Libby, Capt. Willard Lincoln, Charles F. Lord, Bartice vS. Luce, John C. Marston, Orville W. Malcolm, John S. Marsh, James H. Mathews, Edward A. Maxfield, Frederick Maxfield d at China 63, Henry W. Maxfield, Dustan McAllister, Charles McCavron jun., Gar- diner F. McDaniel, Burnam McKeene, Franklin Mitchell, Judson A. Mitchell d of di.sease Dec. 7 62, William W. Murphy, Winthrop Mur- ray, James E. Mosher, Charles H. Nelson, Erastus F. Nelson, John Norris, Thomas Norton, Henry B. Page, Laforest Parmater, James H. Peavey, George S. Percival, Avery Percival d of disease July 30 63, William Perham, Franklin A. Perry, Mark Porter, Abraham R. Pow- ers, Alden H. Priest, Charles Proctor, Lorin Proctor, George H. Ram- sell, Henry C. Rice, Franklin D. Robbins, John L. Robbins, William Robbins, Everett Robinson, H. G. Robinson, Timothy Robinson, MILITARY HISTORY. 143 'Henry A. Rogers, David Savage jun., Orrin L. Seco d Oct. 11 64, John H. Seekins, Eliab W. Shaw, Appleton W. Shorey p Aug. 19 64 d Feb. 64, Edwin Small, Herbert M. Starbird, Augu.stus H. Starkey d July 64, Samuel C. Starrett, William H. Squires, Benjamin F. Stetson, Charles F. Stevens, Charles B. Stuart, Alvin Sylvester, Henry H. Talbott, At- well A. Taylor, Samuel A. Taylor, Charles H. Temple, Charles E. Thomas, William L. Toby, William B. Toby, Ambrose E. Trask, James O. Trask, Charles W. Turner, Elias Tyler w July 2 63 d July 15 63. Charles F. Waite, Orren B. Ward d Aug. 10 64 in New Orleans, Wilbur N. Ward, George Wentworth, Abner D. Weeks, Albert R. Ward, Freeman C. Ward. Howard G. Ward, Uriah E. Ward, Thomas B. Washburn, Richard Welch, George Wentworth, Charles W. Wey- mouth, E. A. Whitney, John Q. A. Whitley, Andrew D. Wiggins, James M. Wright, Charles Worthing, William P. Worthing w May 12 64, James Wyman, Lorenzo York, Edwin F. Young. ;/;/rt.— Robert Baldwin, George AA^ Barker, Isaac A. Bent, James H. Bean, Leonard Bean, John Brown, Orlando Brown, Rice Brown, George W. Briggs, Charles S. Bunker, Jonathan Burgess, Nahum Cole, Jo.seph O. Colley, Valentine S. Cumner, Almon Cunningham, Edward E. Davis, Henry E. Dexter p July 1 68, Lendall C. Davis, Emulus M. Dearborn, Calvin H. C. Dearborn, Henry F. Dowst, John Alanson Dowst w May 19 64, Selden M. Dowst, vSewall Dolloff, Samuel D. Eaton, Frank Fairbanks, Josiah M. Fellows, Freeman C. Foss, Asst. Surg. Stillman P.Getchell, Dennis Grover d Nov. 20 62, Noah Hoyt, Upham MILITARY HISTORY. 155 A. Hoyt, Isaac M. Hutchins, George R. Ireland. John F.Johnson, Fred A. H. Jones, Silas R. Kidder, Samuel W. Kimball, Charles W. Kim- ball, Charles Ladd, Anthony W. Little, George Lord, Arno Little, Ethan Little, Eugene E. Mooers, John Augustus Morrill, John Morrill, Nathaniel B. Moulton, Charles L. Nichols, Charles E. Philbrick d in prison Dec. 28 64, James A. Pettengall, Augustus F. Smart, George A. Smith w May 6 64, Ephraim M. Tibbetts, Llewellyn Tozier, Daniel Tozier, Marcellus Wells, Alvah Whittier. Emulus F. Whittier, Fred M. Whittier, Henry Whittier, Howard Whittier, John Almon Whit- tier, Perley Whittier, Reuben D. Whittier, Charles H. Wight, Martin V. B. Williamson, Richard H. Wills, John R. Witham d in hospital July 3 65. IVaf^rviUf. —ChcLTles Abear, Manley Allen, George E. Alexander, Leroy Atkinson, John Avery, Col. Isaac S. Bangs, Charles Bacon, An- drew J. Basford, John H. Bacon, Alexander Bailey, John W. Barnes, John H. Bates, William Bates k at Gettysburg July 1 63, Nelson G. Bartlett, Portal M. Black, John Blair, Charles H. Blackstone, Daniel Black.stone, Capt. William E. Brooks, George C. Blackstone, William Blalentine w, Bennett Bickford, Cyrus Bickford, Hiram Billings, Asst. Surg. Frank Bodfish, Warren Boothby, Henry H.Bowden, Lieut. Mar- tin T. V. Bowman, Orrin Bracket, Elisha R. Branch, Milton H. Branch, James Brown, William W. Brown, John Bubier p, Levi Bushy, George H. Bryant, Charles M. Branch, John G. Calder, Joseph Cary, Henry A. Chandler, George Chase, Isaac Check, Albert M. Clark, Charles H. Clark, Selden I. CliiTord, Augustus Campbell, Moses W. Cook w at Gettysburg July 1 63, Andrew Cookran, Alonzo Copp, Lieut. William H. Copp, John H. Caruth, Prentice M. Cousins, Levi Coyonette, Carl- ton Cress, Charles E. Cross, Joseph Cross, Francis M. Cunningham, Walter L. Cummings, Arba S. Davis, Daniel B. Davis, Octavus A. Davis p Sept. 16 64 d in prison Nov. 14 64, George H. Dearborn, Thomas Dearborn, George Delaware, William H. Dewolfe, Henry A. Dore, Levi A. Dow, George H. Downs, Nelson Drake, Frank Dusty w May 12 64, Hadley P. Dyer w May 27 63, James A. Dyer, Luther Ellis w June 6 64, Paul Enwan w Apr. 23 64, Stephen Ellis, Sullivan Ellis, Francis H. Emery, Leander H. Evans, Nathaniel S. Emery, William H. Farnham, Lieut. C. A. Farrington d of wounds June 27 64, Dennis M. Foster, Dudley C. Frazier, George B. Frezzille, Henry W. Frost, Franklin Q. Fuller, Moses H. Gallefer p Sept. 16 64, John Garland w May 17 63, George Garney, Ezekiel Gerald, Lieut. George C. Getchell, J. F. Gibbs, George R. Gleason, Russell Gleason, Albert J. Gray, Jo- seph Greene, Lieut. Alonzo Goff, Daniel F. Goodwin, John F. Good- win, Lieut. Foster D. Goodrich, George Cormier, Charles W. Mc- Guyer. William H. Ham d Nov. 25 64, Fred C. Hatch, Joseph H. Hatch, Wilson Hawes, Thomas G. Herbert, Milford Hersom, Samuel T. Hersom, William H. Hersom, Albert H. Higgins, George Hill, 156 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Frank E. Hitchings, Hiram Horn w Oct. 10 64, Llewellyn Horn, David F. Houghton, Lieut. John H. Hubbard w in action May 27 63, Lieut George W. Hubbard, Henry C. James, Frank Jilcott, George J. Jones Sidney Keith, John King, John J. Kirby, Sylvanus Knox, William Knox, Chap. Henry C. Leonard, Capt. Addison W. Lewis, Lieut. Ed ward C. Leon 2d, David J. Lewis, Henry H. Libby, Charles W Louden, William Love, Charles W. Low w, William H. Low Frank B. Lowe, A. M. Lowell, Charles F. Lyford d Dec. 14 62 James M. Lyford p July 1 63, William Henry Macartney, Joseph Marshall, Daniel E. Martin. Hugh McDonald, Deugald McDonald Harrison Merchant, Charles W. Merrill, Daniel McNeal, John McGil vey, Timothy McLaughlin w Feb. 6 64, Daniel Magrath, John Morri son. Earnest Morton, Francis B. Mosher, Madison Mosher, George Mayers jun., Charles D. Murphy, Joseph Murrey, Lewis Murrey, George E. Muzzey, George E. Muzzey, William H. Newland, Frank H. Oliver, Ezekiel Page, Benjamin Parker, John H. Parker w July 27 64, Orlando I. Pattee, John M. Peave}', Charles H. Penney, Everett A. Penney, Ira D. Penney d in rebel prison Jan. 10 65, Williain H. Penney d at New Orleans Mar. 5 64, James L. Perkins, Howard Perkins, Richard Par- ley, Charles Perry, George Perry, George Pierce, Lieut. Andrew Pink- ham, Edwin Plummer, John H. Plummer, Ephraim Pooler, Joseph Pooler d July 14 64, Andrew H. Porter, John Porter, Edmon E. Pres- cott, Peter Preo, Alexander W. Pulcifer, Clement Ouimby, George Ranco, William Rankins, Lorenzo D. Ray, Robert Rey, Joseph Rich- ards, Moses Ring, John Roderick, David Rowan, Ervin J. Rogers, Ad- dison H. Rowe, Joseph Sands, Capt. George S. Scammon, Stephen D. Savage w May 6 64, James A. Sawyer, Edgar Scates w Sept. 30 64 d June 3 65, William J. Sharp, Resolve Shaw, Alfred .Shepherd, Elbridge Shepherd, Richard A. Shepherd k at battle of the Wilderness May 6 64, Lieut. Charles R. Shorey, Albert R. Smiley, Charles N. Smiley, Allen Smith, James T. Smith d Nov. 29 62, John M. Smart, Martin B. Soule w, Josiah Scule d June 6 65, Cyrus Southards, Nathan F. Spauldin, Edwin C. Stevens k Aug. 18 64, George E. Stevens, William H. Stev- ens, William D. Stevens, Capt. William A. Stevens, Charles H. Stew- art, Nathan M. Sturtevant, Reward A. Sturtevant, Martin Tallows k Oct. 8 64, Vedar Tashus, Got Teatlip, George Teatlip, Adin B. Thayer p 64, George S. Thing, David T. Thomas, John P. H. Thomas, James Thompson, James H. Thorn, Samuel J. Thayer, Albert F. Tozier, Henry M. Tozier, Capt. Henry E. Tozier k Dec. 10 64, Walter N. Tozier w Apr. 9 64 d in hands of enemy Apr. 14 64, George C. Tracy, Alexander Trask, Elbridge Trask, Thomas E. Treson, Levi Vique, James Wade, N. A. Ware, Andrew P. Watson, James H. Webb, James B. Welch, Moses A. Welch, David Woodbury, James O. West w May 12 64 d May 23 64, Howard W. Wells w at Fredericksburg, John C, Willey, George A. Wilson, Henry Wingate, Hiram C. Winslow, An- MILITARY HISTORY. 157 drew J. Williams, Albert B. Witham, William W. Wyman d of wounds June 1 63, Hiram Wyman, Hiram R. Wyman, Increase Wyman, Eugene H. Young. Wajnie.— Samuel W. Adams, Paschal B. Allen, Thomas J. Bartlett, Benjamin F. Berry, Square F. Bishop, Josiah M. Bishop d Nov. 2 64, James Boutin, David L. Boyle, Orison S. Brown, Freeman W. Bun- nell, James H. Carson, Martin Cassey, James Colkins, Thomas Clark, Charles M. Connor, Othna Crosby, Francis M. Cumner, Edmund F. Davis, James Davis, Patrick McDermott, Edward G. Dexter, George M. Dexter, Henry A. Dexter, Nathan P. Downing, Sidney F. Down- ing, Lieut. Henry N. Fairbanks w Apr. 28 64, 0. M. O. A. Fillebrown, John Forrester, Levi F. Foss d Jan. 12 65, William H. H. Foss, Albion B. Frost, Lieut. Clarence C. Frost, David G. Fro.st, Charles Hall, Lieut. George W. Hall, Edwin W. Harrington, Michael Hart, Chauncy Hig- gins, William H. House, F. A. Hutchinson d Dec. 24 64, Seth W. Jen- nings, William H. Johnson, William Jones, Cyrus Keller, James Kel- ley, Elijah Knapp, Davis E. Lane, Daniel Lothrop. Charles M. Love- joy w 64, George G. Luce, John Maguire, Andrew J. Maxim d Nov. 18 62, Benjamin F. Maxim, Daniel H. Maxim, Charles H. McNear, James Murphy, Solomon A. Nelke, Capt. Grafton Norris, George O. Norris, Augustus Parlin, Joseph A. Penley, Sewell Pettingill, Adelbert Pratt, William W. Pratt, Elias H. Raymond, John S. Raymond, John R. Raymond, Russell F. Reynolds, Charles V. Richards, E. K. Richard- son, Abington H. Ridley, John P. R. Sleeper, Elhanan Smith, Lieut. Joseph O. Smith, Orrin A. SnoM% John L. Spear d Dec. 29 64, James B. Stetson, George S^ Sturtevant, Valmore Sturtevant, William V. Sturte- vant, Cleveland Swift, Millard F. Thing, Henry W^ Towns, James O. Trask, John E. Welch, William Wilson, Charles E. Wing, Leonard L. Wing d in hospital at New Orleans, Llewellyn T. Wing, Lewis H. Wing k before Petersburg Sept. 11 64, William A. Young w June 2 64. IVfst Gardu/t-r.—Anhuv B. Andrews, Hiram Babb, Jonathan C. Bartlett, Charles H. Bailey, John Blanchard jun., Lieut. Alfred G. Brann, Calvin N. Brann, John E. Brann w May 6 64, David Campbell, F. A. Chesley, Daniel M. Cole d July 30 63, Charles O. Crosby d Aug. 12 64 at New Orleans, Allen T. C. Crowell, William H. Crosby, R. Cunningham, James A. Cunningham. Oliver L. Dennison, Charles E. Dillingham, Charles H. Dill, John Edgecomb, A. K. P. Edwards, Wil- liam W. Eslar, Benjamin F. Fairbanks, Edwin Fairbanks, William H. Fairbanks, George S. Fogg, W. Forrest, George W. Fuller, Gustavus Fuller, Gardiner H. Fuller, George W. Garland, Hannibal George, Alfred Grover w June 2 63, George E. Grover, Lester Guilford k Feb. 64, Charles E. Howard, David H. Haines, Hiram Haines, William F. Haines, Robert G. Hildreth d 63, John T. Hatch, William H. Jewett, Charles O. Knox, August Kuehew, James Marston, George E. McCaus- land d July 28 63, Charles H. Merrill, F. L. Merrill w 64, M. A. Morse,, 158 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. James A. Mosher, Joseph H. Neal, George W. Newell, George Newell, vSimon Nudd, William Parker, Dexter W. Page, Jacob Page w at Antietam, Charles W. Patterson, Solomon E. Peach w 64, Edward Peacock jun., Solomon Peacock, Thomas A. Pinkham, Augustus B. Plummer, Ansel L. Potter, Emerald M. Potter, Simeon Potter, John A. Potter, Rosco H. Potter, George F. Reed, James W. Robinson, James Robinson, Gardiner Roberts jun., George A. W. Rooker, George Ross, Alonzo Sampson, Elisha P. Seavey, Hubbard C. Smith, Charles Small, Lieut. Oliver R. Small, Alvin Spear, Charles A. Spear, Franklin Spear d Feb. 4 63, John A. Spear, John Spear 2d, John A. Spear, Joseph M. Spear, Joseph F. Spear w Feb. 6 64, Justin F. Spear, Milton C. Spear, Richard H. Spear k June 23 64, Gardiner Todd, Joseph Traf- ton, Edward W. Wakefield d of disease, Tene Wendenburg, A. W. Whittier, Elbridge E. Whittier, Nickolas Williams. Wmdsor.— Charles H. Ashford, Homer P. Barton, Charles H. Bar- ton, Eloin C. Barker d of disease at Alexandria Va., Reuben W. Brown, Abram Bryant, Frank U. Butler, Charles J. Carroll d July 10 63, Freeman Casey, Abram Choat, Henry B. Coombs, Warren H. Colby, Decator S. Chapman d May 28 63, Elbridge B. F. Colby, Joseph Carver, Thomas M. Clark, George G. Colby, George W. Craige, Albert N. Craige, George W. Chapman k May 6 64, A. C. Davis, William H. Dearborn d May 8 63, Moses J. Donnell, George F. Doe d of wounds received Aug. 25 64, Yeaton Dunton, James W. Dackendoff, Laforest Dunton d Feb. 26 63, George Duval, James M. Evens, Charles E. For- saith, Stephen L. French, Charles F. French, George H. French, James Garrity, Maddison T. Glidden, Granville Coding, John W. S. Gould, Alonzo E. Gove, Elias Gove, Elijah S. Grant, Nathaniel N. Gray, Capt. John Goldthwait, Daniel Hallowell, John Hallowell jun., William Hallowell, David D. Hanson, William H. Harriman w Aug. 23 64, William H. Hilton, Charles A. Hilton, John Hutcherson, Daniel W. Hutcherson, John B. Hunt, Ira B. Hyson, John F. Hyson, Jeremy D. Hyson, Daniel L. Jackson, John Johnson, Daniel H. Jones, Benja- min R. Jones, William G. Keen, James W. Kendall, William Laskey, Edward H. Leach, Franklin P. Lewis, Marcelous C. Lynn, John Lynch d Mar. 17 63„ Andrew K. Maguire, Erastus Marr, George L. Marson, John Martin, Charles H. Maxwell w May 20 64, George W. McDonnel, Leonard H. Merrill, Melvin A. Merrill, Enoch Merrill, George W. Merrill k in action May 6 64, Abram Merrill, James F. Merrill, Isaac N. Marsh, George R. Mitchell, Benjamin H. Moody, Appleton Mer- rill, John McPherson, Daniel McDickens, Andrew J. Murch, John B. Murray, James O'Brien, James O'Donnell, William H. Peva w Aug. 16 64, Nathan R. Peavey, Fred C. Perkins, Lieut. Warren H. Pierce, Al- phonzo Pierce d Nov. 64, Isaiah H. Pierce d of wounds received May 18 64, Everts P. Plummer, David Potter, William F. Proctor, Sumner B. Proctor, Samuel Reeves, Charles A. Reynolds, Timothy W. Rey- MILITARY HISTORY. 159 nolds, Roswell Richardson, Jasper Robinson, William Russell, David O. Sawtell, John Simmons, Rockwell Scribner, William H. Seekins k May 27 63, Frank Smith, John Smith, James Stanley. Nathaniel W. Stetson jun., Levi W. Sterns, Joseph A. Stewart, Samuel S. Thompson, James B. Tobin, Stephen Trask d Sept. 25 63, Ruel W. Trask, John Tye, Marcelous Vining, Granville B. Warren d Aug. 3 63, Charles Watson d Oct. 64, Charles O. Watson, L. H. Whitehouse, John Q. Wentworth, Andrew F. White, James S. Wingate, Lieut. Frederick D. Wight, Luther Witham, George P. Wyman, Reuben Vining. U'iHs/ou'.— Ashman Abbott d Apr. 16 63, Edward S. Abbott d Apr. 17 63, Stephen H. iVbbott, Daniel B. Abbott, Albert A. Abbott, Mel- ville C. Blackwell, Samuel M. Bragg, Joseph Brown, William Brown, Lemuel Bubier, Eben A. Brook, Daniel Burgess, Charles M. Bryant, Orin Burgess, Alfred H. Buchard, William Cohoon, Charles A. Cole- man, George W. Cushman, J. S. Dodge, Alfred T. Dunbar, Benjamin F. Dunbar d of wounds June 14 63, Capt. Joseph Eaton jun., Albert Ellis, Henry Ellis, Henry W. Ellis, John R. Flagg.William H. Flagg, D. French, Lieut. Charles P. Garland, Capt. Joseph P. Garland, Henry W. Getchell, Adelbert M. Gray, Leonard Goodrich, George E. Gullifer, Wil- liam Gullifer, Henry A. Hamlin, John Harris, Charles Hollis, Ira D. Hodges, George W. Hodges d May 3 63, Francis D. Hodges, Josiah D. Houston. William A. Keag, Albert S. Kelley, Frederick King, Edward Lynch, Charles E. Low, Sumner Merrill, James Moony, George P. Morrill, Albert A. Morrill, Isaac Morrill, Addi.son Morrill, Frank E. Nelson, Oscar W. Nichols d in pri.son, L. W. Packard, Ambro.se H. Palmer jun., John Palmer k Feb. 4 65, William T. Patridge, George W. Pillsbury, Hiram S. Pollard, Charles Pillsbury, Albert Plummer, John R. Pollard, Charles Pollard, George A. Pollard p Oct. 19 64, John R. Pollard, Homer Proctor, David O. Preast, William T. Preble, John T. Preble, Albert Plummer, Hanes C. Quimby, Ansel P. Rankin, Thomas G. Rice, Elmerin W. Richards, Seth M. Richard.son, Alex. A. Richardson, Edward B. Richardson, Francis E. Robinson d Sept. 16 64, Zenas M. vShaw, Winthrop Shurland w June 18 64. Winthrop Shurland, Hollis Simpson, Albert R. Smiley, Ellis Smiley, Charles E. Smiley, Isaac Sanborn, Albert Southard, Theodore M. Southard, George L. Spaulding. Henry Spaulding. John W. Storkey. Howard H. Taylor, AVilliam Taylor k at Gettysburg 63, Richard W. Underwood. John F. Walker, Charles E. Washborn, John B. Wheeler, Howard R. Wilson, John S. Wilson d of wounds Nov. 13 64, Albert Withee, Bradley B. Withee. John Withee. William F. Wood k May 6 64, John P. Wyman. lVi/i//{ro/>.— Ruel D. Allen, John L. Armstrong w May 6 64, Willard S. Axtelle w May 5 64, George A. Batchelder d July 20 65, Roswell D. Bates, Asst. Surg. John F. Bates, William H. Bates, Frank Beal, George W.Beal, Watson C. Beals. William H. Beny, Samuel D. Besse, William Bird, Darius Blanchard, Benjamin A. Bragdon, William Breckler, 160 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTV. Henry F. Bridgham, Franklin S. Briggs d Aug. 3 63 in hospital, James M. Brown, Sewall M. Bubier, Andrew J. Burgess, Benjamin F. Bur- gess, Roswell Burgess, Jacob T. Byron, Josiah B. Byron, Joseph H. Caulfield, Solomon B. Gates, Albert Chandler d of wounds July 1 64, Charles H. Chandler, Charles W. Chandler, Charles A. Chandler d of wounds July 2 64, Enoch S. Chase, Samuel G. Chandler w July 2 63, Edgar U. Churchill, Isaiah M. Cookson, Samuel B. Coombs, Eli N. Cookson, Josiah L. Cobb, Thomas Connor, Charles E. Cottle, Reuben H. Crosby w, John F. Cummings d of disease Aug. 4 63, Thomas M. Daniels, Calvin Dearborn, Charles H. Dearborn, Thomas Dealy, Harry Dickey, Frank S. Dwyer, John Dyer, Josiah N. Eastman, Lieut. William Elder, William H. Emery, Joseph W. Esty, David Farr, Mel- ville N. Freeman, William F. Frost, David P. Freeman, Lieut. John F. Gaslin, Bethuel P. Gould, Rufus H. Gould, John C. Gaslin, Samuel M. Gilley, Apollos Hammon d Sept. 29 64 at New Orleans, Samuel Hanson, William H. House, Joseph A. Hall, Stephen P. Hart, Charles W. Heaton, AVillard C. Hopkins. George Howard, Henry A. Howard, John L. Hutch, Samuel Jackson, David D. Jones, John A.Jones, John W. Jones, Lennan F. Jones, William H. Jones d of disease Apr. 1 64, Shepherd H. Joy, William DeForest Kelley, John O. Lawrence d, Henry S. Lane, Edward N. Leavitt, George W. Leavitt, James W. Leighton, Lewis R. Litchfield, S. W. Lovell, Edwin Ladd, Charles H.. Longfellow. Augustine R. Lord, John E. Lowell, Lieut. Daniel Lothrop, Nelson H. Martin, Albert Moore jun., George H. Morton, Alden F. Murch, Roy P. Moody, George W. Nash, Henry O. Nicker- son, James Nickerson, Owen St. C. O'Brien, Thomas A. Osborn, Ho- ratio M. Packard, Isaac N. Packard, Thomas M. Packard, Andrew P. Perkins, Benjamin C. Powers, George Perkins, William H. Pettengill w May 12 64, John Pettengill, Winfield S. Philbrick, Silas Perry d July 24 64, Elias Pullen, George F. Rankin, James M. Robinson, John Rob- bins, Jacob Savage, John Shea, Enoch H. Skillings, Benjamin B. Smith, George L. Smith d at Annapolis Oct. 28 64, Harrison N. Smith d July 16 65, Frank W. Stanley, Henry H.Stevens, J. Wesley Stevens, Lorenzo D. Stevens d July 26 6o, Daniel W. Stevens, Capt. E. Lewis Sturtevant, Hiram H. Stilkey, Newell Sturtevant, Josiah Snell, Aaron S. Thurston, Stephen A. Thurston, Charles A. Thompson, Gustavus A. Thompson, Frank B. Towle, Henry F. Tilton, Joseph A. Toby, Joel W. Toothaker, Charles L. Towle jun. d in service, Edwin F. Towns, William P. Varney, Isaac W. Wardwell, Dura Weston, Isaac Watts d Oct. 20 65, Sullivan R. Whitney, Edward P. Whiting, George W.Williams, George W. Wing, Henry O. Wing, Hubbard R. Wing d Sept. 1 64, Thomas F. Wing, Henry D. Winter. Elias Wood, Franklin Wood, George W.Wood, Amaziah Young d Aug. 14 64, John F. Young. Records had been kept showing the bounties paid by the respective towns to promote these later enlistments, to employ substitutes and. MILITARY HISTORY. 1 Cil to relieve their citizens who were drafted. The total disbursements for these purposes, and the amounts refunded to the several munici- palities from the state bonds were as follows: Albion paid, $21,265.00 received, $8,033.33 Augusta " 100,456.00 " 44,466.07 Belgrade " 43,080.00 " 9,041 .67 Benton " 26,575.72 " 5,775.00 Chelsea " 11,266.05 " 4,441.67 China " 47,735.34 " 12,708.33 Clinton " 40,625.00 " 10,175.00 Farmingdale " 14,966.19 " 3,641.67 Fayette " 16,920.00 " 4,966.67 Gardiner " 65,070.53 " 23,108.33 Hallowell " 16,421 .00 " 7,808.33 Litchfield " 24,860.00 '• 9,158.33 Manchester " 12,330.00 " 3,408.33 Monmouth " 32,950.00 " 9,216.67 Mt. Vernon " 27,650.00 " 9,258.33 Oakland " " Pittston " 33,939.14 " 11,208.33 Randolph " " Readfield " 40,003.00 " 8,008.33 Rome " 25,675.00 " 3,666.67 Sidney " 30,039.00 " 8,183.33 Vassalboro " 73,100.00 " 14,750.00 Vienna " 15,557.44 " 4,213.33 Waterville " 68,016.00 " 19,888.33 Wayne " 22,280.00 " 6,091.66 West Gardiner " 22,374.00 " 6,291.67 Windsor " 35,044.00 " 7,925.00 Winslow '• 25,658.00 " 7,375.00 Winthrop " 50,430.00 " 12,350.00 Unity Plantation " 1,850.00 " 291.67 From other sources than Captain Clark's preceding lists we find some records of soldiers claiming residence in Kennebec county. The brief record is appended: A ii^nsta.— Daniel D. Anderson July 18 63, Alden S. Baker w Oct. 19 64, William H. Berry d Aug. 28 64, John F. Brett d July 3 64. Jason R. Bartlett d in prison 64, Charles F. Bennett k Oct. 19 64, George W. Bemis d Aug. 63, Brad S. Bodge d of wounds May 8 64, John Bradley w, Thomas J. Bragg d May 28 64, Joseph Bushea k July 63. Phillips N. Byron k at Cedar Mt. 62, Henry C. Chandler d Mar. 1 65, Benjamin F. Colby p Aug. 19 64, Daniel C. Cunningham d Feb. 5 63, Elisha 162 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Cooley w Aug. 18 64, John Curtis d in prison, Lewis E. Clark w May 20 64, Eugene Cate d Oct. 9 64, William Dewall w June 17 64, Benjamin Douglas w July 63, Charles A. Davis w Apr. 4 65, Lieut. James Davidson, Leroy Farrar w June 64, Albert V. French w May 12 64, Seth B. Goodwin p 62, Charles Gannett p July 63, Artemas K. Gil- ley d July 64, Col. Thomas Hight, Antoine Harrogot w Sept. 64, Rod- ney C. Harriman d Sept. 64, William H. Hayward k May 16 64, James A. Jones p 62, Augustus Kachner p, Hiram Kincaid w Sept. 64, Sam- uel Lisherness d June 64, Virgil G. Lanelle d in pri.son 64, William H. Lowell d Feb. 65, Thomas B, Lambert p July 63, George ]\IcGraw w May 10 64, Henry Mullen d Apr. 65, George G. Mills d Nov. 64, Hiram B. Nichols w Aug. 64, William O. Nichols w Apr. 8 64, John B. Parker d of wounds May 64, Levi A. Philbrook w May 64, Charles K. Powers d of wounds July 64, Asa Plummer k May 64, Franklin Perry k May 64, Glenwood C. Pray d Apr. 65, Ezekiel Page w, Lieut. Nathaniel H. Ricker, William D. Randall w Sept. 64, John Riley k May 64, Charles W. Richards d Feb. 64, Morrill Rose w May 64, Charles F. Shaw d Jan. 65, Samuel Stevens w Oct. 64, Edward A. Stewart d May 63, Henry G. Smith w May 64, Henry Smith p 62, James Shortwell w May 64, William B. Small w June 64, Joseph H.vSpencer d at Andersonville 64, Thomas B. Tolman dof wounds July 64, Henry W. Towns w June 64, Warren D. Trask d 64, Joseph Weaver d Jan. 64, Charles H. War- ren w, Alonzo S. Weed d in Richmond prison Oct. 63, vStephen Wing k May 64, Baptiste Willett jun. w 64, Frank Williams w May 64, Capt. James M. Williams d of wounds June 64. Albion.— Yr&nV Brown d July 15 63, Chandler Drake d Mar. 62, Charles Gage w May 64, Lieut. Maxey Hamlin, Warren G. Johnson d Mar. 62, Edward L. Pray d Mar. 62, Oscar Rollins d Sept. 62, Allen Shorey d Mar. 63. Belgrade.— "^Ahridige Bickford w 62, Asa J. Cummings d Mar. 62, Thomas W. Damon d 64, Elias Freeman d Mar. 24 63, Owen Getchell d July 64, James A. Lombard w 62, Hiram A. Mills d Oct. 64, Lyman Maxwell d Nov. 64, William L. Rollins w Oct. 64. Be?!ton.^A\^)ionzo C. Brown d in hospital 62, Jefferson W. Brown d Sept. 62, Alvin Gibson p 63, Royale B. Rideout d Oct. 62, James M. Rideout d Nov. 62, Albert M. Spaulding d Mar. 62. Chelsea.— y[\\\s O. Chase d Dec. 22 63, Lieut. William O. Tibbetts. <:/«■««.— Charles W. Allen d Oct. 13 64, Asst. Surg. D. P. Bolster, Joseph Babin w May 64, John W. Chisam d June 64, William Doe w 65, Henry A. Hamlin d in prison Aug. 64, William Holmes d Dec. 6], Israel D. Jones d June 63, William F. Priest d Feb. 63, Benjamin C. Studley p 62, Charles E. Washburn w 64. Clinton. — George W. Emery d May 65, John Marco k at Fredericks- burg, John H. Stevens w July 63, Herman P. Sullivan mortally w Aug. 64, George A. Weymouth k near Richmond Mar. 64, Thomas MILITARY HISTORY. 163 E. Whitney w d in prison June 04, David H. Whitten d Feb. 65, Elisha Whitten w 64. Fartningdalc. — Byron Lowell \v Malvern Hill, William H. Mayo p Sep:. 64. Fayette.— ?xa.nQ.\s. J. Folsom w Oct. 64, Charles W. Judkins w 65, Charles F. Palmer d of wounds May 64. Gardiner. — George W. Austin w at Gettysburg 63, Arrington Brann d June 64, Calvin W. Brann d Sept. 64, Lieut. Calvin Boston d July 64 of wounds, George Clough d May 62, Charles A. Douglas w 64, Daniel Fitzpatrick k June 64, C. W. Gilpatrick d in prison 64, Frank Johnson w Aug. 64, Charles A. Jordan p 64, Danforth M. Maxcy d Aug. 63, Barney McGraw p 61, George H. Nason d Aug. 64, Joseph M. Ring d Dec. 63, Capt. George W. Smith, Capt. Oliver R. Smith, Franklin W. Swift w 64, John Smith w May 64, James W. Taylor k June 64, George F. Tyler w 64. /i^rt/^wr//.— Joseph L. Bailey w Oct. 64, Charles F. Campbell w 64, James S.Emerson k June 64, Edwin R.Gould k May 63, Lieut. Charles Glazier, Capt. Samuel L. Gilman, Henry D. Otis d Sept. 64, Joseph Pinkham d Aug. 64, Lieut. John A. A. Packard, John W. Rodgers d Jan. 65, Frank Sweetland d 65, George S. Sherborn w July 63,William F. Sherman d in prison 64. Litchfield.— Cc^^t. George W. Bartlett, Merton Maxwell d at Alex- andria Sept. 62, Asst. Surg. Silas C. Thomas. Manchester. — Josiah H. Mears w 64. Monmouth. — Loring P. Donnell d Oct. 62, Corp. Lot Sturtevant d of wounds Apr. 65, Thomas Keenan p Oct. 64. Mt. Vernon.— Krno Little w Oct. 64, David G. Morrell k May 64. Pittston.— George H. Blair d July 63, George F. Bliss d July 64, Jo- seph S. Call k May 64, Lorenzo Cookson w May 64, Reuel M. Heath d of wounds May 64, Xenophen Heath d Oct. 62, Moses King w May 64, Warren Maines d of wounds June 64, Warren H. Moores w 64, Lieut. James G. Rundlette w June 64, Aaron Tucker d April 64. Readfie/d.— Chap. George C. Crawford, Lewis E. Davis d May 62, Albert L. Deering w 63, Henry C. Kennison d June 62, Asst. Surg. Joseph D. Mitchell, Charles H. Robie w May 62, George W. Smith d Aug. 64. Rome. — Capt. Hiram AL Campbell, Russell Clement w 62, Frank Fairbanks d Nov. 62, Lieut. Stephen H. Mosher, Joseph Meader k Oct. 64. Sidnej'.—Asst. Surg. John S. Gushing, William H. Farnham Mar. 63, Thomas R. Holt mortally w July 64, William H. Hoxie p May 63. Vienna. — Joseph O. Colley w, Nathaniel F. Dow d July 62, Ben- jamin F. GrifSn w Aug. 64. Vassalboro. — Josiah S. Arey d Aug. 64, A.ndrew J. Burgess d Mar. 65, Jeremiah Estes k Sept. 63, Charles H. Gibson k Sept. 64, Edwin ibi HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. W. Gould w June (14, Joseph H. Header d of wounds July 64, Timothy Nicholas w May 64, George E. Pishon d 63, Benjamin Weeks k May 64, Osa C. Wyman p 64. IVtrvj/c. — Rufus Bessee d June 64, Edward P. Bussey d June 64, Valentine S. Cumner k June 64, Lieut. Clarence E. Frost, Robinson Sturtevant w and p 64, Thomas B. Wing d July 64. WaUrviV/c— Davis P. Arba w Sept. 64, Bickford Bennett d May 64, William Chapman k in battle 64, Hiram Cochrane d Dec. 63, John G. Gay d Dec. 64, Lieut. Daniel F. Goodrich, Joseph Jerow d in prison 64, Moses King p 64. Charles Love w 63, Lieut. Frederick Mason w Apr. 65, Euarde Paulette d of wounds July 64, James B. PoUon w and p '64, Henry Porter d July 64, Albert Quimby d 64, George Robinson k July 64, William A. Stevens k June 64, Joseph D. Simpson k July 68, Ellis Stephens k May 63. IVest Gardiner.— GsLTdiner H. Fuller d Sept. 64, George M. Garland d Sept. 64, Sanford L. Pinkham d June 64, James H. Peacock d Apr. 64, Michael T. Smith d June 63, George W. Tyler d May 63. Windsor.— Sylvenus T. Hatch p 64, Elias T. Libby w 64, John Scales p 64. PVins/ou'.— William F. Good d at Gettysburg 63, Christopher C. Sanborn d July 62, Hiram Wixon w Mar. 62, George L. Webber d Dec. 63. /r'V«///r«rj/ about 1816; and Rob- inson & Page, about 1823, built the ship Marshal Ney, 3.1 Pierce's yard, on the Chelsea side of the river. About 1811 Judge Dummer built the ship Halloi^'cll on the east side of the river. She was captured by the British, and her bones now lie at Bermuda. From 1816 to 1825, Captain Isaac Smith built a num- ber of coasters at Loudon hill, launching his vessels directly off the shore; and during the same period Abner Lowell, at his wharf in the lower end of Hallowell (then called Joppa), built a number of vessels for the West India trade. Prior to this. Captain Shubael West built two sloops, just south of Lowell's yard; and anterior even to that date. Captain Larson Butler built, in this neighborhood, a sloop for the Boston trade. In 1845, Mason Damon built a schooner at a point north of the Grant yard, in Farraingdale; and south of Grant's yard, Elbridge G. Pierce built several whalers and other vessels for New Bedford parties. At the Grant yard, between 1851 and 1858, clipper barks and ships were built for the Boston and Galveston line; and also two large ves- sels, of 1,090 and 1,190 tons, for the Calcutta trade. This yard, the largest in the county, ran two blacksmith shops for ship-fitting, and employed from twenty-five to seventy-five men the year round. Ice. — A staple export of the county is ice, the purity of the Kennebec being such that its ice has long been established as the standard of quality. Years before the opening of this now vast industry in Maine the consumption of ice was small. The first authoritative account of ice being shipped from the county as an article of merchandise was previous to 1826, when the brig Orion, of Gardiner, was loaded with floating ice during the spring, and sailed for Baltimore at the opening of navigation. This cargo was sold for $700. It is said that several cargoes were thus put on the market years previous to any attempt at housing for summer shipment. The Tudors, of Boston, who had had exclusive control of the ice trade with the British West Indies, built about that year, on Gardiner's wharf, Gardiner, the first ice house on the Kennebec. In 1826 Rufus K. Page, in company with a Mr. Getchell, of Hallo- well, erected, in Gardiner, a building of 1,500 tons capacity on Trott's point, now occupied by Captain Eben D. Haley. This house they filled during the winter, and in the following summer loaded it in vessels, on account of the Tudors. The speculation proved unprofit- able, however, and the business was abandoned. In 1831 the Tudors acquired the building and filled it. At the same time they erected a house on Long wharf, in Gardiner, which was then just where the bridge now stands, and in it some 3,000 tons of ice were stored. No other attempt at housing is recorded until 1848-9, when the Tudors INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES. 179 again began operations on the river; and W. A. Lawrence, Dr. C. \V. Wliitmore and Cliarles A. Wiiite, of Gardiner, cut and housed 2,000 tons at South Gardiner, and 2,000 tons at Pittston. Another house was also filled at Pittston, and one each at Bowman's point. Farming- dale, and Hallowell. In the aggregate some 10.,000 tons were cut here that year. The following summer it was loaded, fifty tons being consid- ered a good day's work. The largest cargo was three hundred tons. Consignments were made to New Bedford, New York, Washington and Baltimore, $2.50 per ton being received, but the cost of labor and slow progress in handling made the profits small. In 1860 the industry entered upon a new era and grew into a more permanent form. James L. Cheesman, a New York retailer, began stacking at Farmingdale, and the following year entered upon exten- sive operations. Until 1865 he flourished wonderfully. In 1868, how- ever, reverses compelled him to sell out the Farmingdale plant, and later, in 1872, the Pittston plant, to the Knickerbocker Ice Company of Philadelphia, which now exceeds all other companies here in the quantity of ice handled yearly. In 1867 the Kennebec Land & Lumber Company built the first modern ice house at Pittston; and in 1872 such solid corporations as the Great Falls and Independent Ice Companies, of Washington, D. C, located in Pittston. Under the firm name of Haynes & De Witt, J. Manchester Haynes, of Augusta — who has been prominently identi- fied with the ice industry since 1871— together with Henry A. De Witt and the late Ira D. Sturges, controlled a large business on the river; and in 1889, with others, formed a corporation known as the Haynes & De Witt Ice Company. Improvements in tools and ma- chinery had taken place gradually since the early beginning of ice harvesting, and in 1890 Messrs. Shepard and Ballard, of the Knicker- bocker Ice Company, added to the list an important invention — an automatic vessel-loading machine— which is now in general use. The following list, corrected to date, shows the location and storage capacity of the ice houses on the Kennebec and within the county. Those on the west side of the river are: Coney & White, 8,000 tons, Augusta; Kennebec Ice Company (two houses), 25,000 tons, and Knick- erbocker Ice Company, 12,000 tons, Hallowell; A. Rich Ice Company, 70,000 tons, and Knickerbocker Ice Company, 30,000 tons. Farming- dale; Morse & Haley, 5,000 tons. Great Falls Ice Company, 30,000, and Eben D. Haley, 32,000, Gardiner. The houses on the east side of the river are: Old Orchard (Knickerbocker), 20 000 tons, and Chelsea houses, 30,000 tons, Chelsea; Randolph (Knickerbocker), 25.000 tons, Haynes & Lawrence, 13,000, and Centennial Ice Company, 15,000, Ran- dolph; Morse & Haley, 20,000 tons, Smithtown (Knickerbocker), 65,- 000, Great Falls Ice Company, 30,000, Independent Ice Company, 60,- •000, Haynes & De Witt Ice Company, 12,000, Consumers' Ice Company 180 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. of New York, 35,000, and Clark & Chaplin Ice Company of Portland' 40,000, Pittston. The total capacity of the above houses is 567,000 tons. In the development of this great industry here, as well as on the Hudson river and Booth bay, Captain Eben D. Haley, of Gardiner, has borne a prominent part. His grandfather, Moses Haley, was a house carpenter of Bath, where he raised a family of four boys and two girls. Woodbridge, his oldest child, born in 1806, grew up in the same occu- pation as his father, and married in 1833, Jane Button, of Gray, Me., ■where, in 1833, their first child, Eben D., was born. The next year they came to Pittston, where four more children were born to them: Joseph M., who died when four years old; George T.; Thomas H., now in the dry goods business in Chicago; and William D. Shipbuilding was then very active on the Kennebec, at which Woodbridge Haley worked for several years, mostly on large vessels for Boston parties, some of them at Sheepscott Bridge. He died at his home in Pittston in 1863. where his wife still survives him in what is now Randolph. Here Eben D. passed his boyhood days to the age of fourteen, when he left home for school, first at Bath, and then at Gardiner Lyceum. When sixteen years old his school days were ex- changed for the beginning of a career of business and adventure that is still at its maximum activity. He first entered the dry goods store of Field & Reed at Bath, leaving there at the end of one year for a clerkship in the store of N. K. Chadwick in Gardiner, from whence he went to Rockland and worked in Wilson & Case's store till he was twenty-one. Resolved to see something of the great West, he went to Keokuk, Iowa, where, in 1857, the firm of Ricker & Haley engaged in the produce and commission business, which extended over a wide extent of country. Mr. Haley happened to be in Memphis when Fort Sumter was fired on, from whence he hastened to St. Louis to meet his partner, arriving there the night of the riot. They immediately dissolved partnership, settled their business, and Mr. Haley came home. The day after the battle of Bull Run he went to Augusta and tendered his services to his country. In conjunction with John B. Hubbard, son of ex-Gov- ernor Hubbard, he was active in raising the 1st Maine Battery of light artillery, which was mustered into service in December, with Edward W. Thompson captain, John B. Hubbard 1st lieutenant, and Eben D. Haley 2d lieutenant, with 151 men, five officers and six pieces of artillery. The first active work of the battery was under General Butler at New Orleans, where they did patrol service from Alarch till September, 1862. The 1st Maine then joined General Weitzel's brig- ade, and was in several sharp fights, one of which was an attack on the gunboat Cotton, where, by the bursting of a shell. Lieutenant Haley was severely injured. The battery was made very efficient, INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES. 181 and at the siege of Fort Hudson it had occasion to show its metal. It was the first to open fire on the right of the line, Maj' 27, 1863. Lieu- tenant Haley was in command, and held his advanced position during the siege with heavy losses of men and horses. The battery was next at Donaldsonville, where the fire became so hot that Lieutenant Haley had at one time but one man left out of thirteen, and himself helped to load and fire the guns. For this heroic conduct he was complimented by General Weitzel, also for difficult services rendered at the fight of May 27. The battery went on the second Red River expedition, but Lieu- tenant Haley was not with it again till after it had been ordered to the Shenandoah, where he was promoted to its captaincy. Here he was in the famous Cedar Creek fight, October 19, 1864, in which the confederates were victors in the morning, and the Union forces, after being rallied by General Sheridan, were victors in the afternoon. Cap- tain Haley was in command of his battery from shortly after three in the morning till about six, when he received a bullet in his left thigh that he carries yet. After lying on the field till three o'clock in the afternoon, he was taken to a room in a house in the corner of which Colonel, afterward President, Hayes was lying on a wood box, suffer-' ing from a wound. During the grand review in Shenandoah valley General Hancock complimented the 1st Maine on its fine appearance and splendid records. When General Sheridan was in Maine he said to Governor Cony at Augusta, in the presence of General Chamberlin, that he remembered with pride the services of the 1st Maine Battery under its gallant commander. Captain Haley. In September, 1865, two months after being mustered out of the service, Captain Haley formed a partnership with Alonzo P. Parsons and bought the dry goods business of N. K. Chadwick in Gardiner — the same store he had entered as a clerk in 1852. In 1870 he took the business alone, and in 1878 he sold it to his brother, George T. Haley. The same year, in company with Peter Grant and Daniel Glidden, he put up on Stevens' wharf 2,500 tons of ice — his first move in the busi- ness that has since taken his entire attention. In 1873 he put up ice with Johnson Brothers and Captain John Landerkin at South Gardiner. In 1876 he bought his partners' interest and joined with the Great Falls Ice Company, of Washington, he owning a half interest. He also located for them their houses at Green's ledges, two miles from Gardiner. For some years he had attended to the local business on the Kennebec of the Independent Ice Company of Washington. In 1879 John Van Raiswick, president of the Great Falls Company, J. H. Johnson of Washington, C. B. Church, and the Independent Ice Com- pany, joined with Captain Haley and formed the Maine Ice Company. The growing necessity for a water shipment, where vessels could load from the ice houses at any time of the year, demanded immediate at- 182 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. tention. Captain Haley had long foreseen this want, and to meet it had matured a design which he carried at once to a triumphant com- pletion. It was no less a plan than to cut off an arm of the sea with a dam, and then compel the salt water to leave the cove and return to the sea. By act of the legislature of 1879 permission was given to build a dam across Campbell's cove in Booth Bay harbor. To make this separat- ing wall impervious to water, he built two complete dams of timber cribs filled with stone, one sloping toward the ocean, the other toward the cove. The faces of each were made of spruce plank fitted water tight, with their ends driven to the i-ock bottom. When this was done these dams presented two parallel partition walls of plank eleven feet apart, and from ten to thirty feet high, according to the depth of water. Into this sort of water tight compartment gravel was dumped till the water was all forced out, making a perfect road bed, for the use of which the town has paid §200 each year for ten years. We have now arrived at the point where Captain Haley's genius beguiled the law of gravitation into the pleasing task of compelling the salt water in the cove to return to its old home. Near the point of low tide he had put a spout twenty-eight inches square through both dams and the road way, with an elbow on the cove side, can-ying that end to the bottom of the cove pond. By the mere device of opening a gate in the spout at low tide the water from the pond sought its level on the sea side of the dam, and it could enter the pipe only at its opening at the bottom of the deepest water. The result surprised the captain himself, for in fifty-four days the pipe was discharging only fresh water, with which the streams from the land had entirely replaced the ocean brine. For original conception and effectual accomplishment of a work of such intrinsic value, hitherto unattempted. Captain Haley has exhibited the same kind of masterful ability by which Captain Eads, in the construction of the. wonderful jetties at the mouth of the Mississippi river, removed a constant inter- ruption to navigation. Ice was cut in Campbell's cove in the winter of 1881-2 and every winter since, the quality being next to river ice. In 1886 Captain Haley and the Independent Ice Company became the exclusive owners of the Maine Ice Company. In 1885 he sold his half interest in the South Gardiner ice houses to the Great Falls Company and erected new ones there, known as the Haley houses, of which he is sole owner. He has been for years extending the area of the ice trade. In 1883 he established a retail trade in Richmond, Va., still very prosperous. In 1892 Morse & Co., of New York, joined him in the purchase of large interests in the retail ice trade of New York city and of storage capacity on the Hudson river, and in the erection of more .storage room in Pittston, so that they are now able to supply any shortage of ice in any of the great ice markets. INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES. 183 Captain Haley has always been an active republican in politics, go. ing twice as a delegate to presidential conventions. He is one of the directors of the Gardiner National Bank and of the Kennebec Steam Towage Company. In 1870 he married Sophie J., daughter of Daniel Johnson, of South Gardiner. The names of their four children are: Marion W., Ethel A., Eben R. and John H. This family group make an unusually happy home, the hospitalities of which are enjoyed by a large circle of friends. Granite. — Just when or how the utilization of the granite ledges in the county was begun cannot be definitely ascertained, for it is a sin- gular fact that there is no industry of any importance that has re- ceived so little attention from historical and statistical experts as the granite industry. It is quite certain, however, that it was not until the beginning of the present century that an attempt was made to quarry the mineral that was afterward destined to figure so promi- ently in the industrial resources of the county. When, in 1797, the Kennebec bridge was built, stones split from boulders were used for the piers and abutments; and when, in 1801. Captain William Robin- son, of Augusta, erected his house, he procured the underpinning in Massachusetts at great expense. The first recorded attempt to quarry granite in the county was that made in 1808 at the Rowell ledge, in Augusta. The venture met with indifferent success. Some of the top strata were broken off with " rising wedges " driven under the edge of the sheet until it parted; but this was a slow and laborious process. The first successful effort to open and work a ledge in the township was made by Jonathan Matthews, on the Thwing ledge, in 1825, when he laid the cellar walls of Arch Row; but he also worked with rising wedges. Powder was not used for blasting upon ledges until the erection of the state house was begun, in 1829, and then, at first, with but one hole, by which large irregular masses were blown out. Afterward two holes, a short distance apart, were charged, and fired simultaneously, thus opening long, straight seams, sometimes to the depth of six feet. Since the introduction of dynamite as a partitive agent in quarry- ing, better results have been obtained, with less exposure of the men to accident. With this exception, however, but little improvement has been made upon the early methods of obtaining granite. Ma- chinery has been tried in all forms, but, aside from the steam drill, a valuable time and labor saving invention, nothing has been found that will adequately perform the work now done by hand. It is true that, used as a lathe, machinery works somewhat satisfactorily in turn- ing out columns, but even this does not finish the surface, except when it is to be polished. In this connection it may be noted that the first derrick used at any stone works m Augusta was erected east of Church hill at a quarry then operated by William B. Pierce. 184 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. In 1836 three granite companies were incorporated at Augusta. One, called the Augusta & New York Granite Company, worked the Hamlen ledge, situated about two miles from the river b}' way of Western avenue; another, named the Augusta & Philadelphia Granite Company, owned the Ballard ledge, a mile and a half from Kennebec bridge by way of Northern avenue, and of which the Rowell and Thwing ledges are a continuation; and the third, known as the Au- gusta Blue Ledge Company, purchased Hall's ledge, two and a half miles from the bridge, over the North Belfast road. In 1871 the Hallowell Granite Company was organized, with its chief stockholder, Governor Joseph Bodwell, as president. The busi- ness gradually assumed huge proportions, and in 1885 the Hallowell Granite Works, another stock company, was formed, its executive being also Governor Bodwell. It is not known how long before these periods granite was taken from the ledges owned by the companies mentioned, but it is said that the New Orleans custom house was built, seventy years ago, of stone quarried from the ledge now oper- ated by the Hallowell Granite Works. The extensive quarries of the latter company are two and a half miles from the city of Hallowell, near the Manchester line. The granite is white, free working and soft, and can be almost as delicately chiselled as marble. It is said to be the finest grade of white granite in the state. Aside from their extensive building operations, the Hallowell Granite Works is the largest producer of monumental, statuary and ornamental work in Maine. In almost every city of the country can be seen the handi- work of its artisans. The New York state capitol at Albany; Equit- able Life Insurance Building, New York; the monument at Plymouth, Mass.; soldiers' monument, Boston Common; memorial monuments at Getty.sburg; and the Augusta soldiers' monument, etc., are from their works. The works employ, in its numerous departments, from 300 to 400 men; the annual shipment of stone averages 100,000 cubic feet, and the gross product annually averages over $250,000. Intellectually, the granite cutters of Kennebec county are on a level with any other class of mechanics. Instead of the saloon, they patronize the public library, and they take an active interest in state and national affairs. The foreign element among the granite cutters consists chiefly of vScotch, Italian and English. Ninety per cent, of the other labor is American born. In 1884 Joseph Archie opened a granite quarry near the Hallowell works, but just over the Manchester line. He took a partner for a brief period, the firm being known as the Central Granite Company. In 1891 Mr. Archie bought out his partner, and since that time has successfully continued the business alone, employing forty men. The stone produced is very fine, and is mostly used for statuary and monu- mental work. The granite is furnished to dealers on order, and is INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES. 185 shipped to St. Louis, Omaha and many other distant points. The ex- tension of the .state house at Augusta, in 1891-2, was built of stone from this quarry. Ample supplies of granite for building purposes occur in many of the towns. Ledges have been worked in Fayette and Wayne for ■other purpo-ses. S. B. Norris operated a quarry in Wayne twenty years ago, which had been formerly worked for building material, and from which J. Frank Gorden is now obtaining monument ma- terial. The name of Governor Joseph Robinson Bod well is indissolubly linked with the history of Kennebec county as that of the " granite man " — the man who had larger individual interests in granite quar- ries than any other man in the L'''nited States, and whose foresight, energy and shrewd business instinct were the means of building up the granite business at Hallowell. He was born at Methuen, Mass., in 1818 — the tenth in a family of eleven children. He was a lineal descendant of Henry Bodwell, his first known American ancestor, who bore a brave and con.spicuous part in the war with the Indian chief, King Philip. The governor's father, Joseph Bodwell, was among the most worthy and respected citizens in his community, and his mother, Mary (How) Bodwell, came of the best New England stock, and was a superior and cultured woman. His father having, through unavoidable misfortune, lost his property, Joseph R., to re- lieve the family of some of its burden, was sent when eight years old to live with his brother-in-law, Patrick Fleming. When he had at- tained his sixteenth year his brother-in-law died and Joseph R. was to a certain degree thrown upon his own resources. The school of manual labor (farming) in which he had pas.sed the formative years of his life was precisely the one best calculated to qualify him for the peculiar successes in business he afterward achieved. In 1835 he began to learn the shoemaker's trade, and for three years followed this calling, attending school during the day and spending the evening and early morning in the making of shoes. In 1838 he purchased jointly with his father a farm in West Methuen, and aided in its cultivation until the death of the elder Bodwell, in 1848. In October of this year he married his first wife, Eunice Fox, of Dracut, Mass. She died December 14, 1857, leaving one daughter, Persis Mary, born August 26, 1849. On July 25, 1859, Governor Bod- well married Hannah C, sister of Eunice, the fruit of this union being Joseph Fox Bodwell, born July 11, 1862. While cultivating his farm in West Methuen, Governor Bodwell took the first steps in that special career in which he afterward be- came so proficient, for while hauling granite from Pelham, N. H., to Lawrence, Mass., while the Lawrence mills were in course of con 183 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. struction, he became acquainted with all the processes involved in- quarrying and working granite. In 1852, in company with Hon. Moses Webster, Governor Bodwell came to Maine and began to work the granite quarries on Fox island, at the mouth of Penobscot bay. He began operations with one yoke of oxen, which he drove himself and shod with his own hands. From this humble beginning sprang: results of such magnitude that a company was formed, known as the Bodwell Granite Company, with the hardy pioneer as its president. In 1866 Governor Bodwell removed his family from Methuen to Hal- lowell, and from that period to his death, December 15, 1887, the main record of his business career was the history of the Hallowell Granite Works. He never altogether lost his early love for agricultural pursuits, and soon after he came to Hallowell he purchased in the neighbor- hood two farms, which he successfully cultivated, one of them, indeed, becoming one of the best stock farms in New England. He also car- ried on lumber operations at the head of the Kennebec, was president of the Bodwell Water Power Company, at Oldtown, Me., and was a stockholder in several important railroad enterprises. Governor Bodwell was not a politician in the ordinary meaning of the term, but he always took a deep interest in public affairs. He never sought official distinction, but office was sometimes thrust upon him. Twice he represented his adopted city in the lower branch of the legislature; for two terms he served as mayor of Hallowell, and after twice refusing the governorship of Maine he was prevailed upon in 1886 to take the nomination, and was elected by a very large ma- jority. His administration, which he did not live to complete, was honest and efficient. Governor Bodwell, however, was best known as a business man of great force of character, unquestioned integrity and untiring industry^ He was possessed of fine social gifts, and endeared himself to all wha had dealings with him. He was a philanthropist in the true sense of the word. His heart went out toward his fellow-men, and melted at the sight of suffering. He was always giving something for the needy, his Christianity knew no creed, he was every inch a man. The highest tribute to his worth was the grief at his death, of the men who knew him best — the men in his employ, who so often profited by his kindness, and whose fortunes he was always ready and often eager to advance. CHAPTER VIII. AGRICULTURE AND LIVE STOCK. Bv Samuel L. Bo.\rdm.\x. Pre-historic Agriculture. — Primitive Farming. — Natural Advantages.— Soil. — General Farm Methods.— Historic Agriculture.— Early Leaders.— Associa- tions.—Farm Machinery.— Agricultural Schools.— Cattle Breeding.— Short- horns. — Heref ords. —Jerseys. —Dairying. —Sheep. —Horses. —Stock Farms. —Driving Associations.— Race Tracks.— Trotters. — Orchards.— Retrospect. THE agricultural hi,story of the county of Kennebec is one of inci- dent, importance and influence. Of incident, because of that romance which attaches to the occupation of a new country by sturdy pioneers who hew out farms and build homes in the primitive wilderness; importance, when viewed in the light of modern achieve- ments and the position of its agriculture to day in one of the best ag- ricultural states in the Union; and influence, when is taken into ac- count the part which the historic agriculture of Kennebec has had in the larger history of the agricultural development and progress of the nation. There has been a pre-historic agriculture in the county as there has been a pre-historic age in htiman achievement of all kinds — a time before events of marked importance had been established, and before anything of interest or significance had taken place in its agricultural development. This was when farms were being made from the for- ests, the first rude homes established in the openings upon the hills, when wild animals roamed in their native woods, when fish of the lakes and rivers contributed to support, when saw mills were being established, and the occupations of the people had reference mainly to the support of existence. It was a time of self-dependence: when the farmers were obliged to look to their farms and the labor of their hands for everything that contributed to material welfare. The land supplied everything, and the farm was a small empire. Little was had by the rural people that the farm did not furnish; oxen for work, cows for the dairy, sheep for clothing. The first settlers needed a hardy race of cattle to endure the rugged winters: used to work, for the labor of clearing land was heavy; and that would also give a fair amount of milk. The maple furnished molasses and sugar. Butter 188 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. and cheese for the family were produced at the farm. The wool which the sheep furnished for clothing was supplemented by the tow and linen from the cultivated flax — and the domestic manufacture of cloth was an art understood in every farm hou.se. Beef, pork, lambs, and hens were kept as the standard supplies of the family for the long, cold winters. As the farms became more improved the orchard formed a part of all the hill farms and its fruit contributed to the luxury of living: while the cider mill was soon established in every neighborhood. The large, framed house, of which there are many fine examples yet standing, .superseded the log dwelling, and the domestic life of the early farmers, although books were few and there were no news- papers, was full of a quiet contentment, a high self-independence, little idleness and a large amount of dornestic thrift. As the years sped on changes came. Carding mills and power looms took the place of hand carding and home weaving. More sup- plies were purchased for the farms as the market became better fur- nished. Improved tools and implements made finer and more pro- ductive culture possible. Farm stock was improved. The conven- iences and even luxuries of living reached out to all farm homes of any pretension. The mowing machine upon the farm, the sewing machine and organ in the house, the diffusion of special intelligence for farmers through the agricultural press, wrought a complete revo- lution. Roads were improved; the impetus of visiting and receiving visits from distant points had its influence upon the farm life. Edu- cation was esteemed a thing of chief importance. The culture of the farm, the embellishment of the farm home, the higher social position of the farmer's family, marked a new era. Old things had passed away; all things had become new. This picture of the transitions of the agricultural life from the earliest period of settlement to the pres- ent, is a mere outline, the shadings and details of which must be filled in as the more historic structure is completed. Too far from the sea to have its vegetation retarded by the saline winds and fogs of an ocean atmosphere, and sufficiently distant from the mountain ranges to prevent suffering from their cold summits, this county, most favorably situated in an agricultural point of view, is one of the best watered sections of Maine. Its beautiful and diver- sified water surfaces assist in furnishing moisture to the soil and purity to the atmosphere, while they contribute in no small degree to the wealth of the county by adding to the charm and beauty of the landscape — the latter a consideration of no small weight with those who are attached to the country and have a love for the beauties of nature. The'soils of the county present a considerable diversity of char- acteristics. In the main they may be regarded as of granitic origin, AGRICULTURE AND LIVE STOCK. 189 Strong rather than deep, productive, retentive of fertilizing elements, in many sections ledgy, in some very rocky, in a few light or porous. The county as a whole is a rich grazing section, excellent for the pro- duction of grass, the hill farms among the best orchard lands in the state, the lands in the river valleys and in the lower portions between the hills and ridges, splendid for cultivation. The towns of Rome, Vienna, Fayette and Mt. Vernon are broken, their strong, rocky soils comprising excellent grazing lands. In Winslow the lands near the Kennebec and Sebasticook are of fine, deep, rich, productive loam. Eastward, part of the town is ledgy. Wayne, West Gardiner and Litchfield have tracts of light plains, the former having hundreds of acres of wind-shifted surface. There are, however, some fine farms, and agricirlture is constantly improving. Clinton, Benton, Albion, Windsor and Pittston are excellent grazing towns. China and Vassalboro, east of the Kennebec, and vSidney, Manchester, Winthrop, Readfield and Monmouth, west of the Kenne- bec, are without question the garden towns of the county. The county has less waste, unproductive and unimproved land than any other section of equal extent in the state. Upon almost every farm of the usual extent of 150 to 200 acres there is much diversity of soil. Orcharding has reached a high degree of perfection and is conducted on a good business system. The pastures are unstirpassed in Maine; herbage is choice, abundant and nutritious, and cool springs and pure brooks conduce to the healthfulness of farm animals. The county is abundantly wooded with large tracts of old forest growth, while in localities where the original growth has long since been cut off, young trees have taken their place and have become the most valuable land in the county. Nearly every farm has its quota of wood land, trees crown many of our highest hills, fringe the river banks and clothe the rough and waste places of the farm, affording a beautiful object in the landscape, furnishing .shelter and protection from cold winds to stock, growing crops and homesteads, adding wealth to the county, materially lessening the rigors of winter and contributing to the uni- formity and healthfulness of the climate. While in general the agricultural methods of the county may be regarded as a mixed sy.stem of husbandry, they are less so at the present time than formerly. In the earlier days each farmer raised some of all the farm crops and kept all kinds of stock, as each made it a point to be independent of every other. Now the tendency is toward the more perfect growing of crops best adapted fur particular locations, or the raising of certain special lines of stock. Farmers who have large orchards, or make dairying a specialty, or having a good grass farm sell hay and purchase commercial fertilizers, or breed a particular kind of cattle, or fine colts of a fashionable family— give special effort and attention to these branches. The orchard farmer 190 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. lets another make his butter, and the dairyman purchases his apples and often his hay of his neighbor. In many locations raising " truck crops" for our growing cities is becoming a specialty, changing the character of much of the farming. A farmer obtains more ready cash now for a few acres of early potatoes put into our manufacturing towns on the first of July than he obtained twenty years ago from the marketed crops of his entire farm. Thus the manufacturing towns and cities have done much to develop the present farm methods of the county and bring about those specialties in farming which have everywhere and always been the source of the highest profits and most successful conditions. In no section of Maine, and in but few portions of the Eastern states, has agriculture reached a higher general condition than in Kennebec county. The farm houses are commodious, often large, frequently elegant; while the barns are well and properly built, in many cases clapboarded and painted. The best and most approved implements and machines are employed; in every town are model farms of the highest rank, while neatness about the farm houses, the presence of flowers, shade trees and cultural beadty characterize the rural districts. There is a larger proportion of thoroughbred and Jiigh grade stock on our farms than in any other county in Maine, while in the best bred horses Kennebec county leads all New Eng- land. Historic agriculture in Maine had its commencement in the county of Kennebec. The records of all first things pertaining to its im- proved agriculture, the importation of thoroughbred stock, improve- ment of seeds and fruits, organization of agricultural societies, diffu- sion of information by means of books and journals, invention and manufacture of improved farm tools and implements, plans for the industrial and agricultural education of the people — all had their origin in this county. The early farmers of Kennebec — themselves from the best families of the Old Colony — were men of intelligence, anxious for improvement. The soil and natural advantages of the county were of the best, and the settlers took up their farms that they might make homes for themselves. They came into the new terri- tory of the District of Maine for this purpose; they came to stay; hence whatever promised development of agriculture was eagerly sought. But in agriculture as in everything else it was the few lead- ers who, carrying forward plans for improvement, stimulated others to higher endeavors and organized forces for the development of the county's resources. Early Leadek.s. — Foremost among those to whom the agriculture of Kennebec county owes so much for its early improvement were Benjamin Vaughan, M.D., LL.D.; his brother, Charles Vaughan; Dr. . Ezekiel Holmes, Sanford Howard, and the brothers Samuel and Eli- AGRICULTURE AND LIVE STOCK. 191 jah Wood. Doctor Vaughan was born in England April 30, 1751, studied at Cambridge and received his medical degree at Edinburgh. During the American revolution he was a member of parliament, but on account of his friendship for the American colonies he left his ■country and resided in France. In 1796 he settled in Hallowell upon a family property derived from his maternal grandfather, Benjamin Hallowell. His brother, Charles Vaughan, followed him to America in a few years and also settled upon the same tract of land, which ex- tended along the river one mile and westward to Cobbosseecontee ■lake — a distance of five miles. This land they improved and kept in a high state of cultivation, employing a large number of workmen upon it throughout the year. They had extensive gardens, estab- lished nurseries, planted orchards, imported stock, seeds, plants, cut- tings and implements from England, and carried on model farming on a large scale. They built miles of faced and bank wall upon their farms, laid out and built roads for the public use, and while they sold trees and plants from their nurseries, often to the value of a thousand dollars in a single year, they also freely gave to all who were unable to buy; sent stock, plants and seeds to leading farmers in the several new towns for them to propagate or test, and carried on correspond- -ence with prominent farmers. The apple was not then so highly esteemed for fruit as it is now, but cider was made in large quanti- ties. The Vaughans built the largest and most perfect cider mill and press in New England, employing a skilled mechanic from England to set up the machinery. In their gardens and orchards were apples, pears, peaches, cherries, and many kinds of nut-bearing trees. Doctor Vaughan passed much of his time in studies and investigations, while his brother Charles had the more immediate care of their large farms, which, later, were managed by Colonel William O. Vaughan, the doc- tor's eldest son. Doctor Vaughan was one of the most distinguished members of the Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture, es- tablished in 1792— the second society of its kind formed in the United States. He wrote extensively and learnedly upon all agricultural sub- jects, many of his treatises being published in the transactions of this society, usually with the signature, " A Kennebec Farmer." Charles Vaughan was born in London June 30, 1759. He was one of the original corporators and for several years a trustee of the Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture. He was more practical, .so to speak, than his distinguished brother, taking the immediate care of their large estates and the carrying out of their experiments and farming operations. These were very extensive, were performed at great cost of care and money, and had for their object the improvement of the agriculture of the state as much as they did the business of their owners. No breed of stock or variety of fruit, vegetable or seed was disseminated until it had been care- 192 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. fully tested and found to be valuable and well adapted to this country. Benjamin Vaughan died in Hallowell December 8, 1885, and Charles, on May 15, 1839. Succeeding the Vaughans, the name of Dr. Ezekiel Holmes, of Winthrop, must ever occupy a high position. He was born in Kings- ton, Ma.ss., in 1801, graduated from Brown University in 1821, and from the Maine Medical School in 1824. His health being inadequate to the hard service of a country physician's life, he became a teacher for the next five years in the Gardiner Lyceum. In 1828 he edited for a single year the Neiv England Farmers and Mechanics Journal. He was professor of natural science in Waterville College from 1838 to 1837. From its establishment, in 1833, Doctor Holmes ably edited ilie Maine Fanner until his death — a period of thirty-two years. Before 1840 he advocated the establishment of a board of agriculture, which was finally done in 1852, he being its first .secretary for three years. A State Agricultural Society was also incorporated by the legislature in 1855, largely through the efforts of Doctor Holmes, who drafted its constitution and was its secretary until his death. In 1838 he made a survey of Aroostook county for the state board of internal improve- ment; and in 1861-2 was chief and naturalist of the scientific survey of Maine, authorized by the legislature. These leading dates in the active and useful life of Doctor Holmes give but a very imperfect idea of the great work he accomplished for the agriculture of Maine — the influence of which is still potent and fruitful. As editor of the Maine Farmer for more than thirty years, the work of Doctor Holmes was such that had he done nothing more for Maine agriculture his memory would forever be held in grateful remembrance. Doctor Holmes was the fir.st person in Maine to introduce Shorthorns into the state: the first Southdown and Cotswold sheep, and the first of the Jersey breed of cattle. The last public act of his life was that of securing from the legislature in February, 1865 — but a week before his death — an ac which established the State College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts. The Holmes' Cabinet of Natural History in that college but inadequately expresses the debt of gratitude which it owes to its illus- trious benefactor. Samuel and Elijah Wood, sons of Henry Wood, of Middleboro, Mass., were among the first settlers of Winthrop— vSamuel settling in 1784, and Elijah a few years afterward. They were among the founders and incorporators of the Winthrop Agricultural Society — Samuel being elected its first president. Fie was among the first contributors to the Maine Farmer, and his articles — always practical, suggestive and use- ful— were continued for many years. When he first came to Win- throp Elijah Wood engaged in the manufacture of nails, but afterward was largely and profitably engaged in farming. He was "chairman and principal agent " of a committee chosen in 1831-2 by the Win- A(^.RICULTURE AND LIVE STOCK. 193 throp Agricultural Society to petition the legislature for funds in car- rying on its work. He established himself in Augusta during that winter and entered upon the work of his mission among the legisla- tors with a zeal becoming the importance of the end sought. The re- sult was the passage of an act, one provision of which was "the payment by the treasurer of state to the treasurer of any agricultural or horticultural society, whenever the treasurer shall apply for the same, a sum equal to that which said society may have raised and actually received by subscription or otherwise within the next preced- ing year" — which, with slight modification, is the substance of the present statute under which all the agricultural societies in Maine are beneficiaries of the state. Sanford Howard came to Hallowell as superintendent of the Vaughan farms in 1830. He was born in Easton, Mass., in 1805, and, having been acquainted in Massachusetts with Colonel Samuel Jaques and the Hon. John Welles — two of the most noted breeders of their times — he brought with him several individuals of the Shorthorn breed of cattle from their herds. Having seen, in Massachusetts, the benefits of agricultural societies to a farming community, Mr. Howard became anxious that Kennebec county should enjoy like advantages; and he at once joined efforts with other progressive farmers in the establish- ment of the Kennebec Agricultural Society, and after removing from the county in 1837 had an honorable and useful career until his death, in 1871. For the good he exerted upon the agriculture of Kennebec county by his residence and work here for a period of seven years, he will ever be regarded as one of the noble worthies in our earlier agri- cultural period. Dr. Sylvester Gardiner has not been mentioned before because his distinguished efforts in the settlement and development of the Ken- nebec valley embraced other interests than that of agriculture, which in a new country must always be given attention, like the building of mills and bridges, the making of roads and the establishment of trading houses. He was one of the proprietors of the Kennebec Pur- chase, and was largely instrumental in shaping its policy and promot- ing its prosperity. Obtaining thus large tracts of land in Gardiner, Pittston, Winslow, Pownalborough and other places, he built houses, cleared farms, erected dams and mills, introduced settlers and often ad- vanced them means for stocking their farms and becoming established. In these ways he greatly aided the early farmers and general agri- culture of the county, and deserves to be regarded as one of its most eminent benefactors. Other prominent names are connected with the early agricultural annals of the county. One of the most distinguished is that of Henry Dearborn, who was born in North Hampton, N. H., February 23, 1751, 13 194 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. and died at Roxbury, Mass., June 6, 1829. General Dearborn was a representative to the Third and Fourth congresses in 1801-1808, major general of Maine in 1795, and secretary of war under President Jef- ferson, 1801-1809. He had extensive farms in Monmouth, where he lived between 1784 and 1797, and was deeply interested in the im- provement of agriculture. After he removed to Roxbury, Mass., in 1824, he continued to make annual visits to his farm in this county as long as health permitted. R. H. Greene, of Winslow; Jesse Robin- son, of Waterville; Payne Wingate, of Hallowell; Robert Page, of Readfield; Rev. W. A. P. Dillingham, of Sidney; Nathan Foster, of Gardiner; Joseph A. Metcalf, of Monmouth, and Steward Foster, Ne- hemia Pierce, Peleg Benson, David Foster, Samuel Benjamin, Colum- bus Fairbanks, Samuel P. Benson and John May, of Winthrop, are names that deserve honorable mention in the agricultural annals of Kennebec county for their eminent services in the earlier years of its development. Associations.— One of the first agencies for carrying on the work of agricultural improvement which the educated and progressive farmers of this county made use of, was that of association and organi- zation. The few leading minds who were foremost in this work de- sired to extend it, that the benefits resulting from investigation, study and experiments might be shared by others. To accomplish this it was necessary to organize and cooperate. The Pennsylvania Society for Promoting Agriculture was the first agricultural society estab- lished in the United States; while the first in New England and the second in all North America, was the Kennebec Agricultural Society, established through the efforts of the Messrs. Vaughan and other pro- gressive farmers in 1787, five years previous to the incorporation of the Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture. The objects of this society were " mutual improvement in agricultural knowledge, and mutual aid, by the importation of trees, seeds, tools, books, etc." It was incorporated in 1807, and although it held no exhibitions, it had frequent meetings for the reading of papers contributed by members, and for consultation and discussion. This society subsequently dis- banded, as on February 21, 1818, the Maine Agricultural Society was incorporated. In 1820 and 1821 the society held cattle shows at Hal- lowell—the former the first cattle show ever held in the county or state. This society must also have disbanded, as on February 28, 1829, the Winthrop Agricultural Society was incorporated, which was reor- ganized so as to embrace the whole county, April 23, 1832, from which the present Kennebec County Agricultural Society dates its legal 'ex- istence. These early societies at once put themselves into correspondence with similar organizations in other states, offered prizes for crops, as- signed " tasks " to its members, and in a variety of ways worked " to AGRICULTURE AND LIVE STOCK. 195 improve the art of husbandry and to elevate the calling of the hus- bandman." Some idea of what was accomplished may be obtained by a few extracts from their records and votes: In 1818 — " that the trus- tees inquire into the utility of Hotchkins' threshing; machine and pur- chase one for the use of the society if they think expedient; 1819— that members make a written statement at the annual meetings re- specting- the manner of managing their favorite source of profit and the net gain received from it; that a committee ascertain the number of barrels of whole and watered cider made m Winthrop the present year (the first recorded instance of the collection of agricultural sta- tistics); 1821 — that premiums be given to the farmer raising the most and best quality of • high red-top ' grass seed; 1822— that $30 be sent to Malaga or Gibraltar in Spain, to purchase the best quality of bearded summer wheat for .seed, one peck only to be allowed each member; that the society subscribe for two copies of the 'publick paper," published in Boston, called the Nau England Farmer; that the necessary expense be incurred of a committee in procuring informa- tion on the relative advantage of Maine compared with other states and countries in raising fine wool; 1825 — that the secretary obtain in- formation respecting the quality and usefulness of a kind of sheep ■called ' Smith Island Sheep,' and if deemed expedient that the society purchase a pair; that .some person make experiments on raising hemp •on a small scale at the expense of the society; 1830 — that the society obtain one barrel of winter wheat for seed, from Virginia; that a pre- mium be offered for the farmer raising the best and largest crop of •corn, wheat or potatoes at the smallest expense; 1832— that a com- mittee collect information upon the diseases of sheep in this climate, with the preventive and cure, the best breeds of sheep and the mode •of improving them, with such other matter as would be useful in a treatise on sheep generally; 1834— that a committee report upon the merits of the Pitts' horse power, just invented; that a premium be offered to the farmer who may bring into the county twenty of the best Merino sheep; that ten volumes of the Maine Farmer be offered in premiums; that this society decidedly disapprove the sale of ardent spirits on the grounds on the days of their cattle show; 1835 — that ■copies of Davy's Agricultural Chemistry and Farmer's Register be procured for the use of the society; 1837— that the secretary obtain information relative to the Gordon drill plow." When it is remembered that at the early period at which many of these votes were passed the Kennebec Agricultural Society was the only one of its kind in Maine, and that there were but very few in the United States, it shows the far-seeing character and progressive spirit •of its members in a most favorable and worthy light. Its modern history is as interesting and full of commendable deeds as the earlier period. The society has encouraged by liberal premiums the best kind of farming and the judicious improvement of the live stock of the county. Early devoted to the large beef breeds of cattle, it was persistent in its opposition to the Jerseys when first introduced, and for some years refused to place the breed in its premium schedule. At its fair in 1863 the report of the committee on this breed said: 196 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. " Your committee deem it a source of gratification to find the exhibi- tion of Jerseys the present year made up of more individual speci- mens of high excellence than of any other kind of farm stock upon the ground." Having held cattle shows in different towns in the county, frequently to much inconvenience on account of the want of proper buildings, the society leased grounds at Readfield Corner in 1856, where its fairs have ever since been held. It has good buildings, including a new grand stand, a half mile track, and maintains the best county agricultural fairs of any society in Maine. It .still keeps up the old custom of having an annual address delivered at each fair and has numbered among its orators some of the most distinguished men in the state. The North Kennebec Agricultural Society was incorporated July 31, 1847, and its first exhibition was held in Waterville in October of that year, its limits extending into Somerset and Waldo counties. The society purchased fair grounds in 1854, located about a mile below the city of Waterville, upon which it built a good half mile track. Between 1855 and 1875 the fairs of this society were largely attended and among the best of their class in the state. Some of the best cat- tle and horses in Maine have been owned within its limits, and at many of its exhibitions the stock upon its show ground has ranked among the best in New England, notably the J'erseys shown by the late Dr. N. R. Boutelle, of Waterville, the Holsteins. by Thomas S. Lang, the Shorthorns of the late Warren Percival and Levi A. Dow, and the Herefords of Burleigh & Shores. Among other noted breed- ers and farmers who have contributed largely to the success of the fairs of this society have been: John D. Lang, Moses Taber, Hall C. Burleigh, H. G. Abbott, W. H. Pearson, Moses A. Getchell and J. S. Hawes, of Vassalboro; George E. Shores, H. Percival, R. R. Drum- mond, Joseph Percival, Samuel Doolittle, Henry Taylor, N. R. Bou- telle, Ephraim Maxham and J. F. Hallett, Waterville; Rev. W. A. P. Dillingham, Sidney; A. J. Libby and W. P. Blake, Oakland; B. C. Paine, Clark Drummond and Ira E. Getchell, Winslow; G. G. Hans- comb, Albion; and Joseph Taylor, Belgrade. Annual exhibitions are still held by the society. On March 26, 1853, an act of incorporation was granted the South Kennebec Agricultural Society, with headquarters at Gardiner, the late Nathan Foster being its first president. Fairs were held by this society for seven years, when its charter was surrendered, and on March 17, 1860, an act of incorporation was given the Kennebec Union Agricultural and Horticultural Society, which embraced the same ter- ritory as that of the former society. Having held its fairs at Oakland Park, Gardiner, and Meadow Park, West Gardiner, with varying suc- cess till the year 1877, its active career as a society ceased. ' In its earlier years among its most staunch supporters and largest exhibi- AGRICULTURE AND LIVE STOCK. 197 tors were: Daniel Lancaster, William S. Grant and Alden Rice, Farm- ingdale; J. M. Carpenter, Pittston; S. G. Otis and Samuel Currier, Hallowell; Joseph Wharff, Litchfield; and Nathan Foster, R. H. Gar- diner and Henry Butman, Gardiner. The Eastern Kennebec Agricultural Society was incorporated March 24 and organized April 4, 1868. The society at once purchased a lot of sixteen acres of land in China, upon which a half mile track was built, and its first exhibition was held October 20-22 of that year. In 1869 the society built an exhibition hall, 40 by 60 feet, upon its park: one exhibitor showed twenty head of cattle, there were forty horses on the grounds, and an address was delivered by Thomas S. Lang. In 1873 the secretary reported a great improvement in the stock and general farming in the towns of China, Windsor, Vassal- boro and Albion, through the influence of its fairs. The society held seven fairs, the last in 1874, when in consequence of insufficient re- ceipts, due to unfavorable weather at the date of its fairs, the pre- miums could not be paid in full, and unpaid expenses accumulating, it was deemed prudent to close up its affairs. The final meeting was held December 27, 1877, and the real estate and other property of the society were sold. Its largest exhibitors were: W^arren Percival, J. S. Hawes and Thomas S. Lang, Vassalboro; C. B. Wellington, Albion; Horace Colburn, Windsor, and J. R. Grossman and Alfred H. Jones, China. Its successive presidents were Isaac Hamilton, Ambrose H. Abbott and H. B. Williams. The South Kennebec Agricultural Association, consisting of the towns of Chelsea, Windsor, Pittston and Whitefield, was organized March 24, 1888. In June of that year, having leased land for exhibi- tion grounds and raised money for the purpose by subscription, it built a half mile track at South Windsor Corner. Its first fair was held October 3-4, 1888. Officers and friends of this society secured the incorporation of the South Kennebec Agricultural Society by the legislature February 15, 1889, and the society was organized April 20, 1889, George Brown being the first president. Its limits, as de- fined by the act of incorporation, were: " The southern part of Ken- nebec county and the towns of Whitefield, Jefferson and Somerville in Lincoln county." On the day of the organization of this society the local, unincorporated society transferred to the new society all its leases and property. An exhibition hall was built upon the grounds in the summer of 1889, and its annual fairs have been successful in the highest degree. Other societies which have been more than local in their influence and usefulness are the Kennebec Farmers' and Stockbreeders' Asso- ciation, which has held fairs at Meadow Park, West Gardiner, organ- ized in 1889; and the Pittston Agricultural and Trotting Park Associa- tion, which was also organized in 1889. The former holds its fairs at 198 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Meadow Park (MerriU's), and the latter owns a park of 17i acres at East Pittston, in the beautiful valley of Eastern river. Upon both are good half mile tracks. The exhibitions of these societies have been well supported. The Pittston and Chelsea Farmers' Union was organized Decem- ber 2, 1882, and held annual fairs at Chelsea Grange Hall till merged into the South Kennebec Agricultural Society, March 2, 1889. It also held meetings for the discussion of farm subjects. In many towns local agricultural societies holding town fairs have existed for many years. One of the oldest of these town societies is that at Litchfield, which was organized in 1859, and held its first fair in that year. About 1870 Harvey Springer built a half mile track on his land at Litchfield Plains, and offered the use of track and adjoin- ing grounds for fair purposes to the society, free, on condition that they erect an exhibition hall on the grounds for fair purposes. By special act of the legislature the town appropriated $500 for this pur- pose, and fairs have been held there uninterruptedly from 1859 to 1890, inclusive. For a few years after occupying the new grounds there were races in connection with the fairs, but for several years past there has been no trotting at the exhibition. The Litchfield town fairs have been among the most celebrated local fairs in the state. One of the next oldest local organizations is the Monmouth Farmers' and Mechahics' Club, organized in the winter of 1871-2, which has held annual fairs that have been among the best in the state. Other towns that have maintained annual fairs are: Sidney, Belgrade, Pitts- ton, Chelsea, Albion, China and Vassalboro. The following named Granges have also held excellent Grange fairs: Capital, Augusta; Cushnoc, Riverside; Oak Grove, Vassalboro. All these societies have exerted an important influence upon the improvement and develop- ment of the agricultural operations and practices of the Kennebec valley. The State Agricultural Society, incorporated in 1855, was in reality a product of Kennebec county, and held fairs at Gardiner in 1855, and in Augusta in 1858, 1859 and 1872. The state board of agriculture, organized in 1852, has always held its annual meetings at Augusta; and in recent years farmers' institutes have been held at leading points in the county two or three times each year. From the meetings of the Maine Pomological and Horticultural Society, organized in 1847, the farmers and orchardists of Kennebec county derived great benefit; as well as from the meetings for discussion and annual exhibitions of the State Pomological Society, organized at Winthrop, in 1873. The Maine Dairymen's Association, organized in Augusta in 1874, had for its earliest and most earnest advocates the leading dairymen in the county, and its headquarters were here for many years. Farmers of AGRICULTURE AND LIVE STOCK. 199 Kennebec county have had a great share in the organization and management of these bodies. In 1869 the state board of agriculture recommended to the county societies that a portion of the state bounty be expended in the work of forming farmers' clubs in the several towns within their jurisdic- tion. Under this recommendation many such clubs were organized in the rural communities throughout the county, which held meetings for discussion, local fairs and farmers' festivals. They were produc- tive of great good, but have given place to the Granges of Patrons of Husbandry. This order was introduced into the county in 1874, Mon- mouth Grange, the thirty-ninth Grange formed in the state, having been organized October 3, 1874, with eighteen charter members, as the first Grange instituted in the county; Mark Getchell, master; M. H. Butler, secretary. This Grange now has a membership of fifty. There are now twenty Granges in the county, with a total membership in 1891 of 1,492. Eight of these Granges own their own halls. The Pomona Grange of Kennebec County was organized at Winthrop, January, 1879, and holds monthly meetings at the halls of the different subordinate Granges in the county. This order, admitting women to all the privileges of membership, has been productive of a good work in elevating the social position of the farmer's family, and carrying to a higher standard the practical, educational and business methods of the farmers themselves. Farm Machinery. — The spirit of inquiry, investigation and desire for improvement manifested by the early farmers of the county in those lines of farm work relating to stock, grains, fruits and better methods of husbandry, led equally to early efforts for obtaining better tools and machines with which to perform the work of the farm in a more rapid and less laborious manner. Threshing grain by the hand flail being one of the hardest parts of farm work, the threshing machine was one of the first things to be studied out. Mr. Jacob Pope, of Hallowell. was the first person to introduce such a machine to the notice of farmers, his efforts in the way of invention having been commenced in 1826. The Pope ma- chine went by hand, and by turning a crank a series of mallets or swingles came over upon a table on which the heads of the grain had been placed by the man tending it, and thus the grain was pounded out. It threshed the grain well, but it was found to be harder work to turn the crank than to swing the flail. Mr. Balon, of Livermore, soon after the Pope machine was made, got up an improvement upon it, which consisted of a cylinder, operated by horse power, which was attached to an old cider mill sweep, the gearing being very simple and the horse going round in a circle. This was abandoned, and Samuel Lane, of Leeds, probably acting upon Mr. Balon's idea, set about making an endless chain one-horse power with a cylinder hav- 200 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTV. ing high gearing. This was regarded as verv successful when com- pleted, in 1833. The Lane machine had no sooner become successful than the brothers, Hiram and John A. Pitts, of Winthrop, conceived the idea of making a wider endless chain of wood and mounting two horses upon it, thus doubling the power and the speed. At the same time that the Messrs. Pitts were at work upon their machine, Mr. Luther Whitman, of Winthrop, was also experimenting in the same direction. Each of these parties got several patents, and much litiga- tion followed as to the priority of their inventions. Mr.Whitman com- menced working upon his idea of a thresher in 1832, and completed it in 1834, essentially similar to the Pitts machine. The brothers Pitts and Mr. Whitman also worked upon the idea of combining the horse power thresher with the separator and winnower, and both accomplished the results sought. While it has been generally conceded that the Pitts combined machine was the original machine, it has also been admitted that Mr. Whitman was the first to use the uninterrupted rod as in use at the present day, with slight changes, and Mr. Whitman also in- vented in 1838 the reversible tooth for threshing machines, the same tooth that is in use to this day. It is also claimed that the first per- fect thresher, with a straw-carrier attachment and winnowing machine combined ever made in the world, was made by Luther Whitman, at Winthrop, in the year 1834. Mr. Whitman was born in Bridgewater, Mass., in 1802, and after his success in inventing the threshing ma- chine established a factory for their construction at Winthrop, where he was in business till his death, January 26, 1881. The horse power thresher and separator of to-day is virtually the Pitts- Whitman ma- chine, and from Kennebec county it has gone into almost every state in the Union. In 1827 Mr. Moses B. Bliss, of Pittston, invented a " movable hay press," and in 1828 Mr. Samuel Lane, of Hallowell, invented a corn- sheller, which consisted of a cog or spur-wheeled cylinder, from which all the standard hand-power corn-shellers now in use have descended. Previous to 1840 the hand tools of the farm, of iron or steel, like forks, scythes, sickles, axes and hoes, were made by hand by the vil- lage blacksmith, but were heavy, bungling affairs. In 1841 Mr. Jacob Pope, of Hallowell, commenced the manufacture of the first polished spring steel hay and manure forks ever made in Maine, continuing the busine.ss down to about 1870, his goods having a high reputation. Elias Plimpton commenced the manufacture of hoes by machinery at Litchfield in 1820, coming from Walpole, Mass., being the first person to make hoes by machinery in this state. In 1845 Plimpton & Sons began the manufacture of manure and hay forks in connection with hoes, which his sons still continue. The manufacture of scythes AGRICULTURE AND LIVE STOCK. 201 by machinery was first commenced in this county at North Wayne, in 1840, by the late R. B. Dunn. Agricultural Schools. — To Kennebec county belongs the honor of having- established the first institution in North America devoted to technical agricultural and industrial education, the personal honor of which is due to the first Robert Hallowell Gardiner, of Gardiner. In a petition to the legislature of Maine in 1821, asking for a grant of one thousand dollars for aid in establishing an institution " to give mechanics and farmers such a scientific education as would enable them to become skilled in their professions," this distinguished and far-seeing philanthropist said: " It is an object of very great impor- tance to any state * * * that its artisans should possess an edu- cation adapted to make them skillful and able to improve the ad- vantages which nature has .so lavishly bestowed upon them. ■■ * * The recent improvements in chemistry which give the knowledge of the nature of fertile and barren soils and the best mode of improving them, render the importance of a scientific education' to her farmers much greater than at any other period." This, copied from the peti- tion written by Mr. Gardiner, shows the idea which he had of the class of college or school so much needed in his time for giving a " liberal " education to farmers, and foreshadows exactly the colleges of agriculture and the mechanic arts now existing in all the states, under the endowment of the Morrill Land Grant bill of 1862; and Mr. Gardiner in pleading with the state to establish such a school, was actually a whole generation in advance of his time, as it was not till more than forty years later that these colleges were established under the patronage of the general government. Mr. Gardiner succeeded in obtaining a yearly grant of $1,000 from the state, and the " Gardiner Lyceum " was incorporated in 1821. A stone building for its use was erected in 1822, and on January 1, 182B, the Lyceum was formally opened to pupils. Rev. Benjamin Hale, born in Newbury, Mass., November 23, 1797, and once a tutor in Bow- doin College, being president of the Lyceum from 1823 to 1827. After leaving Gardiner, Mr. Hale was professor of chemistry in Dartmouth College from 1827 to 1835, and from 1836 to 1858 president of Geneva College, New York. He died July 15, 1863. The course of study at the Lyceum was arranged for two years, and there were twenty stu- dents the first year. The courses may be generally described as a chemical, and a mechanical one. The former comprised lectures on the principles of chemical science, on agricultural chemistry, on dye- ing, bleaching, pottery, porcelain, cements and tanning. The latter ■course embraced lectures on mechanical principles, dynamics, hydro- statics, hydraulics and carpentry. Later a course in mineralogy was included. In 1824 Dr. Ezekiel Holmes was engaged as " permanent professor in agriculture," and in connection with this professorship the trustees undertook the management of a practical farm in connec- 202 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. tion with the Lyceum, where experiments in agriculture were tried. where the students were allowed to work to diminish the expense of board, and "to give the future agriculturist the knowledge of those principles of science upon which his future success depends, and an opportunity to see them reduced to practice." In order to accommo- date those students whose business during the summer months made it impossible for them to join the regular cla.sses, winter classes were established in surveying, navigation, chemistry, carpentry and civil architecture. These "winter classes" corresponded to the "short courses " in special branches now given at some of our agricultural colleges. This outline shows the general scope and character of the institu- tion. After Mr. Hale's resignation of the office of president the Ly- ceum was severally in charge of Edmund L. Gushing, Dr. Ezekiel Holmes, Mr. Whitman and Jason Winnett, as presidents or principals. Its classes were well kept up for many years, at one time the scholars numbering fifty-three. The Lyceum had a good library and creditable collections, and the students were encouraged to make collections of specimens illustrating the geology and flora of the section, which were deposited in the museum. Finally the .state withdrew its yearly ap- propriations, and for two or three years subsequently it was main- tained almost entirely at the expense of Mr. Gardiner himself. The property of the Lyceum, after having remained unused in the hands of the trustees for several years, was sold to the city of Gardiner in 1857, and the building occupied as a high school. The proceeds were divided pro rata among the original stockholders, and the first agri- cultural and industrial college in the United States ceased to exist. Cattle.— As cattle are the real basis of successful agriculture, the farmers of the province of Maine had their cows and oxen as soon as they had homes. The so-called " natives " or " old red cattle of New England "—about which so much has been written in agricultural lit- erature— were a mixture of the Devons, brought over by the Pilgrims of Plymouth; some "black cattle" brought by trading ship-masters from the West Indies or the Spanish Main; the Danish cattle brought to Piscataqua by Captain John Mason in 1631, " for the purpose of furnishing milk to the fishermen," and the importation made by Dr. Benjamin Vaughan and his brother, Charles, of Hallowell, in 1791-2. This importation marks the commencement of improved stock breed- ing in this county, and consisted of two bulls and two cows, which ar- rived in Hallowell in November, 1791. These cattle were selected with great care, the bulls — from the celebrated Smithfield market, were of the Longhorn or Bakewell breed; the cows from the London dairies,, which were supplied mostly from animals of the Holderness or York- shire breed. The instructions given their London agent by the Messrs. Vaughan are interesting, and show how particular they were- AGRICULTURE AND LIVE STOCK. 203' to obtain animals specially adapted to a new country. Points were to be observed which would fit the draft stock for a hilly country, and they were also to select animals well fitted for the dairy, and were " to- look to the quality rather than the quantity of the milk." Great stress was laid on their having full hindquarters for the ascent of hills, and full forequarters and prominent briskets for the descent. How well the breed proved for draft purposes was shown at the first cattle show held in Hallowell in 1821, where their descendants were on exhibition. A yoke of oxen, girting an inch or two over seven feet, drew with ease a cart loaded with stone weighing 7,200 pounds; and a yoke of bulls, girting six feet and two inches, drew for ten rods " with perfect ease " a drag loaded with stone which weighed 3,800 pounds. A calf of one of these cows was presented to Hon. Christopher Gore, of Massachusetts, and became the progenitor of the celebrated "Gore breed " of cattle so famous for years in that state.. These Longhorn and Holderness cattle of the Vaughan importation were very long-lived, and their descendants were hardy and vigorous. Many of the cows continued to breed till eighteen years old, and the oxen proved great workers. The Vaughans used the males of their herds in a way to benefit the early settlers in this county and the ad- jacent territory as much as possible. Hence they were not only kept on their extensive farms at Hallowell, but were sent to prominent farmers in other Kennebec county towns, in the Sandy river valley and other parts, and were frequently changed. By this course their progeny soon became numerous. The Vaughans continued to breed from descendants of their first importation until about 1820. In Coggeshall's Americmi Privateers and Letters of Marque (page 47), it is said that the brig "Peter Waldo, irora. Newcastle, England, for Halifax, with a full cargo of Briti.sh manufactures, clearing the captors $100,000, was sent into Portland in August, 1812, by the Teaser of New York." In this vessel was a Methodist minister and his fam- ily bringing their effects to the British Provinces, and they had among them a bull and cow of the Holderness breed. As all the goods cap- tured were sold, these cattle were among them, and descendants of them, known as the " Prize " stock, soon found their way to Sidney and Va.ssalboro. The late John D. Lang, of Vassalboro, some years- since, gave the writer a very interesting account of this breed, which, may be found in the Agriculture of Maine for 1874, p. 247. Durhams or Shorthorns. — The earlier importations of cattle into- this country, after systematic efforts had been undertaken in their breeding by leading farmers of Massachusetts, were of the Durham, afterward more popularly called the Shorthorn breed. The first in- dividual of this breed ever brought into Kennebec county was a bull known as " Young Coelebs "—said to have been a half blood— bred by Colonel Samuel Jaques, of Charlestown, Mass., and brought to Hal- 204 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. lowell in 1825 by General Jesse Robinson — a gentleman very active in the promotion of Agriculture and the improvement of stock in his day. After a few years this bull was sold to John Kezar, of Win- throp, and acquired much celebrity in the western part of the county as the " Kezar bull." Splendid stock descended from him, both in oxen and cows, but as he was pure white many farmers objected, as white has never been a popular color for cattle. In 1826 the white bull •" Hercules," bred by Samuel Lee, of Massachusetts, was brought by General Henry Dearborn to Pittston, where he was kept for several years and afterward was taken to Winthrop. This same year a bull called " Jupiter," also bred by Colonel Jaques, was brought to Hal- lowell by John Davis. He was kept in that town, also in Readfield, Winthrop and Wayne, and left choice stock in each, the good influ- ence of which was apparent for nearly half a century. What is believed to have been the first thoroughbred Durham brought into the state was the imported bull " Denton," presented by Stephen Williams, Esq., of Northboro, Alass., to the late Dr. Ezekiel Holmes, then of Gardiner, where he arrived in November, 1827. The animals introduced before " Denton " were half-bloods. He was im- ported by Mr. Williams, through the agency of his brother, then residing in London, and arrived in Boston November 5, 1817. Mr. Williams kept " Denton " until the fall of 1827, when he was pre- sented to his friend, Doctor Holmes, of Gardiner. He was kept in 1828 in Gardiner, and in 1829 was carried to Doctor Holmes' farm in Starks, where he died from old age in 1830. The change made in the character of the neat cattle of Kennebec county by the introduction of this animal was remarkable. Writing of him in 1855, Doctor Holmes said he might justly be regarded as one of the patriarchs of the New England Shorthorns, and the chief source of this improved blood found in so large a proportion in the early herds of Kennebec county, and, in fact, of the whole state — for his calves were widely dissemi- nated throughout Maine and have done a great deal to give this county the high reputation it has had for its choice herds of Short- horns. In 1828 Colonel R. H. Greene, of Winslow, introduced into that town two bulls known as " Tasso " and " Banquo," imported from England by John Hare Powell, of Virginia. These finely bred ani- mals were kept in Winslow three years, and subsequently one of them in Winthrop one year, and one in Augusta one year, leaving fine stock in each town. Colonel Greene, between 1828 and 1834, also brought several animals of the Shorthorn breed from New York, some of which were imported, among them the bull " Young Fitz Favorite," an animal of mttch good reputation; an imported animal having been brought to New York by Robert B. Minturn from the herd of Mr. Ashcroft, one of the leading cattle breeders of the West of England; AGRICULTURE AND LIVE STOCK. 205 the bull " Young Comet." by the celebrated bull " Wye Comet," and also the bull " Fairfield," purchased of E. P. Prentice, of Albany, N. Y. Robert Cornforth and Thomas Pierce, of Readfield — farmers who were foremost in Western Kennebec in the improvement of the breeds of cattle— each introduced Shorthorns into that town in 1829 and 1830. Mr. Cornforth introduced the bull " Turk." and Mr. Pierce kept the bulls " Uranus '" and " Gold-finder," both by " Young Denton." Their history is recorded in glowing language in our early agricultural an- nals, and they deserve mention in any history of the live stock industry of Kennebec county. They gave an impress to the high character of the early herds of the county, traces of which are very plainly evi- dent down to the present day. " Denton," " Young Coelebs," " Fitz Favorite," " Banquo," " Comet," " Foljambe " and " Wye Comet " were all recorded in the early vol- umes of the English Shorthorn Herd Book, establishing beyond all question the purity of the thoroughblood of these early animals, the progeny of which formed the basis of the neat cattle of Kennebec county. Moreover, at this early date the cattle of this county had ac- quired so high a reputation that animals had been sent to Massachu- setts and even as far west as Ohio; nearly every town in this county pos- sessed thoroughbred animals, and they had also been widely dissemi- nated in Somerset, Waldo, Penobscot, Franklin and York counties. With the breeding of Shorthorns, as well as others, there was a period between 1835 and 1850 when interest seemed to lessen. The earlier breeders had died or given up active efforts through advanc- ing age, and the younger farmers had not then felt that impetus in the business which was developed later. The character of the stock had been kept up to a high standard, there were good cross-breeds all over the county, and it was not till deterioration became evident in the leading herds that younger farmers took up the responsibility of obtaining high priced registered stock from abroad, or improving the best of that which remained. Prominent farmers who gave much effort to stock improvement between 1835 and 1853 were: Oakes How- ard, Winthrop; R. H. Greene and Isaac W. Britton, Winslow; Sulli- van Kilbreth and Samuel Currier, Hallowell; Allen Lambard, Au- gusta; Joseph H. Underwood, Sewall N. Watson and Francis Hub- bard, Fayette; Josiah N. Fogg, S. H. Richard.son and Colonel D. Craig, Readfield; Amos Rollins, Belgrade; John F. Hunnewell, China; Har- rison Jaquith, Albion; Josiah Morrill and Isaiah Marston, Waterville, and Luther and Bradford Sawtell-, Sidney. In 1859 Warren Percival of Cross' Hill, Vassalboro, commenced the building up of a herd of thoroughbred Shorthorns by purchasing animals of William S. Grant, of Farmingdale. Subsequently Mr. Per- cival, at different dates, purchased animals of Paoli Lathrop, Augustus Whitman'and other breeders in Massachusetts, George Butts, of Man- ■206 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. lius, N. Y., and others. In breeding he aimed at great perfection in symmetry, hardy constitution 'and high milking qualities, and for many years was the foremost breeder of this class of stock in Maine. At one time his herd consisted of 125 animals, although sixty head was about the average number kept while he was engaged in his largest farming operations. His yearly sales extended throughout New England and the Provinces. His first appearance in the Ameri- can Shortliorn Herd Book as a registered breeder, was in volume V, for 1860, and for the next seventeen volumes Mr. Percival's name appears among those of the great American breeders of this class of stock, with the pedigrees of a large number of finely bred animals — in vol- ume IX, for 1870, twenty-seven being recorded, his herd then being at the height of its popularity. Mr. Percival was an important figure in Maine agriculture for many years. His death occurred July 17, 1877, upon the homestead where he was born March 27, 1819. John D. Lang, of Vassalboro, was one of the earlier breeders of Shorthorns, having bred from the old stock. But in 1860, in connec- tion with his son, Thomas S. Lang, they imported animals into that town from the herds of Paoli Lathrop, of Massachusetts, and Samuel Thorne, of New York, and bred with a good deal of spirit. In 1864 they exhibited a herd of thirty-two head of thoroughbred Shorthorns at the fair of the North Kennebec Agricultural Society, but soon after disposed of their animals to give attention to another class of stock. Henry Taylor, a Boston business man, who established a stock farm in Waterville in 1866, bred Shorthorns for five or six years, bringing to that town animals from the celebrated herd of R. A. Alexander, of Lexington, Ky. His operations were discontinued about 1870. Levi A. Dow, of Waterville, commenced breeding Shorthorns in 1868, his name appearing in nearly every volume of the American Herd Book as a leading breeder of this stock from that year to the year 1882. His first purchases were from the herds of Paoli Lathrop and H. G. White, of Massachusetts, and later from those of home breeders. Samuel G. Otis, of Hallowell, was quite extensively engaged in breed- ing Shorthorns between the years 1872 and 1881. His foundation ani- mals were obtained of Jonathan Talcott, Rome. N. Y., and others from Warren Percival and breeders in Massachusetts. At one time Mr. Otis' herd numbered fully twenty individuals. The great herds of this breed formerly kept in the county have been greatly reduced or entirely broken up— the Jerseys having superseded them as dairy animals and the Herefords taken their places for work and beef. Herefords. — One of the first animals of this breed introduced into Kennebec county was the bull "Young Sir Isaac," brought to Hallo- well in 1880 bv Sanford Howard, superintendent of the Vaughan farms. He was by imported " Admiral," sent with other stock as a pre.sent to the Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture, by AGRICILTURF. AND LIVE STOCK. 207 Admiral Sir Isaac Coffin, of the British Navy — his dam being by the Hereford bull, "Sir Isaac." also presented to the same society by Ad- miral Coffin. In 1844, J. Wingate Haines of Hallowell, brought into that town the bull " Albany," purchased of Erastus Corning and Wil- liam H. Sotham, of Albany, N. Y., from their noted importation of English Herefords brought to this country in 1841. This beautiful bull laid the foundation for the magnificent working oxen for which the towns of Hallowell, Winthrop, Fayette and Wayne were formerly noted. Joseph H. Underwood, one of the most prominent farmers and breeders this county has ever had, was born in Amherst, N. H., in 1783, and when he became of age settled in Fayette. He gave early attention to the improvement of neat cattle, and obtained descendants of the first Herefords brought into the county, but about 1852 pur- chased of Captain E. Pendleton, an old shipmaster of Searsport, a bull and cow of this breed brought over in one of his ships from England. In 1859 he purchased the celebrated bull " Cronkhill 2d," of the Messrs. Clarke, of Springfield, Mass., and in 1865 introduced into his herd a celebrated bull, " Wellington Hero," from the herd of Freder- ick William Stone, of Guelph, Ontario, and subsequently other ani- mals were purchased of Mr. Stone. After the death of Mr. Under- wood, November 8, 1867, his sons, G. & G. Underwood, continued to carry on the farming and breeding operations of their father jointly till 1875, when they dis.solved. During these years the herd was kept up by purchases from Mr. vStone, Hall C. Burleigh of Vassalboro, H. A. Holmes of Oxford, and Mr. Gibb of Compton, P. Q. When they dissolved Gilbert Underwood retained the herd of cattle, and now has a choice family of thirty fine animals. Another son of J. H. Under- wood—Albert G. Underwood of Fayette— has a herd of fourteen thor- oughbred and registered animals. The Underwood Herefords are now the oldest herds of this breed in the county. In 1869 G. E. Shores, of Waterville, and Hall C. Burleigh, then of Fairfield, purchased the entire herd of thoroughbred Herefords be- longing to Hon. M. H. Cochrane, of Hillhurst, Compton, P. 0., then and for a long time previous regarded as the most famous herd of Herefords on the continent. It was a bold purchase, and gave the county high fame as the home of the best Herefords at that time in the United States. The celebrated individuals of this purchase were the bull " Compton Lad," and the Verbena family of cows and heifers. After three years' breeding the herd bad so much increased that a di- vision was made and for years formed two distinguished herds under the separate management of each owner. Mr. Shores sold his entire herd to William P. Blake of West Waterville, in 1875, who continued :to breed for many years, finally disposing of his interest to his son, 208 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Fred E. Blake, of Fairview Farm, Sidney, who now has a small herd of this breed. Important as have been the importations of animals of this breed into the county in the past, and valuable as they have been as indi- viduals and as herds, all efforts of breeders are comparatively limited beside the great operations in cattle importing by the firm of Burleigh & Bod well, the members of which were Hall C. Burleigh of Vassalboro, and Joseph R. Bodwell, of Hallowell. This partnership was formed in 1879, and was dissolved by the death of ex-Governor Bodwell, De- cember lii, 1887. During the continuance of this firm Mr. Burleigh made five visits to England for the purpose of selecting breeding animals, bringing home large consignments each time; in addition to which he made eight different importations from Great Britain, aside from importations made from Canada. In 1879 seventy-seven head were imported: in 1880-81. eighty-five head; in 1882 two consignments were made, one of eighty and one of fifty head; in 1883 Mr. Burleigh chartered the steamship Texas and brought over for his firm the largest lot of Hereford .stock ever brought to this country by one firm, numbering two hundred head, and in 1884 another importation of sev- enty animals was made. The total number brought to Maine by this firm was over 800, and while a considerable number were retained in their own home herds at Vassalboro and Hallowell, and some in other towns in the county and state, by far the larger part were shipped West and South. In 1881 Mr. Burleigh made the tour of the grand Western circuit of the great inter-state fairs, taking with him a herd of magnificent animals from his Vassalboro farm, which won everywhere m all clas.ses in which they were shown. Again, in 1883, Mr. Burleigh exhibited at the great fairs at Kansas City, Chicago and New Orleans. At these fairs Mr. Burleigh won first prizes and sweepstakes on animals of his own breeding; and also the champion gold shield for the best animal of any sex, breed or age, exhibited by the breeder, on the heifer " Burleigh's Pride," a cross-bred Hereford and Polled Angus, two years old, weighing 1,820 pounds. The exhibition of these cattle at the great fairs of the West in 1881 and 1883 brought Maine into high prominence as a cattle raising state, and gave this county a reputation which has been a great aid to our agriculture. Mr. Burleigh's herd is still kept up to a high point, both in numbers and excellence, and in 1891 he won fifteen first prizes, eleven second prizes and one third prize at the Maine State Fair. His son, Thomas G. Burleigh, is also interested in breeding on his own account. About 1876 Mr. J. S. Hawes, of South Vassalboro, started in the breeding of thoroughbred and grade Herefords and built up a large herd, sending a considerable number of breeding animals West. His operations were continued till 1879, when he removed to Kansas, tak- AGRICULTURE AND LIVE STOCK. 209 ing many of his best animals with him, where he engaged in ranche cattle breeding on a very large scale. Other leading breeders of this class of stock in the county are: M. M. Bailey, Winthrop; Edgar E. Robinson, Mt. Vernon; and G. W. Billings, E. H. Kent and the Me.ssrs. Gile, Fayette. These gentlemen all have thoroughbred and registered animals, while high grades and cross-breds are widely disseminated, especially in towns in the western part of the county. /erscjfs.— The date of the introduction and systematic breeding of this breed of cattle in Kennebec county, marks the first step toward special lines of farming and breeding, upon which all subsequent im- provement has been based. Previous to this the agriculture of the county was general. Farmers endeavored to make their farms self- maintaining, grew those crops that were largely needed and consumed upon the farm, and bred cattle adapted to general purposes. Work was the one chief object m keeping cattle — hence to raise good work- ing oxen was the first requisite. A cow that brought a good calf and gave sufficient milk for family use was the one that was kept. There had been little thought up to this date of breeding a special cow adapted to dairy production, and making prime butter to sell. But with the introduction of the Jersey breed of cattle a complete trans- formation in Kennebec agriculture took place. It was the beginning of specialties in farming, and specialties in farming mark the modern from the old style methods, introduce new ideas, create diversity and insure larger returns. This date was the year 1855. In that year Dr. Ezekiel Holmes brought the bull " Butter Boy," and in 1856 the cow " Pansy 3d," into Winthrop. Both animals were purchased of Samuel Henshaw, of Bos- ton— the latter imported by ^Ir. Henshaw, the former from imported stock. It is probable that two or three years earlier than this William S. Grant, of Farmingdale, had brought to that town the bull "Old Duke," also obtained from Mr. Henshaw, but this animal acquired nothing like the reputation accorded to those brought to the county by Doctor Holmes. The amount of ridicule which this patient phi- lanthropist endured for having brought these animals into this county and for championing their merits through the columns of the Maine Farmer, was something enormous. Believing in their adaptability to the new agriculture of the county, he had the courage to bring these small, delicate Jerseys into the very heart of that county which for fifty years had prided itself upon its magnificent Durhams and Here- fords, and farmers generally looked upon him as the visionary advo- cate of a breed of cattle unsuited to the county and destined to ruin its stock interests. But despite this opposition Doctor Holmes con- stantly urged their merits and value to our farmers. Their recogni- tion, however, was very slow, and it was several years after their first 14 210 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. introduction before the trustees of the State Agricultural Societj' could be induced to otfer premiums for them, as it did for other breeds of cattle. When this action had been taken their success appeared as- sured, and they became rapidly disseminated. The fame of many cows among the " foundation " animals of this breed in the county was very great, among them being the celebrated cows "Pansy 3d," "Jessie Pansy," "Buttercup," owned by W. H. Chisam of Augusta, " Lilly," " Fancy 2d," " Victoria Pansy," owned by the late C. S. Robbins of Winthrop, " Lucy," owned by P. H. Snell of Winthrop, and many others. The famous cows made from 11 to 17^ pounds of butter per week, established the reputation of the Jer- seys as the great butter yielding breed, opened a new' era for the agri- culture of the county and state, and made their owners independent. The celebrity of " AA'inthrop Jerseys " rapidly increased, and the animals became widely disseminated. The Jersey breeders of Win- throp organized the Winthrop Jersey Cattle Association, March 7, 1870, and the breed had attained such large numbers in Waterville that a Jensey Stock Club was formed in that town in 1868, and at a town show of this class exclusively, held that year, over forty splendid cows were shown. In fifteen years after the first Jerseys were intro- duced they had spread all over Maine, large numbers had been sent to Massachusetts, Vermont and New Hampshire, and in 1872 a car load of fifteen Winthrop Jerseys was sent to Denver, Colorado. The town association of Winthrop breeders became the Maine vState Jersey Cat- tle Association, and was incorporated by the legislature in 1875. Its present membership is believed to be larger than that of any other Jersey cattle association in the country. It has published five volumes of its Herd i-W/-— 1876, 1880, 1883, 1886 and 1889. These volumes re- cord a total of 724 bulls and 2,008 cows and heifers. Among the early herds of the Winthrop or Maine State Jerseys were those of Lloyd H. Snell, E. Holmes & Son, N. R. Pike & Son, and P. H. Snell, Winthrop; Samuel Guild and W. H. Chisam, Augusta; and William Dyer and Jo- seph Percival, Waterville. Mr. Percival introduced the first Jerseys into Waterville in 1863, and for many years his herd was the best in town and bred with great purity. L. H. vSnell, of AVinthrop, owned at one time a famous but not large herd of this breed, one of the foundation animals being the cel- ebrated cow " Victoria Pansy" (No. 12, Maine Herd Book), which was afterward sold to Mr. Cyrus S. Robbins, of Winthrop, who founded the Robbinsdale herd in 1858, which, since Mr. Robbins' death. May 14, 1880, has been maintained by his widow, and is now one of the most celebrated herds of this strain of Jerseys in Maine. It numbers four- teen animals and has been a high prize winning herd at our state fairs for many years. Silas T. Floyd, of Winthrop, has a choice herd of ten Maine Jerseys, having a private butter dairy which has a high AGRICULTURE AND LIVE STOCK. 211 reputation. He started with the Holmes stock, and his herd has at different times embraced some of the best animals of that celebrated importation. A. C. & E. P. True, Litchfield, have an old and fine herd, which embraces both Maine State and American Cattle Club Jerseys. The Trues have bred with care, and their animals have won high prizes at our state fairs. Other breeders of Maine Jerseys are: Willis Cobb, Samuel Greeley, F. M. Woodward and M. B. Hewett, Winthrop; C. B. Preble, Litchfield; J. Henry Moore, West Winthrop, and E. H. Leavitt, East Winthrop. Dr. J. W. North, Nordheim farm, Augusta, formerly was largely engaged in breeding American Cattle Club Jerseys. While the Maine registered Jerseys have been more widely dis- seminated throughout the county than those of the American Cattle Club Registry, valuable and extensive herds of the last named have been kept in the county. In 1SG5 the late Dr. N. R. Boutelle, of Waterville, commenced to breed Jerseys of the Holmes-Henshaw im- portation, but in 1867 changed to American registered animals. His first purchases of this family were made of C. Wellington, Lexington, Mass., in 1867. In 1869 he purchased breeding animals of Colonel G. E. Waring, jun., of Newport, R. I., and F. E. Bowditch, of Framingham, and in 1870 made a choice purchase from the noted herd of Thomas Motley, of Jamacia Plains, Mass. In 1871 Doctor Boutelle purchased a fine band of six breeding animals from the great herd of S. Sheldon Stevens, of Montreal. From the foundation thus laid Doctor Boutelle bred animals of great value and beauty, and by maintaining the in- troduction of new blood in later years, from the best sources, built up the finest herd of American registered Jerseys ever owned in the state for their time. In 1872, the late General W. S. Tilton, then governor of the National Soldiers' Home, started a herd of Jerseys of the Ameri- can registry by the purchase of foundation animals from Benjamin E. Bates and Thomas Motley, of Massachusetts, subsequently purchasing a reinforcement of new blood from such noted herds as those of R. L. Maitland and John S. Barstow, of New York. In 1874 and 1875 Gen- eral Tilton imported animals direct from the Isle of Jersey, and the Togus herd at that date consisted of twenty animals, and was one of the finest in New England. At present the largest breeder of American Jerseys in the county, as well as the state, is Chandler F. Cobb, of Mt. Pleasant Farm, South Vassalboro, whose herd consists of sixty choice, fashionably bred ani- mals. The leading animals in the herd are " Sir Florian," 11,578, im- ported by T. S. Cooper, Chambersburg, Penn.. and " Fancy's Harry 7th," 24,386. His herd embraces noted individuals of the celebrated Regina, Nobie and Pogis families, and aside from his own breeding Mr. Cobb is making constant additions of new blood. His animals .are among the great prize winners of Maine, and the product of his 212 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. celebrated dairy has a high reputation. His stock farm is the old Hawes property, on a commanding- elevation in one of the most sightly and picturesque spots in Kennebec county. Other breeds of cattle have at different dates been imported into the county. The Devons were first brought in 1859 by Allen Lam- bard, of Augusta, by the purchase of four individuals from the herd of Joseph Burnett, of Southboro, Mass. In 1860 he also purchased from the herd of S. C. Wainwright, of Rhinebeck, N. Y., then the most famous herd of this breed in America, a pair of animals, and with this foundation built up a large and fine herd. Sewell B. Page, of Winthrop, bred the Devons extensively between 1865 and 1880. In 1855 and 1866 John D. Lang, of Vassalboro, Timothy Boutelle and Joseph Percival, of Waterville, and Hiram Pope, of West Gardiner, each brought in individuals of the Ayrshire breed from the herd of John P. Gushing, Watertown, Mass. There are many full blood and grade Ayrshires now scattered through the larger dairy herds of the county. The first specimens of Dutch cattle, afterward called the Holstein, and now known as the Holstein-Friesian, were brought into the county by Thomas S. Lang, of Vassalboro, in 1864, being imported animals from the very celebrated herd of Winthrop W. Ghenery, of Belmont, Mass. General W. S. Tilton, while governor of the National Soldiers' Home, Togus, obtained a bull of this breed of Mr. Ghenery, and in 1871 made an extensive importation himself from East Fries- land. During General Tilton's governorship of the Home it had a very extensive herd of imported and thoroughbred HoLsteins, which herd has been kept up to the present time, and is now the largest and finest of this breed in the county. Grades are to be found in many towns, and some thoroughbred animals are also kept by a few of the leading farmers, Reuben Russell, of Readfield, being one of the best known breeders of this class of stock at present. In 1880-81 ten Polled Aberdeen-Angus cattle were imported by Burleigh & Bodwell, the second importation of this breed ever made into the United States. In 1882, and again in 1883-4, other importations were made. The animals were mostly sold to go west for bi^eeding purposes. In 1883 this firm imported a herd of thoroughbred Sussex cattle, the second largest importation of this breed ever made into the United States, and another lot was iinported in 1886. Mr. Burleigh has continued to breed this class of cattle to the present time; and both he and his son, Thomas G. Burleigh, have herds of Sussex cattle. They have also been disseminated into other towns in the county to a limited extent. Dairying. — Naturally following the change in the cattle husbandry of the county, which took place when the general dissemination of the Jerseys had displaced the breeds of cattle formerly raised for working oxen and beef animals, and the increased attention paid to dairying, AGRICULTURE AND LIVE STOCK. 213 came the introduction of associated effort or cooperation in dairy- practice. It did not come, however, until a period of twenty years had passed since the introduction of the Jerseys, during which time those keeping large herds of this choice breed had established a high reputation for private dairy butter, which commanded the best markets and the fancy prices. But handling the milk of large herds of cows in the old way made very heavy work in the household, and the day of the cheese factory was hailed with joy, as emancipating the women of the farm home from the drudgery of the milk pan and churn. Farmers were slow to change, however, from the private methods to the factory system of handling milk. The Winthrop Dairy Associa- tion was not organized till April, 1874, and the China Cheese Factory Company in March, 1874, these being the first associations of the kind in the county. In 1875 the "Winthrop factory made 47,000 pounds of cheese, and in 1878. 60,000 pounds. In 1881 the Winthrop company put in butter making apparatusintotlieir factory, and have since made both butter and cheese, although there have been some years when it did not operate. For one or two winters the cream obtained was sent to the Forest City Creamery, Portland. W^hen the average at the cheese factories of the county required a fraction above ten pounds of milk for a pound of cheese, the Winthrop factory averaged for a season of one hundred days a pound of cheese from eight pounds and seven ounces of milk. In the seasons of 1890 and 1891 many farmers in Winthrop, Fayette and Mt. A'ernon sent their cream to the cream- ery at Livermore Falls. In the summer of 1892 the Aroostook Con- densed Milk Company erected a very elaborate "plant at Winthrop. The first cheese factory in Monmouth was established in 1881 by the Monmouth Dairying Association. This factory was burned with all the machinery in February, 1889; but a new building was imme- diately erected and operated in June following by the Monmouth Dairying Company, which manufactures both butter and cheese. The average make for the season of 1891 was 2,800 pounds of cheese, and 1,400 pounds of butter per week. The Fayette Cooperative Creamery was organized in 1889 and built a factory at North Fayette. During the season of 1891 it made an average of 1,000 pounds of butter a week. Although owned by a stock company, this factory is leased by Mr. J. H. True, who buys the cream of farmers and m,anufactures butter on his own account. The product has a high reputation, and the factory has given its patrons great satisfaction. The East Pittston Creamery Association was formed in 1890, and a factory built costing $2,000, now leased by E. E. Hanley, who used the cream of 120 cows in 1891, making 600 pounds of butter per week. The price paid farmers for the year was 7i cents per inch of cream between April and September, and Si cents per inch between Septem- 914 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. ber and April. This factory is well fitted for handling the cream of five hundred cows. A creamery association was organized at Waterville in November, 1891, for the purpose of making creamery butter, the enterprise hav- ing been started largely through the efforts of E. L. Bradford, of Turner, and R. W. Dunn, of Waterville. A creamery was erected at Vassalboro in 1892 and began operations in June. Instead of five there should be in the county a score of successful creameries. The cows, the pasture, the skill, the capital and the markets are all awaiting the complete development of this great in- dustry. Sheep. — Kennebec county has never been so distinctively devoted to sheep husbandry as the counties of Somerset and Franklin. Farm- ers have always made cattle and horses the specialties in stock lines rather than sheep, while the number of cities and large towns in the county, with their vast number of predatory dogs, has rendered it a matter of great risk to keep large flocks of sheep unless in pastures very near the homestead. In hillside pastures remote from the dwell- ing, the losses to flocks from roving dogs have always been great and have actually driven many farmers out of the business of sheep hus- bandry. Yet English sheep were imported into the county as early as 1828, and the old Kennebec Agricultural Society early gave atten- tion to the importance of the subject and urged it systematically upon the notice of farmers. In June, 1832, the society voted to " choose a committee to collect information upon the diseases to which sheep are subject in this climate, with the prevention and cure; the best breeds of sheep and the mode of improving them, with such matter as would be useful in a treatise upon sheep generally, should the society deem it expedient to publish a work upon this subject." The result of this action was the publication, in 1835, of The Northern Shepherd, written by Dr. E. Holmes. It is a small 12mo. volume of 131 pages, printed at Winthrop, by William Noyes, and is the first distinctively agricultural treatise ever published in Maine. Doctor Holmes had introduced individuals of the Dishleys or Bake- well breed into Winthrop in 1828, from the celebrated flock of Ste- phen Williams, of Northboro, Mass., who had himself imported them from England. In 1830 others of the same breed were brought into Hallowell by Charles Vaughan and Sanford Howard, and also in 1835 by Reuben H. Green, of Winslow. Charles Vaughan brought some pure bred Southdowns into Hallowejl in 1834, being the first of this breed ever introduced into the state. In 1844 Doctor Holmes brought into Winthrop a Cotswold buck — the first specimen of this breed ever brought into Maine. About 1842 several farmers m towns in the western part of the county united in purchasing in Vermont a num- ber of the Vermont Merinos from the flock of the eminent breeder. AGRICULTURE AND LIVE STOCK. 215 S. W. Jewett, crossing them upon their own flocks to much advantage. The Langs, of Yassalboro. were early and continuous importers and improvers of sheep, having always the best flocks of Southdowns and Cotswolds. In 1853 Moses Taber, of Vassalboro, obtained individuals of the Spanish Merino breed from G. S. Marsh and Eben Bridge, of Pomfret, Vt., eminent breeders in that state; from whom Ephraim Maxham, of Waterville, al.so obtained the celebrated buck " Green Mountain Boy " the same year. In ISoS Rev. W. A. P. Dillingham introduced the Oxford Downs and Southdowns upon his farm in Sid- ney; H. C. Burleigh introduced into Waterville fine specimens of Southdowns the same year, and a few years later specimens of the same breed were introduced into Wayne by W. B. Frost; into Au- gusta by Allen Lambard; into Readfield by Samuel G. Fogg, and into Vienna by Obadiah Whittier. At about the same date the Cotswolds were introduced in Vassalboro by Hon. Warren Percival, and into Waterville by his brother, Joseph Percival. One of the finest, if, indeed, it may not rightfully be called the very finest, flocks of Southdowns ever kept in the county was that of the late Dr. N. R. Boutelle, of Waterville, who for many years de- voted a great deal of attention to the breeding of this class of sheep. He was a leading exhibitor and high prize winner at state and New England fairs from 1865 to the time of his death, his interest in the breeding of stock never having left him, and it was carried on with a great deal of intelligence and enthusiasm throughout all these years. Other leading farmers who have made a specialty of sheep husbandry have been: N. R. Gates and H. G. Abbott, of Vassalboro; the late Ira D. Sturgis, of Augusta; C. B. Wellington and O. O. Crosby, of Albion, and C. K. Sawtelle, of Sidney. Horses. — The first historic mention of efforts at improving the breeds of horses of Maine was m March, 1819, when the Kennebec Agricultural Society voted to raise a committee to confer with the trustees of the Maine Agricultural Society to offer a liberal premium for bringing " a good stock " horse into the county; "for," says the resolution, " it is with deep concern we can but notice the almost total silence and neglect in relation to a noble race of animals— the horse." From that day Kennebec county has been the home of some of the most distinguished performers upon the American turf, and held for one year the crown of the world's record for the fastest stallion time. The foundation of the magnificent horses of Kennebec county rests in the blood of " Imported Messenger," of whom so great an authority as John H. Wallace says: " He founded a race of trotters that have no superiors in'the Union; a race that all the world recognizes as among the fastest and best that this country has ever produced." " AVin- throp " or " Maine ^Messenger " was purchased in Paris, Oneida county 216 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. N. Y., and brought to Winthrop by Alvin Ilayward— probably after the premium provided for in 1819. The testimony is clear that " Win- throp Messenger " was a son of '• Imported Messenger," brought from England to New York in 1791. Those who saw " Winthrop Messen- ger " say he was " a large, white, muscular horse, with a clumsy head, but well proportioned body and legs." His colts were superior road- sters, very many of them exceedingly fast trotters, posse.ssing great endurance. " Winthrop Messenger " was kept in Kennebec and Som- erset counties, and died at Anson in 1834. Between 1820 and 1850 his descendants became famous and were sought after from all parts of the country. Farmers sold their best colts, which were carried to other states, where they were trained to the early trotting courses. Sanford Howard, who was better informed on the horses of America than most writers of his time, said in 1852: " Maine has, un- til within a few years, furnished nearly all the trotting stock of any note in the country." And Maine, for thirty years preceding that date, meant Kennebec county, so far as its horse breeding and agricultural interests were in question. Among the famous descendants of old " Messenger " which gave renown to Maine and to the breed, are many whose names are famous in the annals of the American turf. The famous mare, " Fanny Pullen," was bred by Sullivan Pullen, Au- gusta, about 1825, and at Harlem, in 1835, made the unparalleled time of 2.33. She was the dam of the incomparable " Trustee," the first horse in America to trot twenty miles inside of one hour (Long Island, October 20, 1848). A celebrated horse, " Quicksilver," was brought to Winthrop in lS18^by James Pullen, and there was for a time much rivalry between the Messenger and Quicksilver stock. The Quicksilvers were hand- some, good moving, spirited horses, but lacked endurance. " To Winthrop Messenger," says Thompson in his History of Maine Horses, " Maine is more largely indebted for whatever speed she may possess than to any other source." The Drew family was founded in 1842, but the Drews have never been so prominent in Kennebec county as have other families. " General McClellan," one of the most famous stallions of this family, was owned by George M. Robinson, of Augusta, between 1 861 and 1865. He got a record of 2.26, was sold to Boston parties and finally went to California. The original Eaton horse, founder of the Eaton stock, was owned by William Beale, of Winthrop, from 1854 to 1859, and the breed has always been in good repute throughout Maine. One of the most celebrated of his descendants was " vShepherd F. Knapp," who was taken to France, where he trotted famous races at the Bois de Boulogne. Another celebrated Eaton horse was "Shepherd Knapp, Jr.," purchased m 1866 by George M. Delaney, of Augusta, for $3,250, AGRICULTURE AND LIVE STOCK. 217 deemed at the time a ver}^ high price. He was sold afterward to go to Boston, where he made his best record, 2.27|, June 17, 1880. " Winthrop Morrill " (formerly called "Slasher" and " Winthrop Boy"), the founder of the celebrated Morrill family of horses, was brought to Waterville by Asher Savage in 1862, and in 1863 bought by Jackson & Rounds, of Winthrop. In 1871 he was sold and taken to Boston. In 1866 Obadiah Whittier, of Vienna, brought to that town the stallion " Cadmus," bred by Daniel McMillan, of Xenia, Ohio. He was afterward owned by Means & Butler, of Augusta. The thorough- bred stallion " Annfield " was brought to Vassalboro, in 1868, by Thomas S. Lang, who purchased him of the Nova Scotia government. Three years later he was sold and taken to Oxford county. The Fear- naughts were introduced into this county by E. L. Norcross, of Man- chester, who formed a partnership with B. S. Wright, of Boston, and established a horse breeding farm in Manchester in 1866. Among the noted members of this family were " Carenaught," "Manchester," "Emery Fearnaught," "Young Fearnaught," and " Fearnaught, Jr." In 1859 Thomas S. Lang, of Vassalboro, began a breeding stud which soon took high rank among the most noted in the country. This was maintained for many years and brought Kennebec county into great prominence. The first purchase by Mr. Lang consisted of the stallions "General Knox," "Bucephalus," "Black Hawk Tele- graph," " Grey Fox " and the finely bred brood mare " Priscilla." Within a year or two after this first purchase Mr. Lang bought the stallions "Sharon," "Ned Davis" and "Trenton." Subsequently he purchased the stallions known as the " Palmer Horse " and " Gideon," 145, by Rysdyk's Hambletonian, 10. Mr. Lang sold " General Knox" in 1871 for $10,000. He was one of the most remarkable horses ever owned in Maine, and has done more toward improving our stock of horses, bringing the state into prominence as a horse breeding state and causing more money to come to Maine from other states for the purchase of fine horses than any other single horse ever owned here. Mr. Lang deserves remembrance as one who builded better than he knew when his breeding operations were being carried on. Sunnyside Farm, Waterville, home of the stallion " Nelson," was established by Charles Horace Nelson, in 1882. Mr. Nelson's stud consists of eight leading horses, including " Nelson," 2.10; " Dictator Chief," 2.2U: " Red Hawk," 8,508; "Wilkes," 8,571; " Jedwood," 5,166; and finely bred trotting stock to the number of seventy-five individ- uals. The stallion " NeLson " is now ten years old. His records are; Two 3'ear old, 2.50; three year old, 2.26f ; five year old, 2.21^; Bangor, Maine, September 10, 1890, 2.15^; Kankakee, 111., September 27, 1890, 2.12; Kankakee, 111., September 29, 1890, 2.11i; Terre Haut, Ind., Oc- tober 9, 1890, 2.11i; Cambridge City, Ind., October 21, 1890, 2.10|. This last, the champion trotting stallion record of the world, he held 218 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. until his performance at Grand Rapids, Mich., September, 1891, when he lowered his record to 2.10. In 1890 Mountain Farm, devoted to the breeding of trotting stock, was established at Waterville by Appleton Webb, and for the brief time it has been under Mr. Webb's management has won high repu- tation. Mr. Webb has now about thirty fancy bred trotters, the lead- ing individuals being " Pickering," by Rysdyk's Hambletonian; "Resolute" (record at five years, 2.26i); "Mountaineer," "Judge Rolfe," and "Appleton," by "Nelson;" and mares by "Nelson," " Young Rolfe," "Rockefeller" and "Gideon." Many single individuals of great speed or high value to the im- provement of the horse stock of the county have been bred or owned at different periods in the various towns in the county, among the most prominent of which have been the following: Emperor, bred by Lemuel Pullen,AVaterville, about 1827; Young Warrior, bred by James Pullen, Hallowell, in 1828; James G. Blaine, bred by James Blanch- ard, Pittston, in 1866; Col. Lakeman, bred by George M. Robinson, Augusta, in 1861; Independence, bred by Captain Joshua Wing, Win- throp, in 1832; Pelham, owned by B. Esmond, Gardiner, in 1837; Phil Sheridan, bred by Daniel Fawsett, Windsor, in 1860; Whirlpool, bred by Moses Stacy, Benton, in 1867; Troublesome, bred by William Pen- niman, Readfield, in 18i")9; Young Ethan Allen, bred by Eliab L. Eaton, Manchester, in 1860; Carlotta, bred by W. A. P. Dillingham, Sidney, in 1857: Sultan, a thoroughbred stallion, brought to Augusta by Gen- eral William S. Tilton,in 1875; Lancaster, brought to Augusta in 1873, by Allen Lambard; Black Pilot, owned by Major John T. Richards, of Gardiner, in 1875; Beacon, owned by Wright & Norcross, Manchester, in 1873; Victor, bred by Dr. F. A. Roberts, Vassalboro; Zac Tajdor, bred by Doctor Saflford, West Gardiner, in 1841; Susie Owen, bred by C. H. Nelson, Waterville, in 1877; Pilot Knox, owned by John H. May, Augusta, in 1883; Independence, bred by Frank Taylor, South Vassal- boro, and owned by W. E. Potter, Augusta, in 1871; Constellation, brought from Lexington, Ky,, in 1878, by General W. S. Tilton, Augusta; Glenarm, bred by General W. S. Tilton, Augusta; Gilbreth Knox, bred by Samuel Guild, Augusta, in 1862; Echo, bred by Andrew H. Rice, Oakland, about 1872: Captain Pulley, 2,985, an imported Per- cheron, brought to Waterville in 1883, by Blaisdell & Folsom; and Arrival, 2.24-J-, brought to Gardiner in 1889, by A. J. Libby. The leading horse breeding farms now in the county besides those already mentioned in detail are: Highmoor Farm, Monmouth; Enter- prise Farm, Augusta; Elmwood Farm, Augusta; Randolph Stock Farm, Randolph; Pine Grove Farm, Hallowell; and Pine Tree Stock Farm, Farmingdale. Kennebec Tzvo-T/nrty List. — The list below embraces the name, breeder's name, and time of each horse bred in Kennebec county that AGRICULTURE AND LIVE STOCK. 219 had a record of 2.30 or better to the close of the season of 1891. Horses not bred here, and about whose pedigree there is any question, are not included: NAME. BREEDER. TIME. Arthur John Judkins, Waterville 2.28^ Arthur T Mr. Palmer, South China 2.30 Artist C. H. Nelson, Waterville 2.29 Aubine C. H. Nelson, Waterville 2.19^ Baby Boy Emmons Williams, Readfield 2.30 Bay Chas. B. Oilman, Waterville 2.27^ Ben Morrill Harrison Ames, Winthrop 2.27 Centurion F. G. Richards. Gardiner 2.27^ Ed. Getchell A. J. Crowell, AVinthrop .2.27" Gilbreth ;Knox Samuel Guild, Augusta 2.26f Glenarm W. S. Tilton , Togus, Augusta 2.23* Glengarry Isaac Downing, East Monmouth 2.27 Honest Harry Mr. Wood, Winthrop 2.22^ Hudson Elijah Brimmer, Clinton 2.29 Independence Joshua Wing, Winthrop 2.28 Independence [Potter's]. Frank Taylor, South Vassalboro 2.21^ lolanthe John C. Mullen, North A^assalboro 2.30 James G. Blaine James Blanchard, Pittston 2.28f John S. Heald John Libby, Gardiner 2.27i J. G. Morrill John F. Young, Winthrop 2.29 Knox Boy I. J. Carr, Gardiner 2.23* Lady Maud Thomas S. Lang, Vassalboro 2.18^ Medora C. H. Nelson, Waterville 2.20i Molly Mitchell J. S. Cooper, Pittston 2.26^ Nellie M Foster Brown, Waterville 2.28i Nelson C. H. Nelson, Waterville 2.10 Pelham ■ B. Esmond, Gardiner 2.28 Pemberton E. L. Norcross, Manchester 2.29^ Sam Curtis Newton Packard, Winthrop 2.28 Startle A. C. Marston, Waterville 2.26^ Susie Owen... C. H. NeLson, Waterville 2.26 Tinnie B John Libby, Gardiner 2.27i Tom Rolfe Wright & Norcross, Manchester 2.22i Victor F. A. Roberts, Vassalboro 2.23 The great interest in horse breeding in this county has led to the formation of several local trotting associations and the building of many private and society tracks. Agricultural societies in Readfield, Waterville, Windsor, Pittston and West Gardiner, maintain public tracks. Tracks were built at Monmouth in 1871; at Litchfield in 1870; at China in 1868; and at Gardiner, Oakland Park, in 1855. These tracks have since been abandoned. The track at Augusta, now under 220 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTV. control of the Capital Driving Park Association, dates back to 1858, and has been maintained to the present time with but few intermis- sions, although under management of different individuals and asso- ciations. Six private tracks have been built in the county at different times, four of which are now maintained, viz.: H. C. Nelson, Water- ville; Appleton Webb, Waterville; A. J. Libby, Farmingdale: W. H. Merrill, Meadow Park, West Gardiner. The abandoned private tracks are those built by the late George M. Robinson, Augusta, in 1872; and by the late Allen Lambard, Augusta, about 1873. An act, framed by General William S. Tilton, and approved Feb- ruary 26, 1873, " for the better preservation of horse records," required the registry of stallions and their pedigrees to be recorded at the registry of deeds, and a certificate of such registry issued to the owner of the horse recorded. Orchards. — Kennebec county— the natural home of the apple tree — is pre-eminently the fruit-growing section of Maine. While other counties located contiguously have similar natural advantages, Kenne- bec exceeds all other counties in the state in the number and size of its apple orchards, the good methods given to the business of growing and handling the fruit by farmers and the high results obtained. The natural drainage is excellent on most farms, or at least on those por- tions set with orchards. The climate produces a highly colored, good sized, firm fleshed apple that will bear trans-Atlantic shipment.* For the first systematic improvement of the fruits of Kennebec county we must go back to 1797, when Mr. John Hesketh came over to this country as the head gardener of the Vaughan farms and to have charge of their extensive gardens, nurseries and hot-houses. To his skill more, perhaps, than to the knowledge of Doctor Vaughan himself, are the farmers of Kennebec county indebted for the choice varieties of fruits that were disseminated from the Vaughan gardens, some of which are esteemed varieties in cultivation at the present day. The fruit propagated at the Vaughan farms was largely dissemi- nated in the leading agricultural towns in the county at that time — Hallowell, Winthrop, Monmouth, Readfield, Pittston and Vassalboro. The early settlers of these towns brought apple seeds with them from the Old Colony, whence they came, or had them sent after they had provided a place to plant them. Writing in 1847, Major Elijah Wood says that when he came to Winthrop in 1788, there were a number of farmers who had "beginnings of orchards," and upon the farm of Squire Bishop was an orchard in a " bearing state," the trees of which came from apple seed obtained from " Rehoboth, Mass.," and planted in a nursery in that town. Ichabod How brought choice seeds from ♦Notwithstanding the recent ravages of the new orchard pest, trxpcta potnon- alis, new orchards are continually being set. AGRICULTURE AND LIVE STOCK. 221 Ipswich, Mass., planted out the first orchard and made the first cider ever made in Winthrop, by pounding the apples and pressing them in a cheese press. The fir.st grafting in Winthrop was done by Elijah Wood, who brought the Rhode Island Greening and High-top Sweet- ing from the Old Colony and grafted them into trees in David Foster's orchard about 1792. " Winthrop became celebrated for its cider of good quality," says Major Wood, " and the first owners of orchards had a ready sale for all their apples at about 67 cents per bushel." Isaac Smith, who settled in Monmouth in 1795, coming from Middle- borough, Mass., brought with him seed selected from the hardiest and best fruit, and planted a nursery in that town. Among the varieties of apples known to have been introduced from England by the Vaughans were the Ribston Pippin and King Sweeting; while Hallo- well is to-day famous for its magnificent cherries, the direct product of those imported by the A^aughans, and so famous in their own time. The Pearmain was the principal winter apple, all the others being manufactured into cider. The late Alfred Smith, of Monmouth, writing in 1877. said: " The pioneer farmers of Winthrop were very little versed in the art of grafting or budding trees, and it was thought to require as much skill to set a scion and have it grow as to amputate an arm or leg." The farmers who raised large quantities of apples made them into cider, which was a universal beverage, " put in " with a winter's supply of necessaries by the well-to-do people, as much as was pork or home made butter and cheese. Mr. Smith said that cider sold at from " six to eight dollars per barrel," a market for it being found in the newer towns in Franklin and Somerset counties. When cider was the most profitable product of the orchard there was no inducement to " en- graft " orchards or seek the best table fruits — hence it is not strange that the first farmers reared up trees without a thought for quality or merit of fruit. The state owes more to the late Dr. Ezekiel Holmes for his efforts in the improvement of our own varieties of apples than to any other man who ever lived in Maine. In 1847 he organized the Maine Pomo- logical Society, which did the first work in classifying our Maine fruits, properly describing them, and bringing them to the attention of pomologists in other states. When S. W. Cole published his American Fruit Book, in 1849, he made special acknowledgments to Doctor Holmes for great assistance, and catalogued ten varieties of apples that originated in Maine, five of which were Winthrop seedlings. Later lists in the transactions of the Maine State Pomological Society embrace eleven apples and one pear which originated in this county. Winthrop contributes six varieties, viz.: Fairbanks, originated on the farm of Elijah Fairbanks; Winthrop Greening, originated on the farm of Ichabod How, introduced by Jacob Nelson; Winthrop Pearmain a;i2 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. and Everlasting, originated by Colonel John Fairbanks: vStanle}''s Winter Sweet, originated on the farm of J. L. Stanley, and Moses Wood, originated by Moses Wood. Other native apples of this county are: Bailey's Golden Sweet, originated by Paul Bailey, Sidney; Litch- field Pippin, originated upon the farm of William Hutchins, Litch- field; Smith's Favorite, originated by Isaac Smith, Monmouth; and Starkey, originated by J. W. Starkey, Vassalboro. The Nickerson pear was originated by Hiram S. Nickerson, Readfield. Many other good varieties of lesser note have been raised by Ken- nebec county orchardists, and several small fruits have also been originated here, among them the 0.sborn strawberry, a seedling much esteemed in the Waterville and Augusta markets, brought out by the late Charles Osborn, of Vassalboro. The growing of small fruits is re- ceiving increased attention, especially in towns which command the markets of the cities and large villages. There are several localities in the count}- especiall}' favorable to the cranberry and where the Cultivation of this fruit might be ex- tended to a profitable degree. Many persons grow them to a limited extent, while among the larger growers were formerly D. E. Manter, Sidney; and at present the Ware Brothers, Pittston, the late B. F. Butler, Mt. Vernon, and Eben Wellman, Augusta. The small cran- berry beds of the late Mr. Fuller are kept in excellent condition b}^ members of his family and yield very fine fruit. The Ware Brothers raised about 250 bushels in 1891. Mr. Wellman has the most exten- sive cranberry beds in the county and gives almost his entire time to the crop, having commenced their culture in a small way in 1878, but devoting increased attention to their systematic culture during the past seven years. His cranberry farm is located in the eastern part of Augusta and the beds embrace an area of seven acres, all cut into a uniform size of two rods in width by forty rods in length — the soil being a deep, rich, vegetable mold or muck. Between and around each and all the beds a canal is cut, into which water is conducted from a reservoir of six acres in extent, the canals being arranged with a series of gates so that the water can be let in over one or all of the beds as is desired. By leaving the gates open at night the beds are all covered with water before morning of sufficient depth to protect the berries from frost in the fall of the year, while in the spring the same method is employed to prevent the attacks of injurious insects. Mr. Wellman 's crop in 1891 was 170 barrels, the variety grown being the Cherry, and they have a high reputation in the leading markets. Among the largest orchards and most intelligent, progressive fruit growers in the county are: W. P. Atherton, Hallowell, 2,000 trees; J. Pope & Son, Manchester, 1,500 trees; D. M. Marston, Monmouth, 1,200 trees; Rev. J. R. Day, Monmouth, 2,600 trees; George W. Waugh, Monmouth, 1,200 trees; Miss L. L. Taylor, Belgrade; C. M. Weston, AGRICl'LTURK AND LIVE STOCK. 223 Belgrade, 2,000 apple trees, 400 pear trees: George A. Longfellow. Winthrop; Oakes Howard, Winthrop: J. M. Pike, Wayne, 3,000 trees J. C. Sanford, Readfield; J. H. Smiley, Vassalboro; the Cook Brothers Vassalboro, 3,000 trees; J. Wesley Taylor, Winslow; George W. Fogg Monmouth, 1,000 trees; J. Colby Dudley, Readfield; J. O. Butman Readfield; George H. Pope, East Vassalboro: The Oaklands Orchard heirs of Robert Hallowell Gardiner estate, Gardiner; and Albert R Ward, China, 700 trees. The estimate of apple buyers and shippers is that upon an average 90,000 barrels of choice commercial apples are annually shipped from the towns in Kennebec county to the great markets, one-fourth of which are sent abroad. An effort was made by the State Pomological Society in 1876 to collect information regarding the nurseries of the county and the number of trees in stock, with a view to keeping at home much of the money paid out to foreign nurserymen and at the same time obtain- ing a tree better adapted to this soil and climate. There were found six nursery firms then in the county, with the following number of trees in stock: A. Smith & Son, Monmouth, 3,000; H. B. Williams, South China, 3,000; N. R. Pike, Winthrop, 10,000; Charles I. Perley, Vassalboro, 20,000; J. A. Varney & Son, North Vassalboro, 40,000: Bowman Brothers, Sidney, 75,000; a total of 151,000 trees. Other intelligent, active and progressive pomologists of the county, held in grateful veneration for their services to this branch of our rural economy, are: Joseph Taylor, of Belgrade, a leading orchardist and large exhibitor of fruits at state fairs, who died in July, 1882, aged 78 years; Alfred Smith, of Monmouth, who died February 19, 1885, aged 77 years, a large orchardist and well known writer on pomological subjects for the agricultural press; and Hon. Robert Hal- lowell Gardiner, owner of the celebrated estate " The Oaklands," and of its famous orchard of Bellflowers, in Gardiner, a life member and for four years president of the State Pomological Society, who died September 12, 1886, aged 77 years. Conclusion.— This glimpse of what the farmers of Kennebec county have accomplished during the past century in the special lines for " the improvement of agriculture and bettering the condi- tion of the husbandman," presupposes that in other directions equal intelligence and progressive views have been employed and as high results obtained. All the cereals, fruits and vegetables known to the agriculture of this latitude are here rai.sed to perfection. Hay, the great staple crop, yields upon our farms more than the average ton to the acre which the agricultural department credits the state with producing. In early times the county raised its own wheat, and even exported it; and now wherever wheat is sown it produces an average yield higher 22i HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. than that of the wheat growing states of the West. Indian corn is the glory of the farm as a cereal. One hundred bushels of shelled corn to the acre have been many times raised as a premium crop, while the average is but little above one hundred bushels of ears to the acre. Sweet corn has for many years been a specialty. Packing factories have been established at Winthrop, Wayne, Fayette, Monmouth, Vas- salboro, Belgrade, Oakland, West Gardiner and Hallowell. The crop yields about $50 per acre, leaving the stalks for winter fodder. The use of ensilaged corn fodder is successfully employed, especially by milk producing farmers, who, living in the vicinity of our cities, are known to be among the best and most prosperous farmers in the county, paying great attention to their herds and keeping their farms in the most fertile condition. In fact, in all lines of rural economy the farmers of Kennebec county have made husbandry a business and a study, the successful results of which are apparent all over our beau- tiful hills and through our lovely valleys, in every town and district, where comfortable homes and well tilled farms speak of industry, economy and independence. CHAPTER IX. TRAVEL AND TRANSPORTATION. Early Methods of Travel.— Stage Routes.— Water Routes and Steamboats.— Captain Jason Collins. — Railroads. IN THE present day of rapid steam and electric transportation by land and water, when the people and products of towns and cities removed from one another by the length and breadth of the state are transferred in the course of a single day, it is hard to adequately appreciate the almost insuperable obstacles that lay in the way of intercourse between the early settlements. The river was of course the main thoroughfare, whenever practicable, and in the warmer months was traversed by bateaux, shallops and other primitive craft, while in the winter rude sledges were employed in conveying stores and family goods upon its frozen surface. The means of communica- tion with the county from the earlier settlements to the westward were many-fold more difficult, and days and weeks were consumed in toilsomely driving ox-teams, loaded with the lares and penates of the household, through a wilderness to which the early guides were the blazed and spotted trees, commemorative of a still earlier migration of hardy pioneers. In 1754 the first military road in the state was made between Forts Western and Halifax. This was done by order of Governor Shirley, who at the same time made arrangements for the transmission of ex- presses by whale boats from Fort Halifax to Portland in twenty hours, returning in twenty-four. The military road being impassable in winter, owing to the depth of snow, barrels of provisions and other stores were carried from the lower to the upper fort on hand sleds. This occasioned Captain Hunter to say to the governor that he had been obliged to give the men who had hauled the sleds large quanti- ties of rum, without which it would have been impossible to have done anything. Thus it seems that in those days, long before the use of steam power, rictn power was used — the active spirit of progress. The rude vehicles used at that time made transportation doubly slow and tedious. Augusta was the center of cart lines to the towns up the river, and the roads, even in the early part of the nineteenth 15 226 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. century, were little better than rough clearings through the forests. Over these primitive " thoroughfares " Major Thomas Beck ran a truck team for goods to Bath, during the winter; and as late as about the winter of 1836, Samuel C. Grant, who owned the cotton (now a woolen) mill at Gardiner, sent his son, William S., to Wiscasset with a rude sled, on which was a bale of cloth to be shipped to Boston. Prior to 1790 the only mode of individual travel was by foot or on horseback. The first wheel carriage was a venerable chaise, already outlawed by fashion in Boston. It was brought to Gardiner about 1790, by Mr. Hallowell, and was called by its owner " the parish chaise," for the appropriate reason that the entire parish borrowed it. When General Dearborn returned from congress the first time, he brought a Philadelphia wagon, which was the wonder of the inhabit- ants, though there was not more than a mile of road on which it could be run. As may be readily imagined, the transmission of the mails in the early days was conducted in the most primitive manner. About 1790 the first mail was carried on horseback to Gardiner, from Portland, through Monmouth and Winthrop, and it is chronicled that " the road was very much improved about this time." The next mail was car- ried in 1794, from Portland, via Wiscasset to Augusta. In 1795 Ben- jamin Allen, the first postmaster of Winthrop, and Matthew Blossom, of Monmouth, took the contract to carry the mail once a week on horseback between those places. In 1803 Jacob Loud, the second post- master at Pittston, carried the mail from Wiscasset to Gardiner on horseback and from Gardiner to Augusta in a canoe. Early in the present century, however, the stage, usually carrying the mail, began to make its appearance in the county. The first stages were rude and torturing conveyances, and in speed and comfort bore about the same relation to the Concord coach of later days that that vehicle now bears to the railway passenger coach. Stage Routes.— The first stage came to Augusta in 1806, and the first to Gardiner in 1811. Both started from Brunswick. Colonel T. S. Estabrook, of the latter town, ran the x\ugusta stage, making bi- weekly trips. From thirteen to twenty-three hours were required for the transit, the route being the same over which Colonel Estabrook had carried the mail on horseback, in 1802, for the first time. Peter Gilman, who still carried the mail from Augusta to Norridgewock, in- formed the public, in June, 1806, that " he leaves Norridgewock with a stage on Monday and Thursday at six o'clock in the morning and arrives at Hallowell the evening of the same day at seven." Truly a wonderful performance ! In 1807 John and Meshach Blake and Levi Moody began running the first line of stages from Hallowell to Portland, via Augusta, Mon- mouth and New Gloucester. They left Hallowell at 4 a. m., and ar- TRAVEL AND TRANSPORTATION. 227 rived in Portland at 7 P. M. In 1810 the western stage left Augusta early in the morning, in season for passengers to breakfast at Bruns- wick, dine at Freeport and reach Portland in the evening. Leaving Portland early the next day, breakfast was taken at Kennebunk, din- ner at Portsmouth and the night was spent at Newburyport. The following morning it left Newburyport at two o'clock, arrived at Salem about daylight and reached Boston early in the forenoon. In 1812 Peter Gilman contracted to carry a weekly mail from Augusta to Bangor, via Vassalboro and China, at which places fresh relays of from four to six horses were in waiting. Previous to this, Colonel Moses Burleigh, grandfather of the governor, conveyed the first car- riage mail between Augusta and Bangor. In 1810 John Homan, Vas- salboro, carried a weekly mail on horseback from Augusta eastward, and afterward, in 1815, drove a bi-weekly stage over the .same route. In 1827 an hourly stage between Augusta and Gardiner was at- tempted by Smith L. Gale, of the former town; and William E. Robin- son, of Hallowell, began running a coach once in two hours between that town and Gardiner. The first venture was not a success, and it was not until 1834 that the enterprise became permanent. At that time David Landers, father of William J. Landers, began hourly trips between the two places, and continued the business until the opening of the Maine Central railroad. About 1830 Solomon Brown was an old mail contractor between Augusta and Freeport, connecting at the latter place with Kennebec and Portland stages. This was called the Union Line. It was sold in 1848, to Crowell & Baker. From 1850 to 1854 Joshua Strout was the stage proprietor, and Thomas Holmes was one of his drivers. The route was afterward sold to Addison Townsend, and lastly to Vas.sal D. Pinkham, the latter only running from Augusta to Little River. It was not until shortly before 1840 that mail coaching entered upon its palmiest days, and four and six horse teams, crowded with passengers, ran daily between Portland and Augusta, passing through Litchfield and West Gardiner. Of more importance than the railroad to the community now was the old stage line for the transmission^of mail and passengers between Augusta and Bangor. It was the direct through line. Leaving either town at 7 a. m. each day, the place of destination was reached in early evening. The old thoroughbrace coaches were first in use, but about 1849 the Concord coaches were adopted. A change of horses was made at Vassalboro after a short, sharp drive from Augusta, then again at China, then Unity, and every few miles until Bangor was reached. The same horses were changed and driven back by the .same driver the next day on his return trip. Seventeen horses were kept at Vas- salboro, and this was an average number for each station. The pres- ent large barn of^the Vassalboro Hotelfwas then the stage barn. Shaw SJb HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. & Billings, of Bangor, were the proprietors. They perfected the busi- ness, and the older residents well remember the richly caparisoned coaches and the two or three spans of well matched horses to each coach. The drivers were men of note in those days, and he who could dexterously handle six horses and safely make the schedule time, was a greater personage than the proprietor and, in his own opinion at least, held a superior position to that of the chief magistrate. Many will remember John Deering and his two brothers, Jabe Sawings, Libby, Bennett, Hale Freeman, Crowell, Isaac Holmes of Augusta, David Crockett, and Benjamin Mitchell, the crack of whose whips was familiar all along the line, as the rocking, heavily-laden coaches wound their way through shady vale and over lofty hill. Water Routes and Steamboats. — During the development of the facilities for transportation by land, a like progress was being made on the river. Waterways, the world over, were the first thorough- fares, and rivers are the oldest highways. The Kennebec afforded the Indians an open passage from the Sebasticock to the sea, before Columbus was born or Caesar had crossed the Rubicon. Equally ser- viceable was the river to the pioneer — its shining way with undeviat- ing flow, his one sure path, by sunless day or starless night. Its buoyant bosom was his highway of exploration, and from its friendly banks diverged the tree-blazed roads that led to his clearing and his home. At once a producer and a consumer, the river was his natural avenue of commerce, and the vehicles and methods that were first in use are matters of curious interest. The settlers had little time or skill to construct bark canoes such as the Indians made, and when made they were too frail for lasting service, so the " dug out " was the primitive boat, and after saw mills were running flat bottomed boats of various kinds came into universal use. Of these, the bateau, a long, narrow boat, is the principal survivor, being still the log driver's favorite. But there was one kind of river craft — indispensable in its day, that has become extinct, known as the " long boat " — built from 60 to 95 feet in length, IS to 20 feet wide, especially designed for transport- ing heavy freight, but fitted also with comfortable cabins for passen- gers, including lodging and meals. Each boat had two masts that could be lowered going under bridges, with square sails, main and wing, above which was the top-gallant-royal sail. The peculiarity of these boats was, that they went down the river with the current, but could return only with a good southerly wind, for which they must wait — sometimes indefinitely. Some of these carried over one hundred tons. Mathews & Oilman built the Eagle at Waterville, in 1826, and loaded her with wheat in charge of Walter Getchell as supercargo, who sold it at the various TRAVEL AND TRANSPORTATION. ^'^y landings " down river " for from sixty to eighty cents per bushel, dis- posing of the last at Bath, where he took on a return cargo of one hun- dred hogsheads of salt. These boats could and did go through the rapids at Augusta before the dam was built there, and with a good wind they had no trouble in returning to Waterville with full loads. Occasionally, however, they met with mishaps, and sometimes they were wrecked. This was the fate of the Eagle. On a return trip, with a full load of merchan- dise and a light wind, oxen were employed, as was often the case, to pull her up the Old Coon rapids. By some cessation of the towage, the current swung the boat athwart a rock with such force that it broke completely in two, dumping its cargo of molasses, sugar, rum, hardware and dry goods into the river, whence the damaged packages were recovered when quiet water was reached; but the poor Eagle was a dead bird. A like misfortune befel the Kite, built by William and Walter Getchell. With a load of 700 bushels of potatoes she was twisted and dashed broad.side against a pier of the Augusta bridge- boat and potatoes a total loss. As early as 1796 George Crosby, of Hallowell, ran the Keiinebec Packet, Captain Samuel Patterson, master, between that place and Bos- ton; and before that time, but in the same year. Captain Patterson re- ported the fourth trip of the. sloop Courier, the settlement of accounts naming as owners George Crosby, John Sheppard, David Cutler, John Molloy , Edmund Freeman and Chandler Robbins. Other packets that were irregularly run, later on, from Augusta and Hallowell, were the Catharine, owned by Thomas Norris, which was dismasted in 1814 on a trip to Boston, and the Kennebec Trader, commanded by Captain Carr, who lost his mate, Elisha Nye, overboard in the same storm. The channel not being deep enough for these vessels to reach Waterville, the " long boats "' previously mentioned were employed at Augusta to convey consignments from them to points above. In 1824 the Traders' Line, plying between Augusta and Boston, was established. It comprised the schooners Actress, Captain G. O. West; Sidney, Captain G. A. Dickman; and Emerald, Captain P. B. Lewis. It is said that their accommodations secured " comfort and convenience to passengers." The first regular line of passenger packets, with the time advertised, between Hallowell and Boston, was started about 1831. One of the captains was Andrew Brown. In 1845 two lines of packets were started froin Hallowell to Boston, and were to leave from Augusta when the river channel had been deepened. Flagg's Line was composed of the schooners Gazelle, Captain Elisha Springer; the Van Buren, Captain T. R. Pool; Advent, Captain Soule; and Jane, Captain T. S. Ingraham. The Union Line contained the schooners Somerset, Captain Hinckley; the M'aterville, Captain W. H. Heath; Harriet Ann, Captain William Reed, jun., and Consul, Captain 230 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. A. L. Gove. Other old captains on the Kennebec in those days were: Major Thomas Beck, Charles H. Beck, Jo. Beck, George W. Perry, Tillinghast Springer (son of Job and brother of Elisha), Jacob Britt, Joshua Bowler, Samuel Gill, jun., Gustavus Dickman and Samuel and Alfred Beale. During the era of the packet boats steam was of course being grad- ually used for locomotion, both on land and water; and long before passenger sailing craft ceased running on the river, the steamboat, in a crude and ungainly form, began to ruffle the surface of the beautiful stream. The first of these vessels was fitted up from an open scow at Alna, by its owner, Jonathan Alorgan, a lawyer. In it he paid Gardi- ner a visit in 1819, tying up at Gay's wharf. Captain Morgan came by way of Wiscasset, and his queer craft drew crowds wherever it made a landing. Another steamer, called the Experivicjit, made her ap- pearance on the river soon after Attorney Morgan had produced his pioneer boat. The year 1823 is memorable as the date of the building of the steamer Waterville at Bath, by Captain Samuel Porter, and the open- ing of the first steam route from Bath to Augusta the same season, by this boat, under command of Captain E. K. Bryant. Captain Porter bought in New York, the same season, the steamer Patent, which he put on the route from Portland to Boston, advertising to make the run in \1\ hours. The next year (1824-) the Patent ran from Boston to Bath, where she connected with the Waterville for Augusta. In 1826 the Patent, Captain Harry Kimball, opened the first through route from Gardiner to Portland. The Waterville was laid off that season, and the small steamer, Experiment, ran from Bath to Augusta. For the next three years the Patent held and made popular the Gardiner and Portland route. In 1830 the Patent did not run above Bath, at which place she connected with the Waterville for Augusta; and in 1831 no steamer ran regularly on the river above Bath. The village of Gardiner was a center of great activity in 1832. A boat that became noted, the stern-wheel steamer Tieonic, was built where the public library building now stands, and completed in May, for a Mr. Blanchard, of Springfield, Mass., at a cost of $8,000. On the first day of June she made the historic trip to Waterville, whose citi-" zens received her with manifestations of the wildest joy. This stanch little steamer, under the command, successively, of Captains J. Flitner, S. Smith and Nathan Faunce, ran regularly from Gardiner to Water- ville until interrupted by the river dam at Augusta in 1835. The dam company made the lock so short that the Tieonic could not pass. After this the Tieonic was the only regular boat, for a time, between Gardi- ner and Bath. There was, however, a petite little steamer called the Tom Thumb, that made irregular trips on the river. In 1835 the TRAVEL AND TRANSPORTATION. 231 steamer McDonougJi, Captain Nathaniel Kimball, was put on the route from Hallowell to Portland, but was taken off in 1836. In the spring of 1836 a stock company was formed in Gardiner, and bought a steamer to rim between Gardiner and Boston. Nathaniel Kimball, Parker Sheldon and Henry Bowman were chosen directors and at once purchased the steamer Nczv England, a fast boat built for Long Island sound travel, and opened the new route from Gardiner to Boston about the first of June, making two round trips per week, Cap- tain Nathaniel Kimball commander, and Captain Solomon Blanchard pilot — " fare $4 and found." The Nciv England was an elegant boat in those times, 170 feet long and of over three hundred tons burden. The Teutonic connected with her at Gardiner for upper towns. In 1837 the McDonongli, Captain Andrew Brown, was again run on the Kennebec, from Hallowell to Portland, but the next year her place was taken by the little steamer Clifton, Captain William Bryan. The Neiv England made the Gardiner and Boston route so popular and profitable that an opposition movement had culminated in the construction of the Augusta. It was built by Cornelius Vanderbilt, and was advertised as about ready to run from Hallowell to Boston when, on the morning of June 1, 1838, while on a regular trip, the N CIV England QoWiA&d. with the schooner Curlciv,o'S. Boon island, re- ceiving injuries from which she sunk, having barely time to transfer her passengers to the schooner. Parker Sheldon and Captain Kim- ball went at once to Norwich, Conn., and chartered the new steamer Huntress, and put her in the place of the wrecked boat. Competition on the Kennebec route now became active. Cornelius Vanderbilt, of New York, put on the W. C. Peck, Captain A. Brown, as an opposition boat, running from Hallowell to Boston. This boat not proving fast enough, Captain Brown was transferred to the new steamer Augusta, which was substituted in her place. But the Augusta was not fast enough to compete with the Huntress, and Commodore Vanderbilt sent on a steamer bearing his own name, which arrived here September 3d, under Captain Brown. Competition became intense and a trial of speed was inevitable. The Vanderbilt sent a challenge one day at Boston, which the Huntress accepted and won the race, arriving at Gardiner the next morning about a mile ahead, after a most exciting night. The warmth of public feeling over such contests in those days can hardly be understood in our rail- road era. At the close of the season the Huntress was re-chartered for the next season. Commodore Vanderbilt, beaten at racing, changed the game and won. He bought the Huntress, subject to the lease, and notified the Kennebec company that he should run her, paying them, of course, what damages the courts should award; or he would sell them the boat for $10,000 more than he had given for her and forever 232 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. leave the route. The offer was accepted, the money paid, and there was no more opposition for several years. In 1841 a new era began in the transportation of passengers to and from Boston. The steamer Jolin W. Richmond, Captain Kimball, was placed on the route by night twice a week, and the Huntress, Captain Thomas G. Jewett, was on the route by day twice a week. The steamer J\L Y. Beach went three times a week to Portsmouth, where she con- nected with the Eastern railroad, This .schedule was continued through the season. In 1842 the Ricluitond cut down the fare to two dollars. The Huntress then combined with the railroad line, via Port- land, with fare one dollar to Boston — the lowest yet seen. In June, 1842, the steamer Telegrapli was put on as an opposition boat, with fare one dollar; and July 10th the steamer Splendid was commissioned, with the cry " No opposition, fare one dollar, or as low as any other boat on the route." She was followed, July 28th, by the Riclnnond, advertising " fares to Boston, until further notice, twenty-five cents." The Richmond was burned at her dock in Hallowell Sunday night, September 3d. She was valued at $37,000 and was owned by Rufus K. Page and Captain Kimball, who, within a week, replaced her with the Penobscot, a larger boat than any that had preceded her. During the season of 1844 the Penobscot ran on the all water route from Hallowell to Boston; the Telegraph first and then the Huntress run- ning four trips per week from Hallowell, connecting with the railroad at Bath. In the spring of 184,'5 the People's Line, a stock company, was or- ganized, with William Bradstreet, Samuel Watts, John Jewett, Green- lief White, E. W. Farley, B. C. Bailey and Henry Weeks, directors. The citizens of the Kennebec valley bought the stock readily, and the People's Line placed the new steamer/^/;;/ Marshall, Captain Andrew Brown, in opposition to the Penobscot. After June the elegant Kenne- bec took the Marsiiall's place, and a small steamer was run in connec- tion with her between Hallowell and Waterville, to compete with the Water Witch and Balloon, which ran to the Marshall. The season of 1846 opened briskly, the fare to Boston being only twenty-five cents. The Kennebec was the regular line steamer, while the People's Line put on the John Marshall, Captain Brown, and the Charter Oak, Captain Davis Blanchard. The steamers Flushing and Bellinghani formed a line between Augusta and Bath, a boat leaving each of these places every morning. Before summer came the two lines were consolidated, the John Marshall was sold, and the Kennebec and Charter Oak ran on alternate days the balance of the season. In the spring of 1848 the Huntress resumed her trips from Hallo- well to Portland, the Charter Oak and Kennebec running alternately to Boston. Several small steamers ran on the river to Waterville, often racing in their fierce competition. These hazardous practices TRAVEL AND TRANSPORTATION. ^ 233 •culminated in May this year, by the Halifax bursting her boiler while passing through the Augusta lock, and killing six people. The season of 1849 was marked by the advent of the new steamer Ocean, Captain Sanford. She took the outside route to Boston and held it several years. July 4th the railroad was finished to Bath, to which city the Huntress made daily trips in connection with the cars. In 1851 the steamer T. F. Sccor connected with the railroad at Bath, and, later, at Richmond. During the spring of 1854 Richard Dono- van was made captain of the Ocean, and commanded her till November 24th, when she was run into by the Cunard steamer Canada, off Deer island, Boston harbor, and burned to the water's edge. In 1855 and 1856 the steamer Governor, Captain James Collins, ran from Hallowell to Boston, and the T. F. Secor, Captain Donovan, from Augusta to Portland, tri-weekly. The new steamer Eastern Queen, Captain James Collins, was put on in the spring of 1857, and ran that year and the next. She was partially burned at Wiscasset, in March, 1859, and the State of Maine filled her place during repairs. In 1861 the steamer Union ran daily between Augusta and Bath, connecting with the T. F. Secor for Portland. The Union was afterward sold to the government and was taken to Fortress Monroe, where she was noted for her speed. In 1865 parties in Bath bought the steamer Daniel Webster, Captain William Roix, and placed her on the route from Gardiner to Boston, in opposition to the Eastern Queen, which, since the death of Captain James Collins in 1861, had been commanded by his cousin. Captain Jasofi Collins. This last named steamer ran from Hallowell to Boston from 1866 to 1870, when she was sold. Previous to this, in 1866, the new steamer Star of the East, was placed on the Boston route, under the command of Captain Collins, who ran her until the spring of 1889, when he was transferred to the palatial new steamer Kennebec, of the same line. Captain Jason Collins, the genial and popular commander of this fine vessel, is a resident of Gardiner, and from his long connection with lines of travel and transportation, must have a place in this chap- ter. He was born at Bowman's Point, and is the only surviving son in a family of nine children. His father, James Collins, came to what is now Farmingdale when he was a young man, married Elizabeth Tyler, and passed his life in rural pursuits. Jason grew up on the home farm to the age of fourteen, when he shipped as cook with his father's brother, Captain John Collins, in the coasting schooner, Hope. The next year he again went to sea with his Uncle John, this time as a sailor before the mast, in the Adventure, bound for Mexico and sev- eral South American ports. After this trip he was on the brig Corin- thian, with Captain Sampson, in the coastwise trade. His next voyage 234 • HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. was to Europe in the ship Powliattan, commanded by Captain Thomp- son. In 1836 our young sailor became a fireman on the steamer Nnv England, Captain Nathaniel Kirnball, holding that position until the vessel was wrecked off Portsmouth, June 1, 1838. He was then made assistant engineer of VaelHiintress, and four years later was promoted to the responsible position of chief engineer of this, the fastest steam- boat ever on the Kennebec river. In 1850 he went to California as chief engineer of the steamship Independence, and ran on a Pacific coast route until she was wrecked, February 16, 1853, on Marietta island, Lower California. Returning home he was first engineer on Atlantic coast .steamers until the summer of 1861, when he succeeded his cousin. Captain James Collins, in command of the coast steamer, Eastern Queen, in which capacity he was eight months with Burnside's expe- dition in North Carolina. The next year (1862) he commanded the same boat at New Orleans, under General Banks, getting thereby a practical knowledge of the naval operations of the great war. Four years later he was assigned to the splendid steamer, Star of the East, of 1,400 tons burden, in which responsible position he faithfully .served his company and the public, for twenty-four years. Upon the completion of the Kennebec, in the construction of which he had been the active man on the building committee, he assumed the duties of his present position. The details of making, as well as of running a boat are familiar to him, having superintended the build- ing of several. He has long been an owner in the Kennebec Steam- boat Company, and is one of its directors. Jason Collins married Louise, daughter of Nathaniel Kinneston, of Farmingdale. Their children have been: Anna Augusta, Louise Blanche, who died at the age of nineteen; Delia H., Eugenia and Wal- lace J., who was educated at Bowdoin College, graduating in 1883. Choosing the medical profession, he entered that department of Bow- doin, receiving his degree in 1886. He is now practicing at Monte- video, Minn. Captain Collins has been fond of mechanics and machinery from his boyhood, and wisely chose a calling in which his talent has always had stimulus and opportunity. His practical ability and sound judg- ment brought him to the presidency of the Boothbay Steamboat Com- pany, also to a directorship in the Merchants' Bank of Gardiner. Captain Collins' life has been useful as well as active. Few men have as many acquaintances as he, and fewer still as many friends. Besides the passenger steamers on the Kennebec, there were also numerous steam tugboats employed in towing sailing craft up and down the river, but only brief mention can be made of two of the earliest specimens of these craft. The first was th.& Jefferson, built to ply on Lake Jefferson. About the year 1838 Captain Wyman Morse iQUi^cnA^^Xytr^^y^^ toAd TRAVEL AND TRANSPORTATION. 235- purchased this boat, moved her overland to tide water, and launched and brought her up the Kennebec, where she became the first regular towboat on the river, and the nucleus of the fleet of powerful steamers owned a generation later by the Knickerbocker Steam Towage Com- pany, in which his son, Captain B. W. Morse, was a large owner and also the business manager. This company owned the barge Yosemite, that was so well known as a pleasure boat on the river in the seventies. The other of the pioneer towboats was that owned by Ebenezer Beard, who came to Pittston in 1843, and contracted with Deacon Fo- linsbee to build him a sixty-four ton towboat. When completed, he took the vessel to Kimball's wharf, where he placed in it two small steam engines attached to two screw propellers of an improved model, invented by himself. This craft, the first screw propeller ever seen on the county's waters, was called the Experiment. Railroads.— Turning from the use of steam power on the river to its employment on the rail, it is found that the county was somewhat backward in sustaining the march of improvement in that direction. In 1836 the Kennebec & Portland Railroad Company was chartered, with authority to construct a road from Portland to Augusta. Noth- ing further was done, however, until 1845, when the time to build was extended ten years. In the same year charters were given to the An- droscoggin & Kennebec railroad, which was to enter the county at Monmouth and pass through Winthrop, Readfield and Belgrade, to Waterville, and to the Penobscot & Kennebec railroad, which was to start from Augusta, cross the river, and run along its eastern bank through Vassalboro and Winslow. meeting the Androscoggin road at Waterville, and running thence through Benton and Clinton, toward Bangor. Among the early promoters of this extension from Augusta were John D. Lang and Eben Frye, of Vassalboro, and Joseph Eaton, of Winslow. On July 4, 1849, the Androscoggin & Kennebec railroad, known as the " back route," entered Winthrop, and on October 8th following, the road was completed to Readfield. During this month a daily stage line was started from Augusta to connect, as now, with the railroad at Winthrop. On November 27th the railroad was opened to Waterville,. the event being celebrated by a grand jubilee. During this time the Portland & Kennebec railroad, afterward tnown as the " main line," was slowly progressing along the west bank of the river, and in the spring of 1850 meetings were held at Augusta, and at other towns, to assist in pushing forward the read. At length the first train entered Gardiner, November 10, 1851, amid general rejoicing. On the 15th of the following month the first loco- motive entered Augusta, followed on the 29th by the first train of cars; and on the morning of the 30th the first train of cars left Augusta for Portland. ■236 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. These two pioneer roads, and the Penobscot & Kennebec extension from Augusta to Waterville and eastward, are now embraced in the Maine Central system. From Leeds Junction, which lies in three counties, another branch of the Maine Central runs to Farmington, touching the corner of Monmouth, thence following the western boundary of Wayne, and thence running, within a few miles, the en- tire length of the western line of Fayette. The Somerset Railroad Company was conceived, planned and its construction begun by Reuben B. Dunn and Joel Gray. It was their original intention that this road should be a branch of the Maine Cen- tral, of which Mr. Dunn was then president. The work of building the roadbed was begun in 1868, but in less than three years, and be- fore a rail had been laid, the control of the Maine Central passed into other hands, and the new management refused to countenance the en- terprise. At this crisis, John Ayer, one of the directors of the strug- gling company, took the lead in the direction of its affairs, and to his ■energy and financial ability the existence of the road is undoubtedly due. Trains began running to Norridgewock in 1873, and the line, forty-one miles long, was subsequently completed to Bingham. The Toad was sold, in 1883, on the first mortgage, and reorganized as the Somerset railway. Joel Gray was the first president, F. W. Hill, of Exeter, Me., the second; and John Ayer has been president since 1872. George A. Fletcher, the first treasurer, was succeeded in 1874 by Major Abner R. Small. The superintendent is W. M. Ayer, of •Oakland The Kennebec Central Railroad Company was chartered Septem- ber 12, 1889, with a capital stock of $15,000, afterward increased to -$50,000. It is five miles long, running from Randolph to Togus, has a two-foot gauge, and was opened for business August 1, 1890. The first eleven months' operation showed total receipts, $13,242; expenses, $8,392. This money was earned with two engines, four passenger, two box and six flat cars — the total rolling stock of the road, costing $18,200. The road bed, with land damages and terminal facilities, ■ cost $12,000 per mile — as much as the average cost of a good many standard gauge roads. The nine directors are: H. W. Jewett, David Dennis, Weston Lewis, E. D. Haley, A. C. Stilphen, J. S. Maxcy, J. B. Dingley and S. N. Maxcy, of Gardiner, and Franklin Stevens, of Randolph. Weston Lewis is president; P. H. Winslow, treasurer and general ticket agent; F. A. Lawton, superintendent; H. S. Webster, clerk, and A. C. Stilphen, attorney and auditor. Electricity, which is fast superseding horse power on the street railways of cities and suburban towns, has as yet been employed in the county for that purpose in but two instances. In 1890 the Augusta, Hallowell & Gardiner Electric Street Railroad Company was incor- porated, with a capital, authorized by charter, of $150,000. The length TRAVEL AND TRANSPORTATION. 237 of the line is seven iniles, and the road is reported to be earning a substantial income. The officers are: President, J. Manchester Haynes, Augusta; superintendent, E. K. Day, Hallowell; treasurer, George E. Macomber, Augusta; clerk of corporation, Henry G. Stap- les, Augusta. The Waterville and Fairfield Power & Light Company, opened in July, 1892, the electric road running north from Waterville, on what had been operated as a horse car line since 1888. CHAPTER X. THE NEWSPAPER PRESS. Bv Mr. Howard Owen. -Newspapers of Hallowell and Augusta. — The Press of Gardiner. — Waterville Press. — Newspapers of Oakland and Winthrop. — Journalistic Ventures at China, Vassalboro and Clinton. AUGUSTA has long been the center of the newspaper business in the county, and as far as the number is concerned, the news- papers started here have been legion. We shall not attempt in this chapter to mention the multitude of publications of world wide circulation, issuing from the extensive publishing establishments of The Allen Publishing Company, of Vickery & Hill, and of the more recently established house of the Gannett & Morse concern. These belong more especially to the commercial and manufacturing indus- tries of the city and will have attention in another chapter of this work. Several ephemeral newspapers have been started here of the " Jonah's Gourd " variety, such as the Ajigtista Courier, the Liberal Re- publican, an anti-temperance periodical — not living long enough to es- tablish for themselves a place in history. The first newspaper in Kennebec county was started in Hallowell — then called " The Hook " — August 4, 1794, nearly a century ago. It was published by Howard S. Robinson and called the Eastern Star. It had the life of a yearling, and was succeeded in 1795 by The Toesiji, published by Wait & Baker, of the Falmouth Gazette. In September, 1796, it was transferred to Benjamin Poor. This paper was also short- lived, being discontinued in 1797. The American Advocate, a democratic-republican newspaper, was begun at Hallowell in the year 1810, and was published first by Na- thaniel Cheever, father of the late Rev. Dr. George B. Cheever, of New York; then by S. K. Gilman, who published it for six years and sold to Calvin Spaulding, who in turn disposed of the establishment to Sylvanus W. Robinson and Henry K. Baker, the latter gentleman so long judge of probate and still residing in Hallowell. In 1835 the paper was united with the Free Press and called the Free Press and Ad- vocate. It was sold to the Kennebec Journal in 1836. The Free Press, THE NEWSPAPER PRESS. 239 published by Anson G. Herrick and edited by Richard D. Rice, was a violent anti-Masonic paper. There was at that time great prejudice against the institution of Masonry, and during its brief career the paper had an immense circulation. In the meantime a paper called the Banner of Light was published for a year or two. The Genius of Temperance, a paper of small size, devoted to the cause of temperance, was established in Hallowell m January, 1828; printed semi-monthly by Glazier & Co., for P. Crandall, editor and proprietor. It continued about two years, and then died for want of patronage. The Liberty Standard, printed at the Halhnvell Gazette office, was commenced about 1840 and published in Hallowell by the anti- slavery martyr. Rev. J. C. Lovejoy. It was devoted to the cause of negro emancipation, Mr. Lovejoy, the editor, wielding a very vigor- ous and aggressive pen. Rev. Austin Willey afterward conducted the paper with great ability. Its name was finally changed to Free Soil Republican, the free soil party having become a factor in politics. It was a failure as a business enterprise, and died after a precarious ex- istence of about seven years. It was printed by Newman & Rowell. For a year or two during the war of the rebellion a paper called the Kennebec Courier, was published at Hallowell, by T. W. Newman. It was afterward removed to Bath, where it sickened and died. A paper with the heavenly title of the Northern Light, was pub- lished in Hallowell for a few months, by J. W. May and A. C. Currier. The Hallowell Gazette, federal in politics, was established by Eze- kiel Goodale and James Burton, jun., in January, 1814, and was pub- lished until 1827. September 28, 1839, the Maine Cultivator and Weekly Gazette was established in Hallowell, by T. W. Newman and R. G. Lincoln. For two years its editor was Rev. William A. Drew, afterward of the Gospel Banner. It was devoted primarily to agriculture and the me- chanic arts, though later it became more of a local organ. It received a fair support from the people of Hallowell and surrounding towns. Newman & Lincoln continued the publication of the paper until March, 1842; T. W. Newman from that date until September, 1843; T. W. & G. E. Newman to September, 1845; T. W. Newman and E. Rowell from September, 1845, to June, 1852; E. Rowell and H. L. Wing to June, 1854; E. Rowell to November, 1859; E. Rowell and Charles E. Nash (later of the Kennebec Journal) to June, 1862; E. Rowell to June, 1865; Charles E. Nash to September, 1869, and Henry Chase from that time until it was discontinued, December 9, 1871. In 1850 the headings of the paper were transposed to Halloivell Gazette and Maine Cultivator; and at the beginning of the fifteenth volume, in September, 1853, the second heading was dropped, retaining only the Hallowell Gazette. Some time after Mr. Chase became publisher, 240 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. the character of the paper was entirely changed from a local to a story paper, and it was called the Saturday Gazette. Mr. Chase tried to imi- tate E. C. Allen, but failed. Major E. Rowell, so long identified with the paper, continues a much respected citizen of Hallowell. The Saturday Gazette died on the hands of Mr. Chase, December 9, 1871. Hallowell had no paper from that time until December 22, 1877, when the present Hallozvell Register was established. Its proprie- tor and editor, W. F. Marston, not only conducts the paper, but has in connection a commercial job printing office. The Register is a spicy local paper, filling well its rather limited field. While non-partisan, it has republican leanings. The first paper established in that part of Hallowell which is now Augusta, was the Kennebec Intelligencer, published by Peter Edes, than whom no one was more respected by the members of the craft. It was established November 14, 1795, and was a little affair, the dimen- sions being only eleven by sixteen inches. Political action at that time found expression through the federal and republican parties, the federalists in this section of the country being in the majority. The Intelligencer was changed to the Kennebec Gazette in 1800, and in 1810 became the Herald of Liberty. Under this name it was published until 1815, when it was discontinued on the removal of its proprietor to Bangor. A non-partisan paper, " far removed from party turmoil," the Augusta Patriot, was started March 7, 1817, by James Burton, jun., but it died in a year or two for want of patronage. The Kennebec Joiirnal grew out of the dominant political sentiment which afterward became crystalized in what was known as the whig party. In the fall of 1823, two young men, journeymen printers, came from Washington, D. C, and started the paper. Their names were Luther Severance and Russell Eaton. The Tufts hand press on which it was to be printed was set up at what was called the Branch brick block, at the corner of Bridge and Water streets, where the first num- ber of the Journal was struck off, January 8, 1823. The size of the subscription list at that time did not seem to be taken at all into ac- count by the publishers. Indeed, they thought they were doing a big business if their list of subscribers numbered four or five hundred. Advertising was also at a discount; and we have known a publisher who in those early days received but forty-two cents a week for a half column "ad," taking his pay " in country produce at market prices." So the Journal's upward progress was from the smallest possible beginning. Luther Severance, whose name is to-day a tower of strength in the county, stood at the editorial helm, and gained a great reputation among the rank and file of the party for the clear and com- prehensive style in which he clothed his editorials. Like Horace Greeley, he was able to go to the case and put into type an elaborate. THE NEWSPAPER PRESS. 241 unwritten editorial. In 1829 Mr. Severance was called to represent his party in the legislature, in 1835-6 in the state senate, in 1839-40 again in the house, and in 1843 and 1845 in the national house of rep- resentatives. Beginning in 1850, he was for three years United States commissioner to the Sandwich Islands. But his labors were nearly ended. Stricken with a hopeless cancerous disease, he reached his home in Augusta on the 12th of April, 1854, and died on the 2oth of Janu- ary, 1855, at the age of fifty-seven years. During his last sickness, and as a means of diverting his attention from his intense physical suffer- ing, Mr. Severance, under the heading of "Brief Mention," weekly contributed articles full of wisdom and suggestive thought to the columns of his favorite paper. In the early .stages of the JonriiaFs career, the two young men struggled on, doing most of their own work, with the help of two apprentices. Mr. Eaton had special charge of the mechanical and business departments of the paper, and here were laid deep and broad those busine.ss principles that ripened so successfully after he became connected with the Farmer. Full of years, and highly respected by his fellow citizens, Mr. Eaton went to his rest some two years since. In June, 1833, Mr. Eaton retired from the /i3«r«rf/, leaving Mr. Sev- erance the sole proprietor and manager until the beginning of 1839, when he sold half the concern to John Dorr, who had been engaged at Belfast in the publication of the Waldo Patriot. Mr. Dorr brought business tact and shrewdness to the performance of his tasks, and the paper entered upon the high road to success. Mr. Dorr continued as clerk and bookkeper in the office under subsequent administrations. In 1850 the /£72/r«fl/ passed into the hands of William H. Wheeler and William H. Simpson, and was edited by Mr. Wheeler, who afterward sold his half to his partner, Simpson, and removed to Bangor, where he engaged with John H. Lynde in the publication of the Wliig and Courier. Simpson sold the paper in the fall of 1854, to James G. Blaine and Joseph Baker. A stock company was formed, new material pur- chased, and the paper attained to a new prominence under the able and vigorous management of Mr. Blaine, who also contributed to the editorial department of the paper long after he had severed his busi- ness connection with it. The Maine liquor law now became the lead- ing issue in politics, and after a short ownership Mr. Baker sold his interest to John L. Stevens, who became one of the most profound political thinkers and vigorous writers in the state. Mr. Stevens is at present United States minister to the Sandwich Islands, having served in similar capacities at Montevideo and at Stockholm. In 1857 Mr. Blaine was succeeded by John S. Sayward, who came from the Bangor Whig. During a portion of the war of the rebellion a daily leaflet, containing the telegraphic news from Washington and 10 242 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. the seat of operations, was issued from this office; and this was the beginning that led to the thought of establishing a permanent daily, which appeared later. In May, 1868, Owen & Nash bought Mr. Sayward's interest, and the January following the other half interest in the paper was sold to Alden vSprague, of \\iQ Rockland Free Press. Howard Owen had for fifteen years served in various capacities in the Journal office, and Charles E. Nash was of the Hallowell Gazette. The new firm was known as Sprague, Owen & Nash, Mr. Sprague being the political editor, Mr. Owen the local editor, and Mr. Nash having charge of the business affairs. Several times enlarged, the paper was again enlarged by the new firm, and \.\iQ Daily Kennebec Journal started on the first of January, 1870. In August, 1879, the partnership was abolished by the sale of Owen and Nash's half to Charles A. Sprague, and the office was conducted under the firm name of Sprague & Son. They attained to the entire ownership of the paper by the purchase of all the floating stock, and sold the entire concern in April, 1887, to C. B. Burleigh and Charles Flynt, by whom the paper has since been conducted. The new firm enlarged the paper and greatly improved the plant. With a large and able corps of editors and correspondents, with excellent arrangements for obtaining the telegraphic and other news, the Daily Journal has taken its place among the leading dailies of the state, while the weekly, enlarged and improved, has attained a large state circulation. The adherents of the once despi.sed faith of Universalism, of which Hosea Ballou was the pioneer preacher in this country, felt the need of an official organ in the state, where afterward they gained a per- manent foothold. Accordingly, a weekly religious newspaper, called the Gospel Banner, devoted mainly to advocating the doctrine of the salvation of the entire human race, was established July 25, 1835, with Rev. William A. Drew, editor and proprietor. He was assisted by two associate editors, Rev. Calvin Gardiner and Rev. George Bates. Arthur W. Berry became in some way interested in the paper, and printed it in 1839. It, however, soon returned to the proprietorship of Mr. Drew, who, in 1843, sold it to Joseph A. Homan (who retired from active business pursuits several years since, and remains one of the respected and honored citizens of Augusta), and his brother-in-law, James S. Manley, long since deceased. The firm of Homan & Manley pub- lished the paper until January, 1859, when they purchased the Maine Farmer, and sold the Banner to James A. Bicknell and Rev. R. A. Ballou. Mr. Drew, after long and able service, retired from the editor- ship of the paper in October, 1854, when he was succeeded by Rev. J. W. Hanson, who becam.e editor and part owner. Mr. Hanson, in 1859, was succeeded by Mr. Ballou, who was the editor of the paper until it was sold, in 1864, to Rev. George W. Quinby, whose vigor and interest in the work was not only equal to the editorial tasks imposed, but also THE NEWSPAPER PRESS. 243 to the exacting business demands. He was not only an editor, but an able author and an aggressive preacher, and was honored by Tuffts' College, with the degree of D.D. After a brief sickness, Doctor Quin- by died in Augusta on the 10th of January, 1884. The Baiiin-r was purchased on the 14th of July, 1888, by Rev. Isaac J. Mead and George W. Vickery, Mr. Mead having charge of the edi- torial columns, and Mr. Vickery of the business department. A strong pressure being made upon his time elsewhere, Mr. Vickery sold his interest February 14, 1889, to B. A. Mead, and the paper has since been published by The B. A. Mead Company. It was changed to a quarto, and enlarged October 9, 1890. The Kennebec Journal being at that time the undoubted leader of the press in this section, an effort was made in 1827 to establish an opposition paper which should advocate the claims of General Jackson for the presidency. Accordingly, the Maine Patriot and State Gazette appeared on the 31st of October, 1827, published by James Dickman, and under the editorship of Aurelius V. Chandler. In May, 1829, the paper was sold to Harlow Spaulding, by whom it was published, Mr. Chandler continuing the editor. Mr. Chandler went South to recruit his health, and died at Charleston, S. C, December 31, 1830, at the age of twenty-three. James W. Bradbury took his place in the edi- torial chair, but relinquished it July 1, 1831. The following Decem- ber the paper was absorbed by The Age, a new paper of similar politi- cal proclivities, and the Patriot ceased to exist. After the removal of the state capital to Augusta, The Age was es- tablished, December 23, 1831, by Ira Berry & Co., Frank O. J. Smith, a brilliant lawyer and able journalist from Portland, being its editor. One of the earlier incidents of its career was a libel suit growing out of one of Mr. Smith's caustic and personal items, charging a promi- nent citizen of Belgrade with being a deserter from the army in the war of 1812, and that he was tried, convicted and sentenced to be shot. The publisher of The Age was arrested and tried on a criminal libel. The trial, which excited the most intense interest, lasted a week. The result was the sustaining the paper in its charges, and this gave the concern a great boom and influence among its political adherents. The paper also had the state patronage. Mr. Smith was chosen to a seat in congress, and retired from the paper August 10, 1832, when George Robinson, a law student, became the editor, and continued in that capacity several years. In 1834 Berry & Co. sold the paper to William J. Condon, who had been connected with the Saeo Democrat. He continued the publication of the paper for about a year, when William R. Smith, who came from Wiscasset, and who was at that timejworking at the printer's case in the office, bought a quarter in- terest, forming a partnership with Robinson, who continued to edit the paper. Mr. Smith was a printer almost from birth, having entered 244 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. a newspaper office as an apprentice wlien eight years old. Mr. Ira Berry, formerly of The Age, died in Portland in September, 1891, at the great age of ninety years. Mr. Robinson died in February, 1840, Smith having previously bought another quarter interest from him. During this period was begun at The Age office the publication of a tri-weekly, during the ses- sions of ihe legislature, reporting the proceedings, and afterward giv- ing the telegraphic news. Later, the Keimebec Journal eniereA upon the publication of a tri-weekly, on alternate days with The Age, the two forming a daily paper — the first time the citizens of Augusta were favored with such an institution. At the death of Mr. Robinson, George Melville Weston', son of the late Chief Justice Nathan Weston, became associated with Mr. Smith, and conducted the editorial department of The Age. The paper was conducted by this firm until August 5, 1844, when it was sold to Rich- ard D. Rice, a printer by trade, who afterward rose to the exalted position of justice on the supreme bench. Mr. Rice edited the paper, controlling its politics in the interests of the democratic party, until May, 1848, when he returned to the profession of law, and the paper was purchased by William T. Johnson (who afterward became cashier of the Granite National Bank). He associated himself with Daniel T, Pike, who became its editor. Mr. Pike, who wielded a forceful and facetious pen, now retired from the profession, whose ranks he graced for more than twenty years, is enjoying a green old age in our midst. Messrs. Johnson & Pike conducted the paper until May, 1856, when they were succeeded by Benjamin A. G. and Melville W. Fuller (now the honored chief justice of the United States supreme court), who after a number of years disposed of the establishment to Daniel T. Pike, and he in turn to Elias G. Hedge and others. They sold to Gilman vSmith, of Augusta, a journeyman printer, and the old and influential y^^r, which had so long and so safely sailed the politi- cal seas, died upon his hands during the war of the rebellion. Upon the ruins of The Age rose the Maine Standard, in 1867, a democratic sheet, published by Thaddeus A. Chick, a well known and accomplished practical printer, and Isaac W. Reed. The paper was sold in 1868, to Eben F. Pillsbury, the noted political leader and pol- ished lawyer, several times the nominee of the democratic party for gov- ernor, though never elected. Mr. Pillsbury, who had formerly edited the Franklin Patriot, at Farmington, edited the Standard, and associ- ated with him was L. B. Brown, of Starks, now of New Hampshire; and at one time, on the editorial force, was Horace :M. Jordan, of Westbrook, now of Boston. The paper was bought in January, 1881, by Manley T. Pike & Co., who dropped its name soon after the purchase, and called it The Neiv Age, the name which it has since borne. These proprietors published THE NEWSPAPER PRESS. 245 the paper two years and a half, when, in July, 1883, it was sold to Harris M. Plaisted and Charles B. Morton. General Plaisted, who had been the democratic governor of Maine the two preceding years, was the political editor, and for some time Charles B. Chick was con- nected with the local department. In December, 1889, Mr. Morton's portion was purchased by a son of the senior proprietor, Frederick W. Plaisted, and the paper has since been published by H. M. Plais- ted & Son. The paper was enlarged and changed to a quarto at the beginning of the 2,'5th volume, March 6, 1891. Tlie Nczv Age has a large and increasing patronage, being the leading democratic paper of cen- tral Maine. The Maine Farmer grew out of the necessities of the time, and was founded to meet the demands of a more progressive agriculture. Its "birth really grew out of the establishment of the Kennebec Agricul- tural Society, in 1832. It was started in Winthrop, January 21, 1833, bearing the name of the Kennebec Farmer, the publishers being Wil- liam Noyes & Co., and the editor Dr. Ezekiel Holmes. It was printed in quarto form, and the size of the printed page was 7| by 8-| inches. After eight numbers of the paper had been issued, the name which was first deemed appropriate was adopted, that of the Maine Farmer, adding as the motto for its field of operations, "and journal of the useful arts,"' devoting itself not only to the interests of the farmer, but also the mechanic. The first four volumes were published in Winthrop, when the paper was moved to Hallowell, but in 1838 was purchased by Marcian Seavy, and moved back to Winthrop. vSeavy sold out the next year to Noyes and Benjamin F. Robbins, the latter remaining in the firm but two years. In 1844 Russell Eaton, a former publisher of the AV««ci^(Y/ci«r«rt/, purchased the /v7r;«i>i6'6ec /oierna/ a.s early as 1831. Later she wrote regularly for the Philadelphia Saturday Courier, under the pseudonyms of " Ella" and " Pauline." The Address delivered by Rev. Doctor Bosworth at the dedication of Memorial Hall, Colby University, was published at Waterville in 1869. Benjamin Bunker, of Waterville, the democratic editor, was born in North Anson, Me., in 1837, and has been a resident of this county since 1887. He founded The Pine Tree State at Fairfield, in 1880, and in 1888 published, under the title Bunker s Text-Book of Politieal Deviltry, a humorous criticism upon Maine politics and politicians. The "Jack- knife" illustrations by the author is its mechanical characteristic. Samuel P. Benson's Historic Address, delivered at the Winthrop Centennial celebration in 1871, was afterward published in pamphlet form. John M. Benjamin, of Winthrop, a careful, methodical collector of local history, has long been engaged in preserving the earliest data relating to that town. His unpublished manuscript is doubtless the best literature in existence on the pioneer period of Winthrop before 1800. Clarence B. Burleigh, of Augusta, son of Governor Edwin C. Bur- leigh, is the author of a pleasing story, The Smugglers of Chestnut, illus- trated, published by E. E. Knowles & Co., 1891. Maine's most distinguished adopted son, Hon. James G. Blaine, of Augusta, is the author of the brilliant and instructive book. Twenty Years of Congress, published in 1884. His life and work are mentioned at length in the chapter on Augusta. Judge H. K. Baker, of Hallowell, author of Maine Justice, has also written a valuable and interesting volume on Hymnology, issued dur- ing the summer of 1892 from the press of Charles E. Nash, Augusta. A number of interesting articles in Harper's Magazine have been contributed by Horatio Bridge, of Augusta, who was a classmate and life-long intimate friend of Nathaniel Hawthorne. His recent Harper articles are in relation to Mr. Hawthorne. A ready writer, and frequent correspondent of Maine papers, is H. J. Brookings, of Gardiner, now a resident of Washington, D. C. LITERATURE AND LITERARY PEOPLE. 257 Hannah J. Bailey, of Winthrop — a well known Christian reformer and philanthropist, is a daughter of David Johnston, a Friend minister, of Cornwall, N. Y. After the death of her husband, Moses Bailey, she wrote and published an appreciative biography of him in a volume aptly entitled Reminiscences of a Christian Life. She is now chiefly en- gaged in literary work incident to her official position in the W. C. T. U., as world's superintendent of its department of Peace and Arbitration, editing two monthly publications and devoting great intellectual and material resources to the uplifting of mankind. Colonel Henry Boynton, of Augusta, is a compiler of historical works. He issued The World's Greatest Conflict in 1891. Eight interesting volumes from the pen of Rev. Henry T. Cheever, of Hallowell, bear title as follows: The Whale and his Captors; Island World of the Pacific; Life in the Sandivich Islands; Life of Captain Conger; Memoir of Nathaniel Cheever, IStiO; Memoir of Rev. Walter Col- ton; Voices of Nature; and Pulpit and Pew, 1852. A pleasing writer of poems and short stories for the magazines is Gertrude M. Cannon, of Augusta. Eunice H. W. Cobb, of Hallowell, wrote hymns and occasional poems, and obituary lines that comforted many in affliction. She was the wife of Rev. Sylvanus Cobb, D.D., and the mother of Sylvanus Cobb, jun., of Boston, the gifted story writer. Emma M. Cass, of Hallowell, has gained recognition as a writer both of prose and verse. Her little poem. My Neighbors, is especially pleasing. Harry H. Cochrane, of Monmouth, grandson of Dr. James Coch- rane, jun., has. among other things, given close attention to historical and antiquarian subjects. The chapter on Monmouth in this volume is an abridgment of his very elaborate manuscript History of Mon- mouth and Wales, which is soon to be published. Alexander C. Currier was an early literary light of Hallowell. He achieved the distinction of having one of his anonymous fugitive newspaper poems quoted by William Cullen Bryant in his Library of Poetry and Song. J. T. Champlin, D.D., a former president of Colby, was the author of a number of valuable text-books and pamphlets, a|Rong them being: A Discourse on the Death of President Harrison, published in 1841; De- mosthenes on the Crown, 1843: Knhners Elementary Latin Grammar, 1845; Text-book of Intellectual Philosophy, 1860; and Lessons on Political Economy, 1868. Golden Gems, a pretty booklet of poems, handsomely illustrated, is from the pen of Mrs. Maria Southwick Colburn, a daughter of Jacob Southwick, of Vassalboro. Mrs. Colburn now lives in Oakland, Cal. An expressive poem. Dominie M' Lauren, is from the pen of Rev. 17 258 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Edgar F. Davis, pastor of the Congregational church at Gardiner from 1881 to 1889. • Rev. William A. Drew, of Augusta, was the author of a volume of Foreign Travels (1851), published by Homan & Manley, and numerous sermons and addresses. John T. P. Du Mont, who died prior to 1856, was locally famous as a literary man and wit. He was an orator of considerable ability, and a valued contributor to the local press. A pleasing volume of Poems bears upon its title page, as author, the name of Mrs. Mattie B. Dunn, of Waterville. Charles F. Dunn, a graduate of Harvard College, possessed an excellent gift of poetry, as shown in his published writings; but he was buried on a farm in Litchfield during most of his life, and his talents never received their full development. A brilliant writer of sea letters was Captain John H. Drew, of Farmingdale. He was well and delightfully known to readers of the Boston Journal ?iS, " Kennebecker." He died in 1891. Olive E. Dana, of Augusta, has written several poems of merit for various periodicals. One, The Magi, is illustrative of her best ability. Other poems from her pen are embraced in TIic Poets of America, is- sued in 1891 by the American Publishing Association, of Chicago. Henry Weld Fuller, jun., was born in Augusta in 1810. He was a graduate of Bowdoin, and later became the law partner of his father, Hon. Henry Weld Fuller. The Victim, a fine poem from his pen, ap- pears in The Poets of Maine. Benjamin A. G. Fuller, born in Augusta in 1818, was an occasional contributor to genealogical and other magazines. He was also the author of several poems. Melville W. Fuller, of Augusta, chief justice of the U. S. supreme court, is a man of cultivated literary tastes, as shown m numerous published poems. The verses of Oscar F. Frost, of Monmouth, have appeared in manj' of the leading metropolitan periodicals. His short poem, Brush Awaj the Tears. Alollic, which appeared in the Boston Post soon after Presi- dent Garfield was assassinated, was set to music by a leading publish- ing house. R. H. Gardiner was the author of a History of Gardiner. The vol- ume may be found in the Maine Historical Society's collection. Rev. Eliphalet Gillett, D.D., of Hallowell, was the author of many published sermons, ranging in date from 1795 to 1823; and also author of Reports of the Maine Missionary Society, 1807 to 1849 (except 1836), and A List of the Ministers of Maine, 1840. William B. Glazier, who was born in Hallowell, is now a forgotten poet, but one who, in his day, contributed many pleasing verses to LITERATURE AND LITERARY PEOPLE. 259 periodical literature. A volume of his poems was published by Mas- ters & Co., previous to 1872. Several volumes of poems have been written by F. Glazier, of Hal- lowell. Mrs. Eleanor (Allen) Gay, daughter of Mrs. Frederick Allen, and wife of Doctor Gay, of Gardiner, was a woman of rich mental gifts, and a writer of much literary merit. She published a volume entitled Tlie Siege of Agrigentum. An Obituary Record of Graduates of Colby University, from 1822 to 1870, was compiled by Charles E. Hamlin, and published (66 pp., 8vo.) at Waterville in 1870. Mr. Hamlin is also the author of an interesting Catalogue of Birds found in the vicinity of Waterville. J. H. Hanson, LL.D., principal of Coburn Classical Institute, has contributed much to the educational literature of the day, having an- notated and published TJie Preparatory Latin Prose Book; Cicero's Select Orations; CcBsar's Commeiitarics; and (in association with Prof. W. J. Rolfe, of Cambridge, Mass.,) the Hand-Book of Latin Poetry and Selec- tions from Ovid and Virgil. The literary labors of the late Dr. Ezekiel Holmes, of Winthrop, author of The Northern Shepherd, are referred to at some length at page 192. Mrs. Anne A. Hall, of Augusta, wrote many sweet poems of home life, among them The Little Child's Belief and The Nursery. She died in Spain in 1865. Mrs. Caroline N. Hobart, of Augusta, was the author of Lines on Visiting the Old Ladies Home, Childhood's Faith and other short poems. Amos L. Hinds, town clerk of Benton, is the author of a beautiful legendary poem, of considerable length, entitled Uncle Stephen. On the Assabet, a local poem, by Dora B. Hunter, of Waterville, ap- peared in the Portland Transcript some years ago and received de- served recognition. Miss Hunter is also a contribator to the Congrc- gationalist. Christian Union and other papers. Ode to the Snow, Good-bye, and the The Men of Auld Lang Syne, (the latter sung at the Augusta Centennial celebration, July 4, 1854), are from the pen of Joseph A. Homan, the retired editor and publisher, of Augusta. Mrs. Anna Sargent Hunt, of Augusta, editor of the Home Mission Echo, has been a very prolific writer, both of prose and verse. Alpine Calls is one of her best poems. In 1852 Rev. J. W. Hanson, then pastor of the Universalist church in Gardiner, published, in 343 pages, a local history of the old town of Pittston, in which is preserved much valuable information. The work, now out of print, is, in fact, the best authority extant on the early families of Gardiner, West Gardiner, Pittston, Farmingdale and 260 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Randolph. Mr. Hanson wa.s also author of the Histjry of Norridge- wock and Canaan, Me., and the History of Danvcrs, Mass. A profound student of ancient and modern languages, and a noted Shakespearian scholar, is Prof. Henry Johnson, a native of Gardiner and member of the faculty of Bowdoin College. He is at work on a variorum edition of Shakespeare, (portions of which have been already published), which is intended to give an exact account of all the varia- tions of early copies of the great poet, even to the least in spelling or punctuation. Clara R. Jones, of Winslow, is the author of Spinning and other poems. The poetic contributions of Cathie L. Jewett, of Augusta, have ap- peared in many periodicals, and she has also achieved success in the line of story writing. The Life of Eli and Sybil Jones was written in 1888, by Rufus M. Jones, now principal of Oak Grove Seminary. It is a graphic and moving narration of the struggles of these early missionaries, the first ever sent abroad by the Friends. Mr. Jones is also the author of the chapter in the present work, on The Society of Friends. Rev. Sylvester Judd, once pastor of the Unitarian society of Augusta, was an author of national reputation. A graduate of Yale, and the divinity school at Cambridge, he was an accomplished scholar, . a deep thinker, and the master of an elegant and forceful literary style. He was the author of Margaret, A Tale of the Real and Ideal; Philo, an Evangeliad; Riehard Edney, and several volumes of sermons and lectures. His Life and Character, by Miss Arethusa Hall, was pub- lished in 1854, the year of his death. Dr. William B. Lapham*, of Augusta, is a well known author of local histories and genealogies. He has written the following town histories: Woodstock, published in 1882; Paris, 1884; Norzvay, 1886; Runiford, 1890; Bethel, 1892— all of Oxford county, Me. He is also the author of the synoptical history of Kennebec county, and its cities and towns, which prefaces the Atlas of Kennebec County, published in 1879, by Caldwell & Halfpenny; and he has compiled the well known Bradbury Genealogy, and eight smaller genealogies of from 20 to 72 pages each. Doctor Lapham is chairman of the committee on publi- cation, of the Maine Historical Society. Though his natural taste is for genealogical and historical matters, he has by no means confined his pen to this line of work. He began writing for the local papers in Oxford county, and wrote also for the Portland Transcript. He was editor of the Maine Fanner from 1871 to 1885; he issued the Maine Genealogist and Biographer — a quarterly — from 1875 to 1878; and he edited the Farm and Hearth two years. His style is clear and concise, without any effort at display, but *By H. K.' Morrell, Esq., of Gardiner. (jU^Mf^l^cJ|;ila^ LITERATURE AND LITERARY PEOPLE. 261 never dull or uninteresting. He ha.s occasionally "dropped into poetry," like Mr. Wegg, and has very rarely taken a turn at political sarcasm. His pen, though usually as smooth as the stylus of Virgil, can be pro- voked to criticism, and is then pointed enough to satisfy any opponent. He has a sharp sense of fitness, and feels keenly what he thinks is unfairness. His works are such as will always live, so long as the sons of Maine take a pride in its history. He once remarked that he did not take much interest in a man till he had been dead a century or two. This was, of course, a joke, but it indicates the true anti- quarian, of which he is a good specimen. Charles IX said, as he kicked over the massacred body of Coligny, " There is nothing so sweet as the smell of a dead enemy." Doctor Lapham would not go so far as that, but there is an odor of sanctity to old books and old heroes and pioneers very refreshing to his nostrils. May he live to write the obituary and history of all of us— for he will " nothing extenuate, nor set down aught in malice." Elijah P. Lovejoy, son of the late Rev. Daniel Lovejoy, of Albion, graduated from Waterville College in 1826. He was shot by a mob in Alton, 111., in 1837, for writing against slavery in the newspaper he had established in that place. His poems. The Little Star, and To My MotJier, appear in Tlie Poets of Maine. Henry C. Leonard, editor of the Gospel Banner during Mr. Homan's proprietorship, was a man of fine poetic instincts, instanced in The Old Chief and Christinas Eve. Prof. J. R. Loomis, of Colby, is the author of a volume on the Ele- ments of Physiology. Mrs. M. V. F. Livingston, of Augusta, is a constant writer for cur- rent periodicals, and is also the author of several remarkable books — one of them, Fra Lippo Lippi, having attained a wide circulation. Harriet S. Morgridge, of Hallowell, is widely known by her series of Mother Goose Sonnets, published in St. Nicholas in 1889. Miss xMor- gridge is also the author of many fugitive pieces, in prose and verse, that have appeared from time to time in various periodicals. John W. May, formerly of Winthrop, is the author of a stirring poem first read at the Winthrop Centennial celebration in 1871, and afterward published. He also published in 1884, a unique volume of legal and local reminiscences, entitled Inside the Bar. A very talented writer of verses, Hannah A. Moore, of Benton, was introduced to the literary world by N. P. Willis, and her poems found favor with Longfellow, Bryant and other celebrated authors. Almost Miss Moore's first publisher was Ephraim Maxham, of the Waterville Mail. HiRAM K. MORRELL, of Gardiner, whose antecedents are noticed at page 658, is perhaps as distinctively a literary- man in tastes, habits and accomplishments as any non-professional resident of the county. 262 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. His relations to the local press are noticed in the preceding chapter, and while editor of his own paper he did much of the literar}^ work by which he is now well known in Maine. His school days were passed in Gardiner, where he had not only such chances of learning as every poor man's son may secure, but also re- ceived some help in a private school kept by Frederick A. Sawyer, who took a great interest in the boy. He also studied Latin with Judge Snell, then teaching in the public schools. He learned the brickmaker's trade with his father, and, about 1857, was in partner- ship with him for a year. Possessing a natural taste for literature, it was not surprising that he soon drifted into newspaper work, where he has made a reputation for himself of which any journalist might be protid. During his long editorial career Mr. Morrell was regarded as among the ablest newspaper writers in the state; and his innate hu- mor and waggishness (a prominent trait of the Morrells of this gen- eration) served him in good stead as a paragrapher, there being but few who could equal him in this difficult form of composition. In the discussion of topics of the time he wielded a ready and intelligent pen. He could be very sarcastic when he chose and sympathetic when he thought the occasion required it. Though retired from the active duties of the newspaper office, whenever he now takes up the pen he handles it with all his old-time facility and vigor. His education is varied, and he is able to write instructively upon a great variety of topics. He has ever been a close student of nature in all her varied forms. He is something of a botanist, an intelligent mineralogist, and in several other departments of natural history he is well versed. He has been a champion of tem- perance from his boyhood, and no man in Maine has written more or better upon this subject. He joined the Sons of Temperance October 8, 1845, and is now the senior member of the order. He was for nine- teen j'ears grand scribe of Maine — the longest recorded service in that office. In 1862 he joined the National Division. For many years he was librarian, treasurer and collector of the old Mechanics' Association of Gardiner, which later became the Gar- diner Public Library, of which he has been a director from the start; and his labors in behalf of the institution have been very valuable to the city. His latest literary work will be found in the initial chapter of this volume. Honest, open-handed and open-hearted, a hater of all forms of hypocrisy, of an intensely sympathetic nature, and an unos- tentatious friend of the needy, Mr. Morrell commands the love, ad- miration and respect of all who knoiv him. Henry A. Morrell, now of Pittsfield, Me., but a native of Gardiner (see page 658), is a versatile and interesting newspaper correspondent. He is well known under the pseudonym of "Juniper," the signature J^ /(". y^l^n^r^^^ LITERAIURE AND [.ITERAKV PEOPLE. 263 he gave to a very readable series of articles in the Gardiner Home Jour- nal, which he wrote while making an extended tour through the woods of Maine, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. His brother, William Morrell, of Gardiner, has more than a local reputation as one of the most witty writers in Maine. Dora May Morrell, of Gardiner, mentioned at page 658, after a very successful career as a teacher, devoted herself entirely to her pen. She is considered a very able and entertaining writer of short sketches, and for the past year has been literary editor of the Massac/nisetts Ploughman, of Boston. By far the most elaborate, careful and valuable volume of local history that has been written by any author of Kennebec county, is Hon. James W. North's History of Augusta, issued from the press of Sprague, Owen & Nash. This remarkable work is a monument to its author that will outlast any of stone or bronze that might be erected to his memory. It is a most accurate, painstaking and minute record of the persons and events, the customs and manners, the sayings and doings of the long procession of years from the earliest settlement on the Kennebec down to the year 1870, when the volume was published. The infinite care, labor and anxiety attendant upon the undertaking can be approximately appreciated only by the student who thought- fully peruses its 990 teeming pages. It is filled with curious, as well as historical information, confined not only to the locality of Augusta itself, but extending far to the north, south and west of that historic spot. Interesting as literature, and valuable as history, it is destined to perpetuate its author's name through generations to come. Captain Charles E. Nash, of Augusta, publisher of the Maine Farmers' Almanac, is a careful, concise writer. His style may fairly be judged from his Indians of the Kennebec, which appears as Chapter II. of this volume. Except while editing newspapers (see page 239), he has not made writing his business, but cultivates as a pastime his love for historical research. Emma Huntington Nason, of Augusta, a daughter of Samuel W. Huntington, of Hallowell, is a well known contributor to some of the best periodicals. At an early age she gave evidence of literary talent, and soon after leaving school she published anonymously several short poems and stories in the Portland Transcript. The first article appearing under her own name was written in 1874 and was published in the Atlantic Monthly. This poem, The Tower, attracted general at- tention. It was followed by other poems of acknowledged merit and numerous ballads and stories for children, which have since made their author familiarly known to the readers of our higher class of juvenile literature. In 1888 D. Lothrop Company issued her first pub- lished volume— If 7«V(' Sails, a collection of poems and ballads for young people. This book, which her publishers issued as a Christmas 264 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. publication, was elegantly illustrated by some of the ablest artists. It was well received, and is now one of their leading publications. It contains several ballads which have been widely reprinted. Among them The Bravest Boy in Town, The Mission Tcaparty, and Off for Boy- land have found their way into various collections for declamation and recitation. At the dedication of the Hallowell Library in her native city, March 9, 1880, she read an original poem, which was pub- lished in a souvenir volume by Hoyt, Fogg & Donham, of Portland. The work of her pen, already before the public, gives brilliant promise for her literary future. Howard Owen, the well-known editor, author and lecturer, was born in Brunswick, Me., in 1835. He was educated in the public schools and learned the printer's trade in the offices of the Lczciston Jouriial and Brnnsivick Telegraph. At Brunswick he printed and edited the first youth's temperance paper ever published in Maine. He has written a number of poems, one, Wanted to be an Editor, ap- pearing, in 1888, in The Poets of Maine; and he was the originator and author of Biographical Sketches of Members of the Senate and House of Representatives of Maine. He has been in the lecture field for many years, giving numerous lectures, most of them in a humorous vein. He has also delivered quite a number of Memorial Day orations. In 1879 Colby University conferred on Mr. Owen the degree of A.M. The preceding chapter in this volume is by Mr. Owen. Rev. A. L. Park, many years pastor of the Congregational church of Gardiner, but now of Lafonia, Cal., has had much correspondence in Maine papers. A bright and favorite writer of juvenile stories and humorous sketches is Manley H. Pike, of Augusta, son of Hon. Daniel T. Pike. The period of his literary production covers now but about seven years. He has contributed to Golden Days, but now writes solely for the Youth's Companion, so far as juvenile tales are concerned. In humorous writing he has been a constant contributor to Puck, and his sketches which have appeared in that periodical are now to be issued in book form by the publishers of Puck. Mr. Pike has also at times contributed humorous matter to Life, Harper's Bazar, Harper's Monthly and the Century. By vote of the Maine Historical Society in November, 1802, John A. Poor was appointed to deliver a eulogy upon the character and a memoir of the life and public services of Hon. Reuel Williams, of Augusta, then ju.st deceased. This memoir, ably and elegantly writ- ten, was read at a special meeting of the Historical Society in Au- gusta in February, 1863, and in the following year was published by H. O. Houghton & Co. for private circulation. A series of twenty-nine interesting historical sketches, by W. Har- rison Parlin, that first made their appearance in The Banner, published LITERATURE AND LITERARY PEOPLE. 265 in East Winthrop, were afterward, at the urgent request of many friends, incorporated into book form, and issued, in 1891, under the title, Rcmuiisccnces of East Winthrop. Heaven Our Home: the Cliristian Doctrine of the Resurrection, by Rev. George W. Quinby, was issued in 1876 from the Gospel Banner office, Augusta. Mr. Quinby also edited a volume of Sermons and Prayers by Fifteen Universalist Clergymen, 350 pp., 12mo., published by S. H. Colesworthy. Artiong the published works of Prof. Charles F. Richardson, a na- tive of Hallowell, are: A Primer of American Literature and The Col- lege Book, 1878, and a volume of religious poems. The Cross, 1879. Dr. Joseph Ricker, of Augusta, a graduate of Colby, and in point of service the oldest member of the university's board of trustees, was born in 1814. An extract from a Commencement Ode from his pen ap- pears in The Poets of Maine. Daniel Robinson, a resident of West Gardiner from 1812 to 1864, was a school teacher and a man of unusual intellectual gifts. Astron- omy v/as his favorite study, and at an early age he was considered an adept in the science. He was the editor of several standard school books, but his widest reputation rests upon his connection with the Maine Partners' Almanac (founded by Rev. Moses Springer, of Gardi- ner, in 1818), of which Mr. Robinson was editor from 1821 to 1864. He died in 1866, in his ninetieth year. The Star of Bethlehem and Dreaming are two poems by Edward L. Rideout, who was born in Benton in 1841 and now resides in Read- field. Mr. Rideout is a contributor to several periodicals. Mrs. Salvina R. Reed, the daughter of Josiah Richardson, of Mon- mouth, was for many years one of Maine's popular verse writers. She married Daniel Reed, the son of one of the early settlers of Lewis- ton. She now resides in Auburn. Laura E. Richards, whose work as a writer covers, as yet, but little more than a decade, was first known to her readers by her book. Five lUiee in a Mouse-Trap, published by Estes & Lauriat in 1880. In My Nursery, the Toto Books and others which followed have now a fixed place with popular publications for children. Among her books not designed for juvenile readers, but often portraying the ever fasci- nating child character, are: Crr//«/«/rt;«ard Earle, a Romance, have been published. Captain Henry Sewall, of Augusta, an officer in the revolutionary army, left a remarkably interesting diary, in manuscript, of the stir- ring events of 1776-1783. It was published in the Historical Magazine August, 1871. LITERATURE AND LITERARY PEOPLE. 267 The History of Winthrop. 1764-185.'5, was written by Rev. David Thurston, a graduate of Hanover and pastor of the Winthrop Con- gregational Church from 1807 to 18!54. It was published by Brown Thurston, of Portland, in 18.o5. Mr. Thurston was also the author of Letters from a Father to his So// a/t Apprc/iticc and other pamphlets of moral tone. Rev. Daniel Tappan, born in 1798, and at one time pastor of the Congregational church at Winthrop, was the author of several poems and numerous addresses. Rev. Benjamin Tappan, D.D., for many years pastor of the South Parish church, of Augusta, was a ready writer, though plain in style. He died in 1863, at the age of seventy-five, leaving a number of pub- lished volumes of sermons on a variety of practical themes. The chapter on Tlie Town of Fayette in this work is from the pen of George Underwood, of Fayette. Mr. Underwood is also an occa- sional contributor to several newspapers. The literary work of Dr. Benjamin Vaughan, LL.D., of Hallowell, author of numerous articles on surgery, and a well-known writer on agriculture, is referred to at length in the chapter on Agriculture and Live Stock, page 19] . Me/ital Beauty, -AxidL other poems of a devotional nature, were written by Richard H. Vose, for many years a resident of Augusta. Miss Kate Vannah, of Gardiner, has for a series of years thrown some of the impressions she has received from people and events into that omnipresent mirror of the times — the modern newspaper. Her writings seem to be the irrepressible overflow of mental activity. Her ideas take the mould of prose or poetry, as best adapted to their expression, with equal facility. She has published one volume of poems — Verses — and another is ready for the press. With marked musical talent and careful training she has found an inviting field in composing and publishing songs. At the death of the gifted Rev. Sylvester Judd, Robert C.Waterston, a native of Kennebunk, was called to Augusta to take charge of the vacant pastorate. He was author of a number of fine hymns and poems, and memoirs of Charles vSprague, George Sumner, William Cullen Bryant and George B. Emerson. Some spirited anti-slavery poems were, in years gone by, written for the Maine Far//ier by Mrs. Thankful P. N. Williamson, of Augusta. She was born in 1819. During Prof. W. F. Watson's senior year at Colby University he published a volume of miscellaneous and college poems entitled The Children of the Stc/i. William E. S. Whitman, the well-known " Toby Candor " of the Bosto// Jour//al, besides having been the regular correspondent of sev- i!bS • HISTORY OF KEXNEBEC COUNTY. eral daily papers, has written Maine in the War and several other books. He was the only son of Dr. C. S. Whitman, of Gardiner. Judge Henry S. Webster, of Gardiner, in addition to widely recog- nized professional and business qualifications, has also a distinct liter- ary reputation as an earnest student and thinker and as a strong and accomplished writer. The public know him chiefly in the prose col- umns of various newspapers, but his friends know that the finest coin- age of his heart and brain come through the mint of verse. Samuel Wood, of Winthrop, a valbed contributor to the Maine Farmer, is mentioned in the chapter on Agriculture and Live Stock, page 192. At the age of sixteen Julia May Williamson, of Augusta, published a volume of her poems for circulation among her friends; and a sec- ond volume, published in 1878, was well received. A third volume, recently issued, is entitled Star of Hope and Other Songs. Miss Wil- liamson is in her twenty-third year; her noui de guerre is "Lura Bell." In 1813 a book was published by J. C. Washburn, of China, under the following explanatory title: " The Parish Harmony, or Fairfax Collection of Musick, containing a Concise Introduction to the grounds of Musick, and a variety of Psalm Tunes suitable to be used in Divine vService, together with Anthems, by Japheth Coombs Washburn." Nathan Weston, a former chief justice of the supreme court of Maine, and long an honored resident of Augusta, was the author of an eloquent oration in 1854, at the centennial celebration of the erec- tion of Fort Western. It was published by William H. Simpson, Au- gusta. In 1887 S. H. Whitney, of Vassalboro, published a cursory sketch of 122 pages, entitled Early History of Kennebec Valley. Oscar E. Young, of Fayette, is the author of a book of poems and is also a contributor to the columns of the Chicat^o Sun. CHAPTER XII. THE SOCIETY OF FRIENDS. BY RUFUS JI. JONES, Principal of Oak Grove Seminary. David Sands. — First Meeting.— George Fox. — Vassalboro Meeting. — Oak Grove Seminary.— China Monthly Meeting.— Fairfield Quarterly Meeting.— Litch- field Preparative.— Winthrop Preparative.— Manchester Preparative.— Sid- ney Preparative. NO man is more intimately and essentially connected, by his life and labors, with the rise and growth of the Society of Friends in Ken- nebec county than David Sands, a Friend minister from Cornwall, Orange county, N. Y. In the year 1775 David Sands, then thirty years of age and nine years a member of the Society of Friends, came to New England to attend the yearly meeting at Newport, R. I. Again in 1777, he felt called to more extended labors throughout the towns and villages of New England, and he came with a minute from his own meeting for that service. In his journal we find the following passage: " We had many meetings, although passmg through a wilderness country. I trust they were to the encouragement of many seeking minds. We were invited to the house of Remington Hobbie; he re- ceived us kindly, and we had two meetings at his house, one on First day, where were many of the town's people; this place is called Vas- salborough, on the Kennebec River; and another in the evening at a Friend's hou,se. These meetings were much to my comfort, feeling the overshadowing of our Divine Master. We next proceeded up the river for two days, through great fatigue and suffering, haying to travel part of the way on foot, to a Friend's house, who received us kindly, there being no other Friend's house within forty-five miles. We had a meeting among a poor people, newly settled, but to our mutual comfort and satisfaction, witnessing the Divine Presence to be underneath for our support." This is the first of his four visits to the towns of Kennebec county, and this account shows the true state of this region at the time. The country was only just beginning to be settled. If there were any Friends, there was not more than one famijy in a settlement. Each visit of David Sands was attended with striking success, showing that he possessed peculiar gifts and ability for missionary work among these Maine pioneers. Hardly a meeting was begun in the county a 270 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. century ago which did not owe almost the possibility of its existence more or less directly to his influence, and a very large number of the prominent Friends in these early meetings were convinced by his preaching or through his personal efforts. It would be safe to say that the position Friends have held here and the work they have been able to do, is in great measure owing to the zeal and faithfulness of this true and devoted Christian apostle. Nearly twenty years from his first visit he made a final journey through the county, of which he wrote: " I proceeded towards the eastward on horseback "•■ * * on our course toward Kennebec, where we arrived 5th month, 9th. 1795, and found things greatly altered since my first visit, there being now a pretty large monthly meeting where there was not a Friend's face to be seen when I first visited the country; but rather a hard, warlike people, addicted to many vices, but now a solid good behaved body of Friends."* The first meeting for worship established by the Society of Friends in this county was at Vassalboro, on the east side of the Kennebec river, in the year 17S0. Members of this society were among the pioneer settlers of the towns of China and Vassalboro, and as the set- tlers increased many embraced the peculiar views of the so-called Quakers. These early Friends were men and women of great strength of character; their lives were their strongest arguments in favor of the views which they promulgated and, though few in number, they at once made their influence felt. They lacked the broad culture of the schools and colleges, nor had they gained the intellectual skill which long study gives; but they had keen judgment, prompt decision, unwavering faith in God, and they looked constantly to him for guid- ance. The solitary life in their new homes, where the forests were just yielding to give place to fields and pastures, was well suited to this people, and they were in many respects peculiarly adapted for the only kind of life possible in this county in the last quarter of the last century. For a better understanding of these Friends themselves, their fitness for their condition and surroundings, and their influence espec- ially on the early life of this county, it will be necessary to take a hasty glance at the rise and growth of the society, and to consider the character of its founder, George Fox, for he is the proper exponent of Quakerism. He was born in 1625, and began his active career in about the year 1649, closing his eventful life, with those words of triumph, "I am •clear,'! am clear," in the year 1690. For centuries the truths declared to men among the hills of Judea had been unknown to the people; the signification of the Incartiation was completely lost to them, symbols *This Journal [New York: Collins & Bro., 269 Pearl street] is highly inter- esting not only to Friends but to all who love to read the simple record of a good ■man's life. THE SOCIETY OF FRIENDS. 271 were taken for the things symbolized, mechanical performances took the place of vital communion with a loving Father as revealed by the vSon; but the rise of modern Protestantism, and the fear- ful struggles of the century which followed Luther's first protests belong to general history. The unrest which was so noticeable in the first half of the sixteenth century goes to show that the people were not yet satisfied with the religious condition of the country any more than with the political. Numerous characters and various societies came forward at this time, each with its own peculiar con- ception of the relation which exists between this world and the next; between the human creature and the Creator. The feeling that outward signs of religion are empty and that the relation between God and man is in the highest degree a personal matter came, at a very early age, with great force, into the heart of George Fox. He had sat on the knee of a mother who came from the stock of martyrs, and he inherited a fearlessness which never left him when the " voice within " bade him stand in his place. His father, who was the " Righteous Christer," taught him by his life and words that there is no crown on earth or in Heaven to be compared with a 'crown of righteousness." He possessed a tender but strong nature which could be satisfied by what was genuine alone. Let us see by looking a little farther at the experience of George Fox what being a *' Quaker "* means. He went to keep sheep for a shoemaker, and his work as shoe- maker and shepherd combined went on until he was twenty, and might have continued through his life, had not He who appeared to Saul on his way to Damascus, appeared no less certainly, though dif- ferently, to him. Carlyle says: " Perhaps the most remarkable inci- dent in modern history is not the Diet of Worms, still less the battle of Austerlitz, Waterloo, Peterloo, or any other battle; but George Fox's making himself a suit of leather. This man, the first of the Quakers, and by trade a shoemaker, was one of those to whom, under ruder or purer forms, the Divine idea of the Universe is pleased to manifest itself, and across all the hulls of ignorance and earthly degradation, shine through in unspeakable awefulness, unspeakable beauty in their souls; who therefore are rightly accounted Prophets, God-pos.sessed, or even God's, as in some periods it has chanced." No man ever instituted a more earnest search for the truth; far and near besought for a teacher who could really teach him; he was ready to listen on his knees to such an one when he found him, but though he traveled as far as London he could find no man who could lift a jot of the weight from his burdened heart. The answers he received would have completely discouraged a less earnest youth, but he was on a quest he could not abandon: " Be sure they sleep not whom God * At first a nickname started by George Fox's telling a magistrate to " Quake at the word of the Lord." 272 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. needs." At length, when all his hope in men was gone, and as he tells us, "When I had nothing outwardly to help me, nor could tell what to do; then O 1 then, I heard a voice which said: ' There is one, even Christ Jesus, that can speak to thy condition.' " He had always heard a dead Christ preached in the churches, but he sought a Christ who could teach him and act upon him so as to change his life^ only a living Christ could do that. Doctrines about Christ and what He has done for man are not Christ himself; and at length Fox reached the great truths, as Kingsley says, " That Christ must be a living person, and He must act directly on the most inward, central personality of him, George Fox;" or again in his own words, "Christ it was who had enlightened me, that gave me his light to !e- lieve in, and gave me hope which is in Himself, revealed Himself m me, and gave me His spirit and gave me His grace, which I found sufficient in the deeps and in weakness." He and the early Friends were orthodox in regard to the atone- ment, but this has sometimes been overlooked, owing to the emphasis which they put on the spiritual Christ who is the Light within, the constant guest of the soul. Their characterizing peculiarities were, then, obedience at all times to the voice within, the maintenance of a life in full harmony with their profession, protestation against all shams and formality, the use of " thee " and " thou " to show the equality of all men,"'- and their refusal to doff" the hat to so-called social superiors. Still, farther, they declared the incompatibility of war with perfect Christianity; oaths, even in courts of justice, they utterly refused; in regard to the two sacraments, baptism and the Lord's supper, they held that " they were temporary ordinances, intended for the transition period, while the infant church was ham- pered by its Jewish swaddling clothes, but unneces.sary and unsuitable in 2. purely spiritual religion^ Men and women were equal in the sight of God and " the gift for the ministry " was conferred upon both by the Head of the church. It was wrong for a minister to receive pay- ment for preaching the Gospel, whether from the state or from the congregation. vSilent communion was an essential part of their wor- ship and it was believed that the true voice could be best heard at such seasons. To note these distinguishing points in belief, life and conduct, taken with the successful efforts of George Fox to gain light and per- fect peace, will help the reader to form a just conception of the Friends of Kennebec county, who were the inheritors of the princi- ples and practices of the men who so aroused and influenced the world a hundred years before them. We do not need to speak of the fearful persecution which attended their labors; suffice it to say that *The use of " you," the plural to superiors, and " thou," the singular to in- feriors, was very common then, as it still is, in Germany. THE SOCIETY OF FRIENDS. 273 in central Maine they were allowed peacefully to pursue their manner of life, and no remonstrance was raised against their tenets. Here, as in England, the Friends marked out no creed, but contented them- selves with the life and words of the Lord as recorded by the holy men who received the revelation, and they strove to be in their meas- ure reproductions of Christ. The following words used by a recent writer on the " Quakers " very nearly express their views at all the different epochs of their existence: " Christianity is a life; the true life of man; the life of the spirit reigning over all the lusts of the flesh. * * * Christianit}', we call it, because first in Jesus, the Christ, this life was manifested in its highest perfection. * * * Our creeds and theologies are human conceptions of what the Christian life is; but the Christian life was before them all, is independent of them all, and probably no one of them is a perfectly true and adequate description of the reality. Their diversities, their mutations, prove that they are imperfect. Christianity is the life which Christ lived, which lives in us now by His Spirit." Such, then, was the belief and such, in a measure, the life of the little company which met m Vassalboro, on the hill side overlooking the Kennebec valley, in the year 1780. The history of the Friends in this county can never be adequately written, since from their first ap- pearance until the present time they have done, their work in a quiet, unobtrusive way, leaving behind them little more record of their trials and triumphs than nature does of her unobserved workings in the forests; but this fact does not make their existence here unim- portant, and no careful observer will consider it to have been so. In 1779 John Taber and family moved from Sandwich, Mass., to- gether with Bartholomew and Rebecca Taber, brother and sister, and established themselves in Vassalboro, being the first Friends to settle in this locality, excepting Jethro Gardner, who lived on Cross hill. They soon held a meeting at John Taber's house. In 1780 Jacob Taber, aged eighty-one, father of the above mentioned John Taber, together with Peleg Delano and their families, settled in Vassalboro. About two years later Moses Sleeper joined this little group of Friends. In the 3d month of 1786 Stephen Hussey and Rebecca Taber were married at the house of John Taber, this being the first marriage in this meeting. The same year Joseph Howland moved hither from Pembroke and brought the first removal certificate which was placed upon the records of the meeting. Friends Meeting House at Vassalboro was built from 178.) to 1786, only one half being finished, and the little company met one, if not two, winters without any fire, meeting holding sometimes three hours. The meeting house at Vassalboro was rebuilt about fifty years ago. In 1787 Joshua Frye moved to Vassalboro. In 10th month, 274 HISTORY OF KENXEBEC COUNTY. 1788, Joseph Rowland and Sarah Taber, and Pelatiah Hussey and Lydia Taber were married, being the first married in the new meeting house. It then being the custom to request for membership, verbally and in person, Anstrus Hobble, Levi Robinson and wife, John Get- chell, John Baxter and wife, with Ephraim Clark and George Fish, of Harlem, went up to Falmouth in 1782 to request the " care of Friends," i.e., the rights of membership. In most other parts of the land opposition brought out the char- acter of the Friends more distinctly and their lives became a part of written history; here they were allowed to worship God unhindered, and the leaven which they became in the various communities was a constantly active, though often unnoticed, force. Remington Hobble was at first undoubtedly the strongest and most influential member of the little society at Vassalboro. He was a magistrate in the place and inhabited a spacious house built like the old English homes, with a front hall so large that a " yoke of oxen with cart attached could be driven in the front door, up the hall and turned around in it," as the neighbors said. When David Sands and his companion were in Vassalboro holding their first meetings. Remington Hobble said to his wife: " I hear these Quakers are decent, respectable looking men; I believe I shall invite them to my hou.se, as they must be but poorly accommodated where they are." She agreed and they were invited. When they came they were shown into the common room or kitchen. After being seated, they re- mained in perfect silence. Remington Hobble being entirely unac- quainted with the manners of Friends, was at a loss to account for their remarkable conduct, and attributed it to displeasure at being invited into his kitchen. He at once had a fire made in his parlor, saying to his wife: " I believe these Quakers are not pleased with their reception; we will see how they like the other room." He in- vited them in, but the same solemn silence continued, at which he became almost vexed, and thought to himself, " they are certainly fools or take me to be one." As these thoughts were passing in his mind, David Sands turned and fixed his eye full in his face and in the most solemn manner said: " Art thou willing to be a fool?" when he paused and again repeated, " Art thou willing to become a fool for Christ's sake?" He continued with such power that Remington Hobbie could not withstand it, and in a short time he was fully convinced of Friends' principles and prac- tices. He was ever after a most intimate friend of David Sands and often his colaborer. " His gift for the ministry was acknowledged," and for many years he preached the Gospel acceptably. In the affairs of the church he was a " weighty man." Moses Starkey was another strong pillar in this Vassalboro meet- ing, and he, too, was convinced under the preaching of David Sands, THE SOCIETY OF FRIENDS. 275 in the following remarkable manner. He was a carpenter by trade, and if not a rough man, he was at least one who was unconcerned about spiritual things. As he was one day riding along the newly made road, he was asked by a neighbor passing by if he was going to hear the Quaker preach? To whom he replied that he had not thought of doing so. A little farther on, the road divided, one branch going by the meeting house, where David Sands was to have his meeting, the other going to where the village now is. It came into his head to let his horse take whichever road he would, and if he should go by the meeting house, to go in. The horse took the road leading to the meeting house. Moses Starkey went in and sat down by the door. As he entered David Sands was preaching. He stopped in the midst of his discourse and looking at the new comer said: " So thee left it to thy horse, did thee. It would have been well if thee had left it to thy horse years ago;" and thereupon he continued his former line of thought with wonderful power. Moses Starkey was so deeply stirred that his conversion .soon followed; he became a Friend and was ap- pointed to the station of minister in due time, sitting for many years at the head of the meeting. John D. Lang was born in 1789 in Gardiner, Me., where he lived until he was six years of age. He went to school only about three months, and so was forced to educate himself. While still a young boy he worked in the wool carding mill at Fryeburg. He worked much of the time with his Bible open before him, and thus early in life he became acquainted with the teaching of the Scriptures. In 1820 he was married to Ann Elmira Stackpole, and about a year later they both joined the Society of Friends. They began their married life in North Berwick, and at about the age of thirty his gift as a min- ister of the Gospel was recognized by the Friends' meeting in that place. In the year 1840, in company with Samuel Taylor, he visited the Indian tribes west of the Mississippi, and they made an exhaustive report of their travels and the condition of these Indians to the yearly meeting of Friends for New England, and when U. S. Grant became president he appointed John D. Lang commissioner to the Indians. In 1846 John D. Lang came to Vassalboro and gained possession of the Vassalboro Woolen Mills, which owe much of their prosperity to him, he having formerly owned and managed the woolen mill at North Berwick, in company with William Hill. For the remainder of his life he resided at Vassalboro, near the Kennebec river, where he had a beautiful home and entertained many friends. He sat for nearly thirty years at the head of the meeting at Vassalboro, and for many years occupied the same position at the yearly meeting of Friends at Newport, R. I. He died in 1879. In four years from their first assembling for worship in Vassalboro, a. preparative meeting was held there, and in 1787 a monthly meeting 276 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. was established in that place. This meeting included all the Friends in this county, there being no meeting nearer than Durham, Me. The system of their meetings was as follows: As soon as a family or two settled m a place they held meetings for worship on the Sabbath and in the middle of the week. As the number of Friends increased a meeting for transacting the business affairs of this little branch of the society was held, called the preparative meeting. The members of two or more preparative meetings in easy access of each other met together once in the month, a week after the several preparative meetings, for the transacting of further business. This was called the monthly meeting. Again, two or more monthly meetings joined to make a quarterly meeting, and, finally, all the quarterly meetings of New England were subordinate to the yearly meeting, then held annually 'at Newport, R. I. This system applies to the present time, except that the yearly meeting is held every other year at Portland, Me., and the alternate years at Newport, R. I. The chief settlement of Friends was on the eastern bank of tlie Kennebec river; but in a few years a " goodly number " gathered in the easterly part of the town near the outlet of China lake. An early writer says: " Toward the close of the year 1797 it was found expedient to establish a meeting for worship there. In the summer following, i.e., in 1798, a meeting house was built there. It was called the ' East Pond meeting," to distinguish it from the River meeting." Two years later a preparative meeting was granted them and the Vassalboro monthly meeting was held there half the time. Thomas B. Nichols, a minister of the gospel, for many years occu- pied an active and prominent place in this meeting, not only being a man of weighty counsel, but possessing as well a gift for the ministry. His influential life and his gospel labors made him well known throughout New England yearly meeting. Anna Gates, granddaughter of Benjamin Worth, was one of the " endowed women " of the East Vassalboro meeting. She was brought closely under the power of the Divine Life while still quite young, and through faithfulness to the Master, whom she loved, she became of great service to Him in the community, by her words of truth and her practical Christian life. Besides her work in New England she took a message of the gospel to the yearly meetings of New York and Baltimore, closing her earthly life in 1865. Sarah W. Newlin, the daughter of Elijah Winslow, was born in China, 5th mo. 27, 1826. She was married to Henry Goddard in 1847. A great change in her life was wrought by a message which Benjamin Jones, a minister among Friends, felt called to deliver to her person- ally. Her gift in the ministry was acknowledged by Va.ssalboro monthly meeting in 1872. The next year she went on a religious visit to Canada, attending the yearly meetings and all the meetings of THE SOCIETY OF FRIENDS. 277 Friends in Canada. In 1876 she attended Ohio and Iowa yearlj- meet- ings, working for nine months in the latter state, holding meetings, visiting families, jails, prisons and reformatory institutions, and ac- complishing great results. Her first husband having died in 1875, she was married in 1883 to Jehu Newlin. Since her last marriage she, in company with her husband, also a minister, visited England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, France and the Holy Land, in all of which countries much service for the Master was accomplished. S,he has attended all the yearly meet- ings of Friends on the American Continent, working throughout the territory which such meetings cover, while she has been a faithful messenger of the Gospel in her own community, exerting a wide in- fluence by both life and work. Her membership until her second marriage was at East Vassalboro meeting. The well known red brick meeting house at East Vassalboro was built sixty years ago and remained unchanged until 1891, when the inside was entirely remodeled. It is now a very convenient and at- tractive place of worship. Vassalboro monthly meeting is now held in it every month and the quarterly meeting twice in the year. Be- sides those already mentioned, Charles B. Gates, Rachel B. Nichols, William Gates and Eliza P. Pierce have been prominent among its members. This meeting has recently risen in importance by a large addition of new members. Prior to the year 1795 Salem quarterly meeting included all Friends east of Boston. In 1781, about the time Friends began to settle in Kennebec county, to accommodate the members in Maine, the Salem quarterly meeting met once during the year in Falmouth, Me. Thither the Friends in this county traveled on foot and on horseback to attend this meeting and to hear the gospel messages from the min- isters who were generally in attendance. In the year 1795 the yearly meeting divided Salem quarterly meeting and established Falmouth quarterly meeting, which was held circular, viz., at Falmouth, Vassal- boro, Durham and Windham, including all the meetings of Friends in Maine, except those at Berwick and Eliot, who found it more con- venient to remain attached to Salem. From this date Vassalboro meeting held a prominent position and received visits from the gospel messengers coming from the other states and from England. Vassalboro quarterly meeting proper was established in 1813, and then included the monthly meetings of Vassalboro, Sidney, Leeds and China, with the smaller meetings in their boundaries. It was held four times a year at the " River meeting house," viz., in the 2d, 5tb, 9th and 11th months. The provision of Article VII, Section 5, of the State Constitution, exempting Friends from military duty, was .secured largely through 278 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. the efforts of the Vassalboro quarterly meeting. On the meeting- records is spread tlie report of its committee: " The object of our appointment, it seems, was to use our endeavor to have our rights and privileges as a society secured in said conven- tion, more especially as respects military requisitions, and finding many members of the convention, who upon the principles of impar- tiality, were not willing to give any sect or society the preference in point of privileges, and who thought it but right and just that all of every denomination should be involved and equally liable to perform military duty, or pay an equivalent, we found it incumbent to urge the justice, and, on gospel principles, the necessity of exempting all who were principled against war. " When we found that to urge so general an exemption was of no avail, we then confined ourselves to the narrow limits of our society, on behalf of whom we plead that we as a religious society had found it incumbent to bear our testimony against war, and that the society had for almost two centuries, amidst severe persecutions and suffer- ings, supported the same with a firmness and constancy from which, under the guardianship of superintending goodness, no penalties in- flicted by human policy, however severe, had been able to turn us; a testimony and faithfulness to that testimony unexampled by any so- ciety on the earth; that while we were engaged, as one general peace society, in support of this all important testimony, it would entail great hardship and suffering on our society, and on our young men in particular, to impose such military requisition, from which we had been in great measure exempt under the then existing laws. After much labor and care on the part of your committee, with the aid of faithful and zealous advocates not of our profession m the convention, a clause is inserted in the new constitution by which Friends may be exempt from military duty. " Now, on our part, we can say with gratitude that the success our cause met with was not owing merely to human exertions, but to the interference of the hand of Providence, as a member of the conven- tion said, ' the hand of Providence is in it.' " The report is a long one, and the committee go on to say that the statement was made in the convention, as an argument against their plea, that " many shelter themselves under your name and yet in their external appearance afford no evidence of their scruples as to military duty, and though nominally of your religious body, there are some among you and especially young men who so nearly assimilate with us in dress and address and in their deportment generally, that you ought to turn them out, that we may enroll them in our ranks. ' Your members,' said they, ' ought to certify by their appearance to whom they belong,' from which we are led to infer that, though the constitution makes provision for our exemption from military requisi- tion, yet the enjoyment of this privilege depends principally, if not wholly, on our demeaning ourselves in accordance to our high and holy purposes." Oak Grove Seminary.— It is to the honor of the Society of Friends in Kennebec county that its members e.spoused so zealously the cause of education. Although the early Friends here were unlettered in THE SOCIETY OF FRIENDS. 279 large degree, and perhaps partly for this very reason, they resolved that their children and those of future generations should be wisely and carefully taught. The grove of oak trees crowning the top of the hill to the northeast of the village at Vassalboro was chosen as the location of the school which these Friends founded thirty-four years ago. There are few more striking landscape views in the state. The eye follows the winding Kennebec through its beautiful course among farms and forests until it reaches Augusta, and far beyond the city, to where the horizon is skirted with hills. The noted peaks in the range of western Maine mountains are prominent in the northwest, while Mt. Washington and Mt. Adams are visible over the western hilltops. The position could not fail to be a constantly inspiring influence; then, too, only a few rods from this spot the first Friends' meeting in the county had been held in 1780, and a large body of Friends still assembled there for worship. Furthermore, this was a center to a large community in which the children had no educational advantages beyond the ordinary town school; and, finally, in or near this neighborhood lived men who had hearts large enough to use their means in laying the foundation to an institution, the good work of which had only begun in their life time. ■ About the year 1850 John D. Lang and Ebenezer Frye, of Vassal- boro, Samuel Taylor, of Fairfield, and Alden Sampson and Alton Pope, of Manchester, all prominent members of the Society of Friends, advocated the establishment of a school where the children of Kennebec county might receive careful training, cultivating influ- ence, religious impression and broad teaching. To secure its estab- lishment they individually gave $1,000. William Hobbie (grandson of Benjamin Hobbie), a vigorous spirited man and a natural teacher, was the first principal, but the school in these first years not being a financial success, it was closed. In 1856 Eli Jones, the Friend minister and missionary, whose home was in the town of China, advocated that an effort be made to open the school; $15,000 being necessary to secure the success of the new undertaking, he became chairman of a committee to raise that amount, which was nearly all subscribed by six hundred Friends in the state. Eli Jones was made principal for the first year and had a large and successful school. A large part of the children of Friends in the county had the benefits of a longer or shorter period at the Oak Grove Seminary, as it was named, and here they have been helped to become good citizens and to lead noble and valuable lives. In 1880 a fire destroyed the academy building, necessitating the close of the school. Five years later a large building for school pur- poses was constructed joining the boarding house on the south side of the road. In the autumn of 1887, as a large school had just begun, the entire structure was burned down by an incendiary. In this time aSO HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. of discouragement friends were not wanting and the present set of buildings was raised, Charles M. Bailey, of Winthrop, paying for their construction in order that all other funds might be used as a permanent fund, which has now reached $2U,000. Besides the princi- pals already named, it has been under the instruction and care of Al- bert K. Smiley, Augustine Jones, Elijah Cook, Franklin Paige, Rich- ard M. Jones, Edward H. Cook, Charles H. Jones and Rufus M. Jones, some others serving for a short period. The seminary is now owned and managed by New England Yearly Meeting of Friend.s. Originally the Friends aimed at having " select schools " where their children might be taught by themselves; to-day their two schools in New England are open to all who are suitable to be admitted, and the seminary last year enrolled 131 students. All such institutions have an inner history which no one can write and an influence no one can measure. Perhaps no other one thing which the friends of Kennebec county have started into existence has accomplished so much good or has in it so much possibility of future blessing, not only to this county, but to the state at large, as Oak Grove Seminary; and so long as it stands it will be a noble monument to the memory of the faithful and generous men who wrought for it in its infancy, who mourned for its reverses, and who lifted it from its ashes to its present condition of usefulness. China Monthly Meeting.— No Friends' meeting house was built in China or Harlem before the year 1807, but there had been scattered families of Friends in the town ever since 1774. So long as they had no common place for worship, they made their own homes sanctuaries, and from the rude house in the gloom of the forest, many an earnest cry went up to the loving Father. If there could be no gathering of the faithful, there was the beautiful possibility of individual soul- communion, and though there was no visible temple except the over- arching trees, centuries old, yet to each one of these spiritually-minded men and women came the inspired words, " Ye, yourselves, are Tem- ples of the living God." It seems never to have occurred to them that future generations would care to know what they were doing and suf- fering and striving for; at all events, they have given us no record of their life history. We are able to judge of them only by what we know from results that they must have achieved, and by the influence of their sturdy lives on the generation which succeeded them and in- herited many of their strong qualities. Miriam Clark, wife of Jonathan Clark, sen., the flrst settler of the town, and mother of the four Clark brothers, was a member of the Society of Friends, as were also two of her sons, Andrew and Ephraim Clark; the other two, as well as the father, not being members. One daughter, Jerusha, took the faith of her mother, and married a Friend from England by the name of George Fish, who was lost at sea while OAK GROVE SEMINARY, VASSALBORO, ME. THE SOCIETY OF FRIENDS. 281 on a voyage to England to revisit his native home. His widow, dying many years later, was the first Friend buried in the grave yard adjoin- ing the " Pond meeting house." Of the four Clark brothers, the two Friends chose the eastern, and the other two the western side of the lake. The nearest meeting they could attend was at Durham, about forty miles away, until the meeting was begun at Vassalboro, in 1780; this would require a walk of about ten miles. Twenty-one years subsequently, in 1795, David Braley and family settled about one mile from the head of the lake, on its east side, making them about five miles north of the Clark Friends. Some time during the next year their daughter, Olive Braley, became the wife of Ephraim Clark. Anna, the wife of David Braley, was a woman of great piety and an accredited ministerof the society. After the meeting was begun at East Vassalboro in 1797, these Friends could easily and regularly attend, as the whole journey could be made by boat in summer and across the ice in winter. The next year (1798) Benjamin Worth came from Nantucket and settled near the Clarks, on the lot now owned by Benjamin Fry. He was an able gospel minister, and his labors did much toward strength- ening the brethren and arousing the community. Soon after came Lemuel Hawkes, a man of precious memory, settling on the lot after- ward owned by Bowdoin Haskell, about two miles from the south end of the lake. In his house the first regular Friends' meeting in town was held, and meetings continued here until 1807; hence the Friends' meeting in China dates from 1802. Abel Jones left his home in Durham in 1803, and joined this little band of Friends on the east shore of China lake. Two years later Jedediah Jepson and his son, John, and daughter, Susanna, came hither from Berwick. They rode on horseback a distance of 115 miles, bringing their few household treasures in saddle bags. The father, Jedediah, was a well approved minister and a scholar for his time, so that now the meeting, though still quite small, had three members on whom the " gift of ministration " had been conferred. Jedediah Jepson chose the lot subsequently owned by the late Cyrenus K. Evans, for his new home, and in the year following^ his daughter. Susanna, was married to Abel Jones. The marriage took place at one of the regular meetings, in the house of Lemuel Hawkes, and was the first marriage in the town according to regulations of Friends.* * The marriage was conducted as follows: After a religious meeting or some time during the meeting, the bride and groom arose and taking hands said the ceremony, "In the presence of the Lord and before this assembly, I take thee, Susanna Jepson, to be my wife, promising to be unto thee a faithful and loving husband, until it shall please the Lord by death to separate us." She saying in return, "In the presence of the Lord and before this assembly, I take thee, Abel Jones, to be my husband, promising to be unto thee a faithful and loving wife, until it shall please the Lord by death to separate us." It was concluded by the reading of the certificate and the signing of the proper names. 282 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. The first meeting house erected in town, and which stands on its original site, was the well known Pond meeting house, situated on the east shore of the lake, about three miles from the north end. This was erected in 1807, on a piece of land purchased of Jedediah Jepson. The society records of 2d month, 1807, say: " This meeting concludes to build a meeting hou.se in Harlem, 30x40 feet, and 10 feet posts; and apportions the expense of building said house to the property of each individual member of this meeting." " Reuben Fairfield, James Meader, Isaac Hussey and Jedediah Jepson are appointed to go for- ward in building said house in a way as to them may appear best, and report as the occasion may require." The writer remembers having seen, as a boy, a set of wagon wheels which must have gone over 10,000 miles in making the journey back and forth between a Friend's house and this meeting house, a distance , of a little over two miles. This house was used for meetings a few years before it was wholly finished. The building was originally heated by a wood fire in the potash kettle described elsewhere; fur- thermore, the seats were not models of comfort. The society has since erected houses at Dirigo, West China and South China. The house at Dirigo was built and meetings were held there continuously until the house at South China was erected in 1885, on the site of a former Bap- tist church which had been burned. The West China house, now a venerable structure, is still used for meetings. The first meeting for business held in this town by Friends was a preparative meeting held 9th month, 1809. In 1813 they were per- mitted by the quarterly meeting to hold a monthly meeting in con- nection with Friends in Fairfax (now Albion). Since, in 1813, China monthly meeting was established, 939 of these monthly meetings have been held, and only in one instance has the meeting failed to be held, then owing to impas.sable roads. The only way to form an idea of Friends in this meeting will be for us to call up some of the best known of the individual members who have made their lives useful in the community, who have been tools in the hands of the Supreme Worker, and have done something which has built itself into other lives. In making special mention of a few, we must not forget that all the faithful, active members of this society have lived to some purpose, and thoi:gh we make no definite record of them, we believe "they were a part of the divine power against evil, widening the skirts of light and making the struggle with darkness narrower." Let us remark here that at this time the Friends in Kennebec county were with very few exceptions ignorant, so far as book educa- tion is concerned. They were unlettered men and women, with no opportunities for culture. The Bible was in many cases their one book. The heroes of faith pictured forth in the Old Testament, were the only heroes they ever heard about. David and Isaiah were their poets. This same book furnished their only history and ethics; it was THE SOCIETY OF FRIENDS. 283' the child's reading book and spelling book. But with all their days devoted to stubborn toil, with all the scarcity of books and difficulty they had in reading, yet these people in this wilderness grew refined, took on a culture and a grace, as they were faithful to the " Spirit of Truth." Many will bear witness that tho.se who centered their thoughts on the things that are pure and lovely, and honest and of good report — with what there is of virtue and praise — became decid- edly possessed of a courtesy and nobility which stamped them as be- longing within a circle where an unseen influence ennobles and refines the life. This power of moulding lives and raising the whole indi- vidual out of the realm of the ordinary is an almost essential charac- teristic of genuine Quakerism, and some exemplars of this truth will occur to those who have had familiar intercourse among Friends in their various communities through the county. We should be far from claiming that all enrolled members of this society show this; it only applies to those who have divclt in the " Spirit of Truth and Love," to use one of their most expressive phrases. Nor is it by any means confined to this society, being true of genuine Christianity everywhere. Among the most important members of China monthly meeting, in its early history, and by the favor of long lives, even down to the last half of this century, were the two brothers, James and Elisha Jones, with their cousin, Stephen Jones, all of whom came into the town from Durham. Elisha was an approved minister, Stephen was a man of .shrewd and careful judgment, looked to not only in his own home meetings, but of great influence in the yearly meeting assem- bly, as it met at Newport. He was a man of " ancient dignity," slow of speech, but with a clear mind to perceive and set forth the suitable line of action. He, as well as his two cousins, was marked by spotless integrity, and they made their lives felt widely in the country. Per- haps three men who were nearer the ideal of the old time Friend could not be found in the state. James Jones was known among Friends throughout the United States as a minister of the gospel. He was especially marked by his power of prophecy. Nearly all who remember the man remember how on some particular occasion he saw the condition of some one in the meeting, or how he marked out the course in which the Lord would lead some one present. In fact his friends and acquaintances looked almost as trustingly for the fulfilment of his words of foresight as though they had be^n recorded on the same page as those of Isaiah. He made at least three religious visits to Friends as far as Iowa, going in his own carriage. Some think that he accomplished this journey no less than six times. He also visited Friends in North Carolina, Canada, Europe, and in various other remote regions. He generally drove his own horse to Newport and back at the time of the 234 HISTORY OF KE.VXEBEC COUNTY. yearly meeting. Nothing gives .stronger evidence of the efficiency of his preaching than the influence it had on the young. Benjamin Worth was, as has been said, a man univensally loved, and a strong preacher of the gospel. He was a great friend of the children, and he was accounted a prophet in the community. There are some still living who heard him say in a public meeting shortly before the "cold year," that the time was soon coming when the chil- dren would cry for bread and the fathers and mothers would have none to give them, a state of things which was literally realized; for in the year 181G there was a frost in every month, and a snow storm covered up the fallen apple blossoms the 12th day of sixth month. Corn ripened in this vicinity in only one field, on the slope of the hill behind the house where Edward H. Cook of Vassalboro now lives. Many such utterances, followed by evident fulfilment, made his neigh- bors have faith in his word as prophetic. He lived to a good old age, and was taken from his work here very much lamented and missed by those among whom he had lived and labored. He was at first settled in Harlem, but later he was a member of the meeting at East Vassal- boro, and the larger part of his service as minister was in the latter meeting. The writer, when very young, used to count to see if he could find in China, as Abraham could not in Sodom, ten righteous persons, so that he might rest sure that no fire" and brimstone would be poured down there for its destruction. The list generally began with Desire Abbot, a sweet and gentle woman, who seemed to be a saint dwelling on the earth. She still lives in the memory of many, as a soul ripened in the sunshine of God's love. Peace Jones is another who has made many lives richer by her presence and work in the world, and though happily still among us, she should be spoken of among those who have been the saving salt in the community. Even as a child, as she sat one day near the back seat of the old meeting house in Albion, she longed to be as good as those who sat on the high seats and seemed never to have temptations; as these longings were in her heart, a good Friend arose and said: " There are some here yearning to have their lives like those who seem to have reached a greater perfection. Let me tell such ones that if they give their lives wholly to the Lord and follow His will fully they will come to experience the life they are yearning for." The little girl knew in her heart that the speaker had been " led to feel out her condition," and she believed his words, which .she has certainly verified. It is safe to say that few women in the same sphere of life have reached a fuller Christian experience or have been the cause of more blessing to others. She has always obeyed the voice when it has called her to labor in more remote places, having gone for religious service to Ohio, Iowa, Nova Scotia, and many times throughout New England. THE SOCIETY OF FRIENDS. 285 No Other Friend born in the county has made such a wide reputa- tion as Eli Jones. He was born in 1807, being the son of Abel and Susanna Jones, before mentioned. He received a fairly good educa- tion for the time and locality, but this was finely supplemented by a life of careful reading and keen observation. In 1833 he married Sybil Jones, of Brunswick, a woman wonderfully gifted for the work she was to perform, though of slight physical health. She possessed in large degree a poetic soul, and she was blessed with a beautiul, melodious voice and a flow of suitable words to give utterance to the thought which seemed to come to her by inspiration. For forty years they worked together, at home and m foreign fields, striving to show to as many as possible the meaning of the full gospel of Christ. Their first long journey was in 1850, to Liberia, which they made in a sail- ing packet. They spent a number of months along the coast preach- ing to and teaching the colonists of that young republic. The next year after their return from this visit, 1852, they made an extended missionary journey to England, Ireland, France, Germany, Switzer- land and Norway. Everywhere they found eager listeners, and this visit was greatly blessed. In 1854 Eli Jones was in the legislature at Augusta, where he did much work for the cause of temperance, and being appointed to the ofifice of major general, he delivered a speech in declining it which for its wit and eloquence is deservedly famous. In 1865 Sybil Jones, in obedience to a direct call, visited Washington to work among the soldiers in the hospitals, and in the work she carried a message of love to no less than 30,000 of these suffering and dying men. In 1867 Eli and Sybil Jones were liberated by China monthly meeting and Vassalboro quarterly meeting for religious work in England, France and the Holy Land. One of the results of this visit was the founding of two Friends' missions in the Holy Land, one on Mount Lebanon, the other, called the " Eli and Sybil Jones Mission," at Ramallah, near Jerusalem. Sybil Jones, after a life of continual activity, in which her spiritual power made itself remarkably felt in all parts of the world, was called to the kingdom of peace and joy in 1873. Eli Jones con- tinued to labor for the spread of the gospel, for the missions, for the causes of temperance, education and peace until 1890, dying at his home on the 4th of second month. His life was one of great value to the world. No better example of Friends, as George Fox intended them to be, have appeared in New England than Eli and Sybil Jones. Alfred H. Jones, born in China, Me., 6th mo. 12, 1825, was educated in the public schools of China and Vassalboro, and in Waterville Classical Institute. After finishing his course of study he taught for eight years in Maine and four years in Ohio, returning to Maine in 1854. He has in many ways taken active pan in the affairs of the town. He was a birthright member of the Society of Friends, and in ■386 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. 1858 his gift as a minister was acknowledged. In 1868 he was chosen superintendent of the Freedmen's schools and other mission work in Virginia and North Carolina, under the Friends' Freedmen's Aid Association, of Philadelphia, holding this responsible position until he resigned in 1880. Since that time he has devoted himself mostly to the ministry, doing the larger part of his service in his own meet- ing in West China. He was clerk of the meeting for ministry and ■oversight for New England from 1881 to 1892, besides holding various other clerkships in the subordinate meetings. China monthly meeting has produced a number of Friends who have become well known as educators; among the number, Augustine Jones, LL.B., principal of Friends' Boarding .School, Providence, R. I.; Richard M. Jones, LL.D., head master of the William Penn Charter School, Philadelphia, Pa.; Stephen A. Jones, Ph.B., president of Ne- vada State University; Wilmot R. Jones, A.B., principal of Stamford, Conn., High School; Rufus M. Jones, A.M., principal of Oak Grove Seminary, Vassalboro, Me.; Charles R. Jacob, A.B., professor of mod- ern languages in Friends' Boarding School; Arthur W. Jones, profes- sor of Latin in Penn College, Iowa. William Jacob and his wife, S. Narcissa Jacob, also Frank E. Jones, all ministers in this society, have labored faithfully here and elsewhere to extend the blessing of the gospel. Toward the close of 1810 a meeting for worship was established in Fairfax (now Albion) and two years afterward a preparative meeting was held at the same place. In a little more than a year after this, Vassalboro monthly meeting, to which the Friends in Fairfax had hitherto belonged, was divided and a new one established called Har- lem monthly meeting, which was to be held one-third of the time in F'airfax. A meeting house was built at this place, which is still stand- ing, one of the quaintest and most unadorned of the many meeting houses in the state. The most noteworthy member of this meeting was John Warren, a minister. He was a man entirely original and sui gciii-ris, and he was undoubtedly endowed with a gift for the ministry. While living on the Maine coast as a young man, and concerned only with the things of this world, he had been told by a traveling Friend that he had a mission in the world. " John, thou must preach," were the words spoken to him. and he lived to feel the necessity laid upon him for service. He traveled much in the United States, and went on one religious visit to the British Isles. There are many anecdotes told of him, a few of which may be re- lated, as bearing on the character of the man. At one time one of his neighbors, of a very irritable nature, became angry with him and said many hard things against him. John Warren listened quietly and then said: " Is that all thou canst say? If thou knewest John Warren THE SOCIETY OF FRIENDS. 287 as well as I do thou couldst say much more than that against him." At another time, being greatly troubled by one of his neighbor's cows, which had many times gotten into his field, he went to see the neigh- bor, somewhat vexed, though not " unscripturally angry," and said with emphasis: " If thee doesn't take care of thy cow I shall— I shall." " Well," said the man, " what will you do?" " I shall drive her home again!" During one of his visits at a certain place he appointed a meeting, through which he sat in perfect silence. As he was coming out he overheard a young man say to another, " That beats the Devil." John Warren turned to him and said, " That is what it was designed to do." It is related that on his return from England John Warren returned a portion of the money furnished him from the yearly meet- ing's treasury for his expenses, which was spoken of as a wonderful thing, never having happened before or since. While John Warren lived the meeting was in a flourishing condition; after his death it began slowly to decline, and at present the house is unused, there be- ing no Friends in the community. Fairfield Quarterly MEETiSG.—Litc/iJie/d Preparative.— \r\ the latter part of the last century a meeting of Friends was begun in the township of Leeds. As this is now not a part of Kennebec county, we shall not go into any detailed history of the society there, though this meeting gave its name to the monthly meeting which included many subordinate meetings which were in the county. Joseph Sampson was probably the first member of the society there, he having been a soldier in the revolutionary war, but was brought over to the society of peace loving Friends through the ef- forts of David Sands. Before the end of the last century a large meeting had been formed, composed of sturdy, hard-working men and women, extremely zealous for their tenets. Perhaps a little too stern sometimes in " dealing " with unfaithful members. The intent of their hearts was right, they believed greatly in righteousness, and the records show that here as well as elsewhere in the county those who yearned for a life in harmony with the Divine Spirit became pure, true, noble and graceful men and women. Until 1813 Leeds Friends made a part of Durham monthly meet- ing; after that time they were joined with the Friends in Litchfield and Winthrop. In 1803 a religious meeting was commenced in Litch- field; this was at first made up of a few families who met for worship in a school house near the south end of the lake. The most influen- tial member of this meeting seems to have been Moses Wadsworth, a man of beautiful life and Christian character, a recognized minister. He was for sixteen years clerk of Leeds monthly meeting. Noah Farr was another very worthy member of the meeting. There was no organized meeting until 1812, when a preparative meeting was estab- lished, and on the 20th of second month a new monthly meeting was 288 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. begun covering a large region, and including many Friends. The records of this first monthly meeting show the following extract from the quarterly meeting held at Windham second month, 1813: '• We, your committee to consider the proposal from Durham for setting up a new monthly meeting at Leeds, are of the opinion that it will be best for Lewiston, Leeds, Litchfield, Winthrop and Wilton * to be set off and denominated Leeds monthly meeting." The name of this monthly meeting has often been changed, as we shall see. In 1812 a proposition had been made in the Litchfield preparative meeting to build a meeting house on the farm of Noah Farr, near the south end of the lake, but in the 5th month, 1813, the following re- port was accepted in the monthly meeting: " The committee ap- pointed to visit Friends in Litchfield respecting building a meeting house report that they think best to build one near the place where they now meet (in the school house) twenty-six x thirty-six and ten feet posts." Later we find that they received " a donation of $lo().00 from Friends toward building the house," and " the Treasurer is di- rected to pay $7.42 for the land." This house was on the spot where the West Gardiner Friends meeting house now stands. The Friends in these meetings during the early part of the century were much disturbed by the tendency manifested by some members to chose wives outside the limits of the society. As a Friend in their eyes was no longer a Friend if he did not in every particular conform to " the good order of the society," they were often hasty in dropping from membership some who with different treatment might have become valuable members, though they not unwisely saw that in order to maintain their good name, and to keep their principles unchanged through generations, they must purge themselves of all who loved the world more than the faith of their fathers. The following is a record often appearing: •' This may inform Friends that A — W — has so far deviated from the good order of Friends as to keep company with a young woman not of our society, and going to training as a spectator, and is not in the use of plain language or dress, for all of which he has been labored with, without the desired effect." Th.e military training v^a.s another constant temptation, especially to the younger Friends, and any violation of Friends' testimony against war was " dealt with " vigorously. One Friend, who had served in the revolutionary war, as had a number of Friends before becoming members, was " disowned " for receiving a pension from the govern- ment for his services. Again, it is recorded that a certain Friend " has deviated from the good order of Friends in apparel and conver- sation, and he sayeth that if called upon he thinks he should bear * There was originally a large body of Friends at Wilton, in Franklin county, though there has been no meeting there in many years. THE SOCIETY OF FRIENDS. 289 arms. For these causes he ha,s been labored with to no satisfaction." The early records also show that a great efifort was made to keep the members of this society free from the use of intoxicating liquors, and that, too, when there was no general sentiment against their use; and it is certain that their example has had much to do in forming the present sentiment in the state. At the very beginning of the century we find members were disowned not only for drunkenness, but for the use of liquors. Still farther, the little details of every day life were looked after with minuteness, and none were allowed to stand before the world as Friends if their public life did not stamp them as worthy of the name. This meeting in Litchfield has continued uninterrupted since its start in 1803. The meeting is now called West Gardiner preparative meeting, making one of the subordinate meetings of Winthrop monthly meeting, which is held in West Gardiner, in second, fifth, eighth and eleventh months. David J. Douglas now resides within the limits of this meeting. As chairman of the committee on gospel work for New England yearly meeting, his field of work is through- out the yearly meeting. He has for many years been an earnest and active minister of the gospel. Winthrop Preparative Meeting. — A statement in the journal of David Sands probably gives us the earliest recorded reference to the rise of Friends in Winthrop, where is now one of the most flourishing meetings in New England. In the year 1777 he wrote: " We went to a new settlement called Winthrop, where we had divers meetings. Here were several convincements, and many that appeared seeking the right way." So far as we know there was not a single Friend in this township before David Sands' visit, and it is directly to his preaching and influence that we trace the convincement of all the original mem- bers of this meeting. A number of the most prominent men who were brought to adopt the principles and practices of Friends through the work of David Sands had served in the revolutionary war. Among these was Stewart Foster, whose father had received from the gov- ernment a large tract of land on condition that he would settle in the township with his family, which he did. During the war Stewart Foster had been taken prisoner and was confined on board an English prison ship. One dark night he and another prisoner jumped over- board and swam to the shore, and so escaped in safety to their own homes. After his return to Winthrop he settled on the farm now owned by Hannah J. Bailey, where he reared a large family of boys and girls. After his convincement he continued through his long life to be a faithful Friend and a steady attendant of the meeting. Another convinced member and former soldier was John Whiting, who lived not far from the so-called Snell school house. He was a 19 290 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. very genial, cheerful man, much loved and respected in the neighbor- hood. He was a good example of a gentle, sweet Christian, and though he lived to be old, he was considered " very young for such an old man." He was chosen to act as clerk during the first year of Leeds monthly meeting in 1813, and was always a strong man in con- ducting business. Ezra Briggs was one of the first Friends in Winthrop. A Friend minister, doubtless David Sands, came to his house one day and had a " religious opportunity " with his family. The service over, the minister started on his way, but had not gone far before he came back and said, " Ezra, it is high time thee requested and became a Friend;" this advice was followed and for the rest of his life Ezra Briggs was an active Friend. He acted as clerk at the first session of Leeds monthly meeting, was appointed an elder, and was prominent in all the business of the meeting. We find from the journal of Joseph Hoag, the famous preacher and traveller from Vermont, that he visited Winthrop in the summer of 1802. He makes the following entry under the date of 7th mo., 25th: " After a meeting at Leeds we rode to Winthrop; here we found a little company of goodly Friends among rigid Presbyterians. We had a large and favored meeting here." In these days, when such harmony prevails among different sects, it will do no harm to call to mind an anecdote which the oldest may still remember. The Presbyterians above referred to were building a church or, as Friends would have said, a " steple house " in Win- throp. The men sent out to invite the neighbors to the "raising" were strictly charged to ask no " Quakers." The day came for the raising, and sad to relate, for lack of men or for some reason the frame fell back and killed three men. The Friends rejoiced that they had received no invitation. The next day an effort was again made to raise the frame which had so disastrously fallen, when a part of it once more fell, very nearly killing another man. As superstition still lin- gered in the minds of some, it would not be strange if the Friends drew their own conclusions. The first regular meeting for worship was established in Winthrop in 1793; nine years later, in 1802, a preparative meeting was started, being subordinate to the Sidney monthly meeting, which was also be- gun that year, Stewart Foster being the first representative from Win- throp to Sidney monthly meeting. Six years later the meeting became very small and came near dying out. Sidney monthly meeting records for third month, 1808, have the following entry: " The com- mittee to visit the meeting at Winthrop report that they have visited that meeting and think Friends there are not in a capacity to hold a preparative meeting to the reputation of society, which the meeting accepts, and after due consideration thereon discontinues said pre- THE SOCIETY OF FRIENDS. 291 parative meeting." The Friends at Winthrop continued to attend the Sidney monthly meeting until 1813, when they were included in the new monthly meeting held at Leeds and Litchfield. About this time the Friends at Winthrop began to increase in num- bers, and the meeting, which seemed likely to have a short existence. showed signs of strength and vigor, so that in the year 1816 it seemed best to grant them a preparative meeting, this time .subordinate to Leeds monthly meeting, on whose records is the following minute: "8th mo. 16th, 1816. Friends at Winthrop sent a few lines to this meeting requesting the liberty to hold a preparative meeting at that place, which after consideration this meeting concludes for them to hold on 4th day of the week. Paul Collins, Moses Wadsworth and Joseph Sampson were appointed to attend the opening of this meeting." This was the turning point in the history of this meeting. Since the above date the course of the meetings has been a progressive one. Three times it has been necessary to replace the meeting house by a larger one, and the present large meeting room is filled on the Sab- bath. The first Friends' meeting house in Winthrop stood on a piece of land owned by Stewart Foster, nearly opposite the location of the present meeting house. This was a very small house. It was warmed by the old-fashioned " potash kettle," as were all the early meeting houses. A framework of brick was built up about two feet in circu- lar form; in the front of the brick work was a door to receive wood, in the back an opening to apply a smoke funnel; over this brick work a large iron kettle was turned, bottom up, which served as cover for the " stove." Those who desired had " foot warmers," or bricks or soapstones for their respective seats. A partition was arranged fastened to a beam in the ceiling by hinges, so that the whole parti- tion could swing up and be fastened, making the whole house into one room, while the same partition could be let down when the men and women Friends desired separate rooms for business meetings. Some still living remember the stuffed arm chair near the stove, in which the wife of Stewart Foster used to sit. This house was sold and has since been used as a blacksmith's shop. The house which was built to take its place was across the road, where the present house stands, and was larger than the former one, being about twenty-four by thirty. One Friend thought the house was too large, but it was not very long before this was sold for a dwelling house, and a still larger one raised on the same spot; and this last in its turn gave place to the present imposing and still more spacious one, which was built in 1888, as it appears in the illustration on page 292. This meeting has been in a growing condition throughout nearly its whole history. Though it has raised up few who were specially endowed with a gift for the ministry, yet it has always had a goodly number of y strong, active, spiritual members. Reuben Jones, whose ZVZ HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. home was in Wilton, after living in Leeds for a few years, moved to Wmthrop in 1839. He was a minister of considerable strength and for fully thirty years he sat at the head of this meeting and frequently preached to the people. No less than 412 ministers from other meet- ings have attended the meeting at Winthrop and have stirred the hearts of Friends there by their messages of love, often borne from lands far away. In the year 1873 a general meeting was held in Winthrop, at which time the spirit of the Lord was abundantly poured out. Fully three thousand people attended the meetings in one day and many souls were brought from darkness to light. This is certainly one of the most memorable dates in the history of the meeting, and since this time the meeting has almost constantly grown in size and in life. Charles M. Jones and Harriet Jones were the only ministers living within its limits until 1887. During that year Jesse McPhearson, from North Carolina, settled with his family at Winthrop, where he has ever since resided, giving his whole time to the work. While Winthrop meeting has not produced many ministers, it has had a good number of influential men and women, such as Friends call " weighty members." Prominent among these have been Charles M. Bailey, who has been very useful in evangelizing work and has largely assisted the cause of education. Moses Bailey, for many years clerk of the quarterly meeting, was a splendid example of a strong, pure hearted, earnest Christian, one who adorned the name " Quaker." THE SOCIETY OF FRIENDS. 293 Hannah J. Bailey, wife of the latter, has exerted a wide Christian influence, filling important positions in her own religious society, as well as in other organizations, using her means freely for the advance- ment of good causes, and showing herself a broad minded Christian woman. Levi Jones has, through his long and busy life, been very active in the affairs of the church, and has illustrated the Quaker idea of a business man. Here, as in all the other meetings of the county, there has been work done which no pen can record, an influence has gone out which no human eye can measure, and lives have been lived here the worth of which only the-Divine F'ather knows. To a casual observer there would seem to have been a decided change in views and methods during the hundred years of this meeting's existence, and so there has in appearance, but in heart, in purpose and in hope there has been little or no change. The fathers wrought in their way; the chil- dren work for the same end differently, but as sincerely. . Manchester Preparative Meeting. — In 1832 a new preparative meeting was established in what is now the town of Manchester, though it was then a part of Hallowell. This meeting has at various times been called Hallowell, Kennebec and Manchester preparative meeting. There had been Friends in this region for a number of years before the meeting was begun. These Friends had been a part of Litchfield preparative meeting. Paine Wingate, one of the first to settle northeast of the lake, had married a wife from among Friends, and it was not long before he found himself of her views and became an active Friend. Proctor Sampson, a son of Joseph Sampson, the first member of Leeds meeting, brought his young bride to this shore of the lake and made the second Friends' family. Jacob Pope came about the same time and gradually others came, while still others joined the society, being convinced that their neigh- bors' faith was the true one, from the life and character of the persons professing it. These Friends felt the need of a house where they could hold a meeting of their own, and so avoid the long ride to Litchfield twice in the week, and in 1838 they became numerous enough to have a meet- ing established in their midst. During that year a meeting house was built, where, though changed, it still stands on the summit of the high hill at the northeast end of the lake. (Nearly all the Friends' meeting houses in the county have been on or near the bank of some body of water.) The committee to build this house reported that they contracted to have it built for $985, and we find from the records that these Friends had much difficulty in raising this amount at that time. There was no minister in this meeting for many years. Week after week the Friends here, as in all the early meetings, met together 294 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. to worship. They did not listen with critical ear to the nicely turned sentences of some teacher humanely wise, but " Lowly before the unseen Presence knelt Each waiting heart, till haply some one felt On his moved lips the seal of silence melt. " Or, without spoken words, low breathings stole, Of a diviner life from soul to soul. Baptizing in one tender thought the whole." Some here as elsewhere may have thought of business or other things of this world, but the ideal was a glorious one and was attained by many a true, sensitive soul, all open to the divine touch. For many years Paine Wingate, a good, upright man, sat at the head of this meeting. Like Winthrop meeting, this has received messages from a great number of ministers from other places, and though there have been few of its members especially endowed with a gift for the ministry, there have been many raised up whose lives have been influential in a more or less extended degree. Alden Sampson was for many years a prominent member of this meeting. Widely known as a business man, he was also a man whose influence was far reaching in the line of religious activities, giving of his means and his energy for bettering the world. I. Warren Hawkes has for some years held an active place in the work of the society here and he is a minister approved by the church, being a man of deep piety and sincerity. In 1839 Leeds monthly meeting was changed in name to Litch- field, and still later it has been changed to Winthrop monthly meet- ing. In the year 1841 Vassalboro quarterly meeting was divided, and from the meetings at Litchfield (now West Gardiner), Leeds, Hallo- well (now Manchester), Winthrop, Sidney, Belgrade, Fairfield and Saint Albans, a new quarterly meeting was established called Fair- field quarterly meeting. This meeting has had the following clerks: Samuel Taylor, jun., 1841-2; Sage Richardson, 1842-64; Alden Samp- son, 1864-7; Moses Bailey, 1867-81; I. Warren Hawkes, since 1881. Sidney Preparative Meeting.— The Friends' meeting was begun in Sidney in 1795, the preparative meeting being granted them in 1800; a monthly meeting was established in 1802, called Sidney monthly meeting. This was for the accommodation of Friends in Sidney and Fairfield, being held alternately at each place. Phineas, Jeremiah and Obed Buttler, with their respective families, were the earliest Friends in Sidney, they being Friends when they moved into the town. Then a number of families came there from Sandwich, Mass., among them Isaac Hoxie and family, Benjamin Wing, Adam and Stephen Wing, also John Wing Kelley, and their families. Most of the money for the first meeting house was raised in Sand- THE SOCIETY OF FRIENDS. 295 wich. the heads of the various families in the town doing all the car- penter work themselves. This house stood until 1S55, when it was torn down and built over into a new one. Edward Dillingham was another useful member in the early days of the meeting; he finally moved to Saint Albans. Deborah Buttler was an acknowledged min- ister, while Daniel Purington generally had a message for the meet- ing, though he was not an appointed minister. Samuel Pope was an elder of prominence in somewhat later times, and Mary Alice Gifford, a highly gifted and endowed minister of the gospel, a woman of great faith and of unblemished life, lived in this meeting during the pres- ent generation, until she felt her place of labor to be in Newport, R. I., where she spent the remainder of her valuable life, which ended in the spring of 1889. The Friends in Sidney have been few in num- ber, but a meeting has always been held there since it was first begun in 1795. Sidney monthly meeting includes the Friends in Fairfield and is still held, as at first, alternately at each place. In 1801 a meeting for worship was begun in Belgrade. Calvin Stewart and Samuel Stewart, with their families, were the earliest Friends in the town; Eleazar Burbank, a revolutionary soldier, was another of the first Friends in this meeting, but he was afterward dropped from the society for- receiving a military pension from the government. Samuel Taylor was the first minister in this meeting; he was a very good man and a good preacher of the gospel, having had a deep Christian experience, and he had the approval of all who knew him in daily life, or who heard his words of love. The Friends who lived in Belgrade had no separate meeting for business, but were joined with those who lived in Sidney. This meeting was always small, and gradually decreased in size until it was closed in 1879; its members having died or moved into other places. A meeting for worship was begun in the city of Augusta, 8th month, 1SS8, and another in Hallowell the same year, both of which are now under the care of Winthrop monthly meeting, and though small in numbers they are in a flourishing condition. The meeting at Hallowell is about to construct a commodious meeting house. More than a hundred years have passed since the members of the Society of Friends began to organize themselves in this county. They were then very few in number, comprising only one distinct monthly meeting in the county and only one preparative meeting was estab- lished before this century began. At the present date there are two quarterly meetings, composed of seven monthly meetings, which in turn are composed of fourteen preparative meetings, enrolling a mem- bership of 1,033, most of whom live in Kennebec county. It is cer- tain that the Friend of to-day is, in appearance at least, unlike the Friend of one hundred years ago, and it is a question whether the heads of the first families here would recognize that they were among Jsyb HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. their own people could they return to the meeting houses where they so faithfully worshipped a century ago. The onward movement of the years has brought change everywhere, and the Friend who seemed a century ago so unmindful of the transitions going on about him has been swept on by the wave, which now at its flood has left nothing unstirred. The question still remains, have the members of this so- ciety been true or untrue to the legacies of the fathers? and while the outward, the externals, have in a measure felt the touch of time, have they guarded as their dearest and truest possession the spirit of truth bequeathed by those who gained it at so dear a price? We have no right to speak here more than our own opinion, and that is that the " live members," to use an expression which carries its own mean- ing, are to-day, as they always have been, seeking to hear and obey the true Voice, are seeking to have their lives shaped and moulded by the ever living Christ, who stands as their Redeemer, their Saviour and their constant Teacher. They have the faith and the hope and the love which characterized their predecessors — ' ' And if the outward has gone, in glory and power The Spirit surviveth the things of an hour." ^.^^^ 298 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. been the first legal tribunal constituted by authority which existed in Maine. It assumed jurisdiction over the whole province, not only of the rights of parties, but of matters of government. Actions of tres- pass, slander, incontinency, and for drunkenness and " rash speech " were frequently brought, and generally tried by a jury of six or more persons. This tribunal was of a primitive character and the pro- cedure marked by great directness and simplicity. Among the crim- inal records we find, March 25, 1636: " John Wolton is by order of court to make a pair of stocks by the last of April or pay 40s. 8d. in money. Also he is fined 5s. 8d. for being drunk." In 1639 Sir Ferdinando obtained a charter which conferred upon him unlimited powers of government, and named his territory the " Province of Maine." Thomas Gorges, a lawyer educated at the Inns of Court, and the first and only one (unless we except Thomas Mor- ton, who was driven out of Massachusetts in 1645) who resided in Maine for the first hundred years after its settlement, was appointed deputy governor, with six councillors. They compo.sed not only the executive council for the province, but a court for the trial of all criminal offenses and for the settlement of all controversies between party and party. They also had probate jurisdiction. The first ses- sion of this court, held June 25, 1640, has a record of administration on the estate of Richard Williams, being the first granted in Maine. There was also a complaint in the nature of a bill in equity relating to the title to a thousand clapboards. Besides this court and an in- ferior court in each section of the province, commissioners correspond- ing to the modern trial justices were appointed in each town for the trial of small causes, with jurisdiction limited to forty shillings, from whose decision an appeal lay to the higher court. But as a result of the controversy which raged among the rival claimants to authority over the province, the administration of the law continued to be un- certain and feeble until in 1677 Massachusetts purchased all the inter- est of Gorges in the province of Maine for i^l,250. It should be observed here that under the colonial charter of Massachusetts prior to 1692 there was in Massachusetts no supreme or superior court properly so-called. The jurisdiction and powers which were subsequently conferred upon that court had been exer- cised under the charter of 1628 by the governor or deputy governor and his councillors or " assistants," who constituted the upper branch of the " Great and General Court." They at first assumed unlimited jurisdiction, including all matters of divorce and the settlement of estates, and subsequently exercised appellate jurisdiction over all matters from the county courts. It must not be overlooked, however, that the province of Pema- quid had been under a different jurisdiction. Although as early as HISTORY OF THE COURTS. 299 1630, the year that Boston was founded, this province is said to have had a population of five hundred persons and Pemaquid " City " to have been a port of entry with paved streets; yet for a period of twenty years from that time there seems to have been a weak govern- ment and a very inefficient administration of the laws. Abraham Shurt was agent of the proprietors and chief magistrate of the colony; but there appears to be no record of the enactment of laws or the establishment of courts. To Shurt's skill as a scrivener, however, is attributed the concise formula for the acknowledgment of deeds which is still in use in this state and Massachusetts. In 1673 Pemaquid province became an appendage of the colony of New York under the Duke of York, and was represented in its gen- eral assembly. On the 24th of June, 1680, it was ordered by the coun- cil sitting in New York " that a person be appointed to go from here to Pemaquid for holding courts;" and June 26th: " Sagadahoc magis- trates and officers to continue, the courts to try only for forty shillings instead of for five pounds as formerly." A " court of sessions " was also established " to act according to law and former practice." The inhabitants on the Kennebec, however, had meanwhile been under the dominion of the Plymouth colony by virtue of a charter granted to William Bradford in 1620, and by him assigned to the Plymouth colony in 1640; but the settlers were few and scattered and no regular government was established until the Duke of York took possession. But in 1686 the duke, now James II, transferred to Massa- chusetts all his interest in the port and county of Pemaquid; and in 1691 the new charter was granted to Massachusetts, which united with the old Bay colony that of Plymouth and the whole territory of Maine. A new era was now inaugurated in the history of these provinces. Under the new charter of 1691 an act " setting forth general privi- leges " was promptly passed by the general court of Massachusetts, comprising the familiar doctrines of Magna Charta, and the cardinal principles afterward enunciated in the Declaration of Independence and her own bill of rights. Courts were also promptly established substantially the same as they existed for the next fifty years. There were justices of the peace for the trial of small cases, the quarter ses- sions corresponding to our court of county commissioners, the inferior court of common pleas and the superior court. The governor and coun- cil were by the new charter made a court of probate. The superior court of the province consisted of a chief justice and four associate justices, namely, William Stoughton, C.J., Thomas Dan- forth. Wait Winthrop, John Richards and Samuel Sewall, none of whom had been educated as lawyers. Two sessions of this court were held in the several counties each year, except that all causes 300 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. arising in Maine prior to 1699 were tried in Boston and Charlestown. Thereafter one term was granted to the state of Maine until 1760, when the counties of Cumberland and Lincoln were established. At that time Lincoln included the territory of the Kennebec patent, and the proprietary company erected buildings for the new county at Pownalborough, now Dresden. The old court house has been con- verted into a dwelling house and is still in a good state of preserva- tion, a conspicuous object of historic interest to all those passing up and down the river. The first term of the superior court held in Lincoln county was in 1786, and the first term at Hallowell, now Au- gusta, commenced July 8, 1794, in a church prepared for the occasion, the court house in Market Square erected in 1790 being insufficient in size for the accommodation of this court. It was held by Judges Rob- ert Treat Paine and Sumner and Dawes. They were attended by three sheriffs wearing cocked hats and carrying swords, each with his long white staff of office, and they were accompanied by such cele- brated lawyers as Theophilus Parsons and Nathan Dane. Judge Weston relates that having no bell to summon the court, the judges " moved by beat of drum in a procession not a little imposing, pre- ceded by their officers and followed by the bar." It was an important event, which caused " the elite " of the surrounding country to as- semble. After the organization of Kennebec county in 1799, Augusta, which had been set off from Hallowell two years before, became the shire town of the new county, and July 16th of that year a term of the superior court of Massachusetts was held there by Judges Paine, Bradley and Dawes, and thereafter regularly each year. At the famous trial of the Malta Indians, charged with the murder of Paul Chadwick, the court was held at Augusta November 16, 1809, by four judges — Sedgwick, vSewall, Thatcher and Parker. Supreme Judicial Court. — The constitution of 1780 changed the title of the superior court to that of the Supreme Judicial Court, but with the same powers and jurisdiction as its predecessor and with the same number of judges. Those first appointed by the new govern- ment were William Cushing, Nathaniel P. Sargent, James Sullivan, Daniel Sewall and Jedediah Foster. At first all jury trials were had in the presence of not less than three members of the court, but the nisi prius system was gradually introduced, under which the law terms only were held by a majority of the judges and the trial terms by a single judge, except in capital cases. Until 1792 the judges appeared on the bench in robes and wigs, the robes being of black silk in the summer and of scarlet cloth in the winter. The records of this court were kept in Boston until 1797, when they were transferred to the custody of the clerks of the common HISTORY OF THE COURTS. 301 pleas of the several counties, except those of Lincoln, Hancock and Washington in Maine. Jonathan Bowman, jun., was appointed by the court clerk for this county, his residence to be at Pownalborough. When Maine became a separate state, in 1820, it was provided in the constitution that the "judicial power of the state shall be vested in a supreme judicial court and such other courts as the legislature shall from time to time establish." By act of June 24, 1820, a supreme judicial court was established, consisting of a chief justice and two associate justices, any two of whom should be a court and have cog- nizance of all civil actions between party and party which might be legally tried before them by original writ, writ of error, or otherwise, and of all capital crimes and other offences and misdemeanors which might be legally prosecuted before them. They also had general superintendence of all courts of inferior jurisdiction, with power to issue writs of error, certiorari, mandamus, prohibition and quo warranto, and to exercise its jurisdiction agreeably to the common law of the state not inconsistent with the constitution or any statute. They also had jurisdiction as a court of equity of specific classes of cases where the parties did not have a plain and adequate remedy at law. It was also made the supreme court of probate. By the act of 1823 and subsequent amendments this court was re- quired to be holden annually by a majority of the justices in each of the twelve counties, the term of Kennebec to be held at Augusta in May; and an additional term for jury trials was to be held by one of the justices in each of the counties except Franklin, Piscataquis, Washington and Hancock; that for Kennebec to be held on the first Tuesday of October. Capital cases were to be tried by a majority of the court. In 1847 the number of judges of this court was increased to four, and in 1852 to seven. As now constituted, the supreme judicial court of Maine consists of a chief justice and seven associate justices, appointed by the gov- ernor for a term of seven years, whose jurisdiction extends over the whole state. The general jurisdiction and powers are substantially the same as when first established, with the exceptions to be hereinafter noted. In 1874 the equity powers of this court were enlarged, and in 1881 the procedure in equity was definitely prescribed and greatly sim- plified. The court now has full equity jurisdiction, according to the usage and practice of courts of equity, and is always open in each county for the transaction of equity business. When sitting as a court of law to determine questions arising in suits at law or in equity, the court is composed of five or more justices who hear and determine such questions by the concurrence of five members; and in any civil action in which there is a subsisting verdict, if a majority of the justices do not concur in granting a new trial judgment must be ren- 302 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. dered on the verdict. For the purposes of the law courts this state is divided into three districts, the western, middle and eastern, and the annual sessions of the law court are held at Portland on the third Tuesday of July, at Augusta on the fourth Tuesday of May, and at Bangor on the third Tuesday of June. For the trial of civil actions or persons accused of offences two or more sessions of the court are annually held by one justice in each county, the terms for Kennebec being holden on the first Tuesday of March and the third Tuesday of October of each year. Although no general code of civil procedure has been adopted in this state, the rules of common law pleadings have been so far abrogated or modified, and in the administration of the law such liberality is exercised respecting amendments to declara- tions and pleas, that the substance of right is never sacrificed to the science of statement. In the supreme judicial court the following from Kennebec county have been justices: Nathan Weston, of Augusta, appointed in 1820, and chief justice 1834-41; Richard D. Rice, Augusta, 1852-63; Seth May, Winthrop, 1855-62; Charles Danforth, Gardiner, 1864-90; Arte- mas Libbey, Augusta, 1875-90, being reappointed in the latter year; and William Penn Whitehouse, Augusta, appointed in 1890. Samuel Wells, of Portland, who was appointed in 1847, and resigned in 1854, practiced at one time his profession in Hallowell. Reporter of Decisions. — This office was established in 1820, and the decisions of the supreme judicial court, sitting as a " Law Court " from that time to 1893 have been published in eighty-four volumes of " Maine Reports." The reporter is appointed by the governor, and is to be a person " learned in the law." It is made his duty to publish at least one volume yearly, and he is entitled to the profits of the work. The names of the two reporters from this county, with their respective terms of service, are: Asa Redington, Augusta, 1850-54, who published volumes 31 to 35; and Solyman Heath, Waterville, 1854-56, who published volumes 36 to 40. Court of Common Pleas.— Reference has already been made to the "inferior court of common pleas," organized for each county un- der the province charter of 1692. This court was composed of four justices in each county, three of whom to be a quorum for the trial of all civil actions of whatsoever nature, the party " cast" in this court to have the liberty of a new trial on appeal or writ of error to the superior court by giving recognizance to prosecute the appeal with effect and abide the order of court. The judges were to be substan- tial persons, but practically were not learned in the law. Indeed, there seems to be no evidence that prior to the beginning of the pres- ent century any member of this court in Maine was an educated law- yer. Prior to 1736 no term of this court was held east of Wells; after HISTORY OF THE COURTS. 303 that time one was held annually in June at Falmouth, now Portland, William Pepperell, afterward Sir William, being then chief justice. When the coutity of Lincoln was organized, in 1760, one term of this court was held for that county at Pownalborough, now Dresden. Un- der the Massachusetts constitution of 1782 this court was continited with all its jurisdiction and powers, and in 1786 provision was made for an additional term in Lincoln county, to be held annually at Hallo- well, now Augusta. In North's History of Augusta, it is said: " The first term was held on the second Tuesday of January, 1787, at the Fort Weston settlement in Ballard's tavern, by William Lithgow, James Howard and Nathaniel Thwing. These with Thomas Rice were the four persons commissioned as judges of the Court of Common Pleas. Judge Howard died in May following, and Joseph North was appointed in his place. At that time no lawyer resided on the river above Pownalborough. In the following year William Lithgow, Jr., removed to town and opened an office in Fort Weston." At the time of the organization of Kennebec county the judges of this court were Joseph North and Daniel Cony, of Augusta, and Nathaniel Dummer and Chandler Robbins, of Hallowell. In 1804 the number of justices was reduced to three for each •county, and in 1811, under the administration of Governor Gerry, the old system, which had existed for 112 years, was superseded by the " circuit court of common pleas," with a chief justice and two asso- ciates for each of the three circuits in Maine. For the second circuit, embracing Lincoln, Kennebec and Somerset, Governor Gerry appointed Nathan Weston, of Augusta, chief justice, Benjamin Ames and Eben- ezer Thatcher, associates. In 1814, Josiah Stebbins, and in 1821 San- ford Kingsbury were judges in this court. This court continued until 1822, when a " court of common pleas" was established, consisting of a chief justice and two associates, with jurisdiction extending over the entire state, the terms to be held by a single judge, who received a salary instead of fees for compensation. The justices first appointed for this court were Ezekiel Whitman, of Portland, chief justice, and Samuel E. Smith, of Wiscasset, and David Perham, of Bangor, asso- ciates. In 1833 John Ruggles, of Thomaston, and in 1837 Asa Red- ington, of Augusta, became judges of this court. In 1839 the court of common pleas was superseded by the establishment of a district court comprising the counties of Lincoln, Kennebec and Somerset, in each of which three terms of this court were annually held by one of the justices. It had original and exclusive jurisdiction of all civil actions where the debt or damage demanded did not exceed two hun- dred dollars, and concurrent jurisdiction above that sum. It had also jurisdiction of all crimes and misdemeanors previously cognizable by the court of common pleas. The aggrieved party could carry his •cau^e forward by appeal or on exceptions to the supreme judicial court, 3U4 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. held by a single justice, by giving recognizance to the adverse party to prosecute his appeal and pay the intervening damages and costs. Judge Redington,of the court of common pleas, was appointed judge of the district court for the middle district, and continued on the bench until 1847, when he was succeeded by Richard D. Rice, of Augusta, who served until 1852, when this court was abolished, and he was transferred to the bench of the supreme court. Thus this intermediate system of courts which had existed for 150 years under different names, and with slightly varying jurisdiction and powers, had become so inefficient in its practical operation that it could no longer endure. The facility with which appeals could be taken to the supreme court was its fatal defect. Two trials were thus granted to parties almost as a matter of course, when one would ordinarily have answered the same purpose. It was therefore abol- ished by act of the legislature of 1852, and all its duties and powers, including appeals from justices of the peace, transferred to the supreme court, the number of judges of that court being increased to seven. But under the great accumulation of small cases resulting from this change, the docket of the supreme court in the larger counties soon became crowded and unwieldy, and as a consequence suitors were unreasonably delayed. A demand for a more prompt adminis- tration of justice was heard; and in 1878, in pursuance of the example in Cumberland county ten years before, an act was procured estab- lishing a superior court for Kennebec county, which obviated the ob- jection to the old system of common pleas and the district court by giving to the jury trial the same legal effect it had in the supreme court. The act provided for five terms of this court to be holden at Augusta, but by amendment in 1889 provision was made for holding two terms in the city of Waterville. William P. Whitehouse, of Au- gusta, was appointed judge of this court in February, 1878, for the term of seven years, and served by re-appointment until April 15, 1890, when he resigned to accept an appointment on the bench of the supreme court. Oliver G. Hall, of Waterville, was appointed to fill the vacancy occasioned by the promotion of Judge Whitehouse. After the establishment of this court its jurisdiction was enlarged by suc- cessive amendments to embrace all civil matters except real actions, complaints for fiowage, and proceedings in equity, including libels for divorce, and exclusive original and appellate jurisdiction of all criminal matters, including capital cases. By act of 1891 the jurisdic- tion was restricted to cases where the damages demanded do not ex- ceed $500, and in trials upon indictments for murder one of the judges of the supreme court must preside. All appeals from municipal and police courts and trial justices in civil and criminal cases, are cogniz- HISTORY OF THE COURTS. -HJO able by this court. The clerk of the supreme court is also clerk of the superior court. Court of Sessions; County Commissioners. — Prior to the prov- ince charter of 1691 the county court of Massachusetts, held by the magistrates living in the different counties, combined the principal duties of the superior, inferior and probate courts which were subse- quently organized, the general court or court of assistants retaining original appellate jurisdiction in certain cases. Under the province charter " a court of General Sessions of the Peace " was established, to be held in each county by the justices of the peace of the same county, empowered to hear and determine all matters relating to the " conservation of the peace and the punishment of offenders." to lay out highways, to superintend houses of correction, and to have charge of the prudential and financial affairs of the county. In 1804 all its criminal jurisdiction was transferred to the court of common pleas, and in 1807 the court was reorganized so as to have a fixed number of judges instead of an indefinite assembly of justices of the peace. The number of judges in Kennebec was .six, besides the chief justice. In 1808 the name was changed to the " court of sessions." In 1819 it was made to consist of a chief justice and two associate justices. In Maine the court of sessions continued to exist until 1831, when it was superseded by the present court of county commissioners, composed in each county of three persons elected by the people. Its records are kept by the clerk of the supreme court. The names of the several Kennebec county commissioners, with the year in which their terms respectively commenced, are as follows: William Read, Barzillai Gan- nett, Thomas Fillebrown and Charles Hayden, 1807; Samuel Titcomb. James Parker and Ithamar Spauldiug, 1808: Ashur Spatildin, 1809: Ariel Mann and Solomon Bates, 1811; Nathan Cutler, 1812; Nathan Weston, Josiah Stebbins, Ebenezer Thatcher, Samuel Wood and Sam- uel Moody, circuit court of common pleas. 1814; vSamuel Redington, court of sessions, 1819; Charles Hayden, Samuel Moody and Ariel Mann (the latter of Hallowell), 1820; James Cochran, Monmouth, 1821; Samuel Redington and Charles Morse, 1822; Asa Redington, jun., and Asaph R. Nichols, of Augusta, 1831; Edward Fuller, Readfield, 1833; Benjamin Wales, Hallowell, 1835; John Russ, 1836; J. B. Swan- ton, Hallowell, 1838; Joseph Stuart and Stillman Howard, 1839; Wil- liam Clark, Hallowell, David Garland, Winslow, and Levitt Lothrop, 1841: Benjamin Cook and David Coombs, 1843; John S. Blake, 1844; Moses B. Bliss, Pittston, 1845; Daniel Marston, Monmouth, 1847; Thomas Eldred, Belgrade, 1849; Moses Taber, Vassalboro, 1850; Wel- lington Hunton, Readfield, 1853; John B. Clifford, Clinton, 1855; Sam- uel Wood, Augusta, John Merrill and William C. Barton, Windsor, 1856; Nathaniel Graves, Vienna, 1859; Ezekiel Hubbard, Hallowell, 306 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. 1860; Nathaniel Chase, Sidney, 1861; Asbury Young, Pittston, 1865; Mark Rollins, jun., Albion, 1867; Orrick Hawes, Vas.salboro, 1873; Daniel H. Thing, Mount Vernon, 1874; Reuben S. Neal, Farmingdale, 1875; E. G. Hodgdon, Clinton, 1876; George H. Andrews, Monmouth, 1880; Horace Colburn, Windsor, 1881; Japheth M. Winn, Clinton, 1882; C. M. Weston, Belgrade, 1883; James M. Carpenter, Pittston, 1885; Charles Wentworth, Clinton, 1889; and John S. Hamilton, Hal- lowell, 1891, and Samuel Smith, Litchfield, elected in 1892 to succeed G. H. Andrews. The board in 1892 consisted of George H. Andrews, chairman, Charles Wentworth and John S. Hamilton. The clerks of courts since 1799, have been: John Tucker, Edmund P. Hayman, Joseph Chandler, John Davis, Robert C. Vose, William Woart, John A. Chandler, William M. Stratton, A. C. Otis, and the present incumbent, W. S. Choate. Mr. Stratton served as assistant to Mr. Chandler for a period of ten years, succeeding him as clerk in 1844, and continued to occupy the place by successive elections until 1881. Probate Court. — It has been noticed that under the Massachu- setts colonial charter of 1628 the " general court," composed of the governor and deputy governor and the " assistants," exercised juris- diction in matters of probate until 1639, when it was transferred to the county courts. The general court assumed jurisdiction in Maine in all matters relating to the administration of estates until 1691. By the province charter of that year probate jurisdiction was conferred on the governor and council, but being authorized to delegate their power they appointed judges of probate in each county. In March, 1784, the Massachusetts legislature passed the first probate act. This established a court of probate in the several counties, to be held by some able and learned person in each county to be appointed judge, from whose decision an appeal lay to the .supreme court. As thus constituted this important court, through which passes all the estates in the community once in about thirty years, was continued with essentially the same jurisdiction and power by act of the Maine legis- lature of 1821. In 1853 the office of both judge and register was made elective, with a tenure of four years. " Each judge may take the probate of wills and grant letters testa- mentary or of administration on estates of all deceased persons who at the time of their death were inhabitants or residents of his county, or who, not being residents of the state, died leaving estate to be ad- ministered in his county, or whose estate is afterward found therein; also on the estate of any person confined to the state prison under sentence of death or imprisonment for life, and has jurisdiction of all matters relating to the settlement of such estates. He may grant leave to adopt children, change the names of persons, appoint guar- dians for minors and others according to law, and has jurisdiction as to persons under guardianship." The probate judge is also judge of the court of insolvency. HISTORY OF THE COURTS. 307 Since the organization of Kennebec county, the judges of this court, and their first year of service, have been as follows: James Bridge, Augusta, 1799; Daniel Cony, Augusta, 1804; Ariel Mann, Hal- lowell; H. W. Fuller, Augusta, 1828; Williams Emmons, Hallowell; Daniel Williams, Augusta; Henry K. Baker, Hallowell; Emery O. Bean, Readfield, 1881; Henry S. Webster, Gardiner, 1885; and Greenlief T. Stevens, Augusta, 1893. The registers of probate have been: Chandler Robbins, Hallo- well, 1799; Williams Emmons, Hallowell; and E. T. Bridge, George Robinson, Joseph J. Eveleth, J. S. Turner, Francis Davis, William R. Smith, Joseph Burton, Charles Hewins and Howard Owen, of Augusta. Municipal Courts. — In the county of Kennebec are four munic- ipal courts, one in each of the four cities — Hallowell, Gardiner, Augusta and Waterville — established in the order named. Originally the judgeship of these courts was an elective office, filled by vote of the people, but since 1876 it has been an appointive office, filled by the appointment of the governor and council, the term being four years. The court at Hallowell was established in 1835, with Samuel K. Gil- man as judge, elected February 19th of that year. His successors have been: Benjamin Wales, March 9, 1852; Samuel K. Gilman, Jan- uary 3, 1854; Austin D. Knight, March 15, 1876; Mahlon S. Spear, April 24, 1888, and Eliphalet Rowell, March 29, 1892. Of the Gardi- ner court, the judges have been: George W. Bacheldor, January 14, 1850; William Palmer, May 11, 1852; Edmund A. Chadwick, March 4, 1872; Henry Farrington, July 1, 1881; and James M. Larrabee since July 24, 1885. At Augusta Judge Benjamin A. G. Fuller opened the municipal court May 7, 1850, and has been succeeded by George S. Millikin, February 21, 1854; Samuel Titcomb, October 17, 1857; H. W. True, February 20, 1878; and Albert G. Andrews, since March 16, 1882. The Waterville police court was opened in 1880 by Horace W. Stewart, appointed judge April 21st of that year. On the 29th of March, 1892, his successor, W. C. Philbrook, was appointed. The jurisdiction and powers of these four courts, as originally con- stituted, were substantially the same, comprising for the most part matters previously cognizable by justices of the peace; but by act of 1891 the municipal court of Waterville was invested with jurisdiction concurrent with the superior court in all civil actions wherein the debt or damages demanded, exclusive of costs, did not exceed one hundred dollars; provided, however, that any action in which the debt or damages demanded exceed twenty dollars may be removed to the superior court on motion of the defendant under certain conditions prescribed in the act. Its jurisdiction in criminal matters was also greatly enlarged. CHAPTER XIV. THE KENNEBEC BAR. Bv Hon. James W. Bradbury, LL. D. MY acquaintance with the Kennebec Bar commenced sixty-one years ago. In April, 1830, I opened my office in Augusta. The new granite court house had just been completed, and the May term of the law court was held in it by Chief Justice Mellen and his two associate justices, Weston and Parris. This was my first opportunity of seeing any considerable number of the members of the Kennebec bar, or of hearing any of them in the argument of their causes. The Kennebec bar was at that time one of marked ability. Many of the members were eminent in their profession, several achieved national distinction, and all left an honorable record upon which their descendants and surviving friends can look with pleasure and pride. They have all passed away. I do not recall a .single one of the whole number, then so active and prominent, now surviving: yet they left a character that is fresh in the memory of all. To name them is to bring the individuality of most of them distinctly to mind. Without an opportunity of refreshing my memory by refer- ence to records, I will undertake to recall them. There were in WaterviUe, Timothy Boutelle, Samuel Wells and James Stackpole; in Augusta, Reuel Williams, Daniel Williams, Henry W. Fuller, Williams Emmons, John Potter, Richard H. Vose and Frederick A. Fuller, the father of the present chief justice of the United States; in Hallowell, Peleg Sprague, Sylvanus W. Robinson, John Otis, William Clark and Mr. Warren; in Gardiner, Frederick Allen, George Evans, Eben F. Dean and S. S. Warren; in Winslow, Thomas Rice; and in China, Jacob Smith. Timothy Boutelle, born at Leominster, Mass., November 10, 1777, was a son of Colonel Timothy and Rachel (Lincoln) Boutelle, and a lineal descendant of James Boutelle, who came from England to Salem, Massachusetts, in 1635, and died there in 1651. Timothy graduated from Harvard in 1800, read law with Abijah Bigelow in his native town, and on being admitted to the bar, in 1804, came to WaterviUe. where he practiced until his death, November 12, 1855. In 1811 he married Helen, daughter of Judge Rogers. Of their large y THE KENNEBEC BAR. 309 family, one daughter was the wife of Edwin Noyes, a prominent Waterville lawyer, and one son was well known as Dr. N. R. Boutelle, of Waterville. Timothy Boutelle was presidential elector in 1816, life member of the board of trustees of Waterville College from 1821, and in 1839 received the degree of LL. D. from that institution. He was president of Waterville bank for over twenty years, from its or- ganization in 1814, and was president of the Androscoggin & Ken- nebec Railroad Company the first three years of its existence. Mr. Boutelle was an acute and discriminating lawyer. In his early practice he refrained from public life. When the question of separa- tion came up, he gave his influence in favor of making Maine an in- dependent state, and after it was accomplished he was the first of the senators from the Kennebec senatorial district. He .served six years in the senate and six in the house, and was an influential and im- portant member. In his incursions into public life he did not abandon his profession. As a citizen he took a deep and active interest in everything he deemed calculated to promote the prosperity and im- provement of the beautiful town he had chosen for his residence, and continued this interest unabated up to his death. Reuel Williams was a man whose strong common sense and great business ability would have enabled him to attain eminence in any community. After a common school and academic education, he read law with Judge Bridge, who was the attorney of the "Proprietors of the Kennebec Purchase," and upon his admission to the bar the judge took him into partnership. In a few years the judge, who was an eminent lawyer, retired from the firm- to attend to his own large pri- vate estate and left the legal business in the hands of Mr. Williams. As agent and attorney for the proprietors of the unsold part of so large a tract of land, the business of the office was immense. Numer- ous conflicts with settlers, squatters and adverse claimants, and ques- tions of unsettled boundaries were constantly arising. The questions of law applicable to these cases, all relating to real estate, were so thoroughly examined by Mr. Williams, and became so familiar to him that he, by common consent, was regarded as standing at the head of the bar in that department of the law. His arguments, whether before the jury or court, were concise, plain, strong and calcu- lated to impress. They were an appeal to the reason by a strong mind, without any attempt at oratorical display. His manner was calm and self-possessed. Williams, in public life, attained a reputation that was national. He served with distinction in the house and senate of the state, and in the senate of the United States; was offered a place in his cabinet by President Van Buren, and filled with distinction several important public commissions. As a citizen he stands pre- eminent. He may be regarded in some sense as the founder of the Hospital for the Insane in Augusta. He started the enterprise by a 310 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. donation of $10,000 at a time when that sum was equal to four times the amount now. It was the first public donation of any considerable amount by any of the citizens. Daniel Williams, his brother, who became a partner in his office business, was a lawyer of good standing, and continued in the law office until he retired from active practice. He was judge of probate for several years, state treasurer, member of the legislature and mayor of Augusta. Frederick Allen settled in Gardiner in 1808. He was a lawyer who loved and was devoted to his profession, and early rose to a lead- ing position at the bar of this county; his practice extended into Lin- coln, where he first settled, and Somerset counties. He was a close student, and had at command all of the law that was applicable to the case in hand. He did not rely upon the graces of oratory, but ably presented the law and the facts with perspicuity and strength, and with a perseverance in trial after trial that seemed determined never to be beaten. He was sometimes so absorbed in his studies as to be quite absent-minded; and it is said he has been known to rise in the night and go to his office to consult a book upon which his mind had been dwelling. George Evans, of Gardiner, was a native of Hallowell. He gradu- ated at Bowdoin College in 1815, and at the close of his legal studies with Mr. Allen, settled in Farmingdale. He was a man of signal ability. The country has produced few men who surpassed him in native intellectual power. His mind was of the Websterian order. When he made a great effort it was difficult to see how anything could be added to his side of the question or more forcefully presented. The subject would be exhausted. The speaker would be forgotten in the thought of the argument. Mr. Evans was twelve years in con- gress— six in the house of representatives and six in the senate — and by his marked ability, acquired a national reputation. At the close of his public career he returned to the practice of the profession that his abilities and genius have honored. Henry W. Paine was born in Winslow in 1810. His father was Lemuel Paine, of Massachusetts, who removed to Winslow and prac- tised law there in partnership with General Ripley, the hero of Lundy's Lane in the war of 1812; and his mother was Jane Warren, a niece of General Joseph Warren, who fell at Bunker Hill. Mr. Paine graduated from Waterville College (now Colby University) in 1830, with the highest honors of his class, and was a tutor in the college for a year. Upon admission to the bar, he commenced practice at Hallowell in 1834, and pursued it there with signal success for twenty years, when he removed to Cambridge, Mass., and opened an office in Boston. He was three years in the legislature and five years county attorney, and before he left the state he was offered a seat on the bench of the /UcuJ THE KENNEBEC BAR. 311 supreme judicial court, but declined the honor. From 1849 to 18<)2, he was a member of the board of trustees of Waterville College. In 1851 he was elected a member of the Maine Historical Society, and in 1854 his Alma Mater conferred upon him the degree of doctor of laws. During his successful career at the bar he was often called upon to act as referee. In 1863 and 1864 Mr. Paine was nominated by the democratic party as a candidate for the office of governor. With much reluctance he accepted the nomination, and he did not regret the defeat which he expected. Upon the resignation of Chief Justice Bigelow, of Massachusetts, in 1867, the office was offered by Governor Bullock to Mr. Paine, who declined to accept it. For ten years, from 1872, he was lecturer on the law of real property at the law school of the Boston University, and was so thorough a master of his subject that he lectured extemporaneously with great credit to himself and profit to the class. It is an honor to Kennebec that she can count among her native children three so able lawyers as Reuel Williams, George Evans and Henry W. Paine. George Melville Weston, the third son of Judge Nathan Weston, was born in Augusta in 1816. His mother was Paulina B., daughter of Daniel Cony. He was graduated at Bowdoin College in 1834, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1887, and practiced in Augusta five years. In 1840 he became editor of The Age for four years, when he was succeeded by Richard D. Rice. In 1846 he removed to Bangor, and was for several years in business there, in the meanwhile con- tributing largely to various newspapers. He soon established a reputation as a political writer of great ability. While at Augusta in 1839 he was appointed county attorney. In 1855 he received the ap- pointment of commissioner to prosecute the claims of the state upon the United States for compensation for lands ceded to fulfill national obligations under the Ashburton treaty of 1842. While in Washing- ton as commissioner he became editor of the National Republiean, a free soil paper published in that city. He also published a political work on the progress of slavery in the United States. He subsequently turned his attention and pen to financial subjects. He died at Wash- ington February 10, 1887, leaving two children: Paulina C. (Mrs. Robert D. Smith) and Melville M., a lawyer in Boston. Mr. Sprague was also a man of national reputation. He came to Kennebec county in 1815 and opened an office at Augusta, but soon moved to Hallowell. The style of speaking of the leading members of the bar, as I have said, was a calm and forcible appeal to the judg- ment of the court or jury, without any attempt at oratorical display. Mr. Sprague added to a cultivated mind, well grounded in the princi- ples of the law, a good voice and a graceful presence: and he intro- duced a style of elocution of a more showy and declamatory kind. He 312 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. arg-ued with eloquence and with a good deal of action and rhetorical display. He was a very pleasing and popular speaker. Everything he said, even to the making of a motion in court, was said with ele- gance and finish. He never forgot himself. When he had closed one of his appeals the natural exclamation would be, " What an eloquent orator ! " Mr. Sprague was elected to the United States senate in 1829, where he served with distinction until his resignation in 1835, when he removed to Boston. In 1841 he was appointed judge of the district court of the United States. Notwithstanding his almost total loss of sight, he filled this high office with great ability and accept- ance until his death. Mr. Wells began the practice of his profession at Waterville in 1825. He subsequently moved to Hallowell, and, after several years' practice there, settled in Portland, and received the appointment of justice of the supreme court of the state. He filled that station with honor, was elected governor in 1855, and, upon the close of his ser- vice in that high office, moved to Boston and continued the practice of his profession in that city to the close of his life. At the bar he showed himself to be an able lawyer and good advocate. He always did justice to his case, and long held a position among the leading lawyers of the state. Mr. Vose was born in Augusta November 8, 1803, graduated at Bowdoin College in 1822, studied his profeesion in Worcester, prac- ticed law there for a year and then removed to his native city and opened an office there in 1828. He soon made himself prominent as an agreeable speaker and a popular advocate with the jury. His style of speaking was earnest and impassioned, accompanied with a good deal of appropriate action to give his argument effect. With the jury he was a dangerous antagonist, especially when he had the close — draw- ing away the attention of the jury from the material points in a cause by his learned and impassioned appeals. He was county attorney for several years. He was a representative to the legislature for three years, and senator in 1840-1, during which time he was president of that honorable body. But he adhered to his profession, and retained an extensive and valuable business to the close of his life in 1864. Judge Emmons, a son of Rev. Nathaniel Emmons, was born in 1783, studied law with Judge Wilde in Hallowell, commenced practice in Augusta in 1811, and formed a copartnership with Benja- min Whitwell in 1812. He was well read in his profession, and a pru- dent and safe counsellor. He had ample learning and a logical mind, well cultivated. He argued with clearness and point, but not in a manner especially taking with a jury. He was an honorable prac- titioner, held a good rank at the bar, and filled with credit the office of judge of probate from 1841 to 1848. THE KENNEBEC BAR. 313 I have thus far named particularly onlj- those members of the bar with whom I had come in personal contact in the trial of causes. I would like to speak of the rest, but I can only add that they all left an honorable record like that, for instance, of Hiram Belcher, whose in- tegrity, and candor, and fair mode of arguing his cases to the court or the jury, gave him a high standing and great success in his profes- sional life. He was born in 1790. studied with Wilde & 'Bond, of Hallowell, and was admitted to the bar in 1812. He died in 1857. I would like also to say something of the other names that were added to the list of attorneys after I came to Augusta. There were Wyman B. S. Moore, of Waterville, who had one of the most ener- getic minds that, in my long life, I have chanced to meet; and had he stuck to his profession he had the ability to make himself one of the ablest lawyers in New England: Joseph Baker, of Augusta, who at- tained a good standing in the very front rank of his profession; Richard D. Rice, who as printer, merchant, lawyer, judge, president and manager of railroads, succeeded in all. A man of great ability, he had a mind of originality and acted upon his own conclusions. There were also Edwin Noyes, one of the ablest railroad lawyers I have ever met; and Lot M. Morrill, who left the practice of law early to enter upon a distinguished career of public life; but not before he had become one of the most eloquent jury lawyers we have had at the bar. I have thus briefly presented the honorable record of some of the men now deceased who aimed to raise the standard of the profession, and to secure the confidence and respect of the community. It is an honorable profession. History records the services it has rendered in the establishment of law in the place of force. In all the great con- tests for human liberty its members have stood in the front ranks, and left a character of which the bar may be justly proud. It is a useful profession, essential to the well being of every community and to the protection of life, liberty, and the blessings of civilized society. With- out law civilization is impossible. Brute force would have absolute rule, and the weak would have no defense against the strong. But the law, to accomplish its mission, must be justly administered. To secure this just administration we need not only learned and upright judges, but also an able and honorable bar. The causes of the feeble and the ignorant, as well as of the influential and intelligent, need to be pre- pared and presented, the facts collected and arranged, and the princi- ples of law involved considered and discussed, in order to arrive at a just decision. Here is the field for the bar — to aid the court in ad- ministering justice between man and man, and between the state and those charged with a violation of the laws; in fine, to maintain the authority of law that means to society protection against violence, anarchy and barbarism. It may justly be written that the deceased B14 HISTORY OF KENNEBfX COUXTV. members of the bar referred to have left a fair record. It is for their successors to preserve it untarnished.* Augustus Alden, of Middleboro, Mass., a graduate of Dartmouth, came to Winthrop from Augusta, but was more at home in religious than in legal work. He removed to Hallowell and died there subse- quent to 1810. Frederick Allen, born December 22, 1780, at Martha's Vineyard, was the youngest son of Jonathan Allen, who was a graduate of Har- vard in 1757. Mr. Allen began the study of law with his brother, Homer, at Barnstable, Mass., and later with Judge Benjamin Whit- man, of Boston. In 1805 he began the practice of law at Waldoboro, Me., and three years later he came to Gardiner, where he was a prominent lawyer until within a few years of his death, September 28, 1865. His wife was Hannah B., daughter of Colonel Oliver Whip- ple, who was a graduate of Harvard in 1770. Their children were: Frederick, who died when he was about to graduate from Harvard; Charles Edward, of Boston, a graduate of Bowdoin Law School: Han- nah F., who lives in Farmingdale; Margaret (Mrs. Prof. Romeo Elton), deceased; Eleanor (Mrs. Dr. Martin Gay), deceased, and Augustus O., who was a graduate of Bowdoin Law School, and practiced in Boston until his death. A. G. Andrews, judge of the municipal court of Augusta since 1882^ was born at Freedom, N. H., in 1841. He studied law in 1865 with Hon. C. R. Ayer, of Cornish, Me., and was admitted to the bar of York county in 1867. He first came to Augusta in 1879 as a member of the legislature, and was subsequently a year with John H. Potter. Judge Andrews spent some fifteen years as a teacher m the common schools and academies. Charles L. Andrews, a son of George H. Andrews, was born m Monmouth in 1864. He graduated from Coburn Classical Institute in 1881, read law for three years with A. M. Spear at Hallowell, and was admitted to the bar in October, 1885. After one year's clerkship with E. W. Whitehouse, he practiced a while at Winthrop, and is now partner with his brother-in-law, Mayor Spear, of Gardiner. Joseph E. Badger, son of William S. Badger, of the Jlahie Fanner^ read law with S. & L. Titcomb, was admitted in 1879, and practiced in Augusta until 1883, when he went to Minneapolis, where he re- mained until 1891. Kenry K. Baker, treasurer of the Hallowell Savings Bank, was born at Skowhegan, in 1806, and received there the foundation of his education. He perfected himself in the art of printing, and at the age of twenty years became the editor of the HalhnvcU Gazette, and afterward of the Free Press and Advocate. Preferring the profession * Mr. Bradbury's manuscript ends here ; but we are under obligation to him for much that is of interest in several of the following paragraphs. — [Ed. THE KENNEBEC BAR. 315 of law to that of journalism, he read with Judge Samuel Wells, and was admitted to the bar in 1840. He served in the legislature three terms, was clerk of the house in 1855, and in the latter year was ap- pointed judge of probate for Kennebec county by Governor Anson P. Morrill, and held the position for nearly twenty-six years. Joseph Baker was born at Bloomfield, now Skowhegan, June 23, 1812, and died at Augusta, November 29, 1883. After preparing for college, partly at China Academy, he entered Bowdoin at the age of twenty, and graduated in the class of '36. He then came to Augusta as assistant principal in the high school and completed there the study of law with Williams & McCobb, and Vose & Lancaster. After his admission, in August, 1839, he opened an office in Augusta, and nine years later became the law partner of Sewall Lancaster. Aside from the short interval as editor and publisher, noticed at page 241, his life was devoted to the practice of law. He was a member of both branches of the city government, was in the state senate in 1847, and in the house of representatives in 1870. For four years he was city solicitor, and he served also as county attorney. Spaulding, in vol- ume seventy-nine of the Maine Reports, pays a high tribute to Mr. Baker's political and professional character, and says that his profes- sion was his pride, and that he became the leader of the bar of Ken- nebec county. Orville D. Baker, son of Joseph, was born in Augusta in 1847. He was graduated from Augusta High School in 1864, and from Bowdoin College with the class of '68. He then traveled in Europe, studying language, until November, 1870. He read law with his father and was admitted to the bar in March, 1872. He took the full course at Harvard Law School, graduating there in June, 1872. He served four years as attorney general, being elected in 1885, and reelected in 1887. He is well known as an orator through his literary and political addresses. Judge Emery Oliver Bean has been an ative and often a promi- nent figure in the legal and judicial forces of Kennebec county and central Maine almost half a century. He comes of pure New Eng- land blood. Joshua Bean, his great-grandfather, in the fourth Ameri- can generation from Scotch ancestry, was born in Brentwood, N. H., in 1741. He married Mary Bean, and came to Hallowell in 1780, and to Readfield in 1784, where he died in 1814. Elisha, the oldest of their fourteen children, was born in Brentwood, September 10, 1764, married Olive Shepard, who was born in Epping, N. H., May 16, 1765. They had nine children. Oliver, their fifth child, was born in Read- field, November 15, 1797. He married Patience Nickerson, of Chat- ham, Mass. She died in February. 1869, and he in June of the same year. Of their five children, Richard Nicker.son Bean, the oldest, died in 316 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. infancy. The second child, Emery Oliver, was born in Readfield, September 10, 1819, and the third. Nelson Shepard, was born Decem- ber 24, 1824, and died June 12, 1843. The fourth child, Philura Ann (Mrs. Joel Howard, of Presque Isle), was born February 25, 1828, and the youngest, Everline Marilla (Mrs. Stephen W. Caldwell, of Caribou, Me.), was born October 1, 1829. Joshua, Elisha and Oliver Bean were all land owners and farmers, and each built and operated early saw, grist or bark mills in Readfield. Emery O. was born near the head of Lake Maranacook, then known as Chandler's pond. Like most Maine farmer boys, he was nurtured in a good home, with plenty of work and the limited advantages of the district school. In his case these were supplemented with a term or two at Kents Hill and a few terms at Monmouth Academy. With a natural bent for legal pursuits he entered the law office of Timothy O. Howe, of Readfield, where he spent many months in the same rooms, pouring over the same volumes, from which Mr. Howe had acquired the rare equipment that carried him so far and so high. In 1843, at the age of twenty-four, he was admitted to the bar and went from the office of his noted preceptor to Hallowell, where he had the great good fortune to spend the opening year of his practice with that consummate master of his profession, Henry W. Paine, now of Boston. The next year he returned to his native town and opened an office. The fact that his old preceptor made him his partner the year following is significant. The firm of Howe & Bean continued until 1848, when Mr. Howe removed to the West. For the next twenty-eight years Judge Bean remained in the same office alone, working hard, with a constantly growing practice and reputation. In the meantime his son, Fred Emery Beane,had grown to manhood. Had adopted his father's profession, had been admitted to the bar, and in 1876 father and son became partners, opening an office in Readfield, which was occupied by the firm until the fall of 1878. Fred Emery then opened an office in Hallowell, where he still resides, and of which city he has served as mayor. In 1878 the firm of Bean & Beane opened an office in Hallowell, and, in 1890, one in Gardiner, and now prosecute their legal business in the three places, the senior partner remaining m Readfield. The court records show the name of Emery O. Bean and the firm name of Bean & Beane, to have been entered in a greater number of cases than any other attorneys now living in Kennebec county. Here closes the record of the forty- ninth year of Judge Bean's legal career. He married Elizabeth Hunton, daughter of Colonel John O.Craig, of Readfield, October 8, 1844. She was born in Readfield, April 18, 1818, and died January 22, 1892. Large-brained and large-hearted, cordial, cultured, devoted to her family, her friends, and to all human duties, Mrs. Bean was a most womanly woman, whose departure was THE KENNEBEC BAR. 317 everybody's loss. Nelson Shepard Bean, the older of their two chil- dren, now a resident of Maiden, Mass., with business in Boston, was born July 18, 1845. Fred Emery Beane, the younger son, was born May 14, 1853. In politics Judge Bean was first a whig, and was by that party elected to the state legislature in 1851. Again in 1856 he served his fellow citizens— this time as state .senator— and in 1879 Governor Gar- celon appointed him one of the trustees of the Maine State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, in which capacity he served for the term of seven years. In 1880 he was elected judge of the pro- bate and insolvency court of Kennebec county, by a plurality of 600, holding the office four years. Viewed from any standpoint this was a remarkable event for a democrat to receive such a public approval in a county with from 2,000 to 3,000 republican majority. No appeal from Judge Bean's decisions in probate matters was ever sustained by the supreme court of probate, and only one in insolvency proceed- ings. He is a leading member of the Universalist church of Read- field, in which faith his father was also a staunch and life-long believer. Judge Bean's characteristics as a lawyer have been a cool, dispas- sionate judgment, plain common sense, devotion and diligent loyalty to his client, and thorough hard work for the mastery of the matter in hand. In all the kindly relations of acquaintance, neighbor and friend, the genial and manly elements that constitute the truest bond of human intercourse are conspicuous ingredients in his character. Alexander Belcher came from Northfield, Mass., and practiced law in Winthrop from 1807 till his death in 1854. Samuel Page Benson, son of Dr. Peleg Benson, of Winthrop, graduated at Bowdoin College in 1825. He and his brother, Gustavus, studied law in China with Abisha Benson, their uncle. Samuel P. opened an office in his native town in 1829, and became prominent in the political field. He was secretary of state in 1838 and 1841; and in 1853 and 1855 represented the Kennebec district in congress. R. W. Black was born, in Waldo county in 1840. The study of law, which he early began, was interrupted by his entering the army; but at the close of the war he resumed his studies with Sewall Lancas- ter, and was admitted in 1866. His business relations with Mr. Lan- caster continued until the latter's death. Henry F. Blanchard was born at Rumford, Me., April 26, 1838. He studied law with McCunn & Moncrief, New York city, and afterward with W. W. Bolster, then of Dixfield, now of Auburn, Me. He was admitted to the bar of Oxford county in 1859, and was in the practice of his profession at Rumford Point at the outbreak of the rebellion. After the war, in which he served, he located at Augusta, and since 318 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. 1874 has been a member of the firm of Weeks & Blanchard in that city. Thomas Bond was graduated from Harvard in 1801, studied law with Samuel S. Wilde at Hallowell, and was received by him into partnership at the time he was admitted to practice. Their connec- tion in business continued until 1815, when Mr. Wilde was appointed to the supreme bench. Mr. Bond died suddenly in 1827. George K. Boutelle, son of Dr. Nathaniel R., and grandson of Timothy Boutelle (page 308), was born in Waterville in 1857, gradu- ated from Harvard University in 1878 and from Harvard Law School in 1882. He read law with E. F. Webb and was admitted to the bar in 1888, in which year he opened his present office in Waterville. He is secretary for Maine of the Harvard Law School Association, and in 1891 was elected a director of the Ticonic National Bank, with which his father and grandfather had been for so long a period connected. In October, 1891, he married May Wheelock, granddaughter of Judge Seth May. Thomas Bowman, of Augusta, son of Jonathan Bowman, was born in May, 1774, graduated at Harvard in 1794, read law with Judge Bridge, and was admitted to the bar in 1797. He married Sally How- ard and lived and died in Fort Western. James Ware Bradbury, LL.D.,* was born at Parsonsfield, July 10, 1802. He is the son of Dr. James Bradbury, a successful practitioner in Parsonsfield for more than forty years, and of his wife, Ann, daugh- ter of Samuel Moulton, of Newbury, Mass. He is a lineal descendant in the seventh generation from Thomas Bradbury, who came from Essex county, England, in the first half of the seventeenth century, as the agent of Sir Ferdinando Gorges, proprietor of the territory now comprising the state of Maine. James W. Bradbury attended the common schools of Parsonsfield, the academies at Saco, Limerick and Effingham, and finished his preparatory course under the tutorship of Preceptor Nason, at Gor- ham. In the autumn of 1822 he entered Bowdoin College one year in advance, and graduated with the famous* class of 1825, among his classmates being Nathaniel Hawthorne, John S. C. Abbott, Henry W. Longfellow and George B. Cheever. Mr. Bradbury and two others are the sole survivors of the class. Soon after graduating Mr. Bradbury came to the Kennebec and became preceptor of Hallowell Academy, which position he retained for one year, when he resigned to commence the study of law, read- ing first with Rufus Mclntire, of Parsonsfield, and then with Ethan and John Shepley, of Saco. Having completed the necessary course of study, and while waiting for admission to the bar, he opened a school in Effingham, N. H., for the training of teachers; it being * By the Editor. THE KENNEBEC BAR. 319 among the first, if not the very first attempt at a normal school in New England. He was admitted to the bar in 1830 and located at Augusta. In connection with his legal practice he became for one year editor of the Mame Patriot, a democratic paper then published in the town. In 1833 he formed a law partnership with Horatio Bridge. His subse- quent law partners were Lot M. Morrill, J. M. Meserve and Richard D. Rice, Mr. Bradbury in each case being the senior partner. In 1835 Governor Dunlap appointed him attorney for Kennebec county, a trust which he faithfully discharged for four years. He has always been a democrat, and in 1846 was elected to the United States senate for the term of six years, from March 4, 1847. He was placed upon the committees on printing, claims, and the judiciary. In his duties upon the latter his legal knowledge soon gave him promi- nence, and he was continued upon it to the end of his term. He ad- vocated the compromise measures offered in the senate by Mr. Clay July 24, 1850, and in 1852 he made the leading argument in favor of the French Spoliation bill. He was the originator of the movement which led to the establish- ment of the court of claims, and introduced and advocated the meas- ure to indemnify Maine and Massachusetts for land conveyed to set- tlers under the treaty of Washington. He also secured the passage of a bill for the payment to the state of Maine of interest on money advanced for expenses incurred in the eastern boundary troubles, and it was through his efforts that the first appropriation was made for improving the navigation of the Kennebec river. At the expiration of his term he resumed the practice of the law at Augusta. He is a railway director, a bank director, the head of the board of management of Bowdoin College, and a member of the standing committee of the Maine Historical Society. He has been a resident of the state for three generations and of Kennebec county for two. He has outlived all his contemporaries and early business associates, and is still in the enjoyment of fairly good health. He has long been a communicant of the Congregational church. He married, November 25, 1834, Eliza Ann, daughter of Captain Thomas West- brook and Abigail (Page) Smith, of Augesta. The father of Mrs. Bradbury came from Dover, N. H., to Augusta in 1805, and was a suc- cessful merchant. He was related to the Westbrooks, Waldrons and other noted New Hampshire families, and remotely to Mr. Bradbury, through Elizabeth Bradbury,daughterof Thomas, the immigrant. Mrs. Bradbury was a woman of great energy of character and of remark- able executive ability. She died very suddenly, January 29, 1879, greatly mourned, and by none more sincerely than by the poor, to whom she had been a true friend and benefactor. Of their four sons, all of whom grew to manhood, only one remains, and he, with a 320 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. granddaughter, constitutes the sum total of Mr. Bradbury's descend- ants. Ebenezer Bradish, a graduate of Harvard, came to Hallowell and began practice in 1795 or 1796. About 1800 he removed to the West. Newell W. Brainerd read law with E. F. Webb, was admitted to the bar in 1886, and in that year began practice in Fairfield, opening, a few months later, an office in Clinton also, where he continued in practice until November, 1890, when he removed to Skowhegan, and the following month assumed the duties of clerk of courts. Judge James Bridge, of Augusta, eldest son of Edmund Bridge, was born in 1765, graduated at Harvard in 1787, studied law with Judge Parsons, established himself at Augusta in 1790, and was made the first judge of probate of Kennebec county. He resigned this office in 1804. In 1820 he was appointed one of the joint commission- ers of Massachusetts and Maine " to adjust the personal concerns of the two states." He died in 1834. Horatio Bridge, third son of Judge Bridge, was born in 1806. He graduated from Bowdoin in 1825, studied law, and began practice in Augusta, but soon removed to Skowhegan, where he practiced awhile, and then resumed practice in Augusta. Edmund T. Bridge, eldest son of Judge Bridge, was born in 1799. He graduated from Bowdoin College in 1818, studied law at Augusta, with Judge Fuller, and became his law partner. He was an active democratic politician; edited the Maine Patriot and Tlic Age for a num- ber of years, and was the most influential promoter of the enterprise of building the Kennebec dam, by which he at first made, and after- ward lost, a fortune. He was a writer of ability, and possessed rare business talents. He died in 1854. Nathan Bridge was born in 1775, studied law with his brother, James, in Augusta, was admitted to the bar in 1798, and settled in Gardiner, being the first lawyer there. He died in 1827. Simon S. Brown, son of Luke and Polly (Oilman) Brown, was born in Clinton July 6, 1833. He fitted for college under Dr. J. H. Hanson, at Waterville Academy, and entered Waterville College in 1854, from which institution he was graduated in 1858, among the first in his class. He was admitted to the bar in 1859, and began practice at Fairfield in 1864. He removed to W^aterville in 1881: was elected member of governor's council in 1879, and served as member of the board of education for several years, both in Fairfield and Waterville. At the organization of the city of Waterville, in 1888, he was elected a member of the board of aldermen, of which board he has been chairman continuously to the present time. He has an extensive practice, embracing nearly all the counties of the state. He was a member of the democratic national nominating conventions in 1880 and in 1884; and has been for seven years a member of the democratic THE KENNEBEC BAR. 321 State committee, and for four years its chairman. He was elected representative in 1892. Daniel Campbell, a graduate of Dartmouth in the class of 1801, practiced in Readfield, 1808-1818, and then came to Winthrop. In 1824 he abandoned his profession, and entered the Congregational ministry. John A. Chandler, born May 19, 1792, a son of General John Chand- ler [see page 770], was a lawyer, and in 1832 became clerk of the courts. He died at Norridgewock in 1842. James Loring Child, born at Augusta, May 31, 1792, attended the Hallowell Academy; commenced the study of law with Whitwell & Fuller, and finished with Bridge & Williams. He was admitted to the bar in 1812, and practiced in Winslow, in partnership with Thomas Rice until 1816. From 1818 to 1822 he practiced at Augusta, in which city he resided for thirty years prior to his death, in 1862. Winfield S. Choate, born in Lincoln county in 1850, studied law with Artemas Libbey, was admitted to the bar in March, 1872, gradu- ated at Harvard Law School in June, 1872, and was in practice at Au- gusta until January, 1889, when he began service in his present posi- tion as clerk of the courts for this county. He was several terms city solicitor of Augusta, and August 5, 1889, became lieutenant colonel of the First Regiment, Maine State Militia. Fred W. Clair, born November 26, 1866. at Old Town, Me., was educated in the schools of his native town and Oakland, and gradu- ated from Coburn Classical Institute in 1886. He read law in the office of S. S. Brown, and was admitted in 1891. In April of that year he opened an office in Waterville. He has been city clerk since March, 1891, and became city solicitor in 1892. William Clark, a native of Hallowell, practiced law there for many years. His son, William H., admitted in 1840, practiced there also, but went to California in 1849. Oliver Barrett Clason' (Pell', Charle.s°, Jonathan', Jonathan*, Jona- than', SamueP, Stephen') was born September 28, 1850. He fitted for college at Monmouth Academy, and graduated from Bates in the class of '77. He taught school three years, read law with Judge Henry S. Webster, was admitted in 1881, and has since enjoyed a lucrative prac- tice in Gardiner. He has been in both branches of the city govern- ment: was thirteen years on the school board; is one of the trustees of the State Normal School; president of the board of trustees of Bates College, and while a member of the legislature introduced, in 1889, the free text-book bill, and, in 1891, the Australian ballot, which be- came a law, and by which he is best known. Stephen Clason was married in Stamford, November 11, 1654. [See page 664]. Lorenzo Clay enjoyed a good practice at Gardiner from his admis- 21 322 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. sion in 1845. His son, Benjamin B. Clay, admitted in 1878, became his partner. Samuel Dudley Clay, of Gardiner, admitted in 1863, was a promi- nent practitioner at the Kennebec bar. He died about the year 1889. Daniel Cony, mentioned in the chapter on Augusta, was appointed judge of probate of Kennebec county in 1804, having previously been a judge of the court of common pleas. He died in 1842, in his ninetieth year. Leslie Colby Cornish, of Augusta, is the only son of Hon. Colby C. Cornish, of Winslow, and was born in that town October 8, 1854. He was fitted for college at Coburn Classical Institute and graduated from Colby University in 1875. He was principal of the high school at Peterboro, N. H., in 1876 and 1877, and a member of the state house of representatives from his native town in 1877-8. He com- menced the study of law with Baker & Baker, of Augusta, m August, 1878, and finished his studies at Harvard Law School in 1879-80. In October, 1880, he was admitted to the Kennebec bar and in October, 1882, formed a partnership with his instructors, under the name of Baker, Baker & Cornish. He has been a member of both branches of the city government, a trustee of the Lithgow Library since 1883, of Colby University since 1889, of the Augusta Savings Bank since January, 1892, and is secretary and treasurer of the Maine State Bar Association. Louis O. Cowan, admitted in 1843, practiced but a short time in Augusta, and then went to Biddeford, where he published the Bidde- ford Journal. He died in 1872. Nathan Cutler was born in 1775, admitted to the Massachusetts bar in 1801, removed to Maine in 1803, and was a member of the state senate in 1828-9. County Attorneys. ^When Maine was made a state, the act pro- viding for this office made it appointive by the governor and coitncil, the tenure depending upon the pleasure of the executive. Ebenezer T. Warren, of Hallowell, was appointed November 24, 1820; Peleg Sprague, of Hallowell, March 23, 1821 (resigned December 22, 182]); and Henry W. Fuller, of Augusta, March 30, 1822. In February, 1824, the tenure of office was made four years, though it seems the executive power could find means of creating a vacancy whenever it suited their convenience. Chapter III, of the Laws of 1842, made the office elective, and changed the tenure to three years; and in March, 1880, the term was again shortened to two years. The successive incumbents of this important office have included some of the leading lights of the Kennebec bar. Henry W. Fuller, of Augusta, was reappointed March 16, 1826; Robert Goodenow, January 18, 1828, and February 17, 1832; James W. Bradbury, Augusta, January 17, THE KENNEBEC BAR. 323 1834; Henry W. Paine, Hallowell, March 27, 1838; George M. Weston, Augusta, January 18, 1839; Henry W. Paine, April 6, 1841; George M. Weston, January 26, 1842; Henry W. Paine, January 2, 1843, and Jan- uary 1, 1846; Richard H. Vose, Augusta, January 1, 1849, and January 1, 1853; Sewall Lancaster, Augusta, January 9, 1856; Charles Dan- forth, Gardiner, January 3, 1859, and January 1, 1862; Lorenzo Clay, Gardiner, January 1, 1865; Samuel C. Harley, Hallowell, January 1, 1868. Mr. Harley died in office, and William P. Whitehouse, of Augusta, was appointed October 12, 1869. F. E. Webb, of Winthrop, was elected that fall, but died before the next January, and Mr. White- house filled the continued vacancy during 1870. He was elected in 1870 for the full term, beginning with January, 1871, and again for the term beginning January, 1874. His successors have been: Ed- mund F. Webb, Waterville, January 1, 1877; Herbert M. Heath, Augusta, January 1, 1880; William T. Haines, Waterville, January 1, 1883, and January 1, 1885; Leroy T. Carleton, Winthrop, January 1, 1887, January 1, 1889, and January 1, 1891. The present County Attorney, Leroy T. Carleton, of Winthrop, is a grandson of Joseph Carleton, who came from New Hampshire to Byron, Me., prior to 1810, and married. Miss Marston, of Andover, Me. Joseph's son, Thomas, was born in Byron, in April, 1815, and reared in Berlin, now a part of Phillips, Me. He married Hannah, daughter of Esquire William Parker, of French Huguenot extraction. Esquire Parker was a trial justice, and for many years was counsellor of the people, and arbiter of their differences, in all that section of Franklin county. His wife was the daughter of a Freewill Baptist clergyman, Rev. Mr. Wilbur. Thomas Carleton died in March, 1882. His son, the subject of this sketch, was born in Phillips, February 8, 1848. In the intervals of farm work, for which he received the munificent compensation of twenty dollars a month, he attended the district schools, and there imbibed the desire for a more extended education which, by diligent self-training, he afterward acquired. But the breaking out of the re- bellion diverted for a time the lad's thirst for the knowledge of books, and being then of the mature age of fourteen, he determined to ac- quire a knowledge of the world instead. Stating his age at eighteen — a patriotic falsehood at which his recording angel must have surely winked — he enlisted in the 9th Maine Volunteers, and with his gun and knapsack went to the front. At the expiration of his service with the 9th, he reenlisted as a veteran in the 32d Maine, his service with both regiments comprising three and a half years. He was in thirteen engagements, and was three times wounded — at Cold Har- bor, Fort Wagner and at the Burnside Mine Explosion, where his regiment of 300 was engaged and but 27 came out of the fight. He 324 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. was mustered out at the close of the great struggle as a non-commis- sioned officer. He then taught school for a time, during which period he fitted for college under Doctor Torsey, at Kents Hill Seminary. He next worked three years in the Bailey oilcloth shops, at the same time reading law with Ezra Kempton at Winthrop. He was admitted to the bar in 1874, at the August term of the supreme judicial court, and opened his office in Winthrop, where he has since resided. He mar- ried Nellie M., daughter of George A. Longfellow [see page 864]. Their only child, George L., born May 7, 1875, was a student at Kents Hill in the collegiate preparatory course, but died May 19, 1892, after a brief illness. Mr. Carleton was elected county attorney in 1886, and entered upon the duties of the office in January, 1887. By successive reelec- tions he has held the position to the present time, and in September, 1892, was again elected for the term ending with December, 1894, the longest service ever accorded to an incumbent of this office. He is best known through his administration of this difficult office. The courage, tact and ability he has displayed have won for him the con- tinued support of the people. During the last five years 131 different commitments to jail for violation of the prohibitory law have been made, and $44,265 has been paid the county treasurer in fines and costs, as against fifty commitments and $16,161 in fines and costs, for the same length of time before he was county attorney; and the salary of the office, which was $600 per annum before Mr. Carleton's incumbency, has been increased by the state to $1,000. There is no fiction in figures, no fancy in facts; and his official record speaks for itself. Evans A. Carleton read law with his brother, Leroy T., in Win- throp, and was admitted to the bar in 1891. His home is now in Helena, Mon. Charles Danforth, son of Israel and Sally (Wait) Danforth, was born in Norridgewock August 1, 1815. After attending school at the academies in Farmington and Bloomfield, he studied law in the office of John S. Tenney, and was admitted to the bar in 1838. He moved to Gardiner in 1841, opening an office with Noah Woods, under the firm name of Danforth & Woods. In 1854 Mr. Woods retired from legal practice. Mr. Danforth continued alone until 1864, when, on January 5th of that year, he was appointed to the judicial bench. He married Julia S., daughter of Deacon William W. Dinsmore, of Nor- ridgewock, January 11, 1845. Two children were the issue of their marriage: Edwin, born November, 1845, died September, 1849; and Frederick, born 1848. Ebenezer Furbish Deane, born in 1801 at Minot, Me., graduated C>\^^^^^e^^^ ^^/^/^.^^<^^:V^^^ THE KENNEBEC BAR. 325 from Bowdoin College in 1824, and practiced in Gardiner until his death, September 22, 1848. Franklin M. Drew graduated from Bowdoin College in 1858, was admitted in 1861, removed to Augusta about 1872, where for five years he was pension agent, and then went to Lewiston, and is now judge of probate for Androscoggin county. Everett R. Drummond, son of Clark Drummond, is a native of Win- slow. He received his education in the district schools of Winslow, the Vassalboro and Waterville Academies, and Kents Hill Seminary. He read law with his older brother, Josiah H. Drummond. He prac- ticed law in Waterville from the time of his admission to the bar until 1874. He was a partner with his brother for a time, and two years a member of the law firm of Drummond & Webb. He has been treasurer of the Waterville Savings Bank since June, 1874, and was justice of the peace and trial justice for several years. Since 1874 his law practice has been confined to probate and conveyance business. He was several years town clerk, one year a member of the city council, and since 189] member of the board of aldermen. He has been superintendent of the Methodist Sunday school seventeen years. His wife was Aubigne M. Bean. Their children are: Viola B., Clark W., Albert F. and Aubigne. Josiah H. Drummond, now of Portland, practiced at Waterville several years after his admission in 1850. John P. T. Dumont, a leading whig, and for many years a leading member of the bar, practiced at Hallowell prior to 1836. David Dunn, now of Poland, Me., was born in. Cornish, Me., in 1811, and was the first lawyer who settled at Oakland. Larkin Dunton, admitted in 1858, was for a short time partner with Reuben Foster, of Waterville, but abandoned the law and became a successful teacher in Boston, and is now at the head of the Boston Normal School. Harvey D. Eaton was born September 20, 1862, at North Cornville, Me. He entered Coburn Classical Institute in 1881, and graduated from Colby University in the class of '87. He read law one year un- der a private tutor, and in 1891 received his degree from Harvard, having taken a three years' course at that university. He was ad- mitted to the bar in 1889. He began practice at Waterville July, 1891. Loring Farr, of Augusta, admitted to practice here in 1877, is a son of Elijah, and grandson of Noah Farr [see page 673], who died in West Gardiner at the age of ninety-eight. Mr. Farr was in the civil war, was promoted to finst lieutenant of Company G, 19th Maine, was wounded at Cold Harbor, was promoted to captain of Company C, 19th Maine, and subsequently became the ranking captain in Han- cock's Corps. 35^6 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Henry S. Farrington, cashier of the Merchants' National Bank of Gardiner, was educated as a lawyer in Waldoboro, where he was born in 1837. Before coming to Gardiner, in 1876, he had practiced in Lincoln county, where for four years he was county attorney. In 1881 he was appointed judge of the police court of Gardiner, to succeed William Palmer, but before the expiration of his term became cashier of the bank, and retired wholly from the practice of law. George W. Field, son of John L. and Sarah W. Field, was born October 20, 1856, at St. Albans, Me. He was educated there and at Bloomfield Academy, and read law with James O. Bradbury, at Hart- land. He was admitted in 1884, and began practice at Harmony, but soon came to Oakland, where he is now located. He has been for three years a member of the school board of the town. His wife is Hattie A., daughter of George A. Farnum. Alfred Fletcher was born in China in 1818, read law with Sandford A. Kingsbury, and practiced in China all his life. He was a graduate of Bowdoin College, and served two years in the state .senate. Eugene S. Fogg was born in 1846, read law with Daniel C. Robin- son, and was admitted in 1878. He now occupies Mr. Robinson's office at Augusta. He has served one term as city solicitor. Reuben Foster, born in 1833, in that part of Bethel which is now Hanover, Me., is a son of Reuben B. and Sarah A. Foster. He fitted for college at Gould's Academy, Bethel, and at Bridgeton Academy, and was graduated from Colby University in the class of '55. He read law with J. H. Drummond, was admitted to the bar in 1858, and has since practiced law in Waterville. He has served in both branches of the state legislature. His wife was Dorcas C. Howe. Their only son, Dana P., a graduate of Colby University, '91, is a student at the Yale Law School. Freeman & Freeman came from Milo, Me., to Winthrop, where in 1884 they practiced law about a year. Henry Weld Fuller, born at Hanover in 1784, studied law with Benjamin Whitwell, of Augusta, and afterward became his partner. In 1828 he was appointed judge of probate for Kennebec county, and held the office until his death in 1841. Frederick A., Judge Fuller's oldest son, and father of the present chief justice of the United States, was born in 1806, and died in 1849. Henry Weld, jun., Frederick A.'s younger brother, was born in 1810, graduated from Bowdoin in 1828, practiced law in Augusta, and was afterward clerk of the U. S. circuit court in the Massachusetts district. Benjamin A.G., youngest brother of Frederick A., graduated from Bowdoin in 1839, and was admitted to the bar in 1840, establishing his office at Augusta. W. W. Fuller is remembered as a strong anti-Mason. He was in full practice in Hallowell in 1825, but afterward removed to the West. THE KENNEBEC BAR. 327 Edward Fuller practiced law in Readfield in 1824. He died about 1852. Asa Gile was born in Mt. Vernon, admitted in 184H, and practiced until 1865 at Readfield. Allen Gilman, a sound and discriminating lawyer, was born in 1773, graduated from Dartmouth in 1791, and began practice at Gardi- ner in 1796. In 1798 he removed to Hallowell, and the following year left the county. Samuel K. Gilman was born at Exeter, N. H., May 2, 1796, read law with Peleg Sprague at Hallowell, and was admitted in 1831. He was many years police judge at Hallowell. Samuel P. Glidden was the first lawyer who opened an office in Readfield, whither he came in 1797, at the age of thirty-six. He died in 1818. Anson Morrill Goddard, a son of Judge Charles W. Goddard, of Portland, was born in Auburn, Me., in 1859. His early life was spent in Portland, where he attended the high school. He graduated from Bowdoin College in 1882 and studied law with Judge Samuel Titcomb and in Harvard Law School, and was admitted in 1884. Since March, 1887, he has been city solicitor of Augusta. In 1889 he was clerk of the special tax commission. Josiah H. Greeley, born in 1826, is a grandson of Jacob and son of Jose Greeley. The latter was in trade at Branch Mills, and married Anna, daughter of Joseph and Phoebe (Day) Hacker, by whom he had four children — Josiah H. and three girls — two of whom are deceased. Josiah H. was admitted to the bar at St. Paul, Minn., in 1856, and in 1867 was admitted to practice in Kennebec county. He was one of the selectmen of China for several years, and in 1861 was elected to represent that town in the legislature. William T. Haines, son of Thomas J. and Maria L. (Eddy) Haines, was born at Levant, Me., in 1854. After leaving the public schools of his native town he attended the East Corinth Academy, and graduated from Orino in 1876 and Albany Law School in 1878. Two years later he received the degree of LL.B. from the Albany, N. Y., Law School. He taught school several terms while pursuing his studies. In May, 1879, he began the practice of law at Oakland, and in October of the following year he came to Waterville. He served for four years as county attorney and two terms as state sena- tor. He was a trustee of the State College of Agriculture and Me- chanical Arts from 1882 to 1892, and at the present time is an alum- nus member and secretary of the board. He has been president of the Kennebec County Mutual Fire Insurance Company since its organization. He is a member of the executive board and council for the Waterville Building Association, clerk of the Masonic Build- ing Association, and clerk and member of the board of managers of dao HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. the Waterville Safe Deposit Company. His wife was Edith S. Hem- ingway, and their family consists of two daughters and one son. Oliver G. Hall was born at South Thomaston in 1834. From the common schools of that town he continued his education at Kents Hill and at Bucksport, and when seventeen years of age began teach- ing in Rockland, in the meantime prosecuting his study of law with Peter Thacher, of that city. He was admitted to the Knox county bar in 1860. During the next twenty-five years he held various pub- lic positions there, among them judge of the police court of Rockland for seven years. He represented the latter city in the legislature of 1881 and 1883, and was chairman of the special tax commission in 1889. In the autumn of 1886 he removed to Waterville, and in April, 1890, was appointed by Governor Burleigh to succeed William Penn Whitehouse as judge of the superior court of Kennebec county, and the following year became a resident of Augusta. Benjamin F. Hathaway, admitted in 1881, and W. H. Howard were once lawyers in Winthrop. Herbert M. Heath, born at Gardiner in 1853, was educated at the high school there, and was graduated from Bowdoin College in the class of '72. In 1872 he was principal of Limerick Academy, and then, until 1876, of Washington Academy. He read law with Judge Dan- forth, was admitted to the bar in 1876, and immediately began prac- tice m Augusta. In 1883 he served in the legislative commission on revision of the statutes, and has been city solicitor, county attorney and member of each branch of the state legislature. His father, A. M. C. Heath, is noticed at pages 248-9. His grandfather, Asa, was a son of Asa Heath, a presiding elder of the Methodist church. Solyman Heath, born in 1804 at Claremont, Me., was a graduate of Dartmouth College, and began the practice of law in Belfast, where he remained until 1851, when he came to Waterville. Here he con- tinued in practice until his death in June, 1875. He was for some years reporter of law decisions for Maine. His elder son, William S., read law in his office, and was practicing at Rockland when he en- tered the army in April, 1861, as captain of Company H, 3d Maine. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel and was killed June 27, 1862. William S. Heath, brother of Col. F. E. Heath, of Waterville, was admitted in 1856 and practiced at Waterville. He entered the army in the civil war, rose to the rank of colonel, and was killed at the bat- tle of Gaines' Mill. Heath Post, G. A. R., of Waterville, was named in his honor. George W. Heselton was born at Gardiner in 1856, graduated from Amherst College in 1878, studied law with Charles Danforth, was ad- mitted in 1881, and has since practiced in Gardiner, where he was city solicitor from 1886 to 1889. Melvin S. Holway, son of Oscar Holway, of Augusta, was born in THE KENNEBEC BAR. 6Zi) 1861, graduated from Cony High School in 1878, from Bowdoin Col- lege in 1882, and took a law course at Harvard and in the office of Judge William L. Putnam, of Portland. He was admitted in Cum- berland county in 1885 and has since practiced in Augusta. Timothy O. Howe, a man of distinguished ability, once a prom- inent lawyer of Readfield, was candidate for clerk of the courts, and was defeated by William M. Stratton, whereupon he left the state in disgust. He subsequently became distinguished as a lawyer and politician and was postmaster general in Grant's cabinet. Jonathan G. Hunton, once governor of Maine, was a nephew of Samuel P. Glidden, and was his successor in business at Readfield, and married his widow for his second wife. He died in 1851, at the age of seventy. Henry L. Hunton, born in Readfield in 1865, is a son of George C. and Annie (Wood) Hunton, grandson of Samuel, and great-grand- son of Peter Hunton. He was educated in the schools of his native town and at Rents Hill Seminary. He taught school two years, read law with Judge E. O. Bean two years, was admitted in March, 1889, and that month opened his present law office in Oakland. He mar- ried Hattie B. Peabody. They have one daughter, Alice A. Charles F. Johnson, born in 1859 in Winslow, graduated from Co- burn Classical Institute in 1874, attended Colby two years, and gradu- ated from Bowdoin College in 187!). He spent seven years in teaching school and reading law, and was admitted to the bar in 1886, practic- ing in Waterville until 1890 as partner of S. S. Brown, and since that time with E. F. Webb. He was the democratic nominee for governor in 1892. Charles W. Jones was born in Vassalboro in 1861. His father, Albion K., was a son of Michael Jones, of Windsor. He was educated at Oak Grove Seminary and Waterville Classical Institute, read law with S. & L. Titcomb, was admitted to the bar in October, 1888, and began practice in Augusta. In 1892 he was appointed chairman of the board of inspectors of prisons and jails. Ezra Kempton, of Phillips, Me., was admitted to the bar in Farm- ington, practiced in Mt. Vernon twenty years, and came to Winthrop, where for five years he was the leading lawyer, till his death, Christ- mas day, 1874. Reuben Kidder was born in 1768, graduated from Dartmouth in 1791, and practiced in Waterville, where he was the first lawyer, from 1795 until 1816, the year prior to his death. He was noted for his wit, and on the occasion of a political defeat of Levi Woodbury, Mr. Kid- der proposed this toast: " Levi Woodbury— the rock of New England ■democracy — behold what a stone the builders have rejected!" Sandford A. Kingsbury practiced law in China as early as 1824. Thomas Leigh, jun., born in Hallowell in 1862, prepared at Hallo- 330 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. well Classical Institute for Dartmouth College, where he graduated in 1885, and the following year was on the staff of the Boston Post. He read law with S. & L. Titcomb. was admitted in 1888, and until 1892 was law partner with Charles W. Jones, in Augusta. Artemas Libbey was born in Waldo county in 1823, but has lived in Kennebec county since 1825. He read law with Samuel S.Warren, and was admitted in October, 1844. He served in the state legislature, and in 1856 was a member of Governor Wells' council. In April, 1875, he was appointed a judge of the supreme judicial court, a position he has since filled, excepting an interval from April 24, 1882, to Jan- uary 11, 1883. Arthur Libbey, admitted in 1877, was a son of Judge Libbey. General William Lithgow, jun., son of Judge William Lithgow, of Georgetown, began practice during the revolution, but soon joined the American forces. At the close of the war he returned to his pro- fession, and established himself at Augusta, having his office in the only plastered room in the block-house of Fort Western. He is said to have been an able advocate, and enjoyed an extensive practice. In 1789 he vk^as appointed the first United States attorney for Maine. He died unmarried in 1796, at the age of forty-six. Jeremiah Lothrop, of Leeds, opened a law office in Winthrop in 1828. Afterward he removed to Washington, D. C. Thomas J. Lynch, born in 1857, was educated in the city .schools at Augusta, and at Dirigo Business College. He read law, 1883-5, with Loring Farr, and was admitted in 1885. He was deputy post- master at Augusta under President Cleveland. Albert Martin, of Hallowell, graduated at Bowdoin College in 1825, and opened an office in Winthrop in 1827. He died in 1831, aged twenty-eight. Forest J. Martin, son of John and Maria (Cook) Martin, was born in 1867 at Newport, Me. He attended the public schools of Plymouth, Me., until 1882, when he entered Maine Central Institute, graduating in 1886. In July of the same year he began the study of law with John W. Manson, of Pittsfield, Me., continuing with him until October, 1888, when he entered Boston University Law School. He graduated in June, 1890, receiving the degree of LL. B., and an honorary degree for high rank in his class, having completed a three years' course in one and one-half school years. He v/as admitted to the Somerset bar in 1889, and in July, 1890, began the practice of law at Clinton. He was married, October 22, 1890, to Clara J., daughter of Alton Richardson. He was supervisor of schools in 1892, in which year he was the democratic nominee for judge of probate. Seth May, born in Winthrop, July 2, 1802, was educated at Mon- mouth, Litchfield and Hallowell Academies. He read law three years with Dudley Todd, of Wayne, was admitted in 1831, and practiced in THE KENNEBEC BAR. Sdl Winthrop from 1832 until he was appointed to the supreme judicial bench, in May, 1855. He settled in Auburn in 1863, where he died September 20, 1881. John W. May, born in Winthrop, January 21, 1828, graduated from Bowdoin College in 1852, read law with his father, Judge Seth May, and was admitted to the bar in 1857. He practiced in Winthrop until 1863, when he removed to Auburn, where he now resides. George F. North, son of James W., of Augusta, was born in 1840, studied law, and began practice in his native city about 1863. Edwin Noyes was born at Kingston, R. I. He graduated from Brown University, and was for a time tutor in Colby University. He read law with Timothy Boutelle, and graduated from Harvard Law School. He practiced law in Waterville with Mr. Boutelle until 1849, when he became treasurer of the Kennebec & Androscoggin rail- road, and later, of the Penobscot & Kennebec railroad. He acted as superintendent of these roads, and, after their consolidation, was superintendent of the Maine Central until 1876. He died March 29, 1888. His wife was Helen Boutelle; their only son, Lieutenant Bou- telle Noyes, a graduate of the Annapolis Naval Academy, was killed at Yokohama. A. C. Otis, clerk of courts from 1880 to 1888, was a native of Win- throp, where he read law in Ezra Kempton's office and became a mem- ber of the bar. John Otis, born in 1802 at Leeds, Me., was a son of Oliver Otis. He was a graduate of Bowdoin College, and afterward read law, and was for many years a member of the Kennebec bar. He was once elected to congress, and was one of the commissioners to settle the New England boundary, and held several minor offices. His first marriage was with Frances Vaughn, and of their seven children only one is living — John Otis, of Indiana. His second wife was Ellen, daughter of Samuel C. Grant. Two of their three children are now living — Samuel G. and Lizzie G. Jeremiah Perley was born in Newbury, Mass., in 1784, graduated from Dartmouth in 1803, came to Hallowell in 1804, and was admitted in 1807. Nathaniel Perley was born about 1770, graduated from Dartmouth in 1791, and in 1795 began practice at Hallowell. He was distinguished for his wit, his jokes, and cutting repartees at the bar. He married Mary Dunmore and had seven children. He died about 1824. Arthur L. Perry was admitted in 1875, and has since practiced in Gardiner. Warren C. Philbrook, judge of the Waterville municipal court, was born in 1857 at Sedgewick, Me,, and is a son of Luther G. and Angelia Philbrook. He acquired his early education in the public schools of Castine, Me., and at the State Normal School. He fitted 332 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. for college at Coburn Classical Institute, and graduated from Colby University in 1882. He read law during his vacations, and, after teaching one year in the Farmington Normal School, he returned to his studies, reading with E. F. Webb and Reuben Foster, and was admitted to the bar in March, 1884. In the fall of that year he began his three years' principalship of the Waterville High School, and at the close of the school year of 1887 opened a law office in Waterville, where he has since been. He married Ada, daughter of M. C. Foster. Daniel T. Pike, the veteran journalist, was admitted in 1839, and went to Illinois, where he practiced two years. On his return from the West he did a small collecting business in Augusta, but soon left the bar to enter upon an editorial career, by which he is best known. John Potter was one of the earliest attorneys in Augusta. He was born at Lebanon, N. H., April 7, 1787, and read law at Portland. He was brother of Judge Barrett Potter, of Portland, and father of John F. Potter, who was member of congress when Sumner was as- saulted by Brooks. Two of his sons are now bankers at Augusta. John H. Potter, of Whitefield, was a lawyer in Winthrop from 1872 to 1880, when he went to Augusta. Henry A. Priest was born in 1842, and prior to 1886 was twenty years in trade at North Vassalboro. He read law in 1873 with W. P. Thomp- son, was admitted to the Belfast bar in 1874, and practiced at North Vas.salboro until 1888, when he removed to East Vassalboro. Thomas Rice, the first lawyer in Winslow, was born March 30, 1763, took first degree at Harvard in 1791, and read law with Timothy Bigelow. He settled in Winslow in 1795, and died in 1854, having been a member of the Kennebec bar fifty-nine years. George Robinson, of Augusta, graduated from Bowdoin in 1831, studied law with Reuel Williams, was register of probate for Kenne- bec, and died of consumption in 1840, aged twenty-seven. Henry Sewall, who died at Augusta in 1845, at the age of ninety- two, was a captain in the revolutionary army, and in 1789 was ap- pointed clerk of the district court of Maine. At the organization of Kennebec county he was chosen register of deeds, and held the office until 1816. Frank K. Shaw, born at New Castle, Me., was admitted to the bar in 1886, and March 29, 1892, was appointed clerk of the municipal court of Waterville. Ja,cob Smith, an attorney at China, became later judge of the municipal court of Bath. He sent James W. Bradbury his first client, about 1830. William B. Snell.— Another native of Kennebec whose learning and life adorned the noble profession of the law, was the late Judge William B. Snell, a native of Winthrop, who practiced law there a //(4^c^^^ THE KENNEBEC T5AR. 333' while after the civil war, but is best known to the country by his dis- tinguished service as judge of the criminal court of the District of Columbia. His ancestor, Thomas Snell, came from England and settled in West Bridgewater, Mass., in 1665. About 1670 he married Martha, daughter of Arthur Harris. In 1699, his son, Josiah, married Anna, daughter of Zachariah Alden, of Duxbury, son of John Alden, of the Mayflo'cver. His son, Josiah, married in 1728, Abigail, daughter of John Fobes. The son of Josiah, jun., was Elijah (deacon), who married, in 1764, Susanna, daughter of Seth Howard. Deacon Eli- jah's son was Elijah (captain), who married, in 1796, Abigail Godfrey, daughter of Ebenezer Copeland. Captain Elijah's youngest son was William Bradford. Deacon Snell sent his son, Elijah, to Maine in the year 1800, to buy land on which to settle. A purchase was made of two hundred acres in Win- throp, in that part of the town known as East Winthrop. In 1801, Elijah, his wife, and three children journeyed by water from Boston to Hallowell, and occupied the land they had acquired. Subsequently another one hundred acres was bought, on which was a saw and grist mill — no small items in those days. Deacon Snell, with his son, John Elliott, occupied the former, and Elijah took the latter purchase. On this farm. Captain Elijah's youngest son, William Bradford, was born July 22, 1821. He was fitted for college at Monmouth Acad- emy, graduated from Bowdoin College with the first honors of his- class, in 1845, and was engaged as principal of Monmouth Academy, where he taught six years; meanwhile reading law under the advice of Honorable Samuel P. Benson and Judge May, of Winthrop, subse- quently in the office of Honorable Manlius S. Clark in Boston. In 1847 he married Martha A. Pray, of Monmouth. They had three children. In 1852 he was admitted to practice at the Kennebec bar, and settled, in 1853, in Fairfield. He represented that town twice in the legisla- ture, and was elected attorney for the county in 1857, and again in 1860. In 1862 he raised a company for the 13th Maine, was chosen its captain, and served until the end of the war. At the earnest request of leading citizens of his native town, he resumed the practice of law in Winthrop, with flattering prospects. In 1865 he was admitted to practice before the supreme court of the United States, on motion of the Honorable Reverdy Johnson. In 1867 he was elected to the state senate, and reelected in 1868; he was made chairman of the committee on legal reform, also of committee on education. In 1870 President Grant appointed him, for a term of six years, judge of the police court in Washington, D. C. He accepted, and organized the first court of its kind in the District; was reappointed in 1876, and again in 1882. At the end of his third term, he was suc- ceeded by a democrat. While judge, he lectured, by invitation, on.' 384 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. criminal law before the post graduate class of the law department of the National University. Introducing him, vice-Chancellor Wedge- wood said: " He has discharged the duties of his office with such fidelity and discretion that crime has diminished nearly one-half since he assumed the duties of his office." He was a member of the Biological and Anthropological Societies, the Grand Army and Loyal Legion, a member of the Metropolitan M. E. Church, and one of the " most useful and esteemed members of its official board;" member of the board of managers of the Industrial Home .School, a vice-presi- dent of the Bowdoin Alumni Association, president of Maine Re- publican Association, also of the Associated Charities of the District of Columbia. At the National Conference of Charities and Correc- tions held in Washington June, 1885, Judge Snell prepared and read one of the best papers on " Reform in the Management of Prisons." After two days' confinement to the house, he died of heart failure October 24, 1890. He left a widow and a daughter, who is the wife of Frederic C. Thayer, M. D., an eminent physician and surgeon in Waterville. Two of his children died in 1862, during his absence in the army. The followicg is quoted from resolutions of members of the District bar: "Called to the bench of the Police Court as its first judge, peculiarly fitted by temperament and education for the dis- charge of its laborious duties, he there won our admiration and re- spect, as well as the gratitude of the entire community. An able lawyer, having the courage of his convictions, he was at the same time charitable and gentle. His life is a record of spotless integrity and honor; the outcome of a Christian character." The resolutions of the Bowdoin College Alumni of the District recorded the fact that, "His success in life, whether as a lawyer or a judge, was but the fairly expected sequence of a college life singularly pure, exceedingly studious, and true to the highest purpose of the scholar and the man." Other organizations to which he belonged, also recognized him as an " able, upright and impartial judge;" and commended his example of a well-ordered and upright life to the young men, and the com- munity in which he lived. Jonathan G. Soule read law with E. F. Webb, was admitted in 1874, and began practice at Waterville, where he ripened into a trial justice, and also served efficiently on the school board until his death. Frank E. Southard was born in 1854, at Exeter, Me. He was two years at the Maine State College, read law with Baker & Baker at Augusta, and was admitted in March, 1882. Albert M. Spear, mayor of Gardiner since March, 1889, was born in 1852 in Litchfield, where his father, Andrew P., and his grand- father, Thomas, lived. He was educated there, and at West Gardiner and Monmouth Academies; also at Waterville Classical Institute. He THE KENNEBEC BAR. 335 graduated in the class of '75 at Bates College, and taught in Anson Acad- emy two of the three following years while reading law under A. R. Savage, the present mayor of Auburn. He was admitted to the bar in 1878, and practiced until 1885 in Hallowell, where he was twice chosen to the state legislature. Removing to Gardiner, he has continued in practice there, and is the present state senator from that district. AI. S. Spear, brother of Albert M., was born at Madison, Me., August 9, 1850, and died at Hallowell January 13, 1892. He was edu- cated at Litchfield and West Gardiner Academies, devoted four years to teaching, and then turned his .attention to the study of law. After reading with E. L. McFadden for two and one-half years, he was ad- mitted in 1881. He practiced law five years in Winthrop, and then came to Hallowell, where he was judge of the municipal court from May, 1888, until his death in 1892. Stephen Stark, born in 1803, at Conway, N. H., was a son of Samuel Stark. He graduated from Dartmouth College in 1827, and after spending three years iu the study of law, he opened an office at Clinton, Me., in October. 1830. Seven years later he came to VVater- ville, where he died in November, 1855. H. W. Stewart, born in 1852, graduated from Colby University in 1871, and read law in Waterville and Bangor. He was admitted to the bar in 1875, and was twelve years judge of the Waterville munic- ipal court. Asbury C. Stilphen, of Farmingdale and Gardiner, is descended in this country from Michel Stilphen, a Huguenot refugee, and son of a French nobleman. Michel married an English lady, and they, with their children — George, born in 1744, and Cornelius, born in 1747 — arrived at Boston on the ship Priscil/a, in 1751. They came at once to Frankfort, now Dresden, and there settled. All of the name in this section are descended from George, Cornelius having removed to New Hampshire. George married Mary Ridley, of Pownalborough. Their eldest son, Francis, was born in 1773, and his son, Francis, father of Asbury C, was born December 6, 1813. Asbury C. was born in Dresden March 21, 1842. He attended the district schools, Lincoln and Monmouth Academies and Maine Wesleyan Seminary, and re- ceived his classical education under Reverends Edwin W. Murray and Frederick Gardiner, and Rt. Rev. George Burgess; but failing health compelled him to forego a college course. He was for three years (186.1-8) deputy and acting collector of internal revenue for the Third Maine District, after which he read law with N. M. Whitmore and Judge Artemas Libbey, and was admitted to practice in 1869. Aug- ust 6, 1865, he married Annie M., daughter of Alexander S. Chadwick, and has one daughter, Annie E. Amos Stoddard, born in 1759, came from Boston to Hallowell about 336 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. 1793, and opened the first law office in the town. He was killed in the war of 1812. Clarence L. Tanner, city clerk of Augusta [see page 1062], was born in Sidney in 1865. He was educated at Oak Grove Seminary and Haverford College, Pennsylvania; read law with Baker, Baker & Cornish, and was admitted to the bar in 1887. He was clerk with E. W. Whitehouse until 1891, and has since been his partner. Samuel Titcomb, late of Augusta, was of the fifth generation in line of descent from William Titcomb, who emigrated from Eng- land and settled at Newbury, Mass., in 1635. Samuel Titcomb, of the fourth remove from William, was born at Kennebunk in 1756. He was by profession a surveyor, and removed to Hallowell in 1783, where he was appointed surveyor to the American joint commissioner charged with defining the boundaries between Maine and the British provinces in 1784. About 1787 he removed to Augusta, where he was postmaster (1806-1810). He married Chloe Cummings, of Dedham,, Mass., and in 1815 removed to Belgrade, where he died, September 18, 1849. In Belgrade Samuel, the lawyer, was born. July 19, 1820. He was educated in the common schools of the town and at Titcomb Bel- grade Academy, founded by his father and John Pitts, of Belgrade. He completed his early education at Waterville Liberal Institute, studied law with Richard H. Vose, of Augusta, and was admitted to the bar in 1842. He then attended Harvard Law School for a year, graduating in 1843, and at once began practice in Augusta, which he thenceforth made his home. He served five years as a member of the common council, one year as a member of the board of aldermen, several years as city solicitor, and two years as mayor of the city. He was appointed judge of the municipal court by Governor Joseph H. Williams in 1858, and was elected to the same office continuously until 1866. He represented the city in the legislature five years, and rendered valuable service in the committees on the judiciary, banking, claims and legal reform. The confidence of the community was his in a larger measure than falls to the lot of most men. He had the care and conduct of large estates, and an immense amount of probate business was committed to his hands. He was activel)' interested in financial affairs, and for thirty-three years was one of the trustees of the Augusta Savings Bank, and for many years a director of the old Freemen's Bank. At the time of his death, January 13, 1892, he was president of the Augusta National Bank. Judge Titcomb was an upright man, simple in his ways of living, helpful and sympathetic to all in need or trouble, and always pleasant and courteous in his business as well as in his social relations. His loss was widely felt and genuinely mourned. February 20, 1845, he married Julia A., daughter of Artemas Kim-. jjffl,-.' C/^^^-z-^^ THE KENNEBEC BAR. 337 ball, of Augusta. Mns. Titcomb died in 1889. Their children were: Everett, born March 28, 1846, died May 9, 1856; and Lendall, born March 14, 1848, who was his father's law partner from 1872, and is his successor in business. Dudley Todd, the first lawyer to settle in Winthrop, was a native of Rowley, Mass., and a graduate in 1795 of Dartmouth College. In 1801 he was chosen town agent. In 1809 he removed to Portland. Hilton W. True, who was judge of the municipal court of Augusta for sixteen years, was born in 1834 at Litchfield, where he attended the academy, and, after reading with the late Judge Samuel Titcomb, was admitted in 1858.- After practicing two years in Gardiner, he located in Augusta. Gardiner C. Vose was born in 1835, graduated from Bowdoin in 1855, studied law with his father, Hon. Richard H., was admitted to practice in 1858, and formed a professional connection with his father, which lasted until the latter's death in 1864. G. C. Vose practiced at Augusta until his death in 1889. Frederick A. Waldron, son of James N. and Sarah (Anson) Wal- dron, was born in 1841 at Buckfield, Me. He spent his boyhood on the farm of his father and in the district schools of his native town. At eighteen he began teaching school winters, and fitted for college at Hebron Academy. He graduated from Colby University in the class of '68, began reading law in 1870, and was admitted the follow- ing year. In December, 1871, he opened an office in Waterville, where he has since been in practice. He married Adelia R. Leech. Their children are: Lenton Edson and William Linscott. George Warren, son of General Warren and the celebrated Mercy Warren, daughter of James Otis, of Barnstable, was one of the lesser lights of the Kennebec bar, which was extinguished before the open- ing of the present century. He possessed fine natural talents, but led a dissipated life, dying at Augusta in penury. He practiced for a short time in Winslow, which then included Waterville. Samuel S. Warren, a nephew of General Warren, of Bunker Hill fame, practiced in Hallowell prior to 1825 until about 1835. He then removed to China, from there to Albion, whence, about 1844, he re- moved to Massachusetts. Ebenezer T. Warren, brother of Samuel S., practiced at Hallowell about 1824, and afterward became president of a bank in that city. Zebah Washburn, a son of Zalmunah, was born in Wayne in 1797, and practiced law in China until he was seventy years old. After many years of usefulness in the Universalist Society, he became a local preacher in the Alethodist church, holding that position until his death in 1888. He was cashier of a bank at China and subsequently of the Canton Bank at South China. 338 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Lot Myrick Morrill", son of Peaslee' and Nancy (Macomber) Morrill (Peaslee*, Peter', John', John'), was born in Belgrade, this county, May 3, 1813. He was educated in the common schools, at Waterville Col- lege, now Colby University, studied law and commenced practice at Readfield. In 1845 he removed to Augusta, and soon afterward formed a law partnership with James W. Bradbury and the late Judge Richard D. Rice. He was a sound lawyer and an able and elo- quent advocate, and the firm to which he belonged had a large and lucrative practice. In 1854 he represented Augu.sta in the Maine legislature. In 1856 he was elected senator for Kennebec county, and by the senate was chosen president. He had heretofore acted with the democratic party, but he now became a republican, and as such was elected governor in ] 858, and was twice reelected. In 1861 he was elected United States senator to fill out the unexpired term of Hannibal Hamlin, who had been elected vice-president. In 1863 Mr. Morrill was reelected for the term of six years. He was a candidate for reelection in 1869, but was defeated in the caucus by a single vote, and Hannibal Hamlin resumed his old position in the senate Upon the death of Senator William Pitt Fessenden, Mr. Morrill was ap- pointed by the governor to fill out the unexpired term, ending March 3, 1871. On the assembling of the legislature Mr. Morrill was again elected for the full term of six years. Before this term expired, at the earnest solicitation of President Grant, Mr. Morrill resigned his seat in the senate to accept the position of secretary of the treasury. At the close of his term he returned to Augusta, and in 1877 was ap- pointed collector of the port of Portland, which position he held until 1882. His health had been failing for some time, due largely to over- work while holding the portfolio of the United States treasury, and returning to his home in Augusta, he continued to weaken until Janu- ary 10, 1883, when he died. Mr. Morrill married Charlotte H., daugh- ter of William Vance, and besides two sons who died early, he had four daughters, who survived him. Mr. Morrill was a man of great ability and of the strictest integrity. During his long and distin- guished public career he enjoyed the entire confidence of his con- stituency, whether of his town, county, state or the nation. In Au- gusta, where he was best known, he never had an enemy, and the death of no man was ever more sincerely regretted and mourned by all classes. Edmund Fuller Webb, second son of Joseph and Sarah (Fuller) Webb, was born in 1835, in Albion. He was educated in the schools of his native town and at Freedom, China and Waterville Academies. He entered Colby University in 1856, and remained there two years, when he began the study of law in Portland, and was admitted to the bar of that county in March, 1859. After practicing one year in Albion, he came to Waterville, where he now lives. In 1867 he was Hi C^ I s. 7. u^^-<'^'^ THE KENNEBEC BAR. 339 admitted to the U. S. district bar, and, in 1876, to practice in the United States circuit courts; and the same year he was appointed commissioner of the circuit courts of the United vStates. In 1866 he received the honorary degree of A. M. from Colby University, and in 1883 was made trustee of the institution. He was for two terms a member of the house of representatives, and was its speaker in 1873. He served two terms as state senator, and the second year was presi- dent of the senate. He also served three years as county attorney. He married Abby E. C. Hall October 30, 1860, and has one son, Apple- ton, who was admitted to the Somerset bar in 1882, and is now a mem- ber of the firm of Webb, Johnson & Webb, of Waterville. Francis Everett Webb was admitted in 185o,and practiced at Win- throp from 1856 until his death, in 1869. Henry S. Webster, judge of probate, was born in Augusta. Sew- all Lancaster was his preceptor, and until 1881 Mr. Webster practiced in Gardiner, where he became well known in his relations to banks and banking. In 1884 he was elected judge of probate, and in 1888 reelected for the term ending with December, 1892. His wife is Mary C, daughter of William T. Johnson, the Augusta banker. Their only child is Martha T. George E. Weeks, born in 1837, removed to Aiigusta in 1861, studied law with Joseph Baker, and was admitted in 1863. In 1861 he began the adjustment of war claims and subsequently formed the firm of Weeks & Blanchard. He served in the lower house of the legislature four years, was speaker in 1880, and was afterward senator for four years. He was mayor of Augusta in 1885. Since 1870 Mr. Weeks has been chiefly interested in the ice business at Augusta, with the Consumers' Ice Company, of New York. Nathan Weston, eldest son of Chief Justice Weston, was born February 28, 1813, graduated from Bowdoin in 1833, studied law with Reuel Williams, was admitted to the bar in 1836, and then removed to Penobscot county. Daniel C. Weston, second son of Judge Weston, was born Febru- ary 24, 1815, graduated from Bowdoin in 1834, was admitted to the bar, and practiced in Augusta five years. He afterward studied theology, and was ordained deacon in the Protestant Episcopal church in 1851. Wallace R. White, born in Dixfield, Me., in 1849, is a son of Drury N.White. He graduated from Bowdoin College in 1871, and then graduated in law at Ann Arbor, Mich. He began practice in Win- throp, where he remained until 1881, when he went to Idaho as U. S. district attorney. William Penn Whitehouse.* — The first of this family to settle in America was Thomas Whitehouse, who became a citizen of Dover, ♦Birthplace shown at page 1137; portrait at page 397. 340 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. N. H., in 1658, married the daughter of William Pomfret, an early clerk of that town, and died December 3, 1707. From Thomas was descended John Roberts Whitehouse, who married Hannah Perci- val. He was the son of Edmund W. Whitehouse, a peaceful follower of George Fox: she a descendant of John Percival, of Barnstable, Mass., and a devout disciple of John Wesley. John R. and Hannah made their home at South Vassalboro and there raised their family of seven children. On their own land, two plain, unassuming marble slabs, within a substantial iron fence, mark their graves and record the close of their plain, unassuming lives: hers, November 29, 1876, and his, April 16, 1887. There on the 9th of April, 1842, was born their youngest child, William Penn, now known to the bench and bar of Maine as Judge Whitehouse, of Augusta. His early education was obtained in the district school and at the China high school, but the scantiness of the knowledge there acquired served chiefly to develop a desire for larger intellectual growth. In February, 1859, he began a course of classi- cal instruction at Waterville Academy, and by close and inces.sant study was enabled in September of the same year to enter Waterville College, now Colby University, without conditions. From this insti- tution he was graduated in 1863, with the first honors of his class; and three years later he was one of two selected to deliver a master's oration, on which occasion he received his second degree, that of A. M. On leaving college in 1863, he became principal of Vassalboro Academy; but in December of that year he began the study of law with Sewall Lancaster, of Augusta, and until December, 1865, con- tinued his studies at Ellsworth, Me., with Eugene Hale, now United States senator. He was admitted to the bar in December, 1865, and began the practice of his profession with Lorenzo Clay, of Gardiner, with whom he remained one year. In December, 1866, he formed a law partnership with George Gifford, afterward United States consul at New Rochelle, France, and now consul at Basel, Switzerland, and opened an office in Augusta, in which city he still resides. June 24, 1869, he married Evelyn Maria, daughter of Colonel Robert Treat, of Frankfort, Me. Of their three children only one survives — Robert Treat Whitehouse, born March 27, 1870. Reared on a farm, and possessing the plain, practical directness which such a life inculcates, combined with the discriminating tastes of the scholar, and the keen, analytical methods of a mind trained to an exacting profession, Judge Whitehouse speedily won an enviable standing as a man and a lawyer, and became a prominent figure in the public life of his adopted city. In 1868 he was elected city solici- tor, and in October of the following j^ear he was appointed county attorney, to fill the vacancy occasioned by the death of Samuel C. THE KENNEBEC BAR. 341 Harley. His efficient and impartial administration of this trust was so marked that he was subsequently twice elected to the office, serv- ing in all over seven years. In 1873 he was chairman of " The New Insane Hospital " commission, and wrote the report, which the state afterward published. In ISTS he was a powerful advocate of the effort to secure the abolition of the death penalty, and eight years later, in a convincing speech before the state judiciary committee, he opposed the restoration of capital punishment. His mind, of an eminently judicial order, insisted upon taking ■ cognizance of both sides of the prospective case in its equitable and legal bearings as it was brought to his knowledge, and his advice to clients was deemed useful to them even though against their theory of the proposed action. This trend of mind, though it may have somewhat militated at first again.st a large practice at the bar, brought him friends and clients, and success in due time, and quali- fied him in the highest degree for the grave and important duties of the bench, to which he was called, when a county court auxiliary to the supreme judicial court was established in Kennebec in 1878. Al- though known to the records as the superior court, it was better known among the people as " Judge Whitehouse's court " and became in the eleven years of his magistracy a very useful and important branch of the state's judiciary. The splendid record made by him in this court, in which he fully justified the wisdom of his selection, was his best recommendation for appointment in 1890 to the position he now fills on the bench of the supreme judicial court. In this latter tribunal he also, by his profound knowledge of the law, wise decis- ions and independence of character, won not only the confidence of the general public but the highest respect and esteem of the bar. His able and scholarly decision handed down from the superior court in the celebrated Burns " original package '" case is the corner stone upon which rests the entire fabric of prohibition in Maine. His father was a birthright Quaker and an abolitionist, his mother a Methodist, and in logical, or at least chronological, sequence we find Judge Whitehouse a zealous Unitarian and a staunch supporter of the cardinal principles of the republican party. Eugene W. Whitehouse, born in Vassalboro, July 9, 1839, is a son of Edmund, and grandson of Edmund Whitehouse, whose parents came from New Hampshire. He was a graduate of Kents Hill Sem- inary, and entered Yale College in 1860, but the following year he enlisted as a soldier, serving three years. After the war he read law with Judge Libbey from 1865 to 1867, and in March of ihe latter year was admitted to the bar. He opened an office in Augusta in 1868, in which city he is still in practice. Nathaniel M. Whitmore', the veteran financier of Gardiner, and with the exception of James W. Bradbury, the oldest and the 342 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. longest in practice of any lawyer in Kennebec county, was born in Bowdoinham, Me., October 1, 1812. He comes from primitive New England stock. Francis Whitmore', his ancestor, born in England in 1621. was a Boston dealer in masts and ship timber for Englsh mar- kets, and was a member of the old Plymouth Land Company. The male line of descent is through John", born at Cambridge, Mass., 1654; John", born in Medford, Mass., 1683; Francis', born there in 1714; Stephen', born there in 1739; and John', born at Bowdoinham in 1771. Stephen' was educated at Harvard, married Mary Whittemore in 1763, and in 1768, while yet a young man, became a farmer on the banks of the Kennebec, two miles south of the village of Richmond, on a tract of land owned by Francis'. Here they raised their eleven children: Stephen, lost at sea in 1787; Samuel and William, twins; Francis, John, Jonathan W., Benjamin, Betsey, Mary, Sally and Rhoda. John* bought a farm two miles north of Bowdoin village, and in 1804 married Sarah McClellan, of Richmond. Their nine children were: Amherst, born in 1805, a trader; Philena, born 1807, died 1892; John, 1809; Hannah S.. 1810, died 1884; Nathaniel M., 1812; Stephen, May 9, 1814; Sarah M., 1816; Chadboiirn W., 1818, who became a prominent physician in Gardiner; and Samuel, 1820, a farmer and investor, whose son, Stephen C. Whitmore, was educated at Kents Hill, read law with his uncle, Nathaniel M. Whitmore, was admitted to the bar in 1876, and practiced his profession in Gardiner until 1890. Nathaniel M. remained at home until thirteen years old, when he was transferred from the farm and the district school to the Mon- mouth Academy, where he spent two years in fitting for Bowdoin College, from which he graduated in 1833. Of that class but five are living. The same year he went to Boston and began reading law with Colonel Arthur W. Austin, boarding in Charlestown, near where Edward Everett then lived, on Bow street. An acquaintance sprang up which resulted in an unexpected proposition from Mr. Everett to Nathaniel, offering him either of two positions, for which Mr. Everett had been requested to select suitable persons. One was for a pro- fessor of mathematics in William & Mary's College in Virginia, and the other for an instructor in nautical astronomy and mathematics for midshipmen, on board United States war and training vessels. Mr. Whitmore chose the latter, going at once on board the sloop of war St. Louis, which belonged to the West India squadron under Com- modore Hanley, and was bound on a trip to the Caribbean sea. The change was a novel one, and this first introduction into an entirely new sphere of activities was opportune for a young man who could profit by its advantages and resist its temptations. But one year of such life brought the desire for a change from sea to land. Resigning the position, he took charge of the Monmouth Academy THE KENNEBEC BAR. 343 for two years, and then accepted the principalship of the Waterville Liberal Institute, and filled it with signal ability for two years, when failing health compelled him to seek rest. He had overworked. Besides the care of regular classes and legiti- mate duties, he had taken pupils in special courses of study, and every remaining moment of time that should have been given to rest and recuperation, had been seized by the one ruling purpose of his ambi- tion— to be a lawyer. Each spare hour since he left Colonel Austin's office in Boston had been rigorously occupied in preparatory reading. The proof of this is at hand. On his way home from Waterville he stopped at Hallowell and presented himself before the examining committee, composed of these three eminent lawyers: Judge Wil- liams Emmons, James W. Bradbury and Judge Samuel Wells. After thorough examination, a certificate for admission to the bar was promptly given him. Three months' rest at home revived the powers that had been wearied, not wasted, and his active nature demanded employment. He came to Gardiner in the latter part of 1838, and rented an office in a building on the corner where Jackson's drug store now stands, in which George Evans, then in the height of his brilliant career, also had an office. Across the street was another famous lawyer, Frederick Allen. More than half a century has rolled away since that time- almost fifty-four years— and still Mr. Whitmore has the physical vigor to walk daily to his office, and the mental vigor to attend to the legal and the financial management of his accumulated possessions. Be- fore the present generation of lawyers was born, or while they were yet children, Mr. Whitmore was fighting his legal battles with such Nestors of the bar as Reuel Williams, Henry W. Paine, and the two already named. With Mr. Paine he was always very intimate, pro- fessionally and personally. He assisted Frederick Allen in the last case he ever tried. His whole practice has been general; real estate, railroad and mer- cantile interests have given him his hardest work in the courts, some of the cases involving parties and having lawyers in other states. High ambition, with a definite purpose, strong will, self denial and great industry have been the powers and the methods of his long and successful life. Naturally thoughtful and discriminating, his thor- ough education and his varied experience as a teacher have combined to make him exact and scholarly, with a decided literary taste and appreciation. The brilliant essays and historical writings of Macauley are his greatest delight. With strong social capacities and warm personal attachments, yet his profession, its successes and its rewards, have been the mistress of his heart. He has never married. The number of accessions to the learned professions from Mr. Whitmore's brothers and their sons 344 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. is worthy of record. His brothers, Stephen and Chadbourn, were leading physicians of Gardiner; Albion S., son of Samuel, is a phy- sician in Boston, and John Edward, son of John, is a physician in Buffalo, N. Y. Nathaniel M., 2d, son of Amherst; Stephen C, son of Samuel; Samuel W., son of John, and Warren S., son of Stephen, have each read law with, and been admitted to the bar from the office of their uncle, Nathaniel M. Whitmore, of Gardiner. Warren vS. Whitmore, son of the late Dr. Stephen Whitmore, of Gardiner, was born in that city in 1859. After attending the common school he graduated from Gardiner High School, and entered Bow- doin. While pursuing the college course he continued the reading of law under the direction of Nathaniel M. Graduating at Bowdoin in 1880, he finished the next year his law course, and was admitted in 1881. The death of his father at that time left him to settle a con- siderable estate, and to similar business and office practice in his native city he has sub.sequently given his chief attention. Nathaniel M. Whitmore, 2d, a son of Amherst and Mary Jane (Perry) Whitmore, of Bowdoinham, graduated from Bowdoin College in 1854. He read law with his uncle, Nathaniel M. Whitmore, in Gardiner, where he .settled in the practice of his profession. Ambi- tion, industry and a natural adaptation to his calling soon brought a large and engrossing legal business. The public schools engaged his special attention, and his labors in their interest culminated in his being made their superintendent. He was well fitted by his thorough college training for the invaluable service he rendered the cause of education in Gardiner. His professional interests were often sacri- ficed to this service. In the midst of the most obvious overtasking of all his powers, he was smitten with typhoid pneumonia, from which occurred his lamented death, in Gardiner, March 4, 1871, at the age of thirty-seven years. He had two brothers, George L. and Amherst, and one sister, Ellen J. Whitmore, now of Brunswick, Me. Benjamin Whitwell was born in 1772, graduated from Harvard in 1790, and came to Augusta in 1796. Here he practiced in partnership with Williams Emmons, Henry W. Fuller and John Potter. In 1812 he removed to Boston, and thirteen years later died at sea while re- turning from Charleston, S. C. Samuel S. Wilde, born in 1771, graduated from Dartmouth in 1789, and came to Hallowell in 1799. He removed to Massachusetts on the separation of Maine in 1820, to continue there the exercise of his office as judge of the supreme court, to which he had been appointed in 1815. He married Eunice Cobb, and had nine children, five of whom were born in Hallowell between 1800 and 1809. He died in 1855. Bion Wilson was born in Thomaston, Me., in 1855, studied law with James W. Bradbury, was admitted to the bar and practiced in Augusta until 1884, when he removed to Portland. THE KENNEBEC BAR. 345 William Woart, once president of the Granite Bank of Augusta, 1840-46, was a lawyer in the last years of his life, being admitted in 1842, and practicing in Augusta about 1860. He married Lucy, daughter of Charles Williams, in January, 1845. Joseph T. Woodward, born in Sidney about 184.5, was admitted in 1868. He was state senator, then state librarian, prior to 1872. In the following alphabetical list of lawyers who are, or who have been, members of the Kennebec bar, either the date of admission is mentioned with the name, or the place and time of practice, or the place only, as can be ascertained; otherwise the name only is given : Bartlett Allen, Waterville, 1824; Manley T. Abbott, 1855; John G. Ab- bott, 1873; E. C. Ambrose, 1881; Abisha Benson, China, 1823; Rich- ard Belcher, Winthrop, 1824; James Bell, 1886; Clifford Belcher, 1841; Erastus Bartlett, 1843; Thomas J. Burgess, 1846; Silas M. Buck, 1855; Samuel A. Barker, 1857; Hiram O. Butterfield, 1858; James W. Brad- bury, jun., 1863; Marcus P. Bestow, 1867; George B. Blodgette, 1868; Herbert Blake, Oakland and Hallowell, 1878; Edward A. Berry, 1877; Walker Blaine, 1878; Thomas Bond, jun., and S. Bishop, in practice in 1810; Benjamin C. Coolidge, 1836; Sewall Cram, 1836; Horace S. Cooley, 1839; Benjamin F. Chandler, Waterville, 1843; Edmund A. Chadwick, 1844; Paul L. Chandler, Waterville, 1844; Samuel H. Cur- rier, 1848; Henry Clark, 1852; Isaac Coffin, 1853; Melvin Cunning- ham, 1856; Hiram Choate, 1870; Charles W. Clement, 1874; Leonard D. Carver, 1876; John P. Craig, 1851; James Cunningham, 1881; J. W. Corson, 1886; J. C. Chandler; Charles M. Dustin, Gardiner, 1824; Charles Dummer, Hallowell, 1824; Jonathan G. Dickerson, 1839; Peter Dunn, 1842; Henry E. Dyer, 1842; Patrick J. Devine, 1843; Francis J. Day, 1846; Emery Douglass, 1861; Frederick N. Dow, 1876; Marion Douglass, 1878; Arthur F. Drinkwater; Gridley T. Estes, 1837; New- ton Edwards, 1850; Enoch Farnham, Albion, 1824; David H. Foster, Readfield; David Fales, 1851; Enoch Foster, jun., 1865; Charles H. G. Frye, Augusta and Vas.salboro, 1869; Horace W. Fuller, 1876; Wilbert C. Fletcher, 1888; Walter Gould, 1836; Eldridge L. Getchell, Water- ville, 1839; William Gaslin, jun., 1858; Orrin T. Gray, Waterville, 1860; John C. Gray, 1863; Charles C. Grow, 1863; Daniel F. Goodrich, 1866; Nelson F. Graffam, 1875; Francis B.Greene, 1880; William H. Gibbs, 1880; H. H. Gurley, practiced in 1810; William B. Glazier, 1850; Charles U. Greeley, Winthrop, 1890; Irving D. Hodsdon, 1887; Thomas A. Hill, practiced in 1810; Everett Hammons, Clinton, about 1810; Mark P. Hatch, Clinton, about 1875; Lorenzo J. Hallett, 1851; Horatio D. Hutchinson, 1852; Melville G. Hanscom, 1852; Stetson L. Hill, 1858; John L. Hunter, 1858; B. B. Hanson, 1859; Thomas H. Hubbard, 1860; Charles K. Hutchins, 1861; Samuel C. Harley, 1863; Frank S. Hesseltine, 1865; John E. Hanly, 1872; William G. Hunton, 1878; Emery N. Howard, 1883; Charles Haggerty, 1888; Edward T. 346 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Ingraham, 1847; Henry Johnson, Clinton, 1824; Frank H. Jackson, Hallowell, 1867; Treby Johnson, Augusta, 1875; Henry Jackson, 1880; Cyrus Knapp, 1852; William H. Kelly, 1877; Reuben L. Keene, 1841; Ephraim H. Lambert, Hallowell; Philip Leach, Vassalboro, 1824; Rodney G. Lincoln, 1856; William H. Lambert, 1866; Hiram B. Lawrence, 1868; William A. Lancaster, 1881; Fremont J. C. Little, Augusta, 1892; Joseph H. Manly, 1863; Denis A. Meaher, 1875; R. M. Mills, Belgrade; William Matthews, 1840; William S. Marshall, 1841; George S. Mulliken, 1847; Tristam McFadden, 1858; Alilton M. Mer- rill, 1845; John D. Myrick, 1865; George J. Moody, 1877; Anson P. Mills, 1878; Gilbert H. O'Reilly, a tailor, 1843; William O. Otis, 1853; Lemuel Paine, Winslow, 1824; Ara C. Potten, 1856; Thomas H. B. Pierce, 1866; Cassius C. Powers, of Augusta, 1871; John O. Page, of Hallowell, 1845; Appleton H. Plaisted, of Waterville, 1880; George S. Paine, 1884; Warren Preston, practiced in 1810; Frank L. Plummer, Waterville, died 1892; Sylvanus W. Robinson; Joshua L. Randall, 1864; Charles R. Rice, 1871; E. W. Ripley, practiced in 1810; Chester J. Reed, 1846; Nathaniel L. Sawyer, 1841; Isaac W. Springer, 1849; Greenlief T. Stevens [see page 91]; B. L. Smith, Oakland; Samuel A. Stinson, 1852; George Harvey Snell, 1853; Ansel Smith, 1855; Thomas B. Sherman, 1858; Joseph W. Spaulding, 18()5: A. G. Stinch- field. 1850; Martin B. vSoule, Waterville, 1870; Albion R. Simmons, 1881; Bartlett Tripp, 1867; Herbert R. Tinkham, 1881; Orrin A. Tuell, Augusta, 1887 (Heather & Tuell); George F. Talbot, 1840; William N. Titus, 1851; Joseph B. Wells, 1838; William H. Weeks, 1842; Horatio Woodbury, 1855; Henry Clay Wood, 1856; Eugene L. White, 1857; Benjamin F. Wright, Waterville, 1886; Matthias Weeks. Clinton, 1824; Henry A. Wyman, 1848; David T.Wright, Gardiner, ]8.")4; Samuel W. Whitmore, 1877; William G. Waitt, 1878; Edward L. Whitehouse, 1880; Frank S. Webster, Clinton, about 1885; S. H. Willard, Oakland, now practicing in Mercer, Somerset county. CHAPTER XV. THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. PRACTITIONERS of the art of healing belong to a brotherhood that is older than history. It was born with transgression and pain, and is man's effort to mitigate the effects of broken law. Horace Mann condensed the question and its solution nearly half a century ago in the following words, that no one has had the temerity to dispute: " However graciously God may deal with the heart, all our experience proves that he never pardons stomach, muscles, liver, nor brain.'" Not till of late has any adequate force of this truth been ac- knowledged by the profession. To the average patient it is still among the things he does not know, and so. failing to find absolution in a dose of medicine, he blames his doctor for failing to perform the impossible. No other profession has traveled further from its start, or is still so long a journey from satisfactory results. In no other is exact knowledge so scarce and in such demand, or assumed knowl- edge in such over supply. No other field of exploration presents greater difficulties or offers greater prizes. No profession is more earnest in its effort and intention to do the very best thing, and no other fails of its aim half so often. Though still in its empiric stage, no profession has lain so near the great heart of the world as the medical. Its members march in step with each generation from the cradle to the tomb. No other mingles so freely with all classes, or is so broadly in touch with the pulse of humanity, from its highest to its lowest types. The duties of no other so often penetrate the inner sanctuary of the home, and to no other are the most secret facts of life so often revealed. Men in no other calling are so often appealed to for gratuitous service, and no others respond so freely or so often. It is confidently asserted that Kennebec county has fortunately been served by medical men who have averaged well up in their attain- ments, while some names have shed light and lustre on their art. Carroll W. Abbott studied with Dr. George H. Wilson, of Albion, graduated from Bowdoin College in 1882-3, and soon after began practice in Albion. Enoch Adams, of Litchfield, comes of Welsh blood— a race whose achievements adorn, and whose origin antedates, history.- His ances- 348 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. tor, Robert Adams, a tailor, came with his wife, Eleanor, to Ipswich, Mass., about 1635; thence to Salem, and died in Newbury in 1682. Their second son, Sergeant Abraham Adams, born in Salem in 1639, married Mary Pettengill, and died in Newbury in 1714. Captain Abraham Adams, the second son of vSergeant Abraham, was born in 1676 and married Anne Longfellow. Henry, their eighth son, was born in Newbury in 1722, and married Sarah Emery. Enoch, the second son of Henry and Sarah, was born in 1752 and married his first wife, Sally Bragg, in 1778, and his second wife, Lydia Moody, in 1803. Enoch Adams, the first child by his first wife, was born in 1779, in Andover, Mass. He married Lucy, daughter of Rev. John Strickland, in 1807, and removed to Andover, Me., where their son, Dr. Enoch Adams, was born, May 21, 1829. He was educated in the schools of his native town and later at Kents Hill, when that school was rising on its tide of wonderful pros- perity under that peerless educator, Doctor Torsey. Choosing the medical profession, he attended lectures first at Bowdoin College and then at Harvard University, where he graduated from the medical department in 1851. During the same year he married Mary H. Case and settled in Litchfield, in medical practice. When the war broke out he tendered his services as assistant surgeon to the authorities at Augusta, with no definite result. Some weeks later he was surprised by the receipt of his appointment from Governor Washburn as sur- geon of the 14th Maine Regiment, to take effect November 15, 1861. He reported for duty and served under General Butler in New Orleans, and went on that fruitless Red River expedition under Gen- eral Banks. The severe strain of the climate and the exposure of all the vicissitudes of war produced a large per cent, of sickness in the army, necessitating constant vigilance and exhausting labor by the surgeons and their as.sistants. The efifects of overwork and little rest compelled him to leave the service and attend to his own health. Returning to Litchfield, he resumed his practice as soon as his strength would permit. Between his graduation and the present time lie forty-one years of successful, unremitting professional work. This long service has brought him in close relations with the inhabitants of a great sweep of surrounding country and an intimate acquaintance with his medi- cal brethren. With both classes he stands high — with the first indis- pensable. He is an active, zealous Mason, member of Litchfield Lodge and of Gardiner Chapter. He is also a valued member of the Maine and of the Kennebec County Medical Associations. He was selected as the republican representative to the legislature of 1887, where he served as secretary of the committee charged with investi- THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. 349 gating in behalf of the state the causes, nature and remedy of tuber- culosis in cattle. Doctor Adams' children are: Enoch C, master of the high school at Newburyport, Mass.; M. Vinton, M.D., graduate of the medical de- partment of the Pennsylvania University, of Philadelphia, and now practicing at Brunswick, Me.; Wendall H., .who graduated in medi- cine at Bowdoin College and is now practicing at Kingston, Mass.; M. Lenora, formerly preceptress at Kents Hill, now Mrs. Professor B. O. Mclntire, of Dickinson College, at Carlisle, Pa.; Hermon H., a farmer in Belgrade, Me.; Lulu G., teacher of Latin at Kents Hill; Frank N., at home on the farm, and M. Lena, now a student at Kents Hill. Moses Appleton was born in Ipswich, N. H., in 1773, studied medi- cine at Medford, Mass., with Governor Brooks, graduated from Dart- mouth in the class of 179L received the degree of M. D. from the Massachusetts Medical Society in 1796, and the same year began prac- tice in Waterville, where he died in 1849. He married Ann Clark, and had five children: Ann L., Samuel, Mary J., George A. and Moses, who was a lawyer at Bangor. Daniel R. Bailey, son of Ezekiel, and oldest brother of Charles M. Bailey, of Winthrop, was born in 1815 and took the degree of M.D. at Philadelphia. He established a practice in Winthrop in 1838, and in 1849 went to East Winthrop. He died in 1858. Stephen Barton came in 1774 from Oxford, Mass., to Vassalboro, where he practiced until 1788, and then returned to Oxford. About 1803 he located in Malta, now Windsor, where he died in 1805. James M. Bates, born at Norridgewock in 1827, began the study of medicine in Augusta in 1848, graduated from Jefferson Medical Col- lege in 1851, and in May of that year began practice at South China, removing in 1854 to Sidney, where he practiced five years, and then went to Yarmouth, Me., where he still resides. He was surgeon of the 13th Maine during the war. Solomon Bates [see page 960] was a native of Fayette and once represented the district in congress. John Thwing Bates, a member of the Maine Medical Association, graduated from the Medical School of Maine in 1859. He practiced medicine a year in Winthrop, taking the place of Doctor Snow during his absence abroad, and then went into the army as assistant surgeon of the 11th Maine. He died April 11, 1863, at Port Royal, S. C. Peleg Benson was the only practitioner in Winthrop from 1792 until 1806. He was born in Middleborough, Mass., in 1766, came to Winthrop in 1792, and married Sally, daughter of Colonel Simon Page. He died in 1848. Alden E. Bessey, born in Hebron, Me., in 1838, is a son of Erastus and Sarah (Smith) Bessey. He studied at Hebron Academy, Kents 350 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Hill Seminary and Colby University, and graduated from Amherst College. In 1870 he graduated from the Brunswick, Me., Medical School, and later took a special course at the Post Graduate Medical School, of New York. In 1870 he opened practice in Wayne, and in 1871 removed to Sidney, where he practiced until 1890, when he came to Waterville. His first wife, Helen J. Morton, left two sons: Murton W., now a student at the medical school at Brunswick, and Earl E. His present wife is Clara A. Forbs. Their daughter is Lenora Bessey. H. M. Blake, of Monmouth, is the great-grandson of Phineas Blake,* whose sister was the mother of the illustrious General Henry Dearborn, who was also a physician. He was born November 29, 1836, on the farm at East Monmouth that has now beeh occupied by the Blake family of five generations. Doctor Blake received his early education in Monmouth Academy, and from there went to Kents Hill, where he fitted for college. In 1858 he entered Wesleyan University, at Middletown, Conn., and graduated in the class of 1862. He then taught school in the city of Bath, and later became an in- structor in Monroe Seminary, Wisconsin. In 1867 he began the study of medicine in Bowdoin College. From there he went to the Belle- vue Hospital Medical College, New York, from which institution he received the degree of M. D. in the spring of 1869. He practiced his profession at Readfield with marked success until the fall of 1875, when he removed to Monmouth Center, where he now resides and around which he has built up a good practice. He is a member of the State and County Medical Societies, has been a useful trustee of Kents Hill Seminary since 1874, and for several years served with much ability on the prudential committee. D. P. Bolster, secretary of the County Medical Society, was born in Paris, Me., in 1827, attended Norway High School and Hebron Academy, studied medicine with Doctors Brickett and Millet, and graduated in 1852 from Bowdoin Medical College. After three years in Leeds and Washington, Me., he located in China, Me., where he practiced until 1877, when he removed to Augusta, where he is in general practice. In September, 1862, he was appointed as- sistant surgeon of the 21st Maine, and after that regiment was mus- tered out he was again commissioned in the 16th Maine, in which he served until the close of the war. Nathaniel R. Boutelle was the son of the eminent lawyer, Timothy Boutelle, noticed at page 308, who married at Exeter, N. H., Helen Rogers, who was born in 1789. Nathaniel R. was born in -Waterville in 1821, and, after the usual preparatory course, entered Waterville College in 1839. After spending two years there he was compelled, by sickness, to retire from his class. In 1843 he began the study of medicine, and graduated from Jefferson Medical College, * His family is noticed at page 794 et seq.—\^\i. A.^MtcOilU THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. ar>» <47. In 1848 he attended clinics at the Pennsyl- : was a student at the Obstetrical Tn'^tiiule in Phila- ■ > he attended a course of medical icclc.res in that t( from Jefferson <:>1 e resided until his : I'rof. George W. K-. : son, was born in l.sr>: born in 1857, is nnti< k'Utelle attended lecn • to a special call fur duty at Frederick.-! -d to Waterville, v ■n gained for him i-- • he state and was i per valley of the '- .• breeding of ! : ville. [See ;• i'lember of th. • »r, and from rville, until !. Viie21st Mci. came to A,: lil 1865. I!, . .trainers m.* ckett was bo; r. George E.. : 1885, and i- irn in 180". •y in 18-21. • 1 graduater! 'ced practic edly for r^v who h ce in rricd f held. Me., January -j, l«4(), a town notea lor turning out more aoctors 35a HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. than any town of equal population in Maine. His ancestors were English, and lived in Saco. Silas' and Eleazer Burbank, brothers, the former his great-grandfather, both served as musicians in the revolu- tionary war. Silas' had a son, Silas', who settled m Newfield, Me., and in turn bestowed his father's honored name on one of his boys, who thereby became Silas'. The latter settled in Parsonsfield and mar- ried Mary Burbank, whose father was a younger brother of her hus- band's grandfather. Their children were: Silas', Thatcher W., Mary E., Harriet P., Melinda W. and Moses S. By his second wife, Han- nah L. Bragdon, he had two more children: Annie and Frederic L. When Silas*, the eldest of these children, was fourteen years old, his father, who was a farmer, removed from Parsonsfield to Limerick. Silas was an industrious boy on the farm and a studious boy at school. At the early age of sixteen he was sufficiently advanced in his studies to undertake school teaching. So successful was this first venture, that he taught each winter for the next eight years, wisely adding to his mental equipment by a term in the Limerick Academy each spring and fall. In 1860 the Burbank family moved from Limerick to Strong, Me. Our young student schoolmaster now decided to be a doctor, and com- menced the necessary reading at the age of twenty-one with Dr. John A. Richards, of Strong. After attending medical lectures at Bowdoin College for two years, he received his degree in June, 1864, and set- tied the same year in Mt. Vernon. He was a young man then, and the young doctor. Now, after twenty-eight years' practice, he has become the old doctor, although not yet an old man. He has proved a good physician and a good citizen. His wide and successful practice testifies to the first, and his record to the last. He has been an active and useful worker in all measures for prog- ress and reform — a pronounced temperance man — was lodge deputy in the Good Templar organization, has long stood in the working col- umn of the Baptist Sabbath school, and for the past twelve years has been its superintendent. He joined the Baptist church in 1870, is chairman of the ministerial committee, and for several years has served as one of its deacons. Doctor Burbank is a good illustration of the law of heredity. We have seen that his ancestor, Silas, the soldier, made music for men to fight and to die by. The Burbank blood has constantly retained the gift. The doctor was always a singer, and at twenty he became a teacher of the good, old-fashioned country singing school — peace to its ashes; it didn't outlive its usefulness. When he came to town he took charge of the choir and is still its chorister. Always a republican in politics, he was a member of the school committee six years, school supervisor two years, town clerk one year, and member of the board of health for three years. He has taken ^dXi^^'-^6 /9i^i^^^^=c^x.^<^^y^x^ THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. 353 great interest in Masonic matters, serving for the past twenty years as secretary of his Lodge. Doctor Burbank is a member of the Kennebec County Medical Association, and was its president in 1875. With all his labors by day and by night, he is a hearty, robust man, five feet eight inches tall, and has attained to General Hancock's renowned weight of 240 pounds. It takes a good horse to draw him on an emergency call rapidly over the rugged hills of Mt. Vernon and adjoining towns. His fidelity and skill have yielded him substantial rewards. Dr. Burbank married Jennie B. Pratt, of Strong, February 28, 1864. Their only child George D'., born May 18, 1865, is now in the employ of the New York Central Railroad Company in S}'racuse, New York. The doctor's present wife was Hattie D. Morse, of Mt. Vernon, to whom he was married December 25, 1876. John Bush was born July 3, 1792, at Boylston, Mass. After gradu- ating from Bowdoin, he taught at the Wiscasset Academy, and pur- sued the study of medicine. He then graduated from the medical department of Bowdoin, and established himself in Vassalboro. Dur- ing his practice there he married Anne Wayne. He spent several years in Massachusetts, after which he returned to Vassalboro, where he remained in active practice until his death, at the age of eighty- four. Henry H. Campbell, born at Farmington, Me., in 1820, is a son of Moses and Abigail (Hancock) Campbell, and grandson of Alexander Campbell. He studied in Bloomfield Academy, graduated from Dart- mouth Medical School in 1848, and from Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, the following year. He began practice at Fairfield in 1849, remaining there until January, 1858, when he went to Europe and spent a year in study at Edinburgh, London and Paris. In De- cember, 1858, he began practice in Waterville, where he has since resided. He married Julia A., daughter of Stephen Tobey. Their children are: Annie J. (wife of Rev. Charles D. Crane) and George R., a graduate of Colby, '91. Nelson H. Carey, born in Massachusetts in 1807, practiced in Wayne, and died in 1877. Charles B. Gates was born in Vassalboro in 1820 and died in Cali- fornia in 1888. He graduated from the Vassalboro Academy, studied medicine, graduated from Jefferson Medical College in 1845, and practiced two years in Fall River, Mass., where he married Margaret B. Barker. He soon returned to his native town, where he practiced until his removal to California in 1886. F. Chenery, born in 1863, in Livermore, is a son of Michael P. Chenery. He studied at Livermore and Kents Hill, spent two years in Boston College of Physicians and Surgeons, and one year in the 354 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. University of the City of New York, Medical Department, where he was graduated in 1886. Since December of the latter year he has practiced in Wayne. vSamuel Louis Clarke, son of Captain Samuel Clarke, of Winthrop, was a medical graduate of Jefferson College, Philadelphia. He practiced for a time in his native town, and afterward in Bangor, Me. Pell R. Clason, a brother of O. B. Clason [page 321], was born in Litchfield, July 13, 1855, and prepared for college in Gardiner, where he was for two years the successful principal of the high school. He was graduated from Bates College in 1877, and then, while teaching, began the study of medicine, and was graduated from Bowdoin Medi- cal School in 1882. He practiced in Gardiner until his untimely •death, October 31, 1886, at which time he was president of the com- mon council, and member of the school committee. He left two sons: Silas O. and Ernest F. James Cochran, born in Windham, N. H., in 1777, was educated as a physician, and, after a few years' practice in Limington, he re- moved, in 1806, to Monmouth, where he practiced successfully for many years. He died at Rockland, October 10, 1860. James Cochrane, jun., born in Limington in 1801, was graduated from Bowdoin Medical School in 1824, and practiced in Brooks, Lis- bon and Monmouth, Me., until shortly before his death in 1875. Charles A. Cochrane, born in 1833, in Monmouth, is a son of James Cochrane, jun., M. D. Charles A. was educated at Monmouth Acad- emy, and began the study of medicine in 1851 with his father, attend- ing in the meantime three courses of lectures at Bowdoin Medical School, from which he graduated in 1856. From the latter year until November, 1858, he was a partner with Dr. Henry Barrows in Vassal- boro. Since November, 1858, he has practiced in Winthrop. He was a member of the Massachusetts Homeopathic State Society, until a similar organization was perfected in Maine, since which time he has been a member of the latter, of which he has been secretary and president. He is also a member of the American Institute of Homeop- athy. He married, in November, 1859, Caroline Augusta, daughter of Colonel Rufus Marston, of Monmouth. Their only child is Emma L. Daniel Cony, son of Deacon Samuel Cony, was educated as a phy- sician and practiced in Augusta many years. Louis A. Cook, born at Dixmont, Me., in 1862, graduated in medi- cine from the University of New York, in 1889, and began practice at China village. Leander J. Crooker is the son of Dr. Sebra and Parmelia (Durl- ing) Crooker, of Brookfield, N. S., who was born in Edgcomb, Me., and moved to Nova Scotion when a young man, where he built up a large practice prior to his death in 1890. Leander J. was born in THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. 355 Liverpool, N. S., February 24, 1837. He early evinced a natural apti- tude for anatomical investigation, and at the age of twelve performed his first surgical operation — extracting a tooth for an aged Irishman. Six years later, with the daring of youth, he successfully removed a tumor from the axillary cavity of Mrs. O'Blenis, of Cornwallis, N. S., an operation which the surgeons of the town had refused to under- take. His parents at first opposed his studying medicine, fearing that his venturesome disposition would lead him into trouble in his practice; but innate genius would not be thwarted, and at the age of eighteen he began his studies under his father's guidance. He opened an irregular practice in Vassalboro and Belgrade when he was in his twenty-fir.st year, and so successful was he in the many and varied difficult operations he performed, that for twelve years he deferred taking a regular degree of M. D. It seemed as if he were impelled by some unseen power to operate, and his natural mechanical inge- nuit}' was a potent factor in his surgical skill. He could goto a black- smith's and forge out for himself any of the simpler instruments he required; and his superior inventive ability is illustrated by the fact that in 1872 he produced an important .surgical instrument, now known in the profession the world o(?er as Crooker's Spiral Spring Ligater. His first operation for strangulated hernia was made under diffi- culties. When but twenty-two years of age, after walking several miles through the deep snow, which was so drifted that he was com- pelled to leave his horse, he reached his patient late in the night. By the light of two tallow candles and the assistance of a neighbor, it was cut down upon and the bowel returned. Ether was not used in the operation for the very good reason that he had none with him. He is not a believer in Lister's full method; he regards perfect clean- liness in all surgical operations of the greatest importance, and be- lieves that no operation should be made without a free use of the most approved antiseptics. At length, however, the advisability of taking a regular degree became patent to him, and from Belgrade he went to Boston, where he attended lectures at the Harvard Medical School. In 1870 he graduated from the medical department of Dartmouth College, and began practice in Augusta as a regular physician. He has since done general surgery, there being scarcely an operation of any nature that he has not performed, and now, in his fifty-fifth year, he has yet to lose a case from the effects of the operation, excepting in abdominal operations, in which he has lost but six out of fifty-seven cases, and these exceptions were in incurable cases, the operations being simply a. forlorn hope. He has never rejected an abdominal operation on account of dangerous symptoms, and his .success in this direction has been most satisfactory. His consultation cases are numerous, especially in surgery, and embrace a wide scope of territory, while 65b HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. his office and surgery business at Augusta are of still greater propor- tions. Doctor Crocker has contributed papers on professional subjects to various medical journals. In 1858 Doctor Crocker married Clara B. Tarbell, of Vassalbcro,who died in 1866. His second wife, whom he married in 1867, was Fannie A., daughter of James H. Guppy, of Boston. His son, by the latter marriage, born in 1869, is Leander J., jun., a physician and druggist at Augusta. He graduated from the Medical School at Dartmouth 1890. Doctor Crocker is an active member of the State and County Medical Associations, and is a decided friend and promoter of all judicious public enterprises and improvements. Atwood Crosby was born in Albion in 1838. He was edu- cated at Benton Academy and at Coburn Classical Institute. He entered the army in Company G, 3d Maine, was captured at Bull Run, and was a prisoner of war eleven months. He was paroled in June, 1862, and at once began the study of medi- cine with Dr. N. R. Bcutelle, of Waterville. He attended lec- tures at Harvard Medical school, and in August, 1864, received the degree of M. D. from Bowdoin Medical School. He entered the U. S. navy as surgeon immediately after graduation, and served until the close of the war. He began private practice at Buckfield in 1865, and the following year came to Waterville, where he practiced until his death, January 25, 1888. His second wife and two daughters survive him. J. H. Gushing practiced in Sidney up to 1871, being the successor there of Dr. James M. Bates. Abiel Daley came to Kennebec county in the first quarter of this century, and practiced contemporaneously with the senior Doctor Cochran at Monmouth. Thomas M. Dillingham was a partner of Dr. James B. Bell at Augusta about 1877. F. L. Dixon graduated from Dartmouth Medical vSchool in 1880, and practiced in Wayne until 1884. Daniel Driscoll was born in Winthrop, Me., in 1860, educated at the common schools, read medicine in the Portland School of Medi- cal Instruction, and graduated from the medical department of Bow- doin College in 1885. With the exception of four years in Win- throp, his practice has been in Sidney, where he is settled at Bacon's Corner. [See page 1058]. J. C. Dunham began practice in Winthrop about 1870, and four years later went to Lewiston. M. K. Dwinell, born in 1860, at East Calais, Vt., was educated at the grammar school of that town, and graduated from the Boston University, Medical Department, in 1883. In July of that year he located at North Vassalboro, and in 1892 removed to Waterville. THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. 357 Crosby G. Eaton was born in Vienna, read medicine at Waterville, graduated from Bowdoin Medical College in 1883, and settled in Oak- land. Elbridge G. Edgcomb was born in Livermore, Me., in 1814, gradu- ated from the medical department of Bowdoin College in 1845, and practiced in Readfield until he left the county, prior to 1866. John Marshall Eveleth, born in 1828 at Windham, Me., is a son of John and Rebecca (Merrill) Eveleth, and grandson of Nathaniel Eve- leth. He graduated from Bowdoin College in 1849, and from the Maine Medical School in 1854. The following year he began private practice at Poland, Me., where he remained for four years. In Febru- ary, 1861, he began practice at Mechanics Falls, Me., where he re- mained until January, 1880, when he came to Hallowell, where he now resides. He married Lucy Ellen Douglass, of Waterford, Me. She died in February, 1881, leaving three children: Abbie Lyle, John A. and Lucy M. His second marriage, in 1883, was with Clara A. Douglass, sister of his first wife. Frank P. Fletcher, son of Colonel Robert Fletcher, of China, was born in that town, and practiced at Weeks Mills the last years of his life. He was a graduate of Brunswick Medical School, and had prac- ticed in Hope, Me. Everett Flood was born in Clinton, graduated in medicine from Bowdoin College, practiced a year in his native town and went to Massachusetts. John L. Fortier, son of Frederic and Esther (Wright) Fortier, was born in 1863 at St. Sylvester, P. 0. He was educated in the provinces, and New Hampshire and Vermont, his classical education being largely acquired under the private tuition of Rev. Father Charland. In 1879 he began the study of medicine with Dr. H. H. Campbell, of Water- ville, and in 1883 received the degree of M. D. from Brunswick Medi- cal School. He has practiced in Waterville .since his graduation. In 1889 he opened a drug store on Main street, and in 1891 opened another on Water .street, in the block which he built in 1890. His wife was Leonie Martel. Their only child is Leora C. Abram Frees enjoyed a large general practice at Pishon's Ferry, Clinton, about 1817. Archelaus P. Fuller, born in 1799, practiced in Albion for many years, dying there in 1880. Sylvester Gardiner, the physician, is noticed at pages 193 and 601. WoosTER Parker GiDDiNGS,of Gardiner, comes from old England stock after six generations of New England growth. George Giddings, his ancestor, left St. Albans, Hertfordshire, Eng., with three servants, and landed in Bo.ston, April 2, 1635 — settling in Ipswich, Mass. Thomas Giddings, his grandfather, a skillful ship carpenter, removed 358 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. with his family from Ipswich in 1813, and settled on a farm in China, Me., where he raised a family of four children. Thomas, the oldest, born in Ipswich, became a stock dealer, and was noted for the thrifty management of his farm. He married Lucinda Starrett, of China, and to them were born three children: Elizabeth, Samuel and Wooster P.— the latter May 11, 1840. At the age of fifteen Wooster exchanged the district school and the sur- roundings of his boyhood for a course of study at New Hampton, N. H., preparatory for college. In addition to this he devoted con- siderable time to the development and practice of a natural taste for sketching, designing and engraving, and acquired great facilitj^ in the use of pencils and the engraver's tools. This acquisition has been Residence of W P GIDDINGS M D Gardiner Me of immense benefit in his profession, enabling him to execute exact drawings of the natural or morbid appearance of any organ or struc- ture of the human body — than which no use of the artist's pencil re- quires more delicate manipulations, or makes more difficult demands. His anatomical and pathological portfolios are a revelation and a study to the professional, and a marvel to all. After the proper course of study he graduated from the medical department of Harvard College in the class of 1870. His first practice was in Waltham, Mass., where his time was partially occupied in en- graving. In 1871 he settled in Ward 25, Boston, whence he came to Gardiner in 1880. Since coming to Gardiner Doctor Giddings has easily advanced to the front rank of his profession in central Maine. He is fortunate (4^.....^^ %.^ THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. 359 in that unusual combination and balance of qualities that make their possessor equally adapted to the art of healing and to the practice of surgery. He has an active temperament, quick observation, fine per- ception and that reflection that ultimates in the good judgment of the practitioner, and he has also a promptness of decision and a certain understanding and mastery of mechanical operations that is the foun- dation of successful surgery. These qualities, animated by that divine principle of growth that keeps a perpetual student and learner abreast with the freshest fact and thought, are full explanation of the wide demand for Doctor Gidding's professional services that has long existed. His thorough knowledge and peculiar gifts of explanation and illustration to the satisfaction of courts, and the understanding of juries, bring his ser- vices in more than frequent demand, as an expert. He is highly esteemed by his professional brethren, who regard as of special value the many papers and addres.ses which he has prepared for meetings of the Maine and the Kennebec County Medical Societies. He is a member of both, and an ex-president of the latter, and is also vice-president of the Harvard Alumni Association. Doctor Giddings married for his first wife, Mary Barton, of Wind- sor, Me. They had one child, Minnie L. His second wife was Sarah Peckham, of Boston, by whom he had one child, Harold. His present wife was Adelaide Clark, of Boston. I. W. Gilbert, son of John C. and Olive (Brann) Gilbert, and grand- son of Andrew Gilbert, was born at Litchfield in 1852. He was edu- cated at Litchfield Academy, and graduated in 1874 from the Maine Medical School. After practicing five years in Phippsburg, Me., and a short time in Franklin Alass., he returned to Litchfield. He mar- ried, in 1874, Sarah E., daughter of Dexter W. and Margaret C. (Flanders) Smith, granddaughter of Zachariah and Lydia (Plimpton) Smith, and great-granddaughter of Thomas Smith, jun. They have two daughters: Lena M. and Emma D. Matthew S. Goodrich, son of Rev. Joseph B. Goodrich, was born at Palmyra, Me., in 1860, He was educated in the public schools of his native town and in Maine Central Institute. He attended Brunswick Medical School one term, and in 1882 he graduated from the medical department of the University of New York. In April, 1882, he began practice at Fairfield, where he continued until October, 1889. He took a course at the Post Graduate Medical School, of New York, and, January 1, 1890, opened practice in Waterville, and at the same time started a hospital, known as "Waterville City Hospital." He is sur- geon to the Oldtown City Hospital, a member of the Kennebec County Medical Society and. the Maine Medical Association, and an honorary member of the Somerset County Medical Society. 6bV HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. David Hale practiced at Fayette Mills, went to Livermore Falls in 1843, and died there in 1868. Eli S. Hannaford, son of Aaron Hannaford, is a native of Strong, Me., and a graduate of Brunswick Medical School. He came to Read- field from Phillips, and practiced until 1891, when he removed to South Framingham, Mass. J. Q. A. Hawes graduated from the Maine Medical School in 1853, practiced in Hallowell, and kept a drug store there several years prior to his death in 1890. Gertrude E. Heath, of Gardiner, a daughter of A. M. C. Heath, re- ceived the degree of M. D. in March, 1883, from Hahnemann Medical College of Chicago, and has since practiced her profession in Gardi- ner, in company with Dr. Mrs. Potter. Jonathan Hicks, the first doctor to settle in ancient Pittston, prac- ticed from 1772 to 1774. The inhabitants were so healthy, however, that he returned in disgust to Massachusetts, whence he came. Hiram H. Hill, the late eminent physician and surgeon, of Au- gusta, was born in Turner, Me., in 1810. At the age of sixteen he went to live with Dr. Dexter Baldwin, of Mt. Vernon, and here the de- sire to become a physician seized him. He attended the village school, and in his leisure hours devoted himself to the study of natural philosophy, chemistry and the classics. He began the study of niedicine in his twenty-second year with Doctor Gage, of Augusta, and afterward studied with Doctors Amos Nourse and John Hubbard, of Hallowell. He attended lectures at the University of Pennsyl- vania, graduated from Bowdoin in 1836, and opened an office in Au- gusta, where he practiced for over fifty years, becoming, undoubtedly, the most distinguished physician in the state. His death occurred December 2, 1889. J. Fred Hill, son of James P. and Emaline P. (Simpson) Hill, was born in 1854. He graduated from Coburn Classical Institute in 1878, and in that and the following year took a partial course at Colby University, teaching school during the winter. In 1881 he began the study of medicine under Dr. F. C. Thayer, of Waterville. In the same year he took one course of lectures at Dartmouth, and in 1885 gradu- ated from Bowdoin Medical School. He was assistant to Doctor Thayer from May, 1885, until January, 1888, when they became part- ners. He is a member of the County, State and American Medical Associations. He married Angle L., daughter of Moses C. Foster, and they have one son, Fred T., and a daughter, Margaret F., de- ceased. W. Scott Hill, born in Greene, Me., in 1839, studied medicine with Dr. William Graves, of Sabattus, Me., was in Tufts College in 1863, and in 1864 entered the navy, serving as surgeon's steward until the close of the war. He continued the study of medicine at Bellevue THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. dbl Hospital Medical College, graduating in February, 1867, when he located in Augusta. Ezekiel Holmes [see pages 192 and 245], born in Kingston, Mass., graduated from Brown University in 1821 and from the medical de- partment of Bowdoin in 1824. He came to Winthrop in 1832, but did not practice long, his physical endurance not being equal to the rugged requirements of a country physican. Manuel S. Holmes, son of Isaiah, and grandson of Ebenezer Holmes, was born in West Waterville in 1852. He attended Coburn Classical Institute, and in 1879 graduated from the medical depart- ment of Boston University. After practicing three months in Water- ville, he removed to Oakland. He married Myra E., daughter of Eras- tus O. W. McKechnie. George B. Howard, son of Cyrus, was born in Winslow in 1850. He graduated from Coburn Classical Institute in 1871 and from Colby University in 1875. He received his degree from the medical depart- ment of the University of the City of New York in 1879, and prac- ticed in Waterville until June, 1890, when his health failed. Charles Hubbard came from Concord, Mass., to Winthrop in 1827, and after a stay of three years, removed to Lowell, Mass. John Hubbard, ex-governor of Maine, the eldest son of Dr. John Hubbard, of Readfield, was born in that town in 1794. He applied himself so diligently to preparatory studies that he was able to enter Dartmouth in the third term of the sophomore year, and graduated in 1816. In 1820 he entered the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania, and two years later received his degree of M. D. He practiced in Virginia until 1829, when he returned to his native state, and the following year took up his life residence at Hallowell. In 1843 he was sent to the state senate and in 1849 was elected gov- ernor of Maine and reelected the following year. His death occurred February 6, 1869. Cyrus Kendrick, of Litchfield, is the son of Cyrus, and the grand- son of Thomas Kendrick, both of North Brookfield, Mass., where the latter died at the age of ninety. His son, Cyrus, born in 1789, left his native town and came to Warren, Me., in 1808, where he fitted himself for teaching and taught school several years. About 1815 he came to Gardiner and located on Water street, in the grocery busi- ness. In this pursuit he continued till 1838, a part of the time being in partnership with Robert Gould. Mr. Kendrick was one of the earliest and most active members of the order of Masonry in Gardi- ner, being a charter member, and the first master of old Herman Lodge, constituted in 1820. He was also efficient in town affairs, serving as a selectman and moderator in 1837, as treasurer in 1848 and 1849. and was a justice of the peace for many years. After retiring from trade he gave his attention to the settlement 362 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. of claims and estates, and other matters connected with his office as civil magistrate, till he retired from business altogether. Cyrus Kendrick married Sarah Maxc}', of Union, Me., by whom he had seven children: Joseph, Mary, William, Melina, Cyrus, Thomas, now a teacher in Sacramento, Cal., and Lucy— all dead but William, Thomas and Cyrus. Mr. and Mrs. Kendrick lived in Gardiner, where they were prominent members of the Baptist church, till near the close of their lives, when they removed to Litchfield, where both died in 1866. Cyrus, their fifth child, was born in Gardiner September 6, 1825, where he grew up, attending its schools, including the old Institute, till he resolved to be a physician, and entered the medical depart- ment of Bowdoin College, in which he studied two years. From there he went to Philadelphia and completed his professional education in Jefferson Medical College, graduating in March, 1850, in a class of 211, one of his classmates being the distinguished Dr. S. Weir Mitchell, of Philadelphia. Returning home to Gardiner he practiced there two years when he went to Litchfield, where his medical practice has covered the long period of forty years. Doctor Kendrick is one of only six survivors of the original members who organized the Maine Medical Association in 1853. He also belongs to the American Medical Asso- ciation, whose annual meeting in Wa.shington, in 1884, he participated in. Like his father, he has been a zealous Free Mason, serving as master of Morning Star Lodge, of Litchfield, for the ten years suc- ceeding 1866. In 1880 Doctor Kendrick married Susie P., daughter of Calvin Howe, of Rumford, Me., and one of a family of thirteen chil- dren. She was a teacher in the Litchfield Academy, of long experi- ence and recognized talent. Their children are: Daisy May, Kate H., and Cyrus Maxcy Kendrick. Cyrus Knapp, of Leeds, a medical graduate of Bowdoin College, located in Winthrop in 1827, and practiced until he went to Augusta, where he subsequently became superintendent of the insane asylum. William B. Lapham, born in 1828, graduated from the New York Medical School in 1856, practiced in New Hampshire and Oxford county, Me., removed to Augusta in 1871, practiced there one year, and then abandoned his profession for a special literary career [see page 260]. He was for eighteen years a member of the Augusta ex- amining board for invalid pensioners. D. P. Le Clair, born in St. Germain in 1864, was reared in Lewis- ton. He studied with Dr. L. J. Martel, of Lewiston, graduated from the Maine College there in 1885, and in 1889 began practice at Augusta. Since 1890 he has been a member of the city council, the first in that board of all the 1,600 French people residing in the city. C. C. Libby was born March 25, 1847, at Auburn, Ale., where he received his early schooling. He was later a student at Dartmouth ^^^^e-c^ >^5i-^^^2^^^^ ^^ K77 THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. dbd and Bowdoin Colleges. In 1880 he came to East Pittston. His marri- age was with Mattie L. Blodgett, of Pittston. Ariel Mann was born in Wrentham, Mass., May 14, 1777. He came to Hallowell in 1802, and was known as a very eminent surgeon, standing at the head of his profession in this section of the country. In 1810 he married Phebe B., daughter of William Morse. In later life, his health failing, he abandoned his practice and accepted the appointment of judge of probate, holding the office several years. He died March 16, 1828. Daniel Edward Mars'I'ON, M. D., of Monmouth, was born in what is now West Gardiner, May 13, 1836. He is in the ninth generation from William Marston, sen., an English Quaker who was born in Yorkshire, England, about 1592, and came with his family to Salem, Mass., in 1634; his two brothers, Robert and John, probably coming at the same time. In 1637 he removed to Newbury, and the next year to Winne- cumet, with his three sons and fifty-two others, where they made the first organized settlement on a grant of land from the general court of Massachusetts, and were incorporated into the town of Hamp- ton, which became subsequently a part of New Hampshire, and Wil- liam Marston, sen., became the patriarch of this branch of the family. He was a devout adherent of his religious faith, for which he suffered congregational persecution. In 1657 he petitioned the court at Hamp- ton that the fine of ;^15 might be remitted that had been imposed on him " for keeping a paper and two books, which inculcated Quaker doctrines." He died in Hampton in 1672, leaving four children by his first wife, and one by the last. Thomas Marston", his eldest child, was born in England in 1617,. and married Mary Estow, of Hampton. He was a capable citizen, highly esteemed by his fellow-townsmen, who entrusted him with public business. He died in 1690, the father of nine children. Isaac Marston", his eldest son, was born in 1648, and married, first, Eliza- beth Brown, and second, Mrs. Jane (Brackett) Haines. He lived on Hampton North hill, was made freeman in 1678, and selectman of his town in 1681. Caleb Marston', the eldest of his eight children, born 1672, married Anna Moulton, and settled on the old Hampton homestead, where he died in 1747, the father of nine children. Isaac Marston', his fourth child, was born in 1704, and settled in Newmarket, N. H., where he died in 1784. John Marston", the younger of his two children, was born in Newmarket in 1748, married Mary Hilton, and died in 1793. Nathaniel Marston', the fourth of their ten children, was born May 16, 1776, in Newmarket. When a young man he came to Winthrop,. Me., where he married Eleanor Watson in 1797. In 1806 they re- moved to West Gardiner, where he was a farmer, a blacksmith and a ab4 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. prominent man in the town. During- the war of 1812 he went with a company of state militia, of which he was captain, and joined the United States forces, serving- fifteen days. For this each man re- ceived from the government 160 acres of land. He died in 1848, the father of six children. Daniel Marston', the eldest, was born January 8, 1798, in Win- throp. While a young man he tried the sea for a time, then returned home, and in 1820 married Nancy W. Freeman, of Sacarappa, now Westbrook city. They first settled in Hallowell, where he engaged in the retail grocery business. His next move was to West Gardiner, where he settled as a farmer. He was postmaster there for many years, was active in public affairs and a zealous captain of the state militia. At the time of his death, in 1850, he was first selectman of the new town of West Gardiner, which had recently been a part of the city of Gardiner. Previous to the incorporation of the new town of West Gardiner, he was a councilman of the city of Gardiner. His nine children, of whom seven are living, are noticed on page 681. Doctor Marston", the subject of this article, was the sixth of his parents' nine children. He received the training of a farmer's son in a district school. At the age of sixteen he attended the Litchfield Academy, then taught school winters, and fitted for college. He read medicine with Dr. Cyrus Kendrick, of Litchfield, and the late Dr. Stephen Whitmore, of Gardiner, and was graduated from the Medical School of Maine, Bowdoin College, in the class of 1859. For the next year and a half he enjoyed the great advantages of an appointment on the medical staff of the hospitals on Blackwell's Island, New York, and received the ad eundem degree March, 1860, of the New York Medical College on Thirteenth street. Returning to Maine, Doctor Marston settled in Monmouth in the fall of 1860, where for more than thirty years he has enjoyed and de- served a substantial practice. He married, April 28. 1861, Ellen E. Meserve, of Richmond, Me. Their first children — Edward Pitt and Ellen Elizabeth, twins — were born July 3, 1862. Edward P'" chose the medical profession, was educated at Monmouth Academy and Bates College, and graduated from the medical department of Dart- mouth College in 1884. He is now in practice with his father in Mon- mouth, is a member of the Kennebec Medical Association, and was president of the society in 1890. Nellie Elizabeth took the full course and graduated at the State Normal School at Gorham. Mary Alice, the third child, was born in 1867, educated at Kents Hill and Welles- ley College, and married George M. Norris, now a lawyer in St. Paul, Minn. Daniel William", their youngest child, born June 3, 1875, prepared for college at the Coburn Classical Institute, Waterville, but has been interrupted in his studies by poor health. In 1862 Doctor Marston volunteered his services as surgeon and THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. 365 joined the medical staff of the army of the Potomac. Rapidly failing health compelled him to leave, after three months' service. One of these months was on transport steamers, which received the wounded during the seven days' battles before Richmond; afterward, he served at Fortress Monroe and in hospitals in Baltimore. He and his son, Dr. Edward P., are both Masons in the rank of Knights Templar. The former has served nine years on the Monmouth school committee, and five years on the local board of health, is a member of the Ken- nebec Medical Society, was vice-president of the Maine Medical Asso- ciation in 1883, and is a member of the American Medical Association. George W. Martin was born in 1834 in Pittsfield, educated at Cor- renna Academy and Westbrook Seminary, studied medicine at Pitts- field, and graduated in 1858 from the medical department of the Uni- versity of New York. He was assistant surgeon of the 6th Maine, surgeon of the 4th Maine, and of the 2d Maine Veteran Cavalry, and then became government medical inspector. In 1867 he located in Augusta, where he is still in practice. In 1873 he was made medical director of the military forces of Maine, and served till 1879. Robert J. Martin, his son, was born in Boston in 1864, read with him, and graduated from the medical department of the University of New York in 1887, being second in a class of 150. He went to Germany in 1890 to study the Koch method of lung treatment, and was the first to practice it in Maine. Thomas L. Meguier, who received his medical degree at Bowdoin College, came to Wmthrop in 1836, and practiced there until 1848. William Meigs, born in Easton, N. Y., graduated from the Maine Medical School at Bowdoin College in 1844, and practiced at Se- ward's Mills, Vassalboro, for seven or eight years prior to his re- moval to West Virginia, where he died in 1891. He was a man of great originality, and the author of several valuable inventions. His wife, who survives him, was Dulcie M., a sister of Judge Whitehouse. Paul Merrill graduated from Dartmouth about 1855. He was at once appointed assistant surgeon at the State Insane Asylum, where he remained three years, and then went into general practice at Augusta. Ebenezer C. Milliken, a graduate of the medical department of Bowdoin College, was a practitioner in Winthrop from 1835 to 1837, when he removed to Boston. Daniel Moody began practice in Clinton about 1862, and was located there for many years. G. J. Nelson, a son of Rev. A. J. Nelson, was born in Guilford, Me., in 1846, and prepared for college at China and Lincoln Academies, and at Waterville Classical Institute, entering Colby University in 1871. He was principal of China Academy two years, and of Freedom Academy one term. He then began the study of medicine with Doc- ^66 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. tors Crosby and Wilson, and in 1877 graduated from Bowdoin Medi- cal Colleg-e, settling- at Weeks Mills, where he practiced until Feb- ruary, 1892, when he removed to China village. James W. North, son of the historian, practiced at Weeks Mills about twelve years ago. James North, cousin of the historian, was born July 25, 1813. He graduated from the Bowdoin Medical School in 1841, practiced at Al- bion about 1850, and then went abroad and practiced dental surgery one year at Berlin, and seventeen years at Vienna. In October, 1869, he returned to his native land, and took up his residence in Phila- delphia. Charles E. Norton was born in Gardiner, graduated in medicine from Bowdoin in 1876, practiced awhile in Augusta, and then removed to Lewiston. Amos Nourse was partner of Dr. Ariel Mann in Hallowell for several years. He afterward became professor of obstetrics at Bow- doin College. James Deering Nutting, a graduate of the Maine Medical College, is a native of Otisfield, Me. In the common and high school of the town, and in the Bridgeton Academy he prepared for the study of medicine; in 1867, after a period of practice in the Maine Insane Hospital, he located in Hallowell, where he has since remained in active practice. George Carleton Parker, born in Clinton, Me., in 1851, is a son of Charles J. and Eliza (Roundy) Parker. He attended school at Kents Hill Seminary and Castine Normal School, and devoted twelve years to teaching. In 1877 he began the study of medicine under a private tutor, and, in 1878, entered Brunswick Medical School. Two years later he graduated from Dartmouth. In November, 1880, he began practice in Clinton and East Fairfield, and in November, 1890, re- moved to Winthrop. He took a special course at the New York Post Graduate Medical School and Hospital in 1890. He married Rose B., daughter of Edmund Parkman. Their only son is Ralph B. David Elkins Parsons is the son of David, who was the eldest child and only son of Samuel Parsons, who was born in Epping, N. H., in 1779, and came to Cornville, Me., about 1800, where he died in 1835. David Parsons, born in Cornville, December 16, 1802, was a farmer and married Beulah Lancaster, of Norridgewock, Me. He died in Rockford, Iowa, December 28, 1881. His four children were: Sarah E., Stephen D., Samuel S. and David E., who was born in Corn- ville December 3,1836. He grew up amid the healthful influences of a country life, and received the advantages that well-to-do farmers were able to bestow. When eighteen years old he went to Bloomfield Academy and fitted for Waterville College, which he entered in 1857, .and remained one year. The next year he was engaged in teaching tvTcuM^ ^ foL "cuMi^ m lj(XA.i-^7^ THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. 367 in Maryland, and in 1859 went to Schenectady, N. Y., and entered the junior class in Union College, then under the presidency of the cele- brated Doctor Nott. On the breaking out of the civil war in 1861, he left college and enlisted in Company A, 19th Maine, July 29, 1862, as a private. Turn- ing all his energies to filling the ranks, he succeeded in enlisting such a number of men that he was commissioned second lieutenant by Governor Washburn, August 25th, and went with his regiment to the defense of Washington, where it was assigned to Gorman's Brigade, Howard's Division. In this command, the 19th Maine was first under fire at Charleston, W. Va., and next at Fredericksburg, where several men were wounded. Under the command of Colonel Heath, this regiment was conspicuously engaged at Gettysburg, where, facing a terrific fire, 68 men were killed or mortally wounded, 127 were wounded, and 4 were missing; a total of 199 out of 404 present. It is a matter of history, that the greatest percentage of loss in any brigade, in any one action during the war, occurred at Gettys- burg in Harrow's Brigade, composed of the 19th Maine, 15th Massachu- setts, 1st Minnesota, and the S2d New York. These four regiments went into the action with 1,246 officers and men, of whom they lost 61 per cent, killed and wounded. In the battle of the Wilderness, Captain Parsons was shot through the arm, when he was granted a sixty-day furlough and came home. While returning to his command, he was at the battle in front of Fort Stevens when Early made his attack on Washington; during the battle President Lincoln was conspicuous in the fort. By promotion, he was made first lieutenant of Company A, Novem- ber 21, 1862, and captain of Company B, June 23, 1863. Captain Parsons fought with his regiment in all the principal battles of the army of the Potomac, from the first Fredericksburg to Appomattox, except when absent wounded. He was again promoted, November, 11, 1864, to be major of his regiment, serving faithfully to the close of the war, and was mustered out May 30, 1865. The 19th Regiment went to the front under the last call by the president for three years' men, who went without bounty. Lieutenant Colonel Joseph W.Spaulding,who went out as first lieu- tenant, and Major Parsons, were the only two men who went out with the 19th Regiment as commissioned officers, and returned as .such. Of such a record any one has a right to be proud, and every one has cause to be grateful. Devoted service in that great war is a fame that will intensify as time rolls on. Returning home, Major Parsons read medicine with Dr. John Rob- bins, of Norridgewock, having chosen and commenced preparing for this profession while in college. He attended lectures first at Har- vard University, and completed his course at the medical department 368 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. of Bowdoin College, where he graduated in the class of 1866. His first practice was in Stetson. Me., till 1870; then in Norridgewock, and since 1874 at Oakland. Doctor Parsons is a member of the Kennebec County and of the Maine State Medical Associations, and has made an honorable record as a country practitioner. He married Clara A. Rogers, of Stetson, Me., February 20, 1864, David W. Parsons, their only child, is now a student in the Yale Law School at New Haven. Mrs. Parsons died in 1869, and in 1872 Doctor Parsons married Belle F. Bixby, of Norridgewock. They have one child, Mary B. Parsons. C. F. Perkins was born in 1846. His grandfather was William Perkins, who came from Wiscasset to Windsor, where his four sons were born. C. F., son of William, jun., graduated from Bellevue Medical College in 1885, and practiced in China until 1889, when he removed to Augusta. A. P. A. Pichette, son of E. G. Pichette, was born in 1863, at Lew- isville, P. Q. He was educated at the Seminary of Nicolet, P. Q., at Laval, Victoria, and at Bishop Universities, Montreal. He received his medical degree from the Provincial Medical Board in 1888, and was in practice for one year with his brother, at the same time keep- ing a drug store at Nicolet, P. O. In July, 1889, he came to Water- ville. Samuel Plaisted was born in Gardiner in 1802, graduated from Brown Medical School at Providence, R. I., and practiced in Water- ville until his death in 1860. He married Mary J., daughter of Moses Appleton, and their three children are: Aaron Appleton, J. H. and Florence. Aaron A. was born March 25, 1831, graduated from Colby University in 1851, and has been cashier of the Ticonic National Bank since 1858. He married, in 1856, Emily C. Heath. Joseph Noyes Pidgin was born in Salisbury, Mass., in 1808, studied medicine with the late Dr. Jacob Tewksbury, of Oxford, Me., graduated from the Maine Medical School in 1831, and settled at Litchfield. He was elected to the legislature by the whig party in 1836, but did not live to take his seat. Jesse Pike, father of Daniel T. Pike, Pike, practiced in Litchfield about 1820. Albert F. Plimpton [page 703], son of Elias and Nancy (Billings) Plimpton, was born in Litchfield in 1832, attended school at Litchfield Academy, read medicine in Gardiner and Boston, and graduated from the Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, in 1859. He practiced in Pittston, and from 1862 in Gardiner, where, from 1867, he kept a drug store until his death, August 10, 1892. Huldah M. Potter, born in Parsonsfield, Me., was the daughter of John and Huldah (Dalton) McArthur, who came from Boston to Au- gusta before 1850. Huldah M. attended the public schools of Au- THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. 369 gusta, and the boarding school at Gorham, Me. In 1868 she married Charles F. Potter, of Augusta, who died the same year. A few years later she decided to become a physician, and, after due preparation, attended medical lectures at the Boston University, graduating in 1877. In 1879 she came to Gardiner, where her professional abilities are attested by a large practice. Her partner is Miss Dr. G. E. Heath. Nathan G. H. Pulsifer, born in 1824, a son of Dr. Moses R. Pulsi- fer, was educated in district schools and Gorham Academy, and gradu- ated from Dartmouth Medical School in 1848. He studied with his father and Dr. N. C. Harris, and began practice in 1849, in which year he went to California, via Cape Horn, as surgeon of the ship. Upon his return he spent one year in study at New York and Philadelphia, and since January, 1852, has practiced in Waterville. He married Ann P., daughter of William Moor. They have four children: Nora P. (Mrs. F. L. Thayer), Cornelia (Mrs. Herbert L. Kelley), William Moor, M. D., and Ralph H., M. D. Doctor Pulsifer has been devoting his attention to real estate operations and banking for the past twenty years. Ralph H. Pulsifer, born in 1865, was prepared for college at Co- burn Classical Institute and graduated from Colby Universiiyin 1886. His medical education was acquired at the Boston Medical School and Hahnemann College, of Philadelphia. In November, 1890, he began practice in Waterville. Epaphras K. Prescott, of Monmouth, was a physician in that vicinity for many years prior to his death, about 1874. Oliver Prescott. born in 1791, practiced at Cross Hill, Vassalboro, prior to his death in 1853. Frank M. Putnam was born in San Francisco in 1856, reared in Boston and educated at Burton, Mass., graduated from Dartmouth in 1877, and studied medicine at Portland and Brunswick, Me. He took a medical course at Harvard, spent two years in Europe, and in 1880 began practice in Gardiner. He resides in Farmingdale, where he married the daughter of Joseph C. Atkins, and is superintendent of the town schools. Asa Quimby was the first doctor who settled in Albion, being in practice there about 1800. Samuel Quimby, a tall, spare built, tireless man, noted as a genius in collecting the last cent from the toiling settlers, was the earliest physician in Mt. Vernon. He enjoyed riding home on a bag of ashes, which his poorest patrons could always spare. He saved his money, and for thirty years either built or owned more than half the grist mills in that town. George L. Randall, of Vassalboro, was born in 1815, was educated 24 370 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. in Vassalboro and at Kents Hill, and after teaching twelve terms, turned his attention to the study of medicine under Dr. Hiram H. Hill, of Augusta. He graduated from Bowdoin College in 1844, and began general practice at Stetson, Me. Two years later he removed to Vassalboro, the home of his wife, who is a sister of the late Ira D. Sturgis. His father, Isaac Randall, came to Vassalboro from Cape Cod, about 1800, as a school teacher. During his first term his knowl- edge of medicine became valuable to the community, and he enjoyed a successful career as a physician until his death in 1820. George M. Randall, son of Dr. George L. Randall, was born in Vassalboro, in 1863, graduated at Bowdoin College m 1889 and in 1891 began practice at Augusta. Charles Russell was born in Bethel, Me., in 1820, graduated from the University of Maryland in 1848, and came to Fayette in 1865, where he died about 1888. F. A. Roberts was born in Jackson Me., in 1839. At the age of seventeen he began the study of medicine with Dr. Manter, of Win- throp. Me. He received the degree of M. D. from Dartmouth in 1860. In September, 1862, he began practice in China, removed to North Vassalboro three years later, and in October, 1883, came to Waterville, where he died May 26, 1892. His grandfather, Jacob Roberts, M. D., a Quaker, practiced at North Vassalboro the last fifteen years of his life. Whiting Robinson came to Benton about 1812, and practiced there until his death, about 1853. A. T. Schuman, son of J. L. Schuman, was born in Damariscotta, Me. He came to Gardiner when four years of age, and there received his academic education. He graduated from New York Homeopathic College, and after four 3'ears in New York city returned to Gardiner, where he has since practiced. Arthur A. Shaw was born in Etna, Me., in 1864, graduated from the Maine Central Institute in 1887, studied with Dr. T. M. Griffin, of Pittsfield, Me., for one year, and then went to Bowdoin College, gradu- ating in 1891. In August of the same year he began to practice in Clinton. Herbert F. Shaw graduated in medicine from the Boston College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1883, and settled the same year in Mt. Vernon. Charles P. Small, son of Rev. A. K. P. Small, D. D., was born in 1863, graduated from Colby University in 1886, and three years later from the Maine State Medical School. He spent one year in the Maine General Hospital at Portland, and one year as second assistant surgeon at the National Home at Togus. In September, ]891, he be- gan practice in Waterville, and a year later removed to Chicago. Issachar Snell was born in Bridgewater, Mass., April 16, 1775. He w^^..^^ Ill' University in 1797, studied medicine with pli, and surgery with V he celebrated Dr. Na- !in, and settled in his D.'.tive town in 1800, practice until 180r> wheu lie removed to !^ of the next year he removed •<> Winthrop. 1 Winthrop, and after his removal U) Augusta ::cd in the active practice of his profession, he leation. His specialty was .surgery, .n which xtended reputation and practicv. DociorSnell hy an accidental overturning of his sulky Octo- of seventy-four rears. -Snow, son of Abiezer and Sally CPunnirtn) Snow., Mck, Me., March 14, 1826. His mother > a family to be provided for i'^ ibject of this sketch, at fourteer, :ome and care for himself. By w ... :. . ling chores in winter, he was able to ;^et one or two terms of schooling a y .■. ni a pri- ighteen he was asked to teach adiM ii school, tation of being difficult to manage. !iis success his services sought for in similar sch'n.ls in other .ever had occasion to seek a situati'v: although he one or two terms a year for severe; years. As a II the first a strong advocate of sciiool discipline, ■ iinishment; and he very seldotn resorted to it in ncrthe intervals of teaching he attended the i.ad nearly completed tht. preparatory studies in College, ill health made a change necessary. iT.s of desultory living, having saved ;t few hundred need the study of medicine, and w.is a private pupil -ician and surgeon, the late I'rof. E. R. Peaslee, 4 for three terms in the Medical School of .;ras in the Dartmouth, X. H., Medical School; ■e former in 1854. He received the appointment inatomy in both schools. He married Matilda B., bewail, of Winthrop, Me., and commenced the ihat town in the fall of 1854. After six busy - .spent a year in attendance at some of tJK- ^•-'=1 '1 hospitals of this country and Europe. w fall of 1861, and offered his services to i 372 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. ernor to go into the army, in case he should be needed: but, on account of ill health, did not otherwise desire an appointment. Doctor Snow- early joined the Maine Medical Association, and soon became one of its active members: contributing papers on the " Prevailing Diseases of Kennebec County," "Puerperal Convulsions." " Diphtheria," " Medi- cal Education," etc., published in its annual transactions. In 1873 he was president of the association, and in his inaugural address, among other practical subjects, argued in favor of a state board of health; which the legislature has since established, to the great benefit of the commonwealth. He has always taken an interest in the Ken- nebec County Medical Association, of which, at its second annual meeting, in 1869, he was president. He is also a member of the American Medical Association, and has served on important com- mittees in that body. Outside of his professional work. Doctor Snow has perhaps con- tributed more to the public good, in his school relations, than in any other direction. He was on the school board for the Winthrop vil- lage schools upward of twenty years, more than half that time as chairman. He generally had the cooperation of teachers, parents and scholars, m his efforts to improve the schools, and bring them up to the standard of the best in the state. In 1871 he was a member of the state legislature, and introduced a bill entitled " An Act to regulate the qualifications of practitioners in Medicine and Surgery;" which was referred to the committee on the judiciary, ordered printed, and then re-committed. The bill excited a great deal of attention, both in and out of the state house, and was quite generally commented on by the press of the state, for the most part in favorable terms. After several hearings, the committee, by a vote of five to four, refused it a favorable report to the legislature, and then referred it to the next legislature, where it was killed, and, although several efforts have since been made to secure the passage of a registration law for this state, failure has thus far been the result. In 1879 Doctor Snow was appointed a trustee of the Maine Insane Hospital, and he has occupied other positions of responsibility and trust, both as a physician and a citizen. For thirty years he has had a large practice, for a country place, extending over a wide field; and during those years he turned his back upon none, serving with the best abilities and attainments he had, rich and poor alike, in sunshine and storm, by day and night. In recent years he has been obliged to relinquish a portion of his work, and sometimes to give it up alto- gether for a time; having spent one whole winter in California, and another in Florida, and shorter periods in other places. But for the most part, he still continues in the active practice of his profession. Albert Fisk Stanley, fifth child of John and Juliet (Marsh) Stan- ley, was born in Attleboro, Mass., April 28, 1806. He was descended THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. 373 from Matthew Stanley, who came to Lynn, Mass., in 1864. When Albert F. was eleven years old his father removed to Readfield, where he bought a farm; and, while doing his share of the farm work, he obtained what education he could at the district schools, and in one term at Kents Hill. He began the study of medicine with Dr. Dexter Baldwin, Mt. Vernon, and obtained a diploma from Bowdoin Medical School in 1829. In 1831 he began practice at Dixfield, Me., and December 1, 1836, married Mahala A. M. Branscomb, of Farm- ington Falls, who was born June 11,1814, and died at Winthrop, August 29, 1889. Their eldest child, Juliet M., born July 11, 1838, married, in 1886, the late I. P. Warren, D. D., of Portland. Mary Malvina, born February 2, 1843, married John Gower, of Win- throp. In December of the latter year Doctor Stanley removed to Winthrop, where he resided until his death. Three daughters and a son were added to his family here, of whom but two are living: Jane Elizabeth, born January 14, 1845, and John Albert, born Febru- ary 17, 1847, who is the editor and proprietor of the Winthrop Budget. Doctor Stanley built up an extensive practice in Winthrop, and dur- ing the war was one of the large company of volunteer surgeons who entered the service after the second battle of Bull Run. It was in the army that he contracted the disease of which he eventually died, July 10, 1867. He was a member of the Winthrop Congregational church, and an active, practical Christian, supplementing kind words with still kinder deeds. His heart was large, his impulses true, and his sympathies strong. His death was deeply lamented, for he had been the friend, as well as physician, of a wide circle of families. Daniel Stevens settled in China in 1808, and practiced there until his death, in 1841, at the age of fifty-nine. David P. Stowell, son of Rev. David and Emily C. Stowell, was born in 1838, at Townsend, Mass. He graduated from Phillips Exeter Academy in 1857, attended Amherst College one year, taught at Pem- broke (N. H.) Academy one year, and in 1859 began the study of medicine, attending lectures at Dartmouth Medical School. He was graduated from the University of New York in 1862, and served in the regular army one year as an assistant surgeon. In November, 1863, he was commissioned assistant surgeon of the 8th New Hamp- shire, and served until June, 1864, in which year he began private practice at Masonsville, N. H. In August, 1871, he removed to Mer- cer, Me., where he practiced until August, 1878, when he came to Waterville. He has been a member of the school board since 1888, and a member of the city council since 1891. His wife is Sarah E. Bachelder. Albion K. P. Strout is the son of Hon. Stephen Strout, of Free- dom, Me., and the grandson of Stephen Strout, of Limington, Me., whose father was Lieutenant Isaac Strout, an officer in the revolu- 374 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. tionary army, settled in that town after the war, and filled many of its official positions. Hon. Stephen Strout, of Freedom, was a civil engineer for .several years and a commissioner of Waldo county. He had a natural inclination for scientific investigation, was an early student of the uses and possibilities of electricity, spending part of his time giving public lectures on this still wonderful theme, in illus- trating which he used one of the finest pieces of telegraphic apparatus ever then shown to the public. One of his electrical machines was given to Winthrop Academy. He married Julia Gilbert Drake, a school teacher of large experience. Of their seven children, the first two — Albion K. P. and Charles O., now of Boston — are the only sur- vivors. The third child, William G., a lawyer, died in Brooklyn, N. Y., of lockjaw, to which dread disease his grandfather had also fallen a victim. Hannibal C., Frank W., Annie and Arthur were the names of the remaining children. Albion K. Paris Strout was born in Freedom, October 23, 1848. After leaving the common school he fitted for college in the academy in his native town, and then became a student in the Pittsfield and Westbrook Seminaries, where he advanced his studies to the junior college year. The civil war was then the all absorbing matter of interest, and, m 1864, instead of finishing his college course, he en- listed in Company A, Maine Coast Guard, and was ordered to Wash- ington, where his detachment was stationed until the close of the war. Returning home, he taught school for a while, at the same time reading medicine, which he had chosen as a profession. Completing his preliminary reading at Brunswick, he attended lectures, first at Bowdoin College and then at Dartmouth, where he was graduated in 1872. From there he went to New York city and further enjoyed the advantages and lectures of Bellevue Hospital, and the College of Physicians and Surgeons. His first practice was in Albion, Me., in 1873, from thence, during the next year, to his present location in Gardiner, where he is now in partnership with his son, Fred E. Strout, M. D. He has been an examining surgeon for pensions four years; city physician five years; a member of the County Medical Society, and examining physician for various life insurance companies. Doctor Strout married, in 1872, Myra E. Libbey, of Albion. Their children have been: Maud L., who died in 1874; Arthur W. and a pair of twins, Ray and Ruth. Charles W. Taggart, born in 1847 in Steuben, Me., is a son of Rev. John Taggart, jun., a Methodist clergyman, and in consequence Doctor Taggart's early education was received in thirteen different towns. He graduated from Bowdoin Medical School in 1873, and in August of that year began practice in Weld, Me. In April, 1874, he went to ^. i^ -7^ * hlCAL PROFESSION. ; iiie, 1870, removed to Winthrop, where . .1.^ Aife was Nancy M. Meady. hayer, of French Huguenot extraction, was . February 7, 1783. He began the practice of ...joro, where his eldest -'jn, Albert, was born i^raduate of Waterville Cui lege, and practiced n until his death in 1831? Shortly after the Thayer removed to Fairfie: ■ here his second ■ Thayer prac- t in that year ■;n in 1810. Prior to 1836 I). ■ '. Fairfield and in all that section, Kerville, where he died. May 24, ISTv merchant in Fairfield, but reus .il on business there, at tlie corrr ..lauy years. He was a selectman oJ ' ' . ears, and was universally esteemed, li jr. October, 1836, he marrie'l Susar . only child, Frederick ■ ;al profession in Water'. •0, 1844. •.«nded the schools of hi- •. uf '66, Waterville Colle, o Union College, Schenec n months, and then studie ■tny, N. Y., where he als' i; College from 1865 to L'- iment of Bowdoin Colle^ u lionorary degree of A. >-i wa.^ ■ ■d to Water- ■f Main and iterville for ■:h in public ■. Tobey, of r. nowledged the latter he re- James ctures of ard entered ;raduated in ed upon him il i ■,)ractice of his profcs -.on in • '.rville in 1867, he has risen to a celebrity afined by local been a pioneer in this comn; :y in difficult sur- . tiling for cool, conservative j'-)<;ifment, and requir- •ime the most delicate touch; •■ c-t has for the most It to follow cautiously where the world's eminent cessfully led, and inconsequence lus consultation \s-n to extensive proportior - He- has held many f honor and responsibil^ ' : 1878 he was presi- bec County Medical A-s.. .: :..n, in 1884-.') he was \lumni Association of '.ue medical department of •n 1885-6 he was a member of the legislature, and delivered the anniKi! oration before the Maine Medi- He was president of the Maine Medical Association derman of Watcrville in 1889: and in 1890 was a lernational Medical Congress held at Berlin, anc'. s .Vmerican Medical Association. 376 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. December 2, 1871, Doctor Thayer was united in marriage to Leonora Snell, daughter of Judge William B. Snell noticed at page 332 ct seq. Ira Thing, son of Dr. Samuel Thing, was born in Mt. Vernon in 1809. He was in trade in Hallowell for several years, then went to Cincinnati, studied medicine, received his degree and returned to Mt. Vernon, where he practiced until his death in 1S65. William L. Thompson was born in Newbury, Vt., in 1823. He was educated at Francistown Academy, N. H., and taught four years at Newburyport. He took medical lectures at Dartmouth, and was graduated from the Homeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania in 1857. He located at Dover, N. H., and in December, 1865, began in Augusta what is now the longest consecutive practice of any Homeop- athist ever in that city. He was a charter member of the State Homeopathic Medical Society, and has been its president. Will S. Thompson, son of William L. Thompson, of Augusta, was born in 1853 at Newburyport, Mass. He graduated from Bowdoin College in 1875. He attended medical lectures at Dartmouth, and in 1879 graduated from the Homeopathic College at Cleveland, O.; prac- ticing since then in Hallowell and Gardiner. Benjamin L. Tibbetts was born in Parsonsfield, Me., in 1836. He prepared for college at Limington, Me., and while there began, in 1859, the study of medicine under Dr. vSamuel Bradbury. He took a medical course at Dartmouth in 1860, another at Bowdoin in 1861, and in the latter year graduated from Dartmouth and began a practice cour.se in the Boston Hospital in 1862. The following year he came to China, succeeding Dr. George E. Brickett, and in 1876 located at North Vassalboro, associating with him Dr. Charles Mabry, a gradu- ate of Bowdoin College, in 1879. Doctor Tibbetts died in September, 1892. Benjamin Vaughan is noticed at page 191. Michael Walcott, from Attleboro, Mass., was the first regular phy- sician in Winthrop. Before, and after his stay of less than three years, there was no physician nearer than the Kennebec river, Dr. Daniel Cony, of Augusta being the best known. Mrs. Ward, a remarkable woman, physically and mentally, who possessed medical skill and great powers of endurance, performed the duties of a physician and midwife in China prior to 1808, in which year the first regular doctor settled in the town. John O. Webster read medicine with George E. Brickett, took one course of lectures at Bowdoin, and in 1868 graduated from Harvard University Medical College. He practiced at Lynn, Mass., at Augusta, and in 1892 removed to California. Stephen Whit.more, late of Gardiner, brother of Nathaniel M. [see page 341], was born May 9, 1814, and when a young man began h< Jf/.L THE MEniCAI, PROFESSION. 377 reading medicine with Doctor Tinker, next with Doctor McKeen, of Brunswick, and lastly with Doctor Hubbard, of Hallowell. Before liis graduation, which was from the medical department of Bowdoin College at Brunswick, Stephen enjoyed the advantages of spending some time with the eminent Doctor Jackson, of Boston, and for a sea- son the opportunities for medical students for which Philadelphia has so long been celebrated. His first professional practice was in Jeffer- son, Me., from whence he came to Gardiner in 1837. Here he found a. field for the practical use of the knowledge he had gained by so many years of laborious preparation. Hard work and undue exposure reduced his vital powers to the point where a severe fever .set in. Be- fore his recovery warranted an exposure an importunate request from an old friend tempted him to visit a patient. A severe cold and a re- lapse ensued that made him a chronic invalid for eleven years, and a sufferer for life. Prolonged weakness followed, making the slightest exertion perilous, and ultimate recovery a question of the gravest doubt. In this dilemma he retired in 1841 to his father's farm in Bowdoinham and began a fight for existence that lasted one-sixth of all the years of his life. Nothing but undaunted courage and the daily use of good judgment and an unconquerable will carried him through. In 18.')2 he returned to Gardiner and began a career of professional usefulness and efficiency that triumphed over all previous drawbacks and resulted in all the attainments of a most successful life. The growth and extent of his practice were remarkable. It seemed as though business had been waiting for him through all those eleven weary years. People appeared to reason that a spirit that had con- quered disease in its own body must have some strange power over the diseases of others. His own patients covered a scope of territory •equaled perhaps by that of none of his contemporaries, with the pos- sible exception of his brother, Chadbourn, while his reputation sum- moned him in consultation to all parts of the Kennebec valley. The marvel is that so frail a body could, for over a quarter of a century, respond to the exacting requirements of such a tireless mind and im- perious will. He married Maria Haskell, of Topsham. They had two children: Warren S. Whitmore, the lawyer, and Alice Maria, wife of W. T. Windram, of Boston. Doctor Whitmore was a devout member and a warden of Christ church in Gardiner. He died February 9, 1880, from an attack of pneumonia, and his tired body was laid peacefully at rest in Oak Grove Cemetery. Chadbourn W. Whit.more, a brother of Nathaniel M. [page 341], was born in 1819 on the old family homestead in Bowdoinham. The influences that environed his early life were all of the character pecu- liar to a quiet agricultural community. He was an active boy at home, bright at school, but never of a demonstrative nature — quiet, consid- 378 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTV. erate and reflective. After a few terms at Monmouth Academy his choice of a profession settled on the medical. He read with Dr. John Hubbard, of Hallowell, and Prof. James J^IcKean, of Brunswick, where he attended lectures and graduated in the medical department of Bowdoin College in the class of 1839. With an exalted idea of the qualifications a physician should pos- sess, he supplemented his college course with special observation and study in the hospitals of Philadelphia, and settled as a practitioner in Richmond, where he attained a large business. Gardiner, but ten miles away, brought him so many professional calls that he thought best to avail himself of its greater opportunities by making that his home, which he did in 1846. From this time to his death he gave himself to his profession with an earnest devotion characteristic of the man. He was fully six feet tall, of fine proportions, and always po.ssessed a full share of the energy and ambition for which the Whitmore family were rightly noted. Night and day he responded to the engrossing demands of a constantly widening field of labor. January 1, 1850, he married Harriet E., daughter of Captain Thomas and Harriet B. (Currier) Sampson, of West Gardiner. When the late war had grown to be the absorbing business of the nation, he joined the medical force and was sent to New Orleans, where he had large experience in the hospitals to which so many soldiers were driven by that exhausting climate. By order of General Butler he had charge of enforcing vaccination throughout the city. The doctor used to say this was the best professional job he ever had — his fees amounting to several thousand dollars. After returning to Gardiner he resumed his practice, and was also United States examining surgeon. But the labors and exposures of his past life began to sensibly diminish his endurance. He tried work at the old rapid pace, but had to give it up. Gradually he gave up general practice, attending only special old friends and an occasional consultation. The inevitable event occurred March 24, 1884, in Washington, D. C, whither he had gone with his wife for a change of climate and for medical advice. Mrs. Whitmore, who survived him, died November 22, 1891. Obadiah Williams was the first physician of Waterville. He was a chief citizen of old Ticonic village until his death in 1799. Richard Williams began practice in Clinton about 1857; Pitt M. Whitten was in practice there in 1880; and G. F. Webber, who came in 1888, still follows his profession there. George H. Wilson, son of Nehemiah Wilson, of New Hampshire, was born in Litchfield in 1828, educated at Monmouth and Litchfield Academies, graduated from Bowdoin in May, 1856, studied with Dr. THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. 379 G. S. Palmer, of Gardiner, and began practicing in Bath. After spend- ing six months in Harpswell and two years in Palermo, he removed in 1859 to Albion, where he has since practiced. His wife, Mary S. Parsons, of Litchfield, died in 1889. His children are: Georgia, who married Carroll W. Abbott, M.D., and Charles E. Wilson, of Boston. Anna (Huston) Winslow, wife of James Winslow, lived in what is now Randolph, and from their settlement there, in 1763, she practiced medicine and midwifery. She was widely known as " Granny Wins- low," and practiced from Bath to Augusta. Fred E. Withee, son of Elmarien Withee, of Benton, was born at Vanceboro in 1865. He was educated in the public schools and grad- uated from Dirigo Business College, Augusta. He studied medicine with Dr. M. S. Goodrich, and in March, 1892, received his degree from the College of Physicians and Surgeons at Baltimore. He is a part- ner of Doctor Goodrich at Waterville. Warren A. Wright, born in 1837 in Palmyra, Me., attended school in his native town and at several academies, and began the study of medicine at Norridgewock with Dr. John Robbins. He graduated from Harvard in 1862, and in July of that year began practice in Readfield. Other physicians who are, or who have been, in practice in Ken- nebec county, of whom the place, or place and time of practice, or name only, can be given, are: William Albee, Clinton; Sewall W. Allen, Oakland; James Bachelder Bell, Augusta, 1879; Dr. Babb, Wa- terville, early; C. F. Brock, Clinton, 1891; Charles H. Barker, Wayne; Dr. Bennett, China; James H. Brainard, China, 1822; Dr. Brown, Sid- ney; Dr. Bowman, Benton, prior to 1816; James Bates, Hiram Bates and Joseph Bacheller, Fayette; E. E. Brown, Clmton; Dr. Curtis, Mt. Vernon, who hung himself in 1821: Benjamin Clement, Oakland, 1834; Samuel Chase, Mt. Vernon; Jcshua Cushman, Winslow, 1823; Dr. Cook, Waterville, early; Dr. Caswell, James B. Cochrane and George B. Crane, Fayette; Dr. Chase, V. P. Coolidge, Waterville; Dr. Dow, Litchfield Corner; Moses Frost, Sidney. 1853; Dr. Fuller, Albert G. French and Lincoln French, Fayette; A. L. French, W^ayne; A. R. Fellows, Winthrop; Dr. Goodspeed, China; Dr. Goodwin, Litchfield Corner; William Guptill, Clinton, about 1850; Seward Garcelon, Ben- ton, prior to 1865; Timothy F. Hanscom, 1819, Dr. Hatch, prior to 1864, A. J. Hunt, 1860, and F. C. Hall, China, 1886; F. F. Hascony; Dr. Hale, Albion, about 1825; John Hartwell, Winthrop, 1848 to 1854; Ambrose Howard, one of the earliest physicians in Sidney; Samuel Louis; Dr. Lambright, Fayette; George W. Merrill, 1867, A. M. Moore and G. A. Martin, China, 1879; Elijah Morse, Mt. Vernon; Dr. Mit- chell, Branch Mills; Byron Mclntire, Clinton, 1891; Bryant Morton; Dr. Manter, Winthrop, 1857; Joseph H. North, Oakland; Dr. Noyes, 380 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Waterville, early; James Parker, Farmingdale, 1801; Alva Plummer, Mt. Vernon; D. C. Perkins, Clinton, 1881; Isaac Palmer, Fayette; Dr. Pierce, Albion, 1859; Lewis M. Palmer (page 703); Lemuel Russell, Fayette; Willis A. Russell: A. H. Richardson, Benton, since 1868; Charles Rowell, Clinton, 1867; A. T. Stinson, China; Dr. Safford, Litchfield; Dr. Smith, Fayette; E. Small, Winthrop, 1844; Dr. Tarbell, Branch Mills; Dr. Thorndike, Clinton, about 1850; Silas C. Thomas, Mt. Vernon; L P. Tash, Clinton, 1881; Darius Walker, Mt. Vernon; Dr. Williams, Branch Mills; Noah Watson, Lewis Watson and Charles H. Wing-, Fayette; Dr. Waterman; and A. C. Wright, at Pittston. CHAPTER XVI. AUGUSTA. By Capt. Charles E. Nash. The Ancient Plymouth Trading House.— The Pilgrims who conducted it.— The first Local Magistrate.— Sale of the Plymouth Patent. — Its Abandonment and Revival.— Building of Fort Western. — The first Settler at Augusta. — Lotting of the Land. — Settlement begun.— The first Mills. — Incorporation of Township of Hallowell.— The first Roads.— The first Preaching.— Eifects of the War of the Revolution. — John Jones, the Tory. — Arnold's Army en route to Quebec— Effects of National Independence. — Arrival of new Settlers. — The first Meeting House and settled Minister. — Division of the Town into eight School Districts and three Parishes.— The earliest Burial Places.— The Hallowell Academy. — Rivalry of the Hook and Fort Western Settlements. — Building of the Kennebec Bridge.— Division of the Old Town into the New Towns of Hallowell and Harrington. THE beginning of the city of Augusta was on the plateau that is now centrally occupied by the remains of Fort Western at the eastern end of the Kennebec bridge. There, eight years after the landing from the Mayfloivcr, the Pilgrim fathers built a trading house for traffic with the Indians. Previously the spot had been the site of a wigwam village, where the fires had burned a niche in the forest and laid bare a few roods of the mellow soil which every spring the squaws, with their rude hoes, worked into productive corn-hills, and where the young braves found room to practice their rollicking games of wrestling, running and dancing. The illustrious men who founded the Plymouth colony came to this place every year for about a thi'rd C'-' century, bringing in their shallops a variety of commodi- ties for the Indian market, and enjoying great profit so long as the supply of beaver skins continued good. Among these traders we first discern the conspicuous presence of Edward Winslow, the colony's resolute business leader, who opened the traffic in 1625, and who appears to have been the projector of the monopoly that was called the Kennebec patent; his associates in the trade were some of his noted fellow-pilgrims. Governor Bradford is recorded to have been on the river in 1634, and so are John Alden and John Howland. Captain Miles Standish was often here — not in his military trappings, for the Indians were then petted rather than S82 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. pestered. John Winslow (the brother of Edward) was a familiar per- sonage at the trading house, and had charge of it for a series of years — sometimes as agent for the colony and at others as manager for the lessees. The second Governor Winslow (Josiah, son of Edward) was .at one time a partner in farming the patent. Governor Prince was also one of those early Kennebeckers; he was commissioned by the •colony in 1654 to organize a local government for the pioneers whom the industries of fishing and trading had drawn to the shores of an- ■cient Sagadahoc and Merrymeeting bay; he promulgated a series of ordinances devised for the good order of the little heterogeneous ■community. Captain Constant Southworth was appointed a magis- trate at Cusenage, as the place of the Plymouth trading house was then called. His jurisdiction was throughout the patent. His func- tions were mainly to be a terror to trespassing stranger traders and to check the sale of demoralizing liquors to the Indians. He was the first resident officer of the civil law in the territory of the present Kennebec county. He received his authority from the magistrates of Plymouth, who had themselves just obtained from Oliver Crom- well a confirmation of their patent, with permission to take political possession of the whole river. There is no spot anywhere along the banks of the Kennebec that is more interesting in its historical associations than the site of the ancient Cushnoc trading house. It turns our thoughts back to the crucial years of the first successful English colony in America, and to the men that set in motion the forces that were destined to transform the gloomy wilderness into the mighty New England of to-day. The ground of Bowman and William streets and of the adjacent lots was trod many times by the same feet that consecrated Plymouth Rock. There, was the mutual meeting place of the business men of Plym- outh and the fur-hunting natives; the latter flocked hither from their farthest haunts to be tempted by the enticing productions of civilization. Father Druillettes sometimes accompanied them, and was occasionally the guest of the hospitable traders. Of the trading house itself we have no description. It must have been a log structure, roofed with scantling or bark, and ''jh^^'-d by windows of oiled paper — for glass was then rare and costly. It was hedged by a tall and close fence of pickets for retiracy and security. The workmen seem to have wrought with a view to some permanency, for we are told by the ex-Indian captive. Captain Bane (now Beane), that in 1692 — more than thirty years after the withdrawal of the •traders — the remains of the establishment were still visible among the new-grown trees and shrubbery. The magistracy of Captain Southworth continued for a few years only. We read that in 1655 he went before the governor of Plymouth and took the oath of office for his distant bailiwick. After this the records are silent on the subject. The commerce with the natives, which had long been languishing, was now growing profitless. Soon after (in 1661), the colony sold the patent to four enterprising business men (Thomas Brattle, Antipas Boies, Edward Tyng, John Winslow), who tried to revive the trade, but finally abandoned it — leaving the river (about 1665) to the repossession of the impoverished natives, and the wild beasts, their companions. Thus, for nearly forty years was the intervale plain at the eastern end of the modern highway bridge, a familiar resort and trading em- porium of the fur gatherers. They were the forerunners of civiliza- tion on the Kennebec and remotely the pioneers of Augusta. They first lifted the axe against the great forest and started the earliest echoes of human industry that broke the primeval silence of the sav- age region. Their work was permanent and pervasive in its results. Their patent — which they prized and operated only for immediate traffic — invested them with the ownership of the soil, and it duly be- came the foundation of the present land titles in Kennebec county and elsewhere. Every valid real estate deed in Augusta to-day has a tap-root running back to it. The history of Augusta, therefore, be- gins with the Pilgrim fathers and their trading plant at the ancient Indian fishing place of Kouissinok (Cushnoc). After fifty years of contact with the traders, the Kennebec Indians joined their fellow-tribes in raising the hatchet against the English. Then began a war of races that lasted with occasional truces for a period of eighty-five years. This ruined most of the Maine settle- ments, and delayed the march of civilization up the Kennebec for three-quarters of a century. In 1749 some enterprising heirs of the long deceased purchasers of the Kennebec patent materialized as claimants of the Kennebec valley, through the deed of 1661 to their ancestors. A good part of their claim was legally confirmed. They took possession of their heritage under a long name which for brevity was called the Plym- outh Company. It was the agency of these proprietors that led directly to the peopling of the lands of the ancient patent. They threw open the once guarded door of the fur traders, and started cos- mically the present family of towns and cities between Topsham and Madison. A few vengeful Indians still haunted the river on whose banks the flower of their tribe lay buried. To awe these forest wanderers and shield the settlers from the perils of their enmity, the Plymouth Company, as its first act of occupation, built a defen.sive house in its township of Frankfort, near the garrison of Fort Rich- mond. The province authorities generally favored the company. In ihe summer of 1754, Governor Shirley— for whom the new fort had been named— came to the Kennebec with a military escort of eight hundred men and laid the corner-stone of Fort Halifax at the mouth d«4 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. of the Sebasticook.* This fortification was to face the wilderness that stretched unbroken to Quebec, where the French and Indians still held their councils of hate against New England. To complete the armament of its territory, the land company itself proceeded to build a fort at Cushnoc, as auxiliary to Fort Halifax and for the storage of supplies destined for the upper garrison, as they were unloaded from the vessels at the head of navigation. The little army which the governor led to the Kennebec was deployed to scout and patrol for possible enemies, and to guard the workmen on the forts, and to swamp a road through the woods from Fort Halifax down to Cushnoc. A detachment was assigned to the service of the Plymouth Company for picket duty. Fear of the Indians impelled to great caution. Cushnoc was then but a landing place in the midst of a wilderness, among noisy brooks and cavernous ravines, suited to the stealthy methods of the dreaded foe, so the land company lodged its employees at Fort Shirley, while they prepared from the adjacent forest the materials for the Cushnoc fort. Trees that grew on the land of the present town of Dresden were cut down and hewn into timbers and wrought with tenon and mortise under the protecting cannon of Fort Shirley and the muskets of province soldiers. Then the finished timbers were launched into the river and towed in rafts up to Cush- noc, where they were given their allotted places iu the v/alls and sentry towers of Fort Western. This " strong, defensible magazine"t consisted of a principal building, one hundred feet long by thirty-two wide, and two citadel-like blockhouses with projecting upper stories, and two other buildings of smaller size. There was a court or parade ground formed jointly by these structures and a line of pickets en- closing an area of 160 feet by 62. Encompassing all on three sides, thirty feet distant and opening on the rugged bank of the river, was another and stouter palisade that frowned imposingly toward the outer world. The walls of the main house were built of timber twelve inches square, laid close together in courses. The doors and windows were of solid plank. The blockhouses (one at the northeast and the other at the southwest angles of the inner court) were built also of squared and closely matched timbers. Their summits were loopholed sentry boxes of hard wood plank. No sooner was Fort Western erected than the governor armed it with soldiers and cannon, and constituted it the middle link in the chain of defenses. By early autumn (1754) the army had accomplished *This fortification was designed by General John Winslow, a descendant of Edward, the Pilgrim, and a namesake of Edward's brother, who had kept the trading house at Cushnoc a century before. tLetter of Governor Shirley. See Maine Historical Society's Collection, 'Vol. VIII, p. 217. AUGUSTA. 385 its errand. Then it returned bloodless to Boston — leaving the Plym- outh Company in fortified possession of the ancient patent. This was the final conquest of the Kennebec valley. The raising of Fort Western was the second colonial occupation of Cushnoc. The brist- ling fort was the direct successor of the rustic trading house, among whose debris and mould its foundations were laid. The company had selected Fort Shirley as its first settlement and the nucleus of its projected metropolis; it had surveyed the territory that is now called Dresden Neck, divided it into lots and attracted thither a few scores of families, principally Germans and French Huguenots. This was the colony of Frankfort, and it being well begun, the Plymouth company sought the improvement of its lands further up the river, and looked upon Fort Western as a good center for another settlement. It tried to induce worthy yeomen who were in quest of homes to accept almost gratuitously some of its best lands: but to its disappointm.ent the popular dread of the dangers of the wilderness was too great for the immediate success of its scheme. Then broke out a bloody war between England and France, in which the Indians, stimulated by their French allies in Canada, resumed their raids from the Chaudiere down the Kennebec, slaying by assas- sination both soldiers and settlers, arousing the garrisons and terror- izing everybody. This stopped all immigration to the wilds of Maine, and paralyzed the operations of the Plymouth Company For several years the condition of the few settlers on the river was dismal and the prospect uncertain. Only when the gates of Quebec opened to the army of the immortal Wolfe did the valley of the Ken- nebec become disenthralled from the fatal influences that had for a century delayed its development. France was now driven from America. After that momentous event the border forts wer-e not needed any more. Fort Western, like the others, was dismantled and its soldiers sent away. Captain James Howard, the original and only commander of Fort Western, remained as its keeper, and thereby became the first perma- nent settler above Frankfort. The principal building of the fort was utilized as a dwelling. The palisades were soon removed as useless obstructions, and the block houses were finally torn down as cumber- ers of the ground, although one of them — the southwestern — was spared until about the year 1834, and is still remembered in its archi- tectural grotesqueness by a few aged persons. On the first glimmering of peace, and, indeed, three years before the signing of the treaty that confirmed to England the prize which valor had won at LouislDourg and Quebec, the Plymouth proprietors, perceiving the prospectively enhanced value of their property, took courage and resolutely went to work to make it marketable. Their 25 dm HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. first act was to perambulate and parcel the most elig-ible and fertile portion of their territory into lots for farms and homesteads. By 1761 surveying- parties with compass and chains, having begun at the present south line of Chelsea, had reached Fort Western and passed northward beyond the present line of Augusta. All of the land within three miles of the river had been measured off into lots and marked by stakes and stones or other monuments, and a copious record, called the Nathan Winslow plan, was made of the same.* This was the first artificial division of these lands since the beginning of the world. Many of the bounds then established are perpetuated to-day in party fences between estates and in town lines and highways. It was the liberal policy of the proprietors that any worthy man should have two lots in fee simple, provided he would become a dona fide settler and build within five years a comfortable house for him- self and family. Under the.se conditions the lots next to the river were speedily taken. By 1762 seven log huts had sprung up, patches of ground were being cleared, and tillage was begun among the charred and smoking stumps. Two years later (1764) thirty-seven lots had been taken within the limits of ancient Hallowell and ten more occupied. Captain Howard, the ex-commander of the outpost, was the fore- most promoter of the settlement. He early accepted three of the conditional lots for himself and sons, and in 1767 he bought the " fort tract " of nine hundred acres and became the private owner of the fort itself. He opened a domestic store for the convenience of his fellow-settlers, and in partnership with two sons (Samuel and William) he engaged in mercantile business with the outside world, receiving goods for the local trade and sending off the garnered products of the region by the firm's own vessels, like the pilgrim predecessors long before. He became a public benefactor by erecting a saw mill about a mile northward from the fort, on the then considerable stream which thereupon took the name of Howard's (now Riggs') brook. A year later (1770) he built near the mill a stately dwelling which was for many years the manor house of the hamlet. He was the next resident magistrate after Southworth (in 1655), and perhaps his best remembered act as such was his solemnization (in 1763) of the mar- riage of his daughter, Margaret, with Captain Samuel Patterson (grandparents of ex-Mayor Joseph W. Patterson, born July 2, 1809). This was the first wedding at Cushnoc. Captain Howard's long, busy and useful life was rounded out by three years of service as a judge of the court of common pleas, which (since his coming to Fort West- ern) had been established (in 1760) at Fort Shirley, in Pownalborough *The part of this plan that refers to the present territory of Augusta is shown on the following page. Other parts of the Winslow plan are shown at pages 750, 1,035 and 1,096. 387 388 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. (formerly Frankfort), for the new county of Lincoln. He died May 14, 1787, at the age of eighty-five years. Captain Howard may prop- erly be called the forefather of Augusta. A part of the fort which he commanded still remains as a monument to his memory, and is a lin- gering relic of the transition era when Cushnoc passed from its state of nature under the red men to the higher sovereignty of the subdu- ing settlers with their axes and ploughshares. The event of next greater local consequence after the fall of Que- bec was the incorporation of the settlement of Fort Western into a town. The land company, ever diligent in the promotion of its in- terests, solicited the act, which was passed by the " governor [Thomas Hutchinson], council and house of representatives," April 26, 1771. The name of Hallowell was adopted in compliment to a merchant of Boston, Benjamin Hallowell, a member of the Plymouth Company and the owner of a 3,200 acre tract about three miles southerly from the fort, on the west side of the river (now the southerly part of Hal- lowell). The bounds of the new town included the present territory of Au- gusta, Hallowell, Chelsea, and most of Manchester and Farmingdale. This great tract (65,715 acres) was in its original wildness except at a spot near the center, where the group of settlers' clearings extended along the river in the vicinity of Fort Western. Captain Howard was given the honor of calling the first town meeting, which was held on the fort premises May 22 (1771), when the voters — about thirty in number — chose a full board of town officers, among whom were Pease Clark, James Howard and Jonathan Davenport as selectmen. Among the first appropriations were " ;^36 for clearing roads " and " .£'16 for schooling." Until that time the river had been the great and only avenue for travel. Excepting the little used military road to Fort Halifax, the sole avenues for land travel were forest paths that perhaps had been Indian trails in former times. The first work therefore of the infant town was to open roads across the lots from house to house. The earliest town way was little more than a lane cut through the woods in continuation of the Fort Halifax road southerly. The prompt pro- vision for schools attests the loyalty of the settlers to the policy of the Puritan forefathers, who ordained (in 1647) that every town of fifty houses should provide for the in.struction of its youth. The next 3'ear (1772) both " schooling and preaching " were classed as necessities and received an appropriation of £\5. Of the ninety- six persons who were assessed for taxes in 1772 (to the aggregate sum of ;^13 19s. -^d.), seventy-five lived along the river within the present limits of Augusta. The largest individual tax (11 shillings and 3f pence) was paid by Captain Howard on his stock of goods in the fort store and vessel. Ezekiel Page was the next wealthiest citizen, as in- dicated by the tax (7 shillings and 9| pence) on his homestead and other real estate. The second annual town meeting was held at his house, which is shown by an old map to have stood on the east side of the river, nearly opposite the mouth of Kennedy brook (Britt's gully). He was a religious man — a deacon in church rank — and one of the most respected as well as substantial of the first planters of an- cient Hallowell. By another year (1773), the western side of the river was over- taking the eastern side in improvements and growth, and began to contest with it for dignity and honors. The town meeting this year was held at Moses French's inn, which had just been built on the site of the present triangular cluster of houses at the inner junction of Grove and Green streets. John Jones, an attache of the Plymouth Company, and a professional surveyor, now erected a saw mill at the lower fall of the then wild and picturesque little river that has .since been metamorphosed into the now shrunken and jaded stream called Bond's brook (from Thomas Bond— died 1815— who built the large brick house at the foot of Gas-house hill — the first brick house in Au- gusta). This Jones mill was a boon to the builders on the western side, as the unbridged river flowed between them and the saw mills on Howard's brook. Eleven years before (1762), Pease Clark and his son, Peter, had come from Attleboro with their families and settled on adjoining lots of land at a place that is now near the center of the densest part of the present city of Hallowell. Presently other settlers, including five of Pease Clark's sons, followed the first comers to the place. They set up a saw mill on the Keduracook (Vaughan stream, from Benja- min Vaughan, died in 1835), and soon the tiny settlement began to grow like the older one two miles above. The two settlements were too infantile for any rivalry such as afterward grew up, and the new one at the Hook (from Kedumcook) began its career as a loyal suburb of the parent village two miles above. The contour of the land and especially the fine alluvial terraces and water-powers were favoring conditions for the development of a larger community on the western side of the river than on the east- ern, and ere a decade had passed after the arrival of the Clarks at the Hook, the preponderance of population, if not of wealth, had finally crossed the river. The first child born among the settlers was Elias Taylor (February 21, 1762); he was named for his father, who lived on a lot that is a portion of or near the present farm of Joel Spaulding in Ward Four ^Augusta). Many of the early settlers were godly men, and imbued with the doctrines— more or less relaxed— of their puritan ancestry. Among the privations of their pioneer life, none was less resignedly borne than the absence of stated public worship; their poverty forbade such 390 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. a' luxury, and meetings for the cultivation of religious grace were necessarily limited to a few persons, and held at private houses. The first public religious service in the hamlet, of which there is record, was held in the fort in the year 1763. It was conducted by Jacob Bailey, who was an Episcopal frontier missionary, stationed at Frank- fort (afterward Pownalborough, now Dresden). Mr. Bailey must have found a welcome and willing hearers in the frontier hamlet, for he repeated his visit two or three times. The dominant creed was Con- gregationalism, and any preacher of that communion was sure of a congregation. John Murray, an eminent preacher in his day, who was then settled at Boothbay, was once prevailed upon (in 1773) to come and minister to the Fort Western people. He made the journey by boat — the only practical mode of traveling at the time — and was escorted both ways by a committee of citizens, whose expenses {£1 13s. 4d.) were paid by the town. The same year the first resident minister — John Allen — was hired in connection with Vassalboro, at the rate of twenty-four shillings a Sunday. He went awaj- in about two years — his stay being terminated because the town could not fulfil its agreement with him. After this, for more than ten years, no engagement was made that did not prove temporary. Among the candidates and occasional preachers of that era, may be named: Samuel Thurston (afterward set- tled at New Castle, and in 1778 removed to Warren, where he died); Caleb Jewetf, 1777 (a Dartmouth student, settled in Gorham in 1783, cea.sed preaching in 1800, and died soon after); John Prince, 1780; Nathaniel Merrill, 1783-4; William Hazlitt; Ezekiel Emerson (settled at Georgetown, 1765); Seth Noble, 1785 (settled later at Kenduskeag plantation, and when it was incorporated in 1791, he was selected to name the new town and gave it the name of his favorite tune, Ban- gor — one of his great-grandsons, Edwin A. Noble, is now a citizen of Augusta). Any historical sketch of ancient Hallowell would be very incom- plete without some allusion to these early ministers, and the religious interests which they sought to promote. In those years the main- tenance of public worship fell upon the town in its corporate capacity, and the affairs of the Christian church were often incongruously min- gled with secular and even trivial matters in the proceedings of the town meetings.* The religious services were often held at the fort, *During the meeting house controversy, in 1782, when the opposing parties became warm, it became necessary to take the sense of the meeting by polling the house, when Deacon Cony (the great-grandfather of Governor Coney) "a remarkably mild man," led the movement in favor of the measure by calling- out as he went to one side of the room— "All who are on the Lord's side follow me," while Edward Savage, who was in the opposition, called out — "All who are on the devil's side follow me." The deacon had the best company, and carried the question.— North's History of Augusta, p. 165. and sometimes at the Great House of Captain James Howard, and occasionally at Pollard's tavern (where the new opera house stands). For a dozen years or more after the fort had become private property^ it continued to be a public resort, and seems to have been freely prof- fered by its owner for all such meetings, religious or secular, as his fellow-citizens wished to hold. The town resumed its meetings there in 1774, and generally thereafter accepted its accommodations until the more spacious meeting house was built eight years later. Before the arrival of the famous year 1776, the premonitions of the war of the revolution had been felt in every part of the thirteen colonies. The Boston massacre (March 5, 1770) had sent a thrill of horror up the Kennebec; the tea had been thrown overboard (1773); Paul Revere had taken his midnight ride, and blood had flowed at Lexington (April 19,1775). These ominous events aroused the sturdy yeomen of ancient Hallowell to patriotic action. As early as January 25, 1775, they had assembled at the fort in town meeting, in response to an order of the provincial congress calling for the arming of the colonies. A strong tory influence, reflected from the powerful Plym- outh Company (whose members were nearly all tories), was encoun- tered by the patriots, greatly to their vexation, but it was finally over- come, and a military company for the revolutionary cause successfully formed. Some of the officers were: Captains William Howard (son of James, the pioneer), Daniel Savage, great-grandfather of Daniel Byron Savage, of Augusta) and James Cox; and Lieutenants Samuel Howard (brother of William), David Thomas, John Shaw, sen., and Josiah French. The rolls of those who served under them have not been preserved. A safety committee, composed of principal citizens, clothed with much power, was given the charge of all matters con- nected with the public disorder, including correspondence with the revolutionary leaders. Among the members of this committee were: James, William and Samuel Howard (father and sons). Pease Clark, Ezekiel Page (son of the deacon), Samuel Bullen, Levi Robinson, Samuel Cony (great-great-grandfather of ex-Mayor Daniel A. Cony, died 1892), Robert Kennedy (Kennedy brook named after him), Jonas Clark, Abisha Cowan. A town of so few inhabitants, however willing, could not give much aid to the continental cause, and its part in the war was neces- sarily small and inconspicuous. It suffered much during the period of the revolution— its growth was retarded and well-nigh suspended. The tory proprietors abandoned their Kennebec estates, and most of them fled from the country. Their conduct was specially harmful to the little frontier town of their founding. So great was the depres- sion that even the Fourth of July Declaration was not publicly read to the people. The great land proprietor for whom the town had been named suffered the confiscation of his abandoned estate within HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. it for his hostility to the patriot cause. The same treatment befel Sylvester Gardiner and William Vassal, whose names were given re- spectively to the southern and northern adjoining- towns. Another loyalist of much less social eminence was especially obnoxious to the honest patriots of the town. He was saucy, active and exasper- ating. His name was John Jones — once before referred to as the builder of a mill — the first one on the west side of the river. Jones had at first a considerable following, and used it to disturb town meetings and bother the popular party generally. He was at last denounced by the town as " inim- ical to the country," and put under i^lOO bonds to answer in the court at Pownalborough, the accu- sation. Upon this he ran away to Boston, but was there locked up in jail. He was smart enough Ea. Ez.ch^'se, to soon escape to Canada. During the latter years of the war he took up arms and served as a British ranger — sallying forth on his raids from Bagaduce (now Castine). In one of his forays to the Ken- nebec he cleverly took General Charles Cushing from his bed at Pownalborough, and without "'^f-v. allowing him to arrange his toilet, relentlessly marched him through the wilderness to Baga- SAetc/i /7?cx-^ oi duce. This was to retaliate upon Cushing the j'Aju W-/c/n/^ ciT- oppressions of the patriots upon the clerical Jacob •^-r^l^^^^ Bailey for his irrepressible toryism. As soon as the •//«^ war was over Jones returned (at first cautiously) *The above is a reduced /«i- simile of a copy of the only known map of ancient Hallowell. The original (nine by fifteen inches) appears to have been made by a person of some skill as a draughtsman — probably a surveyor, and possibly John Jones, the tory. The evident purpose of the maker was to show the relative positions of the settlers' houses on both sides of the river between the line of Howard's (Riggs') brook and the southerly part of the then town in the year 1775. The names of some of the residents are given in full and others only in part, which fact indicates that the sketch may have been drawn or dictated from imperfect memory years after the passing of Arnold's army, by some elderly person who was recalling the size of the village at the time of that famous event. The lines of the various lots are disregarded, and all of the dis- tances are more or less distorted ; but a few of the monuments then existing liave never been moved and assist us to identify to-day the places where many of houses represented stood. Scanning southerly from Howard brook we first see indicated James Howard's " Great House," where Arnold lodged ; there was one lot (50 rods) between it and Daniel Savage's; next is David Thomas' house, which was the first inn in the hamlet. Three or four lots below was George Brown, who first appears in the records of 1775, and whose given name, like those of seven others, the artist apparently did not know ; Brown must have to the home from which his loyalty to King George had ostracised him. Under the treaty of peace (1783) he and his once outraged townsmen been a patriot, for he was summoned in 1777 as a witness in court against the tory, John Jones. Two or three lots southerly is Fort Western with its four blockhouses, but the owner's naine, as in the case of the Great House, is signifi- cantly omitted, as if the modesty of Captain Howard himself is somehow connected with the sketch. Next below the fort are Seth and Joseph Greeley, relatives, and their first neighbor below is William McMasters, who was here before 1773. On the first or second lot southerly is Deacon Ezekiel Page, called •" Old Mr. Page," to distinguish him from his son on the second lot below. It was at the house of this " Old Mr. Page " that the town meeting was held in 1773. Between father and son appears Joitatlian Davenport, who may have been living there temporarily in the year 177.5, but whose true place on the plan was southerly of Ezekiel, jun., and which is now the northernmost farm in Chelsea. The following houses were all in the present Chelsea : Adam Couch, who first appears as a tax-payer in 1773 : Ezekiel Chase (nearly opposite the present Hal- lowell ferryl had been a settler since 1763, and in 1777 he was chosen to be a witness against " Black " Jones ; Benjamin White, fence-viewer in 1771, and con- stable in 1773 ; Obed Hussey, first taxed in 1773 ; Captain James Cox, an original settler in 1762 ; Deacon Samuel BuUen, an original settler, and a witness to the toryism of Jones. The five remaining lots between Deacon Bullen's and the present Randolph line seem to have been tenantless. On the west side of the river the upper house represented is that of Samuel Chamberlain, of whom there is no record before 1784; his nearest neighbor was a Bolton, either George or James, who were in the tax list of 1772. The name of the occupant of the next house was unknown to the artist. Bond's brook is called Ellis' brook, probably for John Ellis, who was here in 1773, and who may have succeeded to the John Jones mill which is plainly indicated astride the stream. The house of Asa Emerson stood near the present corner of Court and Water streets. He soon sold out to the father of Chief Justice Weston and went to Waterville (then Winslow), where his name is borne by Emerson stream. Josiah French's house, as stated in the text, was where Grove and Green streets now unite. On the next lot lived Emerson Smith, taxed in 1773, and elected a hog-reeve; next below him lived Ephraiin Cowan, an original settler, adjoining whom was Robert Ken- nedy, who owned the brook that took his name. Lieutenant Samuel Howard owned the lot that now adjoins the Hallowell line. Howard hill (495 feet) was named for him. Shubael Hinkley, who lived a quarter of a mile below, gave the name to Hinkley's plains. Deacon Pease Clark, and his son, Peter, lived near the site of the present Hallowell cotton factory. Below Peter is another name- less house, and the last one is that of Briggs Hallowell, just north of Kedum- ■cook (Vaughan) stream, and on or near the spot now covered by the power sta- tion of the Augusta, Hallowell & Gardiner Street Railway Company. The great elm trees near by are possible relics of the ancient homestead. Briggs lived on his father's (Benjamin) undivided land and sold lots from the same. The sketch shows thirty buildings, exclusive of the fort and mill, and affixes names to twenty-eight of them. There were other dwellings at the time northerly from Howard's brook, on both sides of the river. The author of the map did not ■consider the stream now called Ballard's brook, opposite Howard's, nor Ken- nedy's and Kedumcook streams worth indicating. The copy of this long-lost map was made by Benjamin F. Chandler, and found among the papers of Mar- cellus A. Chandler (died February 24, 1891), by the Hon. Joseph W. Patterson, who rescued it for perpetual preservation in these pages. 394 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. seem to have soon become tolerably reconciled, and he thenceforth lived uneventfully, and ended his days (in 1823) among them, at the age of eighty years — without descendants. He built a house near the north bank of the stream, between the river and mill which he had built before the war. His wife — Ruth Lee, sister of Silas Lee — a woman of much force of character, survived him until 1886. The last rest- ing places of the twain are unmarked and forgotten graves in Mt. Vernon Cemetery. Jones was small and unimpressive in stature, lithe of limb, flippant of speech, and of a complexion so swarthy that the word black as an epithet was affixed to him by his countrymen in the days of their bitterness toward him, and it conveniently dis- tinguished him from another John Jones who had lot numbered sev- enteen near the present north line of Chelsea, and who was also iden- tified with the beginning of the town. This history will mention no personage with a career more unique and replete with sensation and romance than that of " Black " Jones, the incorrigible and dauntless tory of Fort Western in primitive Augusta. The most memorable war incident connected with the early town was the passage through it of Benedict Arnold and his men on their way to Quebec in 1775. Washington had despatched the expedition across the wilderness with the brief journal of Montressor as its only guide book. The army had intrepidly begun the march, which, under the circumstances and from the ignorance concerning the obstacles that lay in its path, was hardly less herculean than Henry M. Stan- ley's of recent years across the Dark Continent. The troops, numbering 1,100, rendezvoused at Fort Western, land- ing from a fleet of 200 batteaux that had just been built in Reuben Col- burn's yard at Agry point, two miles below the site of the present village of Randolph. General Arnold himself arrived on the 21st (of September) and received with his principal officers the hospitality of Captain James Howard at the Great House, so-called (burned June 12, 1866). Here he kept his headquarters nine days, preparing his army with its mass of stores for final embarkation. Some of his officers later in the war became distinguished, and now occupy firm places in history.* While the army was halting at Fort Western, a tragedy occurred — as if foreshadowing the great tragedy which the expedition itself was to become. On the night of the 23d, as the outcome of a quarrel in a company mess, John McCormick shot Reuben Bishop dead. A court martial was assembled, and it sen- tenced the guilty man to be hung at three o'clock on the 26th; but General Arnold was led by the circumstances to stay the execution *Among them were then Majors Return J. Meigs and Timothy Bigelow (for whom Mt. Bigelow was named); Captains Daniel Morgan and Henry Dearborn (afterward of Gardiner). Among those present who lived to become distin- guished in civil life were Cadet Aaron Burr and Private John Joseph Henry. and refer the case to General Washington, with a recommendation for mercy.* The body of poor Bishop was interred near the fort burying ground, and in after years Willow street was laid out over his un- heeded grave. By the 30th of September the army had embarked and was stem- ming the current of the Kennebec on the toilsome way Quebecward, leaving the hamlet that it had suddenly converted into a military camp, to return to its normal quietness. Of the dismal fortunes of the heroic army before it reached the St. Lawrence in the middle of November, this chapter is not the place to speak. Colonel Roger Enos, shielding himself by his rank — being second only to Arnold — abandoned the march midway, and with three companies (Williams', McCobb's and Scott's) returned ingloriously down the river, undoubt- edly exciting a great sensation as his ragged flotilla sailed past Hallowell and the lower settlements. The burdens of the war were heavy on the town, which contained only about one hundred polls. It was ordered in 1779 to furnish thir- teen privates and a sergeant and an officer for the ill fated Bagaduce (Castine) expedition, some of the shreds of which (including Paul Revere) fled as fugitives from the Penobscot to the Kennebec, and called at Fort Western for food and temporary rest. The next year the town was assessed for six three years' men, and in 1781 for 2,580 pounds of beef, 11 shirts, 11 pairs of shoes and stockings, and 5 blankets, for the continental army. Being unable to wholly comply promptly with all of these demands, the town was threatened by the general court with a fine for its failure. But, most happily and gloriously the surrender of Cornwallis (October 19, 1781) soon ended the war and liberated the town from the pending exactions. The town began to recover from the paralyzing shock of the war at the first sure dawn of national independence. In 1778 eleven new and worthy settlers came— one of them Ephraim Ballard, who revived the silent mill of John Jones, and built a dwelling on the site of (the present) Glen Cottage, owned by Webber and Gage. Amos Pollard, who built an inn where the opera house now stands, came the same year. Samuel Cony, the ancestor of the distinguished Augusta Cony family, had come with his son, Samuel, the year before, and both had ♦Captain Simeon Thayer, of the expedition, wrote in his jonmal concerning this affair: "Sept. 24. After Captain Topham and myself went to bed in a neighbor's [Daniel Savage's] house, some dispute arose in the house [Fort West- em] between some of our soldiers, on which I got out of bed and ordered them to lie down and be at rest ; and on going to the door I observed the flash of the priming of a gun, and called to Captain Topham, who arose hkewise and went to the door, was fired at, but missed, on which he drew back, and I with Top- ham went to bed, but the felon, who had fully determined murder in his heart, came again to the door and lifted the latch, and fired into the room, and killed a man lying by the fireside." 396 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. settled near the river on the east side, the father on the present insane hospital land, and the son on the lot next southerly from the fort.^Three years later (1779) Daniel — who was to become more prominent in the annals of the town than any other of his generation, — followed his father and brother (from Shutesbury) and settled alongside them on land that was incorporated into the hospital farm a few years ago (under the name of the Tobey farm). The brothers, Asa and Seth Williams, and their kinsman. Church Williams — also founders of an- other distinguished Augusta name — came the same year.^Asa settled on the present Sidney road, in Ward Four, vSeth on the present arsenal lot, and Church where the main factory building of the Edwards Manufacturing Company now stands. To these arrivals may be traced much of the individuality of the town in its whole subsequent career of development. The first town road to the Hook was laid out in 1779. It began at Jones' or Ballard's mill (now Webber & Gage's), and was made prin- cipally with axes. The present Water street, then covered with trees and bushes, was laid out in 1784. It began at the mouth of Jones' or Ballard's (now Bond's) brook, and was two rods wide until it reached the land of Nathan Weston (father of Chief Justice Weston, born 1782, died 1872j, at the present Kennebec Journal office lot, where there was a gully to be bridged. The first bridge across the mouth of Bond's brook, was built m 1788, and rebuilt more thoroughly in 1794 by Nathaniel Hamlen (great-grandfather of Frederick Hamlen of the firm of Fowler & Hamlen, Augusta). Water street was widened in 1822 between Bridge street and Market Square to three rods, and in 1829 to fifty feet between Bridge street and Piper's tavern (at foot of Laurel street). For the first seven years the mode of calling town meetings was by a personal notice to every voter, but in 1778, a new departure was made by posting the notification at Howard's grist mill (on Riggs' brook), at David Thomas' inn (east side of present Howard street), at Amos Pollard's inn (present opera house's site), and at Nathan Weston's store (foot of Court street). In 1784 the population of the town had increased to 682 white persons, and 10 negroes. There were 187 polls, of which 130 were in the present limits of Augusta. The need of a meeting house where the people could conveniently assemble had at last become a necessity ; and in the spring of 1777 the voters were notified in the selectmen's warrant to " come to some conclusion on which side of the river the meeting hou.se should be built." The widely scattered people being greatly divided on the question, it was proposed to locate the building near the center of the town. This was acquiesced in until the choice fell by lot to the east side of the river (at a point near Pettengill's Corner), when the people of the other side, including the Hook, rallied in force, and in 1781, by AUGUSTA. 397 a large majority, located the house " upon the west side of the river, on the road [the 8-rods rangeway, now Winthrop street] between Colonel Joseph North's and Asa Emerson's land, down on the inter- vale by the river." This was in what is now Market Square. The frame of the building (size 50 by 36 feet, 21 feet posts) was raised in 1782, and first occupied for worship and town meetings the following year.* Nathaniel Hamlen, grandfather of Lewis B. Hamlen (now in his ninety-third year), worked for the town upon it, receiving £65 as his pay. This meeting house was used for twenty-six years, both for religious services and town meetings. It was superseded (in 1809) by the South parish meeting house (Parson Tappan's, burned July 11, 1864), which in its turn was succeeded by the present granite church edifice (dedicated May 26, 1865). The only regularly settled minister of ancient Hallowell, was Isaac Foster, who, after having been formally called, was ordained in the new meeting house, October 11, 1786. His pa.storate was troublous and brief, by reason of doctrinal bickerings between the Calvin istic and Armenian schools of belief which composed his heterogeneous parish. He retired in 1788, leaving the theological elements of the town in a state of violent ferment. The Armenians were the most numerous but the Calvinists were strong in elders and church mem- bers. The arena of conflict was the open town meeting, where opinion, prejudice and passion found full expression. There was no attempt to settle another minister for nearly three years, and there is no record of any public worship in the town during the interval. In January, 1791 , Thurston Whiting preached ; the next Sunday Eliphalet Smith preached at the Hook the first recorded ser- mon at that place; Jacob Emerson, of Sterling (now Fayette), occupied the pulpit once in the spring. In July and August, Adoniram Judson preached on trial for settlement. In 1792 David Smith came for three months as another candidate, and he was succeeded in July, 1793, by Charles Turner, who stayed until the following March (1794). The difficulty of happily settling a minister had now increased to an apparent impossibility. Besides the incompatibilities of beliefs, the recently accelerated growth of the Hook settlement had enabled the voters of that precinct to exact that some of the annually raised preaching money (one-third of the amount raised in 1793) should be expended in their village. There was beginning to be a poorly con- cealed jealousy of the upper settlement, which the staunch and stead- fast Calvinism of the Hook did not tend to abate. The cause of religion *See Historical Statement at Dedicatory Exercises of the Chapel and Church Home of the Congregational Church and Society, December 17, 1890. Printed in Augusta, 1891. See also Reminiscences of Augusta's First Meeting House, read before the Kennebec Natural History and Antiquarian Society in 1891, by Mr. Walter D. Stinson. :396 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. and the church seemed to demand a divorce of the irreconcilable dis- tricts. It was first proposed to divide the territory of the town in twain, making the Hook parish extend nearly to the south lines of the present state house and hospitallands. But after further deliberation the voters chose Nathaniel Dummer (of the Hook), Elias Craig and Matthew Hayward to petition the legislature to divide the town into three parishes. The legislature readily complied, and incorporated .(June 14, 1794) the North, South and Middle parishes of Hallowell. The lines of these parishes are substantially intact to-day. The South .parish was the territory of modern Hallowell, before it was deprived of Chelsea and parts of Manchester and Farmingdale. When ancient (Hallowell was divided, the two other parishes remained intact, but from a geographical necessity the name of the original Middle parish was changed to South — the present South parish of Augusta. The term " ^'/a' South parish " properly applies to Hallowell and not to the newer one of Augusta.* A meeting house that is still standing was built in the North parish in 1832. The expedient of multiplying parishes resulted in the almost im- mediate settlement of Daniel Stone as minister of the Middle parish, and of Eliphalet Gillett at the Hook. Mr. Stone (graduate of Harvard, 1791) preached his first trial sermon in the meeting house, November 9, 1794, and was ordained October 21, 1795. Mr. Gillett preached the initial sermon of his thirty-two years' pastorate on August 3. 1794. Mr. Stone closed his pastoral labors in 1809, but continued a resident of the parish until his death in 1834. The settlement of two accept- able ministers, one (Parson Gillett) representing the shade of belief •quite acceptable to the extreme Calvinists (such as Benjamin Petten- gill, who named Pettengill's Corner, his grandson was mayor in 1852 and 1853, — Henry Sewall, Jason Livermore, Shubael Hinkley, of Hink- ley's plains); and Parson Stone expounding such truths as wrung from his censors a slight suspicion of Armenianism, — happily ended forever the ministerial agitations of the ancient town. The earliest public burial place in the town was the one connected with Fort Western. It was located near the river, and westerly of the present Willow street, near the spot where John Drury's black- smith shop now stands. Although the land was private property (the Howards', father and sons), the spot continued to be the common burial place of the early fort villagers. The Howards consented to *John (Black) Jones, the regenerated tory, made an elaborate plan of the three parishes, " drawn by a scale of 200 rods to an inch." He computed that the South parish contained 24,783 acres, the Middle 22,993, and the North 17,939. The plan bears in Jones' own handwriting, "Presented by Jno. Jones, Surveyor, to the Inhabitants of the Middle Parish in Hallowell, 1795." This interesting sou- venir, time-colored and somewhat worn, is now preserved in the collection of the Kennebec Natiiral History and Antiquarian Society, where it was placed by the, Hon. Joseph W. Patterson, in 1891. AUGUSTA. 399 its use as such, but would not convey any titles to lots. The remains of such bodies as could be found were removed to Riverside Ceme- tery, after the land had become useful for a thoroughfare and for building lots. The removals were made in 1861, at the expense of the city, by Benjamin Gaslin, the superintendent of burials. About 1790 a burial place was appropriated on the western side of the river. It was the present lot of Mrs. Jane W. Anthony, on Winthrop street (corner of Elm). Its use for the purpose was only temporary, for in 1802 Joseph and Hannah North (great-grandparents of Dr. James W. and Horace North) made a donation to the town of two acres of land for a parish burying ground, which is the present Mount Vernon cemetery. The earliest burial place at the Hook is now covered by the buildings on the west side of Water street, that are occupied as stores by B. F. Wood and J.W. Cross. Another obsolete burial place at the Hook was at what is now the southeast corner of the old Williams Emmons homestead— the angle formed by Summer and Grove streets. There were family burial places in various neighborhoods of the widely-scattered settlers. The most of these have been sacredly pre- served, and a few have grown to be public cemeteries. There are vestiges of a long abandoned burial place on the William Clark homestead (now the farm of Anson S. Clark), four miles above the city, in Ward Seven. It probably, in its wholly neglected state, ex- hibits better preserved graves of the very earliest settlers than any other of like character within the limits of ancient Hallowell. Its lo- cation is on an easterly and gently sloping hillside, about twenty-five rods from the river. The whole hill is clothed with a second growth of forest, among which are many large pines ready for the lumber- man. About a dozen graves are dimly visible, side by side in two rows, with large trees growing from them* The mould on them is thick, as if made by the leaf-fall of a cen- tury. They were originally — at least, .some of them — marked by field stones. Only two of these are now visible, and they but poorly, ex- cept to him who searches for them amid the thick shrubbery. Uriah Clark, the oldest son of Pease Clark, the founder of the Hook, settled on this farm (lot number 48, and the third from the Vassal- boro line) in the year 1762. Two of his brothers, Isaac and Jonas, settled the same year near by, on two lots southerly. This corner of the town was thereafter continuously occupied. Seven of Uriah's children died before the present century, and were undoubtedly buried on the home farm. The late John Cross (the father of John M. Cross, who lives on the next farm northerly), remembered a funeral at this burial place about 1816. Uriah Clark died Janury 22, 1814, and * Since the writer's first visit to this place under the guideship of Mr. John M. Cross in 1890, these trees have been cut down for firewood, and a second growth is now (October, 1892) forming over the graves. 400 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. was probably one of the latest occupants of the little hillside lot which the forest growth of three-quarters of acentury has completely en gulfed. The first division of the town into school districts was in 1787, when four were made on each side of the river, and " a committee appointed in each district to provide schooling, and see that the money is prudently laid out." The northern one on the east side of the river extended southerly to a rangeway between lots 37 and 38 (about half a mile northerly from Riggs' brook) : Jonas Clark, Robert Denison and Beriah Ingraham were appointed the com- mittee. The next extended southward to a line "that dissects Fort Western and the fort lot in the center;" Daniel Savage, David Thomas and George Brown, committee. The next extended from the fort so as to include two lots (one hundred rods) beyond the present south line of Augusta; Ezekiel Page, Supply Belcher and Nathaniel Hersey, committee. The next reached to the present south line of Chelsea; David Jackson, Elisha Nye and Andrew Good- win, committee. The river tier of districts on the west side extended only two miles from the river. The northern one began at the Vas- salboro (now Sidney) line, and embracing eighteen lots, extended to a line opposite the mouth of Riggs' brook; Noah Woodward, Benjamin Brown and Abisha Cowan, committee. The next southerly extended to the present Hallowell line; Ephraim Ballard (ancestor of George vS. and E. Herbert Ballard, of Augusta), Nathan Weston and Isaac Sav- age, 2d, committee. The next extended to the Pittstown (now Gardi- ner) line; James Carr, Simon Dearborn and Isaac Clark, committee. The other district embraced the remaining territory of the town west of the last three; Daniel Stevens, Enoch Page and Benjamin Follelt, committee. This was two years before the formation of such districts was provided for by law. Thus promptly the founders of the town lined off the yet untamed wilderness into educational preserves, for the benefit of their youth. The sum of i^80 was equally apportioned to the districts the first year. In the same direction was the establishing of the Hallowell Academy. It was the first incorporated institution of learning in the district of Maine, though one at South Berwick and one at Fryeburg were a little earlier prepared for the reception of students. Its char- ter was obtained in 1791, while Daniel Cony was the town's repre- sentative, and it was endowed by the commonwealth with gifts of land. Its location at the Hook seems to have been satisfactory to the other village, where about half of the local trustees lived.* It was * The following are the names of these trustees : Thomas Rice, Jonathan Bowman, Dummer Sewall, Nathaniel Thwing, Daniel Cony, "Waterman Thomas, William Lithgow, jun., Josiah Winship, Alexander McLean, William Brooks, A.M., Henry Dearborn, Charles Vaughan, Samuel Dutton, Henry Sewall, Ed- ward Bridge, William Howard, Robert Page, Samuel Nichols, Nathaniel Dum- mer, James Carr. opened May 5, 1795, with a dedicatory sermon by " Alden Bradford, A.M.S.H.S., pastor of the church in Pownalborough," from the text — " The wilderness and the solitary places shall be glad, and the desert shall rejoice and blossom as the rose " (Isa. 35: 1). The institution soon grew into a school of more than local celebrity, graduating ac- complished students — many who became men of distinction in their day. Incidentally, it contributed much to the intellectual life of the local community. The building was burned in 1804, but it was replaced in 1805 by a better one, which stood until 1839, when it was succeeded by a brick one. In 1807 a bell was purchased of Paul Revere for seventy-eight dollars. Among its preceptors were the future U. S. senator, James W. Bradbury (1825 and 1826). and Gov- ernor John Hubbard. The founding of the academy gave an impetus to the ambition and probably to the growth of the Hook. Before it was set off as a separate parish there had been an attempt (in 1793) to remove the office of town clerk to that part of the town, and Henry Sewall of the other village had escaped defeat by a margin of only eighteen votes. At the annual meeting held in the meeting house March 16, 1795, the Hook party brilliantly carried an adjournment to the new academy building. This was the first and only time that the town held a meet- ing at the Hook. At this one the strength of the parties was spirit- edly tested. The result was a decided victory for the upper village. The rift was now fatally widening. The two parts of the town were nearly equal in strength. The Hook village contained about seventy dwelling houses, and was more compact, and at that time was a trifle the larger. The academy and the new meeting house (the old South church, built in 1796) were its only public buildings. The Fort village had a meeting house, court house, jail and post office,* and therefore a preponderance of the public honors. The Eastern Star and the Tocsin newspapers had been issued at the Hook, and the Kennebec Intelligencer (Peter Edes, 1796) at the Fort. These papers sharply voiced the prevailing feelings of their respective vil- lages, and exchanged many a witty and telling repartee. ♦James Burton, first postmaster, appointed Aug:ust 12, 1794. His house was where Meonian Hall now stands. Two of his daughters— Misses Abby and Eliza— are now living on Chestnut street. He was postmaster for twelve years, and was removed for party reasons January 1, 1806. His successor was Samuel Titcomb, father of the late Hon. Samuel Titcomb. The following completes the list of the postmasters of Augusta since its beginning to the present time : Nathan Weston, 1810; John Kimball, 1812; Robert C. Vose, 1814 (Daniel Stone and Asaph R. Nichols, deputies with him); Joseph Chandler, 1830; William Woart, jun., 1835; Richard F. Perkins, 1841; Daniel C. Weston, 1843; Asaph R, Nichols. 1844; Joseph Burton (son of the first postmater), 1849; William S. Badger, 1853; James A. Bicknell, 1861; Horace H. Hamlen, 1870; Joseph H. Manley, 1881; Lemuel B. Fowler, 1885; Joseph H. Manley, 1889; Walter D. Stinson, 1892. 402 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. But the year 1796 saw the inception of an enterprise that was to settle finally the question of supremacy between the villages and radi- cally affect the future careers of both. The Kennebec river was a natural impediment between the two parts of the upper village. Pol- lard's ferry had been run since 1785, from the foot of Winthrop street (then called Winthrop road) to the fort landing opposite. Now the citizens of Fort Western daringly undertook to supplant this ferry with a bridge. The proposition provoked great consternation at the Hook. The Fort Western people's petition for a charter was duly presented to the legislature. The Hook people appointed Charles Vaughan their agent to resist it. But Daniel Cony being a senator and James Bridge a member of the house (both Fort Western men of great influence), the opposition of the Hook and its endeavor to divert the location of the proposed bridge to that place were of no avail. The act incorporating the proprietors of the Kennebec bridge was passed February 8, 1796. The corporators — the foremost men of the village — were: vSamuel Howard, William Howard, Joseph North, Daniel Cony, Jedediah Jewett, Samuel Dutton, William Brooks, Mat- thew Hayward, James Bridge. It was a stipulation in the charter that the bridge .should be located " between the ferry called Pollard's ferry [now the town-landing] and the Mill stream [Bond's brook] so called, which empties into Kennebec river about one hundred rods north of said ferry." Subscription books were immediately opened, shares were promptly taken, and the work of construction pushed forward with great en- ergy. A Captain Boynton was the architect. On the 9th of Septem- ber, 1797, the completion of the pier in the channel was celebrated by " seven discharges of a field piece and three cheers." The super- structure was two spans supported by rounded arches, braced and keyed. The work was finished November 21st amid great local re- joicing, and a corresponding degree of depression at the Hook. Its cost had been $27,000. It was the first bridge across the Kennebec and the largest in the district of Maine.* A few public spirited men * This bridge was never a profitable investment to its builders, who received no dividend on their stock for the first eight years. It stood until Sunday, June 23, 1816, in the afternoon, when the eastern span fell from weakness and decay. Mr. Lewis B. Hamlen, now living, saw it fall. After a delay of two years (dur- ing which time the ferry was restored) a second bridge was built (in 1818), after the model of the old one, but more elaborate, on the same spot, under contract, by Benjamin Brown and Ephraim Ballard, jun., for about $10,000. This second bridge was destroyed by fire on the night of April 2, 1827. Its successor was built under the superintendence of the same Ephraim Ballard during the follow- ing summer, and by the 18th of August was open for public travel. This third bridge was bought by the city of Augusta in 1867 and made free to the public. It stood until 1890, when it was torn down and replaced by the present iron bridge at a cost of $59,000. It may be well to preserve permanently in these pages the rates of toll as posted at the entrance of the three old toll-bridges: AUGUSTA. 403 had courageously burdened themselves for its erection, but thereby they had given their village an immense advantage in its lively race with its gallant neighbor. The location of the Kennebec bridge at the Fort instead of at the Hook was intensely disappointing to the people of the latter place, who had long looked at their sister village with increasing jealousy. The two sections of the town were now become hopelessly estranged and ill-feeling began to disturb the smooth running of town business. Each village manifested a readiness to oppose the other m its pet schemes, whether they concerned public improvements or the election of candidates to office. From this state of affairs there seemed to be no relief save by a division of the town. The sentiment of Fort Western was favorable toward division; that of the Hook was there- fore opposed. The original movers for a division were Joseph North, Matthew Hayward, Stutely Springer, James Burton, James Bridge, Elias Craig, Gershom North, Theophilus Hamlen, John Springer and George Crosby— all of the Fort village. The friends of division were numerous enough at a town meeting held in May, 1796, to appoint Daniel Cony " agent to prefer the petition to the general court during its then session." The petition was presented by the town's agent. Amos Stoddard, of the Hook, was then the town's representative, and though himself originally opposed to division, he did not seek to de- feat the proposition. The desired act was passed by the legislature on the 20th of February, 1797, incorporating the Middle and North parishes into a town by the name of Harrington. Thus " after twenty-six years of united struggles, trials and labors, the town of Hallowell was divided."* The name chosen for the new " Rates of Toll. Each foot passenger, 2 cents. Each horse and one rider, 13 cents. Each single horse cart, sled or sleigh, 16 cents. Each wheelbarrow, handcart, and every other vehicle capable of carrying a like weight, 4 cents. Each team, including cart, sled or sleigh drawn by two beasts, 25 cents. Each additional beast, 5 cents. Each single horse and chaise, chair or sulkey, 20 cents. Each coach, chariot, phaeton or curricle, 35 cents. Neat cattle, exclu- sive of those rode on, in carriages, or in teams, each, 4 cents. Sheep and swine, 4 cents." The foregoing rates were painted black upon a white sign board 4x5 feet in size, in well proportioned letters two inches in perpendicular height. * The History of Augusta, by James W. North, 1870. No historical sketch of Augusta as a town or city can ever be properly compiled without frequent re- course to this invaluable work. Mr. North was born February 12, 1810. He was the son of James North, of Clinton, who was the son of Joseph North, who came to Fort Western in 1780 and built a house at the present corner of Oak and Water streets, where the Granite Bank building stands. The grandson pursued a course of studies at Gardiner Lyceum; studied law with Frederic Allen, of Gar- diner; was admitted to practice in 1831; practiced first at Clinton (now Benton); returned to Augusta in 1845; represented the town in the legislature in 1849 and the city in 1853; was mayor of the city in 1857, 1858, 1859, and again in 1873 and 1874. In 1856 he erected the original Meonian Building on the site of the old 404 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. town was in honor of a favorite courtier and honored minister of George the Second, Lord Harrington. The once royally commis- sioned Colonel Dunbar had bestowed the same name sixty-eight years before to ancient Pemaquid (the present town of Bristol), but at the end of his brief though brilliant administration in Maine, Massachu- setts prejudice discarded the name, with others equally eminent (Townsend and Walpole), which he had given to the towns of his founding. The limits of the new town of Harrington embraced nearly two- thirds of the territory of old Hallowell. Its number of acres was 36,011. It retained about one-half of the valuation and population. It contained 250 polls, 119 houses, 84 barns, 21 shops, 74 horses, 157 oxen, 307 cows and three-years old cattle, 219 younger cattle, 620 tons of shipping, 7 saw mills and grist mills, $6,870 worth of stock in trade, and $3,000 at interest. One year later the population was 1,140. Burton post office, on Water street. This building was destroyed in the great conflagration that swept through Water street September 17, 1865. In 1866 he erected the present Meonian and North's block, and a few years later the struc- ture which perpetuates his name as Hotel North on the site of the old Franklin house, which was built by his uncle, Gershom North, many years before. These buildings are imposing monuments to the memory of their builder and illustra- tive of him as a progressive and public spirited citizen; but long after they shall have been leveled to the ground by the elements or by time, his History of Au- gusta, which to him seemed but a minor incident of his life work, will be his more enduring monument. He died June 7, 1883, and was buried in Forest Grove. He married September 23, 1834, Phebe Upton, of Danvers, Mass., and left three sons: Dr. James W., George F. and Horace North. CHAPTER XVII. AUGUSTA (Continued.) By Capt. Charles E. Nash. Organization of Town.— Name Changed to Augusta.— Pound, Roads, Court Houses, Jails, Public Houses. Poor Houses.— The Purrinton Tragedy.- The Malta War.— Meeting House Changed into Town House.— Cony Female Academy.— Augusta Union Society. — Celebrations. — Augusta the Seat of Government.— Public Buildings.— Village Corporation.— Kennebec Dam.— Manufacturing Companies.— Catastrophe to the Halifax.— First Railroad Train. — Railroad Bridge. — Cemeteries. — Visits of Distinguished Men.— Schools. WILLIAM BROOKS (great-uncle of Samuel S. Brooks, and great-great-uncle of William Henry Brooks, of Augusta) issued the warrant for the first town meeting, and Seth Wil- liams (grandfather of ex-Governor Joseph H. Williams) notified the voters to assemble at the court house on Monday, the 3d of April (1797), to organize the town. The ofifice of moderator was appropri- ately given to Daniel Cony. Henry Sewall was elected town clerk and William Howard town treasurer : Elias Craig, Seth Williams and Be- riah Ingraham were elected selectmen and assessors. All of the offices pertaining to a town at that time were filled.* The sum of $1,250 was raised for highways, $400 for schools, $300 for support of poor " and other necessary charges." *The following, added to those in the te.xt, complete the list: fence-viewers, Barnabas Lambard, Matthew Hayward ; surveyors of highways, David Wall, jun., Benjamin Pettingill, Isaac Clark, Joseph Blackman, Anthony Bracket, James Child, Moses Cass, Thomas Densmore, Alpheus Lyon ; surveyors of lum- ber, Amos Partridge, Theophilus Hamlen, Charles Gill, James Black, Barnabas Lambard, Elias Craig, Brian Fletcher, Beriah Ingraham, Simeon Paine, Ezra Ingraham, Isaac Lincoln, Daniel Hartford, Moses Partridge ; tything-men, Asa WilHams, Ezra Ingraham, Benjamin Pettingill, Theophilus Hamlen; sealers of leather. Constant Abbot, Josiah Blackman ; measurers of wood, Theophilus Hamlen, Seth Williams, James Child, Samuel Colman; field-drivers, William Hewins, Moses Ingraham, Phineas Paine, Simeon Paine, jun.; pound-keepers, William Usher, George Andros ; inspectors of lime and brick, Henry Sewall, Daniel Foster ; cullers of hoops and staves, and packers of beef and fish, Will- iam Usher, Benjamin Wade, Theophilus Hamlen, James Burton ; town agent, James Bridge ; fish committee, Shubael Pitts, Benjamin Wade, Moses Pollard, Asa WilHams, Jeremiah Babcock, Charles Gill, Isaac Lincoln. 406 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. The new town now hopefully entered upon its career, unhampered by any faction inimical to its development. But the name which the act of incorporation had bestowed upon it proved exceedingly unac- ceptable to the people. It was discarded as soon as possible. The reason for its rejection has never been given to the public, — is not even hinted in the records. The selectmen were summarily ordered by the town to procure a change, and those officers said in their peti- tion to the legislature, "that for many reasons which operate in the minds of your petitioners they are desirous that the name of Harring- ton may be changed to Augusta," and forbearing to give " a lengthy detail of reasons," they doubt not the favor " will be granted." The favor was readily granted, June 9, 1797, changing the name from Har- rington to Augusta. The migratory fish in the Kennebec were then common for food and commerce, and the head of the tide, at Cushnoc rapids, was a seat of industry for catching them. The wits of dis- gruntled Hallowell graphically corrupted the name Harrington into Herring-town, which spoiled it for sentimental local use. This fact rather than any other seems to have led the dignified fathers of the new town to look for another less susceptible to profane travesty. Why the substitute name Augusta was selected does not clearly appear and is not certainly known. Like Harrington it had once been con- ferred upon an early Maine seaboard town. The Pejepscot Company began a plant at Small point (now in Phippsburg), about the year 1716, calling it Augusta ; but the Indians destroyed it in 1722, leaving the place without the need of a name. It is more than probable that the lost town at Small point suggested the half romantic name that was permanently adopted and which the satirical neighboring humor- ists could not successfully ridicule. Each of the new towns started on its career with the spirit and vigor of youth. Hallowell retained as its inheritance the name of the mother town; and being freed from all irksome subjection to the elder sister, .she prospered phenomenally, and before the end of three decades had become the commercial metropolis of the Kennebec. Augusta, being located less favorably for the packet ship trade, developed differently and more slowly. Both were benefitted by the act of division. Augusta, no longer embarrassed by Hook opposition, began at once such local improvements as were desirable. The first year (1797) a town pound for stray cattle and other va- grant domestic animals was built "on the west side of the gully, near the goal on the north side of Winthrop road." This was by the bury- ing ground (Mrs. Anthony's lot), and where the town house was after- ward located. The road that is now State street was opened from Laurel hill as far as the present Western avenue in 1800, and named Court street, in honor of the new court house that was then being built on the present jail site (see page 79). The 'bridge across the AUGUSTA. 407 ravine near by (now filled) was built by vSamuel Titcomb (grandfather of Lendall Titcomb), at a cost of $112.37. A temporary court house had previou.sly (in 1790) been built on the " eight-rod rangeway " (Winthrop street), near the present dwelling site of Peleg Morton. The terms of court of the preceding two years had been held in Pol- lard's tavern. As early as 1775 the town had ordered the erection of public stocks. In 1786 a whipping post was added, and set up on the site of the present property of Mrs. Ai Staples on Winthrop street. The erection of such terrors to evil doers was compulsory upon towns in those years, and a fine was exacted for neglect to establi.sh them. These fell into disuse after the jail was erected near them in 1793. In 1798 the road to Sidney on the Belgrade road was laid out; also Stone street (east side), named in honor of Rev. Daniel Stone. June 21, 1802, Jonathan Maynard and Lothrop Lewis were appointed by the commonwealth " to explore and lay out a road four rods wide in the most direct route the nature of the ground and the accommo- dations of the public will admit, from the bridge at Augusta to the town of Bangor, near the head of the tide on the Penobscot, and form an expense of the cutting, clearing, and making said road." The committee performed the duty, and on the 26th of February, 1803, were paid $610.04, " in full for their services and provisions supplied and money advanced." This was the origin of the highway that is now called the Bangor road, but more frequently Bangor street (to Pettengill's Corner). In 1799 fire wardens were first chosen by the town: Elias Craig, Theophilus Hamlen, Peter T. Vose, George Crosby (who built the " old castle" — so named because of its .size^in 1796, and whose name survives in Crosby street), Samuel Howard, jun., Samuel Cony, 2d. An engine " for the purpose of extinguishing fires " was bought. The first company of firemen was organized this year, consisting of The- ophilus Hamlen, Amos Bond, Lewis Hamlen (grandfather of Freder- ick), Daniel Hartford, Barnabas Lambard (father of Colonel Thomas Lambard), John Brooks (father of Samuel S. Brooks, of S. S. Brooks & Co.), James Child, Perez Hamlen (grandfather of Horace H. Hamlen), Charles Gill, Joseph North, Samuel Page and Church Williams. In the year of its incorporation, the town was divided into eight school districts — two on the east side of the river and six on the west side. The two former were numbered 1 and 2, — No. 1 comprising the territory of the South parish on that side of the river, and No. 2 the adjoining territory of the North parish. No. 3 comprised as much of the south parish on the west side as extended two miles from the river; No. 4 comprised as much of the North parish as extended one mile from the river; Nos. 5 and 6 comprised the remainder of the South parish westward of No. 3 — along the Hallowell line; No. 7 was north of No. 6 at the westerly end of the North parish, or in the north- 408 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. western corner of the town ; No. 8 was the remainder of the North parish between Nos. 7 and 4. As early as 1796 the first military company was formed, which had for its captains— Seth Williams, Samuel Cony and Shubael and Thomas Pitts. In 1806 the Augusta Light Infantry was organized, with the following named officers : Captain, Solomon Vose ; lieuten- ants, Amos Partridge (grandfather of Charles K., Frank R. and Allen Partridge), and Peter T. Vose ; ensign, Joseph Wales ; first sergeant, Joseph Wales; second sergeant, John Partridge; third sergeant, James Williams; fourth sergeant, Cyrus Alden; fifer, Stephen Jewett; drum- mer, Lorain Judkins. The intelligence of the death of Washington, December 14, 1799, reached Augusta on New Year's day, following. Ceremonies in commemoration of the event were held February 22, 1800. The com- mittee of arrangements were : Henry Sewall,* Peter T. Vose, George Crosby, Samuel Colman, William Brooks, James Bridge and Benjamin Whitwell. The latter gentleman, a lawyer, delivered the oration in the meeting house. The procession marched across the river on the ice to the sound of muffled drums, and having passed by Fort West- ern, returned over the bridge. This homage to Fort Western as the local acropolis was always a feature in the public parades of the young town. The first court house was built by the citizens of the town (in 1790). The courts were held in this building for a period of about twelve years. The next court house was built on the site of the Ken- nebec jail. It served as a court house for twenty-eight years. Re- ligious meetings were frequently held in it, and sometimes town meetings. When abandoned as a court house, it was converted into a religious chapel, and later into an amusement resort under the name of Concert Hall. Upon the building of the present jail, it was removed to the corner of Court and Winthrop streets, and its present public use is that of a ward room on election days. The Mansion House was built opposite the new court house in 1803, for the special convenience of guests in attendance at court. It continued uninterruptedly as a public house until its destruction by fire on June 11, 1877. It had been repeatedly enlarged and modern- ized. At the time of the destruction, it was conducted by the late W. M. Thayer, father of A. W. Thayer, the present landlord of the * Henry Sewall had been a captain in the war of the revolution, and was under Washington's immediate command at Valley Forge, in the winter of 1778. He had received the distinguished honor of an election to the Society of the Cin- cinnati. According to the rules of that society which are based on the law of primogeniture, the honor descended to his son, Charles, born 1790, then to his grandson, Henry, born 1822 (an officer in the Union army), then to his great- grandson, Harry, born 1848, now a citizen of Augusta. The latter has resigned the honor in favor of his cousin, Hon. Joseph H. Manley, a collateral descendant, in whom the right to all of the honors of the celebrated society now resides. AUGUSTA. 409 Augusta House. The Cushnoc House, burned September 13, 1892, was built the same year as the Mansion House, by Amos Partridge, for a store and dwelling, but it was afterward remodeled into a hotel. Pitt Dillingham was one of its early landlords. It was bought in 1835 by Henry Johnson (father of Robert B. Johnson, Augusta, now a printer). Among its later landlords were E. P. Norton, T. J. Cox (about 1840), Henry Lincoln, Orrin Rowe and Jabez and Thomas Bal- lard. It was finally purchased by the trustees of the Lithgow Library in view of erecting a fine library building on its site. Amos Pollard's tavern was bought by Peter T. Vose, in 1797, and enlarged into the Kennebec House, which was burned October 13, 1862. In 1829 the the New England House stood on the present site of the railroad machine shop. The Franklin House was built by Gershom North (uncle of the late James W. North). It stood on the present site of Hotel North, and was burned in the great fire of September 17, 1865, which consumed all of the buildings save four between Bridge street and Market Square. The Augusta House was built in 1831, by an association of citizens, for the convenience of members of the legisla- ture; Thomas Stevens was its first landlord. In 1805 the town authorized the selectmen to procure a domicile for the homeless poor, which was done. The nexi year George Reed was elected the first superintendent of the town's poor house. This house stood north of Ballard's Corner and immediately south of W. W. Curtis' residence. A well on the east side of the road and an old sweet apple tree mark the spot. In 1834 the present poor farm was bought of Church Williams (father-in-law of Alfred Redington) for $3,000. The purchasing committee were Reuel Williams, John Potter (father of the Potter brothers) and James Wade. The house has since been enlarged and considerably remodeled. The year 1806 was made melancholy in the annals of the town by an awful tragedy committed by a maniac. James Purrinton (aged forty-six) came to Augusta with his wife (aged forty-five) and family from Bowdoinham in 1805, and occupied the farm on the Belgrade road that was owned by the late George Cony (who built the Cony House). Purrinton had eight children: Polly, aged 19 years; James, aged 17; Martha, 15; Benjamin, 12; Anna, 10; Nathaniel, 8; Nathan, 6; Louisa, 18 months. On the morning of July 9th, between two and three o'clock, the maniacal monster stealthily assailed with an axe every member of his family, and killed instantly all except two — James (who recovered from his wounds), and Martha, who died July 30th. The maniac then cut his own throat and fell dead in his blood. The news of the deed spread horror everywhere. Elias Craig, as coroner, summoned a jury of inquest, consisting of John Eveleth (foreman), Theophilus Hamlen, James Child, Kendall Nichols, Shu- bael Pitts, Caleb Heath, Jonathan Perkins, Oliver Pollard, Samuel 410 HISTORY OF KENNFBEC COUNTY. Bond, Ezekiel Page, Ephraim Ballard, jun. This jury found that Purrinton " of his malice aforethought " did kill and murder his wife and children, " and as a felon did voluntarily kill and murder himself." The selectmen caused the bodies to be carried to the meeting house, but that of the suicide was denied admission beyond the porch, where it was detained with the axe and razor spectacularly displayed on the coffin. The funeral was held the day after the tragedy, attended by many hundreds of people from the surrounding country. A platform was set up in Market Square for the minister. Daniel Stone oifered prayer and Joshua Taylor (Methodist) preached to the multitude. The procession was headed by the coroner and his jury, behind whom were the seven victims' bodies, "supported by bearers and attended by pall-bearers," and they were followed by the surviv- ing son (James) and relatives and people. Purrinton 's body was hauled on a cart behind. The procession marched across the bridge to Fort Western, and having passed by it returned over the river and went via Bridge and State streets to the Winthrop road, and from thence to the burying ground (Mt. Vernon Cemetery), where, in the northeast corner, and near to the powder house (built in 1805) the bodies of the mother and her six children were buried side by side in graves that are unmarked. Purrinton's body, with axe and razor,was buried between the road-side and the cemetery, but tradition hints that it was secretly exhumed in the darkness of the following night for the benefit of science at Bowdoin College. The young town of Augusta and many others that were located on the Plymouth Company's lands were many times filled with agita- tion and panic during the so-called Malta war. Bv 1807 there had been outrages approximating to bloodshed, committed by lawless squatters in revenge for being molested in their possession of lands to which they had no technical title. By 1808 public excitement ran so high that the "Augusta patrol " — a volunteer organization — was formed, adopting for its motto ''Custodia est Clypcus" — the watch is our safety. The association was composed of twentyeight members, two of whom served nightly, taking their turns every fortnight. Jo- seph North, Ezekiel Page, Elias Craig, James Bridge and Peter T. Vose were the standing committee. Henry Sewall and Daniel Cony began their rounds on the night of January 15, 1808. The prescribed route was: "Commencing at Burton's inn [Kennebec House], from thence through Water street into Court [State] street by way of Cap- tain Joshua Gage's [the residence of the late Ira D. Sturgis] on Grove street; thence passing the new meeting house [Parson Tappan's] into Middle [now Laurel] street, to the Mill stream [Bond's brook); thence passing by Judge Bridge's house [washed away in the freshet of 1839], down through Mill street near the mills [now Webber and Gage's] to Kennebec bridge; thence over the bridge through Bridge [now AUGUSTA. 411 Cony] street; thence to the school house [on Arsenal street], thence down to the town landing; thence back to said Burton's by way of Fort Western; thence up Winthrop street, passing Hamlen's [Perham street] to the court house [where jail now is], and through Whitwell [now Green] street to said Burton's." On the 16th of March following,the jail was set on fire and burned. The prisoners were taken to Lot Hamlen's house (on the lot of Judge Libbey's residence). The court house was fired by an incendiary the same night, but saved. Although it was soon discovered that the jail had been fired by a prisoner, there continued to be great public un- rest. A temporary jail was erected in the rear of the court house to hold the prisoners until the new stone jail could be built — which was ready for occupancy in December, 1808.* The next year, September 8, 1809, Paul Chadwick was killed by assassination in the town of Malta (now Windsor). The suspected criminals — seven in number — were captured and brought to Augusta, and lodged in the new stone jail. On October 3d, about seventy men, some disguised as Indians, approached the village on the east side of the river, within 150 rods of the bridge. It was apparently an attempt to release the Malta prisoners. A spy was caught by the local patrol near what is now the corner of Cony and Bangor streets. Public excitement was intense. The court house bell — the only one in town — was rung, alarm guns were fired, and the Light Infantry turned out under arms. The streets were lively with panic stricken people. Three hundred militiamen from the surrounding towns were summoned to the res- cue.f A cannon was brought from Hallowell by Captain Page and his men, and trained to sweep the bridge with grape and canister. Bullets were cast by boys and young women in the meeting house in the square. But contrary to general expectation, the trial of the prisoners, which began November 16th and lasted about a week, re- sulted in an acquittal. This had the effect of mollifying the partisans of the prisoners, and ending all further danger of bloodshed. The good people of Augusta were now relieved from the terrible strain which the Malta war had inflicted on their nerves. At last the old town meeting house in Market Square had fallen into disuse and neglect. The new South parish meeting house (dedicated ♦Joseph J. Sager, of Gardiner, was accused of poisoning his wife, October 4,. 1834. He was tried and convicted of murder, and sentenced by Judge Weston to be executed January 3, 1835. On that day he was led forth from the jail to his doom, and expiated his crime from a scaffold that had been erected in Win- throp Street Square, Many thousands of people had assembled on the occasion from all parts of the state. George W. Stanley was the officiating sheriff. A part of the gallows still exists as a ghastly relic among the rubbish in the base- ment of the present court house. tThere were eight companies, one each from the towns of Augusta, Hal- lowell, Gardiner, Winthrop, Readfield, Sidney, Vassalboro and Fayette. 412 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. December 20, 1809) had wholly supplanted it as a place of worship. The court house had been preferred to it as a place for town meetings. The old building, venerable from its twenty-six years of service, was finally officially declared to be a nuisance for standing in the range- way. It was therefore torn down by Jason Livermore in his capacity of highway surveyor, on the 20th of March, 1810. The timbers were massive and as sound as ever, and most of the other parts were still serviceable. The surveyor sold the material to Lewis Hamlen, who in turn sold it to the town for the sum of $176. The town then bought of Joseph North for fifty dollars the lot which was already a burial place and the site of the pound. It was described in the deed as be- ing on the " Winthrop road near the pound " (now Mrs. Anthony's lot). On that lot the town reerected the old meeting house as a town house. The first town meeting was held in it December 25, 1811. It continued to be the town house until 1848, when the town being about to become a city sold the building to the late Ai Staples, who moved it easterly across Elm street, upon the now unoccupied lot westerly of Charles B. Morton's house, and remodeled it into Win- throp Hall. The city sold the lot for nine hundred dollars in- 1852. Mr. Staples remodeled the old town house into Waverly Hall. The main building was afterward removed to its present location on the old jail lot, where its early cotemporaries, the stocks and whipping post,* were erected for the discipline of sinners who did not profit by the sermons which in their day echoed within its walls. The year after the removal of the meeting house from Market Square, Benjamin Whitwell, Bartholomew Nason and Joshua Gage •erected a block of stores on the north side of the square. A year later (,1812) a brick building was built by the Kennebec Bank on the south side of the present court house lot. It was occupied as a bank until 1816, when it was remodeled into a dwelling house. At one time it was the post office. It was sold to the county in 1851, when the present court house, which had been located on its present lot and built in 1828, was enlarged. The beneficence of Daniel Cony in founding (1815) the Cony Fe- male Academy for " for promoting the education of youth, and more especially females" (as expressed in the act of February 20, 1818, in- corporating the trustees), gave an impulse and quickening to the in- tellectual life of the town, and led to the formation of a reading room and social library association (organized October 1, 1817). It was organized anew June 2, 1819, under the name of Augusta Union *April 17, 1786, "a thief was whipped at ye post for stealing clothes from Ebenezer Farwell." As late as 1796, two men were whipped, one for horse ■stealing, and the other for counterfeiting. Amos Partridge, jailer, stood by with drawn sword, and Johnson, his deputy, applied the \a.shes."—JVi?rf/t's History. AUGUSTA. 413 Society, and incorporated June 20, 1820, " exclusivsly for the improve- ment of morals and the diffusion of useful knowledge."* It observed a yearly anniversary, calling upon one of its members for an ad- dress on the occasion. It collected a large library. A smaller circu- lating library had been established by William Dewey. The library of the academy grew to be large and valuable. In time its shelves received most of the books of the disbanded Union Society. At one time the academy library numbered 1,200 volumes. Through the suspension of the work of the academy its library ultimately became considerably dispersed, but about eight hundred of its books — some with old and rare imprints, one as early as 1612 — have fallen into the custody of the Kennebec Natural History and Antiquarian Society, organized May 7, 1891. The Augusta Lyceum, formed October, 1829, succeeded the Union Society as the organized exponent of the intelli- gence of the town. Its life membership fee was forty dollars; yearly dues fifty cents. It held meetings weekly. Its first officers were: Dr. E. S. Tappan, president; William Dewey, vice-president; Eben Fuller, treasurer; E. Caldwell, secretary; P. A. Briusmade, curator. Every fourth meeting was assigned for debates, which were sometimes bril- liant and exciting. The town was favored with a rousing double celebration July 4, 1832. The national republicans and the democrats contested for the honor of having the most impressive ceremonies. R. H. Vose was the orator for the republicans, and James W. Bradbury for the demo- crats. The exercises of the former party were held on the Gage (now Sturgis) place. Grove street. The democrats had Parson Tappan's meeting house. The fiftieth anniversary of the declaration of inde- pendence had been observed by the town in 1826, with great festivity. The committee of arrangements were: Pitt Dillingham, Joseph Chandler, R. C. Vose, Daniel Williams. The oration was by Williams Emmons in Parson Tappan's meeting house, and R. H. Vose read a poem. The centennial celebration of the erection of Fort Western was held July 4, 1854. The oration was by Judge Weston, from a platform covered with an awning over the gateway of the state house yard. The city promoted the celebration by paying for it to the amount of $1,659.08. The city council requested of the orator a copy *The corporators of the Aug:usta Union Society were : Amos Nichols, James Loring Child, Elias Cobb, Samuel D. Nason, William A. Brooks, Albert A. Dil- lingham, Benjamin Davis, Mark Nason, Edmund T. Bridge, Daniel Williams, Artemas Kimball, Henry Gage, George W. Morton, William H. Dillingham, Rufus C. Vose, Joseph P. Dillingham, Allen Lambard, Eben Fuller, Elias Craig, jun., Hannibal Dillingham, Luke N. Barton, Moses F. Davis, William Dewey, Lewis B. Hamlen, Abishai Soule, E. J. Vassal Davis, James Bridge, jun., Richard H. Vose, George H. Vose, Henry Williams, William Pillsbury, Asaph Nichols, John Cony Brooks, Charles Keen. •414 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. of his oration for publication, and it was printed by William H. Simpson in a pamphlet that is now very rare. The great epochs in the history of Augusta after the building of .the first Kennebec bridge, and which have immeasurably affected its business, social, and political life, were the making of it the seat of government by the new state of Maine, the establishing of the Ken- nebec Arsenal, and the founding and building of the insane hospital. The town has been supremely fortunate in the timely enterprise of 'its citizens and the abilities of its public men. Daniel Cony first rep- resented it in the legislature (1797). His son-in-law, Reuel Williams, -took the lead in shaping the future of Augusta after the state of Maine was formed. On the 24th day of February, 1827, the governor (Enoch Lincoln) .approved the act of the legislature fixing the permanent seat of gov- ernment at Augusta on and after January 1, 1832. The corner-stone of the capitol was laid July 4, 1829, with Masonic ceremonies, the pro- cession being escorted by the Augusta Light Infantry, under Captain Rufus C. Vose. Governor Lincoln,* standing on the corner-stone, de- livered an address; later, an oration was given by Daniel Williams (brother of Reuel) in Doctor Tappan's meeting house. The granite used in the edifice was mostly from the quarries in Augusta, the 'larger portion being from the quarry now owned and operated by the Edwards Manufacturing Company, in Ward Four.f The legislature •occupied the building for the first time January 4, 1832, when Samuel Smith was governor, and Robert P. Dunlap president of the senate. The location of the arsenal at Augusta [see page 106] was a -sequence to the earlier vote of the legislature locating the state gov- -ernment. But the locating of the hospital for the insane was deter- mined solely by the munificent subscriptions of $10,000 each, by * Governor Lincoln came to Augusta by invitation to deliver an address be- ■fore the students of the Cony Female Academy, on October 5th, following. He was interrupted during his address by illness. He rapidly grew worse, and died at the residence of General Samuel Cony, October 8th. He was given the honor of a state funeral, and his body was entombed in the state house lot, and his sepulchre is now familiarly known as the " Governor's grave." t The first successful attempt to open a granite quarry in Augusta was at the old Thwing ledge, in 1825; this and the old Rowell ledge are connected with what was once called the Ballard ledge, but which is now the Edwards Manufacturing jCompany's. When the first bridge was built, the granite used in the pier was from boulders; the jail of 1808 was likewise built of granite split from boulders. When the first Kennebec dam was built (1835-7), the ledge on Main Top was •operated for rough stone, and many blocks from that now long-abandoned -quarry may still be seen in the northerly section of the canal wall adjacent to the main wheel-house. The blocks in the colonades of the state house came ..from the Melvin ledge in Hallowell. When Judge Bridge and Benjamin Whit- well built their houses in the early part of the century, they shipped the granite .-for the underpinning from Boston. AUGUSTA. 415 Reuel Williams, of Augusta, and Benjamin Brown, of Vassalboro, made in the early part of 1835, toward the founding of such an insti- tution [see page 94]. In the train of these public enterprises came the first faint motions toward a city form of government. In 1835 (March 10) the Augusta village corporation was authorized by the legislature to raise money to maintain a fire department and to ring a bell for the public's benefit. The territorial limits of this corporation embraced the eleven front lots (according to the ancient Winslow plan) a mile deep, on both sides of the river, from the Hallowell line northward. The north line included Pettengill's Corner. The following composed the first board of officers: Russell Eato-n, supervisor; William A. Brooks, clerk; Joseph W. Patterson, treasurer and collector; Daniel Williams, audi- tor; Reuel Williams, chief engineer; William Pillsbury and William K. Kittredge, assistant engineers ; Reuel Williams, Charles Keene, William Pillsbury, Thomas W. Smith, William K. Weston, Lot Myrick, William L. Wheeler, fire wardens. The first tax was assessed in 1836 and the last one in 1839.* It is a remembered saying of William Howard as early as 1785, that a dam could be built across the Kennebec at Cushnoc island (now disappeared), but nearly half a century was then to elapse before such an enterprise would be actually undertaken. The Kennebec Dam Company was incorporated March 7, 1834, with a capital of $300,000. At the meeting to accept the charter and organize, Luther Severance was chairman and Horatio Bridge, secretary; the officers elected were: Asa Redington, jun., president ; James L. Child, secretary and treas- urer; Daniel Williams. Allen Lambard, James Bridge, Lot Myrick, directors ; William Dewey and Edmund T. Bridge, auditors. About a year later Edmund T. Bridge was made president, who, with James and Horatio Bridge, were made the directors; Daniel Williams, sec- retary and treasurer; James and Horatio Bridge, auditors. Soon after *The following are the names of the members of the engine company ap- pointed by the selectmen, January 27, 1836 : Russell Eaton, director ; Henry Winslow, WilHam S. Haskell, sub-directors; Erastus Bartlett, clerk; Russell Eaton, Sylvanus Caldwell, Charles H. Hamlen, Henry L. Carter, George W. Jones, L. O. Cowan, George G. Wilder, Charles Hamlen, E. D. Norcross, William S. Haskell, Daniel C. Stanwood, David Doe, jun.. Henry Winslow, Lemuel S. Hubbard, William Caldwell, Simeon Keith, Cyril Hartwell, Arthur Blish, John H. Hartwell, Henry C. Hamlen, Samuel P. Plaisted, Henry Williams, James Clough, Alvan Fogg, Charles B. Fisher, E. Bartlett, Ansel Blanchard, Moses Noble, E. P. Norton, P. T. Gillpatrick, John C. Anthony, Micah Safford, Hiram Safford, George B. Smith, Joshua L. Heath, Ebenezer Packard, jun., Uriah Huntingdon, John Clifford, Elbridge G. Wyman, Lewis D. Moore, Henry Weeks, N. W. Wingate, James W. North, G. A. Blake, G. W. Snow, William Wyman, Henry M. Blunt. Stephen Mayo, Ebenezer H. Farnham, James S. Gate, William N. Dow, John M. Doe, Benjamin Rust, James F. Weeks, Lewis Wells, Charles Town, W. T. Johnson, Charles P. Dexter, John W. Morrison. E. G. Brown. 416 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Reuel Williams took the office of president. These were the men who boldly undertook the never-before tried experiment of damming the Kennebec. William Boardman* was the engineer, Allen Lam- bard was appointed agent, and men were set at work in 1835. The next year James Bridge was appointed agent, and the work continued. The name of the corporation was changed by an act of March 17, 1837, to the Kennebec Locks & Canals Company, with authority to increase its capital to $600,000. The dam was completed September 27, 1837 ; and the lock (substantially as it is at present) was finished on the 12th of the following October. The height of the dam was sixteen feet above ordinary high water. The completion of the enterprise was celebrated with great joy by a dinner at the Mansion House. This triumph of engineering skill— great for that day — begins a new era in the business history of Augusta. It was the realization of William Howard's dream, and the original predecessor of the present stupendous plant of the Edwards Manufacturing Company. It was, not a financial success — but the reverse — to the chief builders. On the 30th of May, 1839, during an unusual freshet, the pressure of the water against it was so tremendous that it gave way at the western end, where the canal and unfinished mills were located. The torrent, deflected shoreward and quickened by the breach, swept away not only the unfinished mills, but also a cubic acre or more of land from a surface area of half a dozen acres. It undermined and bore off the homesteadf of Judge Bridge, and the house of his son, Edmund T., *Whom Nathaniel Hawthorne, when a guest of Horatio Bridge in 1837, de- scribes as " a plain country squire, with a good figure, but rather a ponderous brow ; a rough complexion; a gait stiff, and a general rigidity of manner, some- thing like that of a schoolmaster. He originated in a country town [belonged in Nashua, N. H.] and is a self-educated man," etc. — Note Book. tThis was the house at which Hawthorne had been the guest of his college classmate and chum, Horatio Bridge (now, 1892, a retired naval oflBcer of high rank in Washington) from July 5 to August 5, 1837. His note-book during the four weeks of his visit to Augusta, is full of delightful interest to the local reader of to-day. He gives in prose a poet's description of a stroll up "a large trout brook" (Bond's brook) which he and his friend took one afternoon — "he [his friend] fishing for trout, and I [Hawthorne] looking on." They finally came to " where a dam had been built across the brook many years ago, and was now gone to ruin, so as to make the spot look more solitary and wilder than if man had never left vestiges of his work there." "B [his friend] says that there was formerly a tradition that the Indians used to go up this brook and return, after a brief absence, with large masses of lead, which they sold to the trading station in Augusta ; whence there has always been an idea that there is a lead mine hereabouts." Hawthorne here met for the first time smce graduation his "classmate and formerly intimate friend," Jonathan Cilley, who was afterward killed in a duel. The remains of the old dam which the romancer describes, were probably at the place that is now called Coombs' Mills, where Samuel Cum- mings had a saw and grist mill as early as 1797, and which forty years later had probably long been abandoned. AUGUSTA. 417 near by. The Bridge mansion had stood more than thirty rods from the original shore, and about a hundred feet above it. So utterly had the land around and beneath the houses disappeared that their sites were lost and their true bounds on the new level below never deter- mined. If the Bridge mansion were to reoccupy its old place in space, it would be about one hundred feet in the air and some two hundred feet westerly of the present river bank in the latitude of the wheel- house at the northerly end of the new factory building. The work of rebuilding the dam was begun in September, 1840, under the inspiration of Alfred Redington, by the cooperation of the old stockholders. It was finished in 1841, at a cost of about $10,000. In 1842 Samuel Romans built a double saw mill at the east end, and James Bridge a wood machine shop. In the spring of 1845 the build- ing of the first cotton factory — of a capacity of 10,000 spindles — was begun by the Locks & Canals Company, and finished in November of the next year. This was the era of the building of the old factory boarding houses— one of which is still standing as a tenement house on Northern avenue. Six saw mills were built, and Reuel Williams and Joseph D. Emery built a large flour mill. In 1846 (April 11), about 150 feet of the dam was again carried away by a freshet; but it was at once repaired by Samuel Kendall. In 1847 a machine shop and a kyanizing shop were built. In July, 1847, the Augusta Water Power Company was incorporated to take the place of the Locks & Canals Company. On the 2d of September, 1853, the saw mills, machine shops and flour mills were burned. They were rebuilt in 1855, but before they had been completed, a June freshet (the eleventh day) carried away one hundred feet of the dam. It cost $20,000 to repair this new disaster. The property of the Water Power Company soon thereafter fell by legal execution to Henry Williams, who, while energetically en- gaged in improving it, fell sick, and died September 15, 1858. The property was sold by his administrator to a new corporation by the name of the Kennebec Company, by whom it was conveyed to the A. & W. Sprague Manufacturing Company in March, 1867. The city of Augusta took part in this transaction by loaning its credit in aid of the purchase to the amount of $250,000. On the 2d of January, 1868, the machine shop and adjacent buildings were burned, making a loss of about $40,000. After a freshet that began February 17, 1870, it was found that 160 feet of the dam had been swept away. This was the fourth similar disaster to the structure since it was built in 1837. The work of rebuilding the dam in a more elaborate and expen- sive manner than ever before, was begun in July, 1870, under the en- gineering supervision of Henry A. De Witt, and the general agency 37 418 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. of Ira D. Sturgis. It was finished the same year, and still stands ap- parently as immovable as when first built.* On the 23d of May, 1848, the boiler of the little steamer Halifax, that plied between Augusta and Waterville, exploded while the boat was passing through the lock at the east end of the dam, killing in- stantly six persons, including the captain, Charles F. Paine, of Wins- low, and fatally injuring another. There was at that time great com- petition by steamboats for business between Augusta and Waterville. The railroad had not been built, and at one time there were five boats running between the two towns in connection with the sea steamers for Boston and other ports. The completion of the railroad from Portland to Augusta was aided by a loan of $200,000 by the town, at a meeting held August 27, 1850. The first locomotive steamed into the village December 15, 1851, and stopped at Court street, where it was looked upon by the curious as a wonderful creature. The first train of cars arrived on the 29th of the same month, and was greeted by thousands of people who had assembled to witness the event. Six years later (in 1857) a railroad bridge had been built across the river, and the track of iron continued to Waterville. This first bridge was carried away by the freshet of 1870, when an iron one was immediately put in its place. This first iron bridge in Augusta was replaced by the present stronger and better one. For many years Mt. Vernon Cemetery continued to be the only public burial place in the village portion of the town. It was small in size and incapable of being adorned and made attractive by taste and art. On February 11, 1835, the Forest Grove Cemetery Associa- tion was incorporated, and was first composed of the following named citizens: John Eveleth, Benjamin Tappan, Flenry W. Fuller, Thomas W. Smith, John Means, James L. Child, Bartholomew Nason, Frederick Wingate, Elias Craig, Jacob Hooper, Greenlief White, Charles Keene, Mark Nason, Benjamin Swan, William Hunt, John Hilton, William Norcross. The association bought of Bartholomew Nason three acres of land nearly opposite the Mt. Vernon Cemetery, and established the present beautiful cemetery, which is the last resting place of many of the honored men of the town. Ex-Secretary of State Lot M. Morrill, and General Seth Williams, the adjutant general of the Army of the *The Spragues added about 1.5,000 spindles, and made other improvements, but in 1873 they failed, and the mills were operated under a board of trustees until 1882, when the property was sold to the Edwards Manufacturing Company. The directors are Jacob Edwards, Dexter N. Richards, Orlando H. Alford, Isaac Fenno, William Endicott, J. Manchester Haynes and Joseph H. Manley. Mr. Richards is president, Mr. Edwards, treasurer, Nathaniel W. Cole, agent, and Charles B. Johnson, clerk. The mills now run 98,000 spindles. The Spragues added one building, making two when the property passed out of their hands, and the Edwards Company have added three. AUGUSTA. 419 Potomac, lie in lots almost adjoining. St. Mary's Cemetery, adjoining Forest Grove, easterly, was appropriated as the Catholic burial place of the town about ten years later. In 1858 the city purchased of the heirs of Charles Williams about five and three-quarters acres on the east side of the river, for $575, and established the present River- side Cemetery. The dust of Reuel Williams reposes in a family tomb in the northwest corner, amid his loved tumult of the industries of the Kennebec dam, and where the vibrations of the traffic over the iron road which his strong aid helped to establish, reach almost hourly. The old Mt. Vernon Cemetery having become almost filled with graves, the city in 1853, bought of Vassal D. Pinkham twelve acres of land westerly of and contiguous to Mt. Vernon Cemetery. The price paid was twelve hundred dollars. This was named Mt. Pleasant Cemetery, and has now in about forty years been nearly all lotted. The public suburban cemeteries are : Bolton Hill Cemetery, on the North Belfast road ; Brackett's Corner Cemetery, and the Cottle Cemetery, on the Belgrade road ; the Townsend Cemetery, on the Townsend road ; the Mt. Vernon Avenue Cemetery ; the Reed Ceme- tery, on the Sidney river road. The insane hospital has a cemetery for the burial of such of its deceased patients as are interred under its supervision. Adjoining this lot, are two family burial lots — the Cony and Williams families — whose ancestors were the first settlers on the hospital and arsenal lands. The North Parish Cemetery,— called the Lawson yard— in Ward Seven, is under the supervision of the city. It is on the farm now owned by Horace Doe. In this yard lies the dust of John Gilley, one of the earliest settlers, who lived to a great age— reputably to 124 years. Gilley's point received its name from him. There are several private burial places on the same road. Begin- ning with the Uriah Clark lot, referred to a preceding page, and pro- ceeding southerlj', one next comes to a family lot on the farm owned by C. M. Daily; next is the family lot of the late James Gilley, on the farm now owned by Dennis Donovan. This lot, like the Uriah Clark lot, is unfenced and will soon be obliterated. Next is the Tolman yard, so-called, on land now owned by Frank Lessor. In this lot sleeps Samuel Tolman, another of the original settlers, together with some of his descendants. The lot is on the westerly side of the hill, near Mr. Lessor's house. Next is the Babcock burial place, unfenced, on land now owned by J. T. Harwood. Next is the original Riverside yard, so-named by Jarvis W. Lawson. It is on the farm now owned by J. W. Dana. Roland Smith and wife, Clark Smith and wife, and the Isaac Church family are buried here. Next is the Wall and Hewins yard, on the farm now owned by Luther I. Wall. On the ancient Uriah Clark farm, now owned by William Clark, was another burial 420 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. place near the present highway. In it were buried Jesse Clark and his wife, Debie. Jesse was buried in 1842 or 1843, and his wife a few years earlier. This burial place has been plowed over and ob- literated.* Among the world's distinguished men who have honored Augusta by their presence, and been the guests of its people, may be named the Bourbons, Louis Phillippe and Tallyrand, who were guests for a day at the house of Joseph North (on the present site of Granite Bank) in 1794. The noisy dispute concerning the northeastern boundary line was the occasion of an official visit by Major General Winfield Scott to the capital of Maine. He arrived with his suite March 9, 1839, and lodged at the Augusta House. He remained about three weeks, engaged in composing between Governor Fairfield and Sir John Harvey, the questions that had led the state of Maine to marshal troops for the Aroostook border. William R. Smith, then editor of Tlie Age, was sent for by the general several times, and met him in his parlor for interviews on the subject of the proof sheets of the protocol or document that was to announce to the world in the columns of The Age, the bloodless solution of the " Aroostook war " controversy. President Polk visited Augusta in 1847, in response to an invitation of the legislature and the town to accept the hospitalities of both. He reached Hallowell in the steamer Huntress, July 3, 1847, and rode to Augusta in a coach driven by Ambrose Merrill, of Hallowell, who was an abolitionist of a swarthy complexion, and whom President Polk ludicrously mistook for a colored servant. Alfred Redington was marshal, assisted by Fraucis Davis, Daniel C. Weston, Thomas Lam- bard and W. J. Kilburn, as aids. In the president's suite was James Buchanan, as secretary of state. The president lodged at the house of Reuel Williams. President Grant visited Augusta, August 3, 1865, as the guest of the state, accompanied by his wife and children. A state dinner was given the party at the Augusta House. President Grant passed through the city in 1871 (on his way to the opening of the European & North American railway), and received the greetings of the people on a platform erected near the railroad, in Market Square. He again visited the city in 1872, as the guest of Mr. Blaine, accompanied by his son, Fred, and daughter, Nellie. On the 29th of October, 1867, General Sheridan visited Augusta as the guest of the state, and was given a hearty welcome by the citizens. Four hundred school children, stationed at the southeast junction of Winthrop and State streets, sang before him, under the direction of Josiah W. Bangs, the thrilling song (then new) Sheridan's ride. General William *For the facts connected with this line of old burial places between the Vas- salboro line and Pettengill's Corner, the writer is indebted to Mr. John M. Cross, of Augusta. AUGUSTA. 421 T. Sherman was at one time for a few hours the guest of Mr. Blaine at his Augusta residence. The fact was stated in a preceding page that in 1797 the infant town was divided into eight school districts. These were subse- quently divided and subdivided as the growth of the town proceeded, until finally the number had increased to twenty-seven. Numbers 2, 4 and 8, of the original districts remained, though much reduced in size, until the abolition of all the suburban districts by the city, and the adoption of the town system for them in 1887. At the town meeting of 1797, three citizens were elected as a committee in each district, and seven more as a town committee "to visit schools." This action was twenty-seven years in advance of statute legislation, and nearly a quarter of a century before Maine became a state and re- quired it by law. This practice was continued until 1815, when the town elected an agent for each district, and fixed the number of the school committee at five.* In 1803 a new district was carved from the north side of No. 3, extending northerly from the Hallowell line, and numbered nine. The first effort in town to establish a school above the primary grade was in 1803, when an association of citizens built a grammar school building of brick at the present corner of Bridge and State streets (Bridge street did not then extend westerly of State street). This building was first occupied in the spring of 1804, with a Mr. Cheney as preceptor. The ownership of a share entitled to the school- ing of one pupil ; shareholders sometimes let shares to non-owners. The dead languages were taught. The house was burned in 1807. which ended the school. It had no successor for twenty-eight years, and during that period — nearly a generation— the district schools oc- cupied alone the field of educational work within the town's limits; but the Hallowell Academy, then in its full vigor, offered the youth of Augusta ample facilities for obtaining a good education, which many of them profitably accepted. In 1835 another attempt was made to establish in town a school devoted to the higher branches of education, and to prepare students for college. The legislature, on the 19th of February of that year, incorporated a number of citizens under the name of the Augusta Classical School Association. Funds were raised by the sale of shares. The site of the original high school house was purchased, and a brick edifice erected thereon; its size was sixty-five by fifty feet, two stories, with pediment front, supported by four doric columns of wood— facing eastward. The building and furnishing cost $7,000. The board of management consisted of Reuel Williams, president: John Potter, James Hall, Cyrus Briggs, Allen Lambard, Elias Craig, *An address delivered by Dr. John O. Webster, before Capital Grange, Augusta, March 26, 1887, printed in the Home Farm newspaper, April 7, 1887. 422 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. jun., James L. Child, directors. The first term of school in this build- ing began April 18, 1836, under the preceptorship of William H. Al- len, afterward president of Girard College, and kinsman of the late Edward C. Allen, of Augusta. His assistants were Joseph Baker (father of Orville D. Baker), Miss Allen (the president's sister), and Miss Hannah Lambard (sister of Thomas). After Professor Allen left, the Misses Taylor— English ladies— taught for awhile, and then Mr. Woodbury took charge. Each scholar paid six dollars a term as a tuition fee. It was expected that the tuition fees would be sufficient to maintain the school, but after a few years of indifferent financial success, its worthy promoters suffered its doors to be finally closed. An act was passed by the legislature February 27, 1833, specially for the town of Augusta — which in effect anticipated the recently passed general state law that authorizes the abolition of all school districts, and the placing of the schools under the management of a central committee or supervisor. The special act referred to authorized any school district in Augusta to elect annually seven (since changed to not less than three nor more than five) directors, who should have all the rights and perform all the duties of school agents and superintending school committees; with ample authority to classify and grade the different schools according to the scholars' attainments, and lay out and expend the school money raised by the town and assigned to the district as its proportion in the support of its schools. Any two or more districts in the town were authorized to consolidate into one district, and have all the benefits of the act. Those citizens who had procured the passage of the act met many rebuffs in their efforts to have it made of any effect. The majority of the people were not yet ready for the proposed innovation, and the high school as a semi-private enterprise grew up to relieve the necessity of the hour. But in 1842, after several years of agitation and deliberation, two districts, Nos. 3 and 9 (originally one), voted to unite under the provision of the act of 1833, and adopt the name of the Village School District. The first meeting of the new district was held in the town house April 6, 1842, when George W. Stanley was chosen moderator, and Jonas G. Holcomb, clerk. The directors elected were E. S. Tappan (brother of Parson Tappan), R. D. Rice, C. C. Whitney, William Pillsbury, John G. Phinney, Moses E. Ham- len, George W. Morton; they classified the scholars into one high, two grammar, and six primary schools. There were then 974 scholars in the district. There was a school house on Laurel street (called the Piper school house), and another at the corner of Grove street and Western avenue (this was sold in 1854). The district now built a new frame house on Perham street, and another on North street. The un- used building of the Classical School Association was hired for the new high school. AUGUSTA. 423 In 1848 the Village School District purchased the Classical School Association's building for $B,0()0. The same year a wood school house was built on Kendall street, and another on Chapel street, south of Green street. In 1850 the present brick school house on Grove street was built, also another on Crosby street, at a cost of about $3,200 each. In 1853 the present double brick house was built on Kendall street, at a cost of $2,520, and in 1855 a similar house was built at the corner of Orchard (now Chestnut) and Winthrop streets, at a cost of $3,015. In 1869 the old high school building which had descended from the Classical School Association, was superseded by the present spacious edifice, which was dedicated August 26, 1870, in the presence of a large audience. Among those who participated in the exercises were Joshua L. Chamberlain (then governor), Warren Johnson (state superintendent of schools), U. S. ex-Senator James W. Bradbury, ex- Mayor Samuel Titcomb and ex-Mayor James W. North, who was chairman of the building committee. In 1891, by vote of the district, this building was named the William R. Smith School, in honor of a steadfast friend and able promoter of the public schools — Mr. Smith having had an official connection with the schools of the Village District from the formation of the district until his resignation as director in 1890. A large four-room brick school house was built in 1890, at a cost of $10,000, at the corner of Oxford and Franklin streets, and named the Cushnoc Heights Grammar School. Gustavus A. Robertson has been the principal of the schools of the Village Dis- trict since 1868. Charles E. Nash, Rodney B. Capen, George W. Vickery, are the directors in 1892. The last term of the high school of the Village District was held in 1881, when the Cony Free High School was established. The number of scholars in the Village District in April, 1892, was 2,052 — about two thirds of the whole number in the city. The school sys- tem of the Village District, which was adopted in wisdom fifty years ago, is identical with the modern town system that is so generally commended by public educators. In 1882— forty-nine years after the passage of the act enabling them to do so— three school districts— numbers 1, 20 and 26— lying contiguously on the east side of the river, united and formed the present Williams School District, which contained in April, 1892, 581 scholars. Daniel A. Cony, Joseph H. Manley and Eugene W. White- house made the first board of directors. The scholars were assigned to grammar, intermediate and primary grades. In 1890 the district began the building of a fine four-room school house, locating it on Bangor street at a place called Wedge hill. Its cost and furnishing was $13,000. The directors and building committee were William H. Libby, A. M. Wight, W. H. Williams, Joseph H. Manley, Daniel A. 424 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Cony, F. L. Farrington, W. B. Leighton. The building was first opened for schools in 1892. The Cony Female Academy was founded by Daniel Cony in 1815.* The first building was erected that year at the corner of Cony and Bangor streets. The founder conveyed the building and lot to trus- tees, in trust, who, on the 18th of February, 1818, were incorporated. They, with their successors, were made " visitors, trustees and gover- nors " of the institution. The founder endowed it with ten shares of the Augusta Bank and other gifts. In 1826 the legislature gave to it half a township of land, which was sold for $6,000. The same year the house at the corner of Bangor and Myrtle streets, now the resi- dence of Harvey Chisam, was built for a students' boarding house. The same year Samuel Bussey, of Boston, gave to the academy a tract of landinSidney,whichsoldfor$500. In 1828, the value of its property amounted to $9,795. The original academy building having become overcrowded, the then disused Bethlehem church at the junction of Stone andCony streets (built by the Unitarians in 1827), was purchased in 1844, and remodeled into a commodious academy building. Among the later corps of teachers were Jonathan and Newton Edwards, the Misses Hall and Bailey, Milton Welch, E. V. and D. A. Ingraham and Mrs. Arthur Berry, in 1856 and 1857. After nearly fifty years of usefulness, the institution ceased to be self-supporting, and was closed. The endowments, however, remained, and by the accumulation of interest had in about twenty years reached the sum of about $20,000. It was the generous motion of ex-Gover- nor Joseph H. Williams, a grandson of the founder, and who repre- sented the trustees of the academy, to propose to devote the idle fund to the erection of a new institution for educational purposes. The city of Augusta accepted his proposition, and engaged to maintain a free high school for the youth of the city, in consideration of the use of a building suitable for the purpose. Governor Williams thereupon authorized the appropriation of the academy fund's accumulation to the building of the present stately edifice on the site of the second academy building. The old building— once the Bethlehem church — was removed to its present location on the Fort Western lot at the foot of Cony street. The new building was projected in 1879, and completed for occu- pancy in September, 1881. The name of Cony as applied to the Fe- *Daniel Cony— ex-officer of the revolution, scholar, physician, legislator, judge— with his ruling love for the agencies that elevate and refine society, was to Augusta in its educational beginning, dating from the Hallowell Academy of 179.5, which he helped to establish, what Reuel Williams— the lawyer, senator and man of aflfairs- was, a generation later, in constraining the location of the state government, and in inciting and promoting other enterprises of incalculable influence in shaping the future of his native town. AUGUSTA. 425 •male Academy, falls appropriately to the new institution.* The Cony Free High School, which has, in 1892, about 120 students, is conducted by a mixed board of directors, consisting of the superintending school committee on the part of the city, a trustee of the Cony Fe- male Academy and one of the directors of the Village School District. This board in 1892 consists of George E. Weeks, Winfield S. Choate, W. H. Harris, Joseph H. Manley, Charles E. Nash. Since the substitution in 1887 of the town system of management for the suburban schools of the city, the names given to the different CONY HIGH SCHOOL, AUGUSTA, ME. schools in lieu of the formerly distinguishing district numbers, are as follows: the Bracket School, Jewett, Stone, Leighton, Cony, North Parish, Fletcher, Howard, Hospital, Church Hill, Hewins, Spaulding, Bolton Hill, Howe, Stony Brook, Ward Road, Wellman. The number *The following is a complete list of the principals of the Village District and Cony Free High Schools, with the year when each was engaged : 1848, George W. Jewett, 10 weeks, David Fales; 18.50, G. P. Goodwin; 1853, Walter Wells (com- piler of the Water Power of Maine, 1869); 1853, David Fales, 5 weeks; 1854, Ephraim C. Cummings, John F. Dean; 1855, Albert A. Scott, 3^ terms, Thomas K. Noble; 1859, F. A. Waterhouse; 1868, A. W. Jackson, 3d term, W. H. Lam- bert; 1870, G. L. Farnum; 1872, J. N. Ham; 1875, George B. Files; 1890, J. H. Parsons; 1893, William A. Hoyt. 426 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. of scholars eligible to these schools in April, 1892, was 468. The total number in the city was 3,101. The act of the legislature authorizing the town of Augusta to be- come a city was approved by the governor (John W. Dana) on the 23d of July, 1849. The voters assembled in town meeting at Winthrop Hall, on the 31st day of December of the same year, to consider the question of accepting the provisions of the act. John A. Pettengill was moderator, and Daniel Pike, town clerk. The number of votes in favor of becoming a city was 588, and those opposed, 196. The town accordingly adopted the city form of government, and began its first municipal year in March, 1850. CHAPTER XVIII. AUGUSTA (Concluded.) Churches.— Secular Organizations. — Banks. — Other Business Enterprises.— Lo- calities.— Civil Lists.— Personal Paragraphs. THE Congregational Church Society, of Augusta, has had an ac- tual existence since 1771, and its records extend back to 1786. From a handful of members in the latter ye^Lr, it now numbers over a thousand communicants. It has built three houses of worship, and a like number of chapels. In 1771 the inhabitants of the newly incorporated town of Hal- lowell petitioned the Plymouth Company for a ministerial lot of land, and a lot for a meeting house. The next year they voted ;^15 " for schooling and preaching." and in 1773 the town officially invited Rev. John Murray, of Boothbay, to preach one Sabbath, which he did; and the same year Rev. John Allen was hired, and preached two years, being the first resident minister. Those who immediately followed him, though each preached but a short time, were Reverends Samuel Thurston and Samuel Spring in 1775, and John Prince in 1780. In 1782 the frame of the first church in Augusta was erected on a lot nearly in front of E. C. Allen's building in Market Square. The fol- lowing year the house was first occupied for worship, but it was not completed until 1795. Here the society worshipped for twenty-six years, and the building, yet standing, and after several removals, is now known as the Friends' chapel, on Winthrop street. Rev. Nathaniel Merrill preached in the new church in 1783^, and in 1785 Rev. Seth Noble was engaged for sixteen vSabbaths. Rev. William Hazlitt preached fourteen Sabbaths, and was afterward hired on probation; Rev. Mr. Kinsman preached occasionally, and Rev. Ezekiel Emerson, once. October 11, 1786, Rev. Isaac Foster was ordained, and two years later was dismissed. In 1791 Reverends Jacob Emerson and Adoniram Judson preached; and Rev. David Smith officiated for three months the following year. In January, 1793, the church at Chesterville (formed in 1790) was united to the elder church, and in July of that year. Rev. Charles Turner occupied the pulpit, remaining until March, 1794. In this year the Middle parish was formed (which, when Augusta was incorporated in 1797^ became the South parish), and here, in October, a church of fifteea 428 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. members, who had withdrawn from the Hallowell church, was or- ganized, Rev. Charles Turner officiating for a few months. From this small beginning has grown the present South Parish Congrega- tional church. Rev. Daniel Stone began as regular pastor of the church October 21, ITD.'j, remaining fourteen years. The first South parish meeting house was begun in July, 1807, and dedicated Decem- ber 20, 1809. It stood on " that lot of land belonging to Judge North, near the Grammar School House, on the east side of the street lead- ing to the Court House," and served the society until July 11, 1864, when it was burned by lightning. The society immediately took measures to build a new church; a design was accepted in November, and the corner-stone of the granite church was laid the following spring. It was dedicated July 5, 1866. Rev. Edwin B. Webb succeeded Doctor Tappdn as pastor, and re- mained until 1860. Alexander McKenzie was the next pastor, and remained until 1867, when Rev. Joel F. Bingham came and officiated until 1870. Rev. James H. Ecob then came, and was dismissed at his own request in 1881. Rev. Henry E. Mott came next, and resigned in 1882. Rev. Arthur F. Skeele was ordained in 1884, and resigned in 1889. Rev. J. S. Williamson, the present pastor, was ordained May 15, 1890. The first and second chapels were built during Doctor Tap- pan's pastorate. The pioneer of Methodism in the Kennebec valley was Elder Jesse Lee, of Virginia, who visited this section in 1793. Augusta was then within the Readfield circuit, and the third quarterly meeting was held at the former town in a barn, the sacrament being admin- istered on the green in front. The first meeting in Augusta to listen to a sermon in this faith was held in 1800, when Rev. Epaphras Kib- bey lectured in the hall of the old Thomas house. In 1802 the town was included in a circuit that extended from Gardiner to Skowhegan. The preachers who traveled this circuit were, that year, Reverends Comfort Smith and Aaron Humphrey. The few attending the Methodist church resided in the north part of the town, and it was not till 1807 that a class was formed in the vil- lage, with Elihu Robinson as leader. November 30 and Decem- ber 1, 1810, a quarterly meeting was held in the old court house, Zachariah Gibson then being the minister in charge of the circuit. The society having greatly increased, a station was made here in 1828, with Rev. Daniel B. Randall in charge. The same year steps were taken to build the edifice still in use, though alterations and re- pairs have greatly changed its appearance. The successors of D. B. Randall were: Oliver Beale, 1829; John B. Husted, 1830-1; Elijah Crooker, 1832; James Warren, 1838; George Webber, 1834; Justin Spaulding, 1835 (who was sent to South Africa as a missionary, and the year completed by James Warren); Asbury Caldwell, 1836; Daniel Fuller, 1837; Ephraim Wiley, 1838, but whose year was filled out by Benjamin F. Tefft. In this year the class in the north part of the town was joined with Sidney. In 1839 Joseph Aspenwall preached; in 1840, Joseph H. Jenne; and in 1841, Albert F. Barnard, under whose pastorate the society had a great revival, and its membership was increased by 129 persons. Caleb Fuller preached in 1842-3; Asa- hel Moore, 1844; Charles W. Morse, 1845; Stephen Allen, 1847-, Charles F. Allen, 1849; H. M. Blake, 1851; H. B. Abbott, 1853; Ste- phen Allen in 1855, during whose pastorate the vestry was added to the church; Joseph Colby, 1856; Aaron Sanderson, 1858; A. J. Church, 1860, who went to the war as chaplain, his place being filled by Will- iam McK. Bray, until the coming of Charles Munger in 1863. D. B. Randall preached in 1865; Cyrus A. King in 1867, during whose pas- torate the church edifice was cut in two and greatly enlarged; Ezekiel Martin, 1870; and Roscoe Sanderson, 1873, during whose pastorate 102' persons were received into membership. E. T. Adams was pastor in 1876; W. M. Sterling, 1878; Roscoe Sanderson, 1881; Charles W. Brad- ley, 1883; G. R. Palmer, 1886; T. F. Jones, 1889; and I. G. Ross, 1890. The North M. E. Society is in the present Fourth Ward. The first Methodist class formed in the town was then known as North Augusta. A class was organized in 1802, and Japheth Beale was- leader between 1803 and 1810. In 1838 the class was united with the Sidney charge, and Sabbath worship was held at Bacon's Corner — now Sidney Centre. The society in North Augusta was organized in 1861, and measures were at once taken to build a house of worship, which was completed the same year. In 1869 a substantial parsonage was erected, and in 1881 the church was repaired, and supplied with an organ. The labors of the pastors have been divided between this house and the Jewett school house, their names and terms of service being as follows: William Wyman, 1851; Thomas J. True, 1853; John Young, 1855; J. S. Cushman, 1856; Nathan Andrews, 1857; True Whit- tier, 1859; A. C. Trafton, 1861; Nathan Andrews, 1865; J. P. Weeks, 1866; J. M. Howes, 1868; F. E. Emerick, 1869; F. W. Smith, 1871; R. F. French, 1873; John W. Perrey, 1876; George L. Burbank, 1877; Thomas Hillman, 1878; John B. Fogg, 1879; C. L. Libbey, 1884; D. L. Ford, 1886; H. F. Patterson, 1887; W. H. Barber, 1888; H. L. Crockett, 1891; and C. M. Abbott, 1892. In April, 1825, Christ Church (Unitarian) wasTormed, worshipping in the court house and Cony Female Academy, the services being led by various clergymen temporarily engaged. In September, 1825, Daniel Cony and fifty-two. others petitioned the legislature to divide the South parish, and January 23, 1826, an act was passed incorporat- ing the East parish. May 27, l'S27, the frame of the church building was raised on the corner of Cony and Stone streets, and the edifice 430 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. was dedicated October 18, 1827, as Bethlehem church. In 1828 Rev. William Ford came, and was settled as pastor, September 9, 1829. He was succeeded by Rev. Allen Putnam, November 23, 1831. A lot was purchased at the head of Oak street, and on it a new edifice was erected, and dedicated October 17, 1833. Mr. Putnam was dismissed upon his own request in June following, and the society received occasional supplies until 1836, when Rev. Edward H. Edes accepted the pastorate. In 1839 he asked for a dismissal, which was granted. For nine months supplies filled the desk, when a unanimous call was given to Rev. Sylvester Judd, of Northampton, Mass., who was installed October 1, 1840. Mr. Judd died suddenly in the night of January 3-4, 1853, and Rev. Loammi G. Ware, of Boston, succeeded him, July 26, 1854. He resigned in July, 1857, and was succeeded in October, 1858, by Rev. George W. Bartlett. June 1, 1860, Rev. Henry W. Brown was installed, and continued until August, 1866. Rev. S. Curtis Beach preached two years from August, 1867, and Rev. Wil- liam A. Cram assumed the pastorate in December, 1869, and was dismissed by his own request August 16, 1871. Rev. L. E. Beckwith was the next pastor. He resigned in October, 1874, and in 1875 Rev. Charles A. Curtis became pastor, being succeeded in 1879 by Rev. Philip T. Thacher, who held the pastorate until 1889, when Rev. Richard F. Griffin was called. The present pastor. Rev. J. K. New- bert, entered upon his duties in July, 1892, and was ordained October 25th. The new church on State street, at the head of Oak, was dedicated December 18, 1879. In 1833 the Maine legislature first met in Augusta, and the few Universalists here, stimulated by the interests of the persons of. this faith belonging to the legislature, organized a society in 1833, and for two years meetings were held in Bethlehem church, and in the old court house. Then a church edifice was erected in 1835, and was dedicated on Thanksgiving day of that year. The first minister was Rev. William A. Drew, founder of the Gospel Banner, and after him in order came Reverends William A. P. Dillingham, Zenas Thompson, R. A. Ballou, George W. Quimby, Charles R. Moor, Almon Gage, John W. Hines, William HrDearborn, George W. Whitney, Albert C. White, John S. Gledhill, Harrison S. Whitman and J. F. Leland. The present fine brick church on Winthrop street was dedicated March 5, 1868. The First Baptist Society was organized with seventeen members, November 12, 1831. Lemuel Porter, jun., became pastor. His suc- cessors, with year of their coming, have been: E. N. Harris, 1837; Thomas Curtis, 1838; P. S. Adams, 1840; Edwin R. Warren, 1841; N. W. Williams, 1844; Amaziah Kalloch, 1847; George S. G. Spence, 1849; Asa Dalton, 1851; H. V. Dexter, 1855; Lucius M. S. Haines, September 27, 1860; Charles H. Rowe, 1862; J. Ricker, 1865; A. V. Tilton, 1872; AUGUSTA. 431 H. W. Tilden, 1875; H. J. White, 1884, and J. M. Wyman, since July, 1879. Services were held in the old court house until their church on Winthrop street was erected in 1835. In December, 1868, the church building now in use was completed at a cost of $20,000, on the site of their old building. In December, 1846, a warm discussion of the slavery question led to a split in the church, and the seceding members formed a Second church, " having for its leading object uncompromising hostility to the system of slavery." Feeling ran high, the new church was not " recognized " by the old, and it was voted to withdraw fellowship from the recusant members. At length, however, through the good offices of Rev. Amaziah Kalloch, pastor of the First church, harmony and good feeling were restored on January 8, 1849, and each church recognized the other " as a church of Christ in Gospel order, and en- titled to fellowship and communion of the sister churches." A Freewill Baptist church was organized in 1834, with only seven members. They met in a room on the first floor of the town hall, which had been fitted up for the purpose. After about a year, under the pastorate of Rev. Silas Curtis, the society removed its place of meeting to the town hall — the upper part of the same building — for better accommodations. Early in 1836 their numbers had so increased that they held services in the old court house, where they assembled until 1838, when they occupied the new court house. Attempts to erect an edifice of their own had proved unsuccessful. Mr. Curtis left the pastorate in the fall of 1838, and only occasional preaching was held for several years. In 1850 Rev. John Stevens was called by the society, and held his first meeting in Darby Hall. The congrega- tion increased rapidly. In June, 1852, Rev. O. B. Cheney became pas- tor, and, in the spring of 1853, a building was commenced, and dedi- cated November 3d, of the same year. In 1856 Rev. G. W. Bean suc- ceeded Mr. Cheney until July, 1860, when Rev. Hiram Whitcher was called, and remained till June, 1861. Rev. Charles F. Penney was called in June, 1862. In 1866 the edifice was repaired, and in 1868 enlarged. Mr. Penney remained till 1885, when he was succeeded by J. B. Jordan until February, 1891, when Rev. C. F. Penney again be- came the pastor. The church edifice is on Bridge street, near State, and is the original building with many alterations and improvements added. Saint Mary's.*— On the eastern side of the Kennebec, about three miles north of the historic Cushnoc trading post, may be seen, at Gil- ley's Point, the ancient site of what was once known as the Mission of the Assumption. Here, upwards of two and a half centuries ago, at the period of the establishment of this religious mission, there ex- isted a small settlement of one of the most powerful, yet, at the same *By Thomas J. Lynch, Esq. 432 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. time, one of the most peaceful tribes that resided within the borders of our state, called the Abenakis. Prompted by the noblest motives this tribe of the children of the forest sent a special deputation of their chiefs to Quebec, in order to obtain, if possible, a missionary, whom they might retain as their spiritual guide and teacher. The venerable Superior of the Je.suits, after due deliberation, ap- pointed, on August 21, 1646, Father Gabriel Druillettes, S. J., who at once set out with the Indian embassy for the field of his missionary labors, where he arrived at the close of September of the same year, and was received with universal joy and thanksgiving. With paternal care and tenderness, the father received the cordial felicitations of his spiritual children, who looked upon him with wondering eyes, and as a messenger of the Most High. To acquire a knowledge of the In- dian dialect he studiously applied himself and his efforts were rewarded with the happiest results. Under his direction, an humble log chapel was soon erected, and dedicated to the worship of God, under the beautiful title of the Mis- sion of the Assumption. Important duties called him to Quebec the following May. With profound sorrow his humble flock saw him de- part. So numerous were the urgent invitations for his return, that in 1650 he again bent his steps toward his loved Abenakis. After four- and-twenty days of fatigue and hardship, he reached Norridgewock, the center of the Abenaki village. All were in motion, and amid a volley of firearms, the chief embraced the missionary, crying: " I see well, that the Great Spirit who rules in Heaven deigns to look favor- ably on us, since He sends us back our patriarch." The forests of Maine rang with their acclamations of joy and gratitude. They all exclaimed: " We have thee at last. Thou art our father, our patriarch, our countryman. Thou livest like us, thou dwellest with us, thou art an Abenaki like us." Thus did this ancient, noble and warm-hearted tribe receive their black-gown, the envoy of God. This time he comes not merely as an humble missionary, but, also, as the accredited ambassador of the Canadian government to the New England colonies, and is authorized to propose an alliance for their mutual protection against the hostile Iroquiois. Unhappily he found himself unable to effect such a union, although he made two pilgrimages to the colonial officials at Boston. He continued his apostolic labors on the Kennebec, until early in the spring of 1652, when the voice of obedience recalled him to Quebec, and thus closed his connection with the Mission of the Assumption. Nothing could exceed the devotedness of the Indians to their mis- sionary. That his was no less tender and affectionate toward them we are assured in his own words. Writing to his superior, he says: " In spite of all that is painful and crucifying to nature in these mis- sions, there are also great joys and consolations. More plenteous than . ^k SLlB iHI, ffiiairi \i\ I can express are those I felt to see that the seed of the Gospel which I had scattered here four years, in land which for so many centuries had produced only thorns and brambles already bore fruit so worthy of the Lord." Father Druillettes had no immediate successor in the pastoral charge of the new mission. At intervals, it was attended by a series of the Sons of Loyola, until the tribe of the Abenaki finally disap- peared from the valley of the Kennebec, to seek a more congenial home in other parts of the state, or beyond its limits, among kindred tribes. To their illustrious apostle, Father Druillettes, must be ac- corded the proud title of pioneer missionary of the Kennebec, and founder of the first sacred edifice that adorned its banks, and thus be- came the nucleus of Catholicity in our midst. And, although the material structure has long since passed away, and its historic site well-nigh forgotten, yet there .still remains, in its integrity, the faith of the Abenaki, as taught by the immortal Druillettes. As a natural sequence to the history of the ancient Mis.sion of the Assumption, at Cushnoc, is that of St. Mary's of Augusta; the title slightly altered, the mission exactly the same. The former began with about 500 souls, the latter now numbers very nearly the same, and its condition flourishing, as well in its material as spiritual aspect. The heavenly seed thus sown centuries ago in a soil which till then had been sterile, but which, since then, having been nurtured by the toil, tears and even blood of martyrs, has never ceased to be pro- ductive of choice plants and flowers, the fragrance of which like a sweet incense has ever been wafted gently.to the Eternal Throne. Even when, for a long lapse of time, the voice of the Shepherd had not been heard, and when his visits along the banks of the Kennebec had been rare and for brief intervals only, even then the piety of the faithful suffered little or no decline wherever the faith had been once established. That sacred temples wherein Divine worship could be held were scarce, and even unknown, until within more recent times is perfectly true ; but that those who composed the body of the faithful were altogether deprived of the means of a supernatural subsistence is most certainly false. How this was accomplished we can easily learn from those who are still living in our community, and who remember well how the Catholics of Augusta and immediate vicinity devised a way to have their spiritual wants supplied, in the early part of the century, and how they never considered the circumstance of distance or inconvenience arising from inclement seasons when it was a ques- tion of salvation. There are those who tell how they, in those early times, rather than fail to be present at the holy sacrifice of the mass on Sundays, 434 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. and holidays of obligation, especially on the great solemnities of Christmas and Easter, deemed it no hardship to travel, even on foot, to the neighboring stations, and particularly to that of Whitefield; and how, from this toilsome journey they were sometimes relieved by an occasional visit from the venerable pastors of that Catholic settle- ment. When, in turn, Augusta, in the year 1847 became the seat of an independent parish,* with a resident pastor. Catholics all along the Kennebec, and even from the more inland towns, came and were here ministered unto. As the faithful in these places soon increased in numbers, they gradually became separate parishes, and received a duly appointed rector. Even in Augusta, within the past five years, or to be more precise, at the end of November, 1887, a second parish was established, by the present bishop of the diocese, Right Rev. James A. Healy, D.D., with a resident pastor, for the French Cana- dians, who began to increase so rapidly that a separate church be- came necessary, and which was forthwith erected on a beautiful site on Cushnoc heights. Thus St. Mary's, after having been more or less instrumental in fostering Catholicity within a large radius, until each congregation became able to make provision for its own spiritual wants; and after having materially enlarged and improved her own church, pastoral residence and cemetery, she finds herself at length, though restricted to the English-speaking Catholics of the city, free from all indebted- ness and enjoying in the community a position of high merit and prosperity. » The first preaching of the gospel in the Episcopal faith was in 1763, when Rev. Jacob Bailey, a missionary at Pownalborough, came to Cushhoc by invitation. Occasional services were held by the few Episcopalians at the old court house. Rev. James C. Richmond, of Gardiner, officiating. In June, 1840, a meeting was held at the new court house to establish a Protestant Episcopal church in Augusta. *In 1836 the number of Catholics in Augusta had so largely increased that a chapel was needed for their accommodation, and it was decided to purchase the Bethlehem church, on the east side of the river, which had been vacated by the Unitarians. The first services in this chapel were performed by Rev. Father Curtin. In 1845 the present St. Mary's church was erected on State street, and the Bethlehem church sold to Cony Female Academy. Rev. James O'Reilly as- sumed charge of the parish in November, 1847, and was the first resident priest. He was succeeded in 1853 by Rev. Edward Putnam. In February, 1856, the pastorate devolved on Rev. Charles Egan, who became the second resident priest in Augusta. In November, 1869, Father Egan was succeeded by Rev. Michael C. O'Brien, who was rector until May, 1874. Since then the succession has been as follows : Rev. Eugene M. O'Callaghan, to November, 1875 ; Rev. Raphael Wi.ssel, O. S. B., to August, 1877; Rev. Daniel J. W. Murphy, to May, 1881 ; Rev, John W. Murphy, to July, 1886, and Rev. Charles W. Doherty, the present rector. AUGUSTA. 435 James T. McCobb was chosen moderator, and James Baker, Moses Noble, Allen Lambard, H. A. Kittridge and Daniel Cony Weston were chosen vestrymen. The church was called St. Mark's church, and T. G. Salter was chosen pastor; but ill health prevented him from complying with his promised acceptance. In August of that year, Rev. Frederic Freeman, of Cape Cod, was invited, and in October be- came the settled rector. May 23,1841, a confirmation was held in the Methodist church building, when Bishop Griswold conferred the rite upon thirty-six persons. Subscriptions were received for the erection of a house of worship, the corner stone was laid July 24, and on July 20, of the following year, the church was consecrated. In October, 1843, Rev. Alexander Burgess was invited to the rectorship, Mr. Freeman having resigned, and was instituted rector July 14, 1844, by Bishop Henneshaw. In March, 1854, Mr. Burgess decided to remove to Portland, and in May, 1855, Rev. William E. Armitage became rector. In 1858 the church building was greatly enlarged. Rev. Gordon M. Bradley succeeded to the rectorship in 1859, and remained until 1862, when Rev. J. Geirlow officiated until March, 1864. He was succeeded, temporarily, by Rev. Mr. Wilkinson and Rev. E. E. Johnson ; and in 1868 Rev. Samuel Upjohn was settled as rector. The present edifice of the society, costing $40,000, was consecrated February 2, 1887. The old building was sold to John W. Fogler, and he disposed of it to Dr. George W. Martin who, in 1891, erected a fine residence upon the site. Rev. Walker Gwynne, the present rector, entered upon his duties January 17, 1884. In July, 1892, St. Barnabas' chapel, a mission branch of St. Mark's, was established on the east side, with Rev. W. F. Livingstone in charge. St. Mark's Home was originated by Allan Lambard, who gave to the society a house and lot valued at $7,000, to be occupied and used as a home for women of whatsoever religious faith. In 1870 an act was obtained from the legislature constituting the rector, wardens, and vestrymen of St. Mark's church, and their successors, a body cor- porate with the necessary powers. The home was opened in Novem- ber, 1870. Mrs. James W. Bradbury at her death bequeathed to the home the income from $3,000 for a period of years, with the right to pay the principal should a sum be added sufficient to constitute a reasonable endowment. The home now has a fund of $13,000. The Christian church was organized in Augusta September 1, 1873, with nine members, the leaders in the movement being John O. Boyes and Mrs. Boyes, Rev. W. P. Jackson, John H. Gates and Mrs. Martha D. Lock. A chapel was built on Cushnoc heights in 1875, and enlarged in 1884. The succeesive pastors have been: Reverends W. P. Jackson, Hiram A. Stratton, Joseph F. Wade, Thomas S. Weeks, N. S. Chadwick and O. F. Walter. There have also been various sup- 46i5 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. plies for short periods. The last pastor was Rev. Benjamin S. Maben, whose pastorate closed in 1890. The church edifice is again undergo- ing repairs, and will then be reopened. The church now has .seventy- six members. Saint Augustine church (French Roman Catholic) was organized in 1888. This second branch of the church in Augusta was necessary for the many residents of the city who spoke the French language only, and who wished the services in their own tongue, and who were previou.sly thus provided by assistant priests of Saint Mary's, until the establishment of Saint Augustine. The Rev. T. G. Plant was the first pastor until 1889, when Rev. Arthur A. Hamel, the present pas- tor, was appointed by the Right Rev. Bishop Healy, of Portland, to take charge. Father Hamel was ordained in 1884 by Bishop Healy, and sent to Biddeford as assistant priest. From Biddeford he was sent to take charge of the churches at Fort Fairfield and Presque Lsle, and following this he was appomted to take charge at Augusta of Saint Augustine church. Saint Augustine society erected a large frame building for worship on Washington street, and the edifice is second to none in the city in the beauty and richness of its interior decorations. The building of the edifice has been done principally since Father Hamel has been in charge. The number of its com- municants is 1,150. The accompanying illustration shows the church edifice and the parish residence. The Y. M. C. A. was organized in April, 1881, and a good library and reading room are maintained at its quarters on Water street. H. L. Peabody, the secretary, edits a monthly quarto, and through its columns the needs, meetings, and general condition of the association are made known. The presidents have been: Frank H. Beale, 1881-3; E. E. Davis, 1884-6; H. W. Webber, 1887; James R. Townsend, 1888; George E. Gay, 1889-91; James R. Townsend, 1892-4. Secular Organizations.— Bethlehem Lodge, No. 35, of Free Masons, was instituted July 20, 1821. In the great fire which swept Water street in 1865, all the Lodge records were destroyed. Two years later the Grand Lodge records were burned at Portland, thus destroying everything relating to the doings of Bethlehem Lodge during its first forty-four years. Since 1843 its masters, as remem- bered by members now living, have been: Joseph R. Abbott, William A. Drew, Lory Bacon, Benjamin A. G. Fuller, E. Wills, Jacob Arnold. George W. Jones, Leonard Goss, Moses E. Hamlen, Daniel C. Stan- wood, Elias Hedge, George S. Mulliken, Frank Barrows, Fred Ham- len, Dr. John W. Toward, Stephen Barton, Nathaniel W. Cole, Samuel W. Lane, Fred A. Crowell, George P. Haskell, John W. Rowe, Milton M. Stone, Edward F. Beale, Charles H. Brick, Henry F. Blanchard, John E. Avery, William H. Williams, Treby Johnson, Ethel H. Jones and W. Scott Choate. Augusta Lodge of Masons, No. 141, an offshoot of Bethlehem Lodge, was instituted May 8, 1867, and in 1892, at the expiration of twenty-five years, it had had in all, 260 members. A history of the Lodge by Doctor Tappan was printed in 1892. Its masters have been: Fred- erick Hamlen, Edward Stanwood, Samuel L. Boardman, William H. Woodbury, Frank R. Partridge, Charles B. Morton, Clement P. Rich- ards, Edwin C. Dudley, Charles A. Curtis, John D. Myrick, C. H. Dudley, Edmund McMurdie, Charles C. Hunt, Oscar S. C. Davies, Man- ning S. Campbell, George D. Rowe. Trinity Commandery, No. 7, K. T., was organized in Augusta May 2, 1865. Its successive commanders have been: Orlando Currier, David Cargill, Austin D. Knight, Richard W. Black, James Atkins, Samuel W. Lane, Charles B. Morton, J. Frank Pierce, Henry F. Blanchard, John E. Avery, Treby Johnson, Charles K. Tilden and Edmund McMurdie. Cushnoc Royal Arch Chapter, No. 43, was organized May 8, 1878, with forty-eight charter members, mostly from the Chapter at Hal- lowell. The high priests have been: Dr. John W. Toward, Samuel W. Lane, Charles B. Morton, Henry F. Blanchard, John W. Rowe, Frank B. Smith, Treby Johnson, Edwin C. Dudley, Henry A. Heath and Fred W. Plaisted. James E. Blanchard is the present recorder. Sabattis Lodge, No. 6, 1. 0. 0. F.,was instituted in December,1843, and continued about twenty years, when its interest flagged and its charter was surrendered. Those who served as noble grands were: John G. Sawyer, William R. Smith, William B. Hartwell, Issachar Snell, jun., Benjamin A. G. Fuller, Lewis D. Moor, Joseph Burton, J. Edwin Ladd, William H. Wheeler, Fred. A. Fuller, John Manley, Thomas J. Bur- gess, John H. Hartford and Henry Sewall. Asylum Lodge, No. 70, I. O. O. F., was instituted in Augusta, April 18, 1873, with five charter members. Those who have served as noble grands are as follows: David Cargill, John W. Toward, Mark Harden, Josiah S. Hobbs, Rodney B. Capen, Willis B. Leighton, Arthur L. Brown, Hiram F. Rockwood, Samuel W. Lane, George O. Whipple, Melville C. Blackwell, J. F. Rice, E. E. Eastman, Charles B. Chick, George A. Philbrook, Horace Cony, Edwin H. Atkins, Alexander J. Cameron, Frank L. Pond, Philip A. De Creney, George F. Andrews, Charles C. Hunt, William H. Reid, Melville Smith, G. Fred Libby. George H. Clark, Arthur N. J. Lovejoy, Will H. Dunton, Oscar H. Groves, I. H. Chandler, Alfred D. Weeks, L. W. Mason, George W. Merrill, H. L. Sherburne, J. F. McCausland and W. C. Miller. The membership of the Lodge is now 234. Capital Lodge, No. 288, Knights of Honor, was instituted in Au- gusta May 16, 1876, with nineteen charter members. The office of dictator has been successively held by: John W. Rowe, Willis B. Leigh- ton, Andrew J. Cameron, H. A. B. Chandler, Stephen A. Russell, Sam- 4dB HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. uel W. Lane, Moses S. Moulton, Edmund McMurdie, Rodney B. Capen, William H. Reid, J. H. Dolliver, J. L. Colcord, Frank W. Kinsman, Lorenzo B. Hill and Frank L. Farrington. Highland Lodge, No. 25, A. O. U. W., was instituted in Augusta December 2, 1884, with twenty-eight charter members. It is really a fraternal insurance company, doing business upon the Lodge system. Its membership is now 158. The master workmen have been: Albert G. Andrews, L. H. Cash, F. W. Ellis, E. G. Bascomb, Charles F. Flynt and John Erskine. Cushnoc Council, No. 134, Order of United Friends, was instituted in Augusta June 15, 1885. The first councillor was W. H. Pierce and his successors have been: Samuel W. Lane, 1887: Charles C. Bryant, 1889; Dr. Robert J. Martin, 1890; Seth E. Gay. 1891, and John Cough- lin, 1892. Calanthe Lodge, No. 34, K. of P., was instituted in Augusta March 16, 1885. Its councillors have been: Frank L. Pond, Fred H. Owen, J. Maurice Arnold, Arthur A. N. Lovejoy, Thomas M. Rollins,William F. White, George E. Messer, Frank E. Southard, Wallace N. Malcolm, Walter N. Foss, Weston Lewis, Edward H. Gardner, George A. Craig, Fred L. Benn and Frank S. Farnham. Tribe No. 12, Independent Order of Red Men, was organized in Augusta, December 24, 1888, with sixty-two charter members. Henry T. Morse was the first grand sachem, followed by Reuel W. Soule, Orin A. Tuell, A. E. Hamilton and C. H. Cunningham. Its member- ship is about one hundred. Dirigo Council, No. 790, Royal Arcanum, was instituted here Au- gust 14, 1883. Its officers have since been: D. M. Waitt, regent; Treby Johnson, treasurer, and Lorenzo B. Hill, secretary. A society was formed here some fifty years ago, known as the Benevolent Society. The moving spirit in the organization was Miss Jane Howard, a maiden lady whose memory is .still fragrant in this community, by reason of her many deeds of benevolence and charity. Out of respect to her, the name was changed to Howard Benevolent Society, and it carried on its good work of clothing the poor until 1883, when it was decided to enlarge its scope, and its name was changed to The Howard Benevolent Union. Selden Connor was chosen president, William R. Smith, treasurer, and John S. Gushing, secretary. The presidents since "have been: George B. Files and Al- den W. Philbrook; the treasurer, Edwin C. Dudley, and the secreta- ries, Josiah S. Hobbs and Mrs. Frank H. Beale. It is not sectarian. Capital Grange, No. 248, P. of H., was instituted in Augusta April 7, 1883, with twenty-eight members. Dr. William B. Lapham was elected master, and the subsequent masters have been: Samuel L. Boardman, Byron D. Savage, Charles J. House, Abel D. Russell. George A. Yeaton and Charles F. Fletcher. i M <;USTA. 430 < organized in May, 1888. Henry G. Tt Ct. Andrews, secretary. The corpora- ■ trotting park adjacent to the state house i rade was organized in 1887. with Edward vas succeeded by Ira H. Randall, still in . been: Charles H Hichborn, Treby John- Its membership i^ now about one hun- . to develop the resovn-es of Augusta. he Augusta Literary and Library Associa- legislature in 1873, and was organized the u of fifty gentlemen, residents of Augusta, .lollars for the purchasi of books. Books n from time to tir!:e, an^l by gift and pur- jccame possessed ■ ' ab<"it 3,000 volumes. ■iton,a grandson of olonel William Leigh- notoriety on the i. -^nnebec, died, and by ■he city of Augusta v.'0,0<><> for the purpose Public Library. H' Iso made the city, in which about $15,0(H. .'iditional was realized. Library Association < -ted to transfer their brary. Mr. Lithgow vas probated AugUf^-: met, and having, tr hester Haynes, Wil; ., .. i-jstoric and patriotic S .s forced ,to flee from Enjir^- - ndfather of Llewellyn W., a:.- luring the French and Inrt death occurred June .Mh, following. The ehalf of the city, ac- i 1 R. Smith and Her- i sh family, and his great- oppression to Boston, in bom. William was corn- war, and at the organiza- 1760-, was appointed jud>:e of the court of common ; was also appointed in 1""^, under the revolutionary lewellyn W., was the *rcond son of William. He P-ath, then a part of r— ■ v^etown, in 1763. His wife i.ardiner, a cek; 'he son of Dr. Syl- W., second son . .ni in Dresden, Me., ■ived the educat-,' the youth of those tided taste for nv- ir'- ■•re, in which, as many wing, he afterward achieved marked success. He i;.;-usta in 1839. V, daughter of T!:..r;!,\s Bowman, of Augusta. May \iulina P.. dauRiiv.T <.f EHsha Child, of Augu.st.i ! of the old ...) floors, with an area of 6,000 square f.^et. were fitted his wants. The unchecked march of his business he times from its commencement to the present has •al fruitage of logical thought and ourageous persist- V, it is a compliment and an honor to Augusta, as well n, that by the concurrent opinion of constant travel- :,i; clothier has the finest establishment of its kind in ^Irug .store was established in 1819 by Eben Fuller, and • 1865, he and his son, Henry L., rebuilt it and con- • ben Fullers death. Henry L. died a few years later, I son-in-law of Eben Fuller, carried on the busi- >taunch New England parentage, his ancestry on both < being noted for strict integrity, energ>- and public ■rs was killed in the French and Indian war. and others :.d the war of 1812. His father was Joseph F. Nason^ Jctober27, 1877, whose ancestor, Richard Nason. emi- Mc. in 1647. His mother, Mary Thompson Welch, was bom (1 died May 3, 1853. She was descended on the maternal side - " -ho settled at York, Me., prior to 1707, .md wr.-sc sons, hased, in 1739, the strip of land at ' Charles H. was born at Hallowell, :>■ .iL uic academy there, and at the Maine ^^ . - ^AU his business career in 1863, as a clerk in the •. & Barton, Augusta, remaining with them until 1- became a member of the firm of S. W. Huntin^i. .. ison married Emma C. Huntington, of Hallowell. [fage heir only child, Arthur Huntington Nason, was born February 3, 1877.. 446 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. ness until August 8, 1880, when he sold to Frank W. Kinsman. On January 1, 1887, Frank R. Partridge,* the present druggist, purchased the business. At the southeast corner of Market Square Dr. E. S. Tappan (a brother of Parson Tappan) and Dr. William S. Craig established, in January, 1828, what was subsequently known as the Craig drug store. Here J. E. Ladd, Mr. Cushing, William Black and Charles F. Potter were successively in trade. In May, 1865, Charles K. Partridgef bought an interest with Charles F. Potter, for whom he had been clerk, and shortly before the fire of 1865 purchased Mr. Potter's share. In the following spring C. K. Partridge located in Granite Hall Block, where he was again burned out in December, 1890. His brother, Frank R., was his partner during thirteen years, prior to January, 1887. In 1892, after the Granite Block was rebuilt, he relocated his business at the same corner. The City drug store was opened after the fire of 1865, by Frank W. Kinsman, who was succeeded in 1875 by James E. Devine & Co. In 1876, Nathaniel R. Howard became Mr. Devine's partner. Two years later Mr. Howard succeeded the firm, and in the fall of 1880 sold the store to Horace E. Bowditch and O. C. Webster, a regi.stered pharmacist, who had been his clerk. Joseph P. Dillingham and Lewis H. Titcomb had an early drug store where the E. C. Allen block now stands. They moved to cor- ner of Bridge and Water streets, where Mr. Titcomb and John Dorr continued in trade. Here Mr. Dorr and William Craig were in busi- ness, and here Mr. Dorr's adopted son, George W., became a partner, as J. & G. W. Dorr, druggists. In 1878, James E. Devine bought the store of Lewis H. Titcomb, and two years later, admitted his former clerk, John Coughlin, forming the present firm of Devine & Coughlin. In 1876, Frank W. Kinsman opened the Centennial drug store, and sold it in 1880 to his son, Fred G. George M. Allen bought this cor- ner in June, 1883, and after a local fire in 1887 Fred G. Kinsman suc- ceeded to the business as now. As early as 1869 Alfred C. Dana had a drug store where C. B. Mur- phy's business now is on Water street. Mr. Murphy was born in Pittston in 1862. At the age of thirteen he came to Augusta, and for a time was office boy with Doctors Brickett and Bolan. About 1882 he became a clerk in the drug store of F. G. Kinsman & Co., and in 1885 bought out the Dana stand of F. H. Gilman & Co. *Mr. Partridge was the first registered pharmacist in the state to be licensed after an e.xamination under the present law. Since March, 1889, he has been one of the three state commissioners of pharmacy. tCharles K. Partridge, born in Augusta, in 1836, is a son of Reuben Partridge, who was once a merchant here, and grandson of Amos Partridge, formerly of Sidney. AUGUSTA. 447 In May, 1879, the late Charles H. Guppy, and F.W. Kinsman, jun., bought of Doctor Crooker, at the northwest corner of State and Win- throp streets, a drug business, which he had begun two years prior. In 1881 W. O. Alden, jun., became a partner, and in 1883 Mr. Kins- man retired, and at Mr. Guppy's death in 1892, his nephew, L. J. Crooker, jun., succeeded to his interest. Arthur Tetrault came to Augusta in 1889 and established a new ■drug store at Water street — the first French druggist in the city. James Devine was the pioneer in supplying Augusta with pure water. He laid an aqueduct from springs on the hill south of the city, and for some years supplied a few families. He did not have much means, and finally the property fell into other hands. The Augusta Water Company was organized in 1870, the leading spirit in the movement being Warren Johnson. He built a dam below the springs, put down aqueducts, and much increased the supply of water. The directors were: Benjamin H. Cushman, Darius Alden, Adam Lemont, Charles Milliken, Warren Johnson, Henry S. Osgood and Alanson B. Farwell. Mr. Cushman was chosen president, and Mr. Osgood, secretary. In 1885 the charter was purchased by a new company, whose ob- ject was to take a water supply from the river. Joseph R. Bodwell was president of the new company, and Joseph H. Manley, clerk and treasurer. Mr. Bodwell was succeeded by George P. Wescott, of Portland. A large reservoir was built upon the hill west of the city, into which water is pumped from the river above the dam. The com- pany supplies the city, the insane hospital, and the Kennebec Arsenal. In 1889 the company purchased the Devine water works, and continued to supply spring water to the extent of the capacity of the spring. In 1847 Samuel Homan purchased a piece of land on the east side of the river, near the arsenal, and put up a steam saw mill. This was burned, and in 1862 Ira D. Sturgis bought the place of Henry Smith, and greatly enlarged the business. Albert Daily, of Providence, R. I., was his partner, and subsequently a half interest was sold to A. & W. Sprague. In 1866 the Kennebec Land & Lumber Company was organized, purchased the mills and other property, and operated the mills until October, 1875, when the mills and a large quantity of their product were burned. Ira D. Sturgis* was president of the com- *Ira D. Sturgis, born 181.5, died December, 1891, was a son of James, and grandson of Edward Sturgis, who came from Barnstable, Mass , about 1780, with his four sons— David, James, Jonathan and Heman — and bought a large tract included in the 750 acres now comprising the Sturgis farm in Vassalboro. On this farm are the graves of Indians who lived here and raised corn after Ed- ward Sturgis came. The first frame house on this farm was burned November 5, 18.39, in which fire James Sturgis lost his life. 448 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. pany, and J. Manchester Haynes, his son-in-law, was treasurer until 1875, when Mr. Haynes was elected president. In 1876 a company composed of Ira D. Sturgis, Thomas Lambard and Ira H. Randall,. rebuilt the mills, and operated them until 1889, when the Augusta Lumber Company was organized, with Ira D. Sturgis (since deceased) president, Thomas Lambard, clerk and treasurer, and Ira H. Randall, business manager. In May, 1847, Orrin Williamson came from Worcester, Mass., with machinery for a door, sash and blind factory, which he located on the west end of the dam, where he and his brother, Elias W., operated it for five or six years. In 1859 Orrin Williamson became a partner with Josiah P. Wyman in the sash and blind business on Bond brook, where Mr. Wyman and Lemuel Davenport began the business in 1856. In September, 1865, Mr. Williamson retired, and that business was continued by Wyman & Son until 1884, when the son, Silas W. Wyman, John C. Webber and William E. Gage succeeded to the busi- ness for six years, when the firm became Webber & Gage. The business gives employment to from thirty to forty people. While Mr. Williamson was in the firm they were the largest con- cern of the kind in the Kennebec valley, employing seventy-five men, and having $60,000 worth of their product in transit to California at one time. On March 19, 1870, Mr. Williamson succeeded Mark G. Brooks in the hardware business in Union Block, and since 1872 his large business in agricultural implements and farmers' supplies has made the use of an additional store necessary. O. S. Smiley, a son of the late Hugh Smiley, of Sidney, located on the west end of the dam some thirty years ago, and in 187] removed to the east side of the river, built a factory now producing 1,500,000 broom handles for export to Europe, and employs twelve to fifteen workmen. Benjamin F. Morse and Josiah P. Wyman once had a carriage manufactory on Water street, where they made many of the stage coaches of earlier days. In 1875 Hiram Clark bought the business and plant, and in 1887, began to manufacture his patent drop axle and de- livery wagons. In October, 1889, the factory was burned, and he located on Willow street, where the Allen Lambert car shops had been, and made his brother, Joseph E. Clark, his partner (firm of Hiram Clark & Co.). and continues the manufacture of his drop axle wagons, which they finish, in all parts of the work employing from fifteen to twenty mechanics. Their father, Joseph, was a son of Thomas Clark, of Pittston, whose parents were of Wiscasset. Josiah W. Bangs and Algernon S. Bangs, as Bangs Brothers, located in Augusta in 1880, on the west end of the dam, manufacturing doors, sash and blinds. Three years later they moved to the east end of dam, and made a specialty of window frames. They employ about fifty AUGUSTA. 449 people and manufacture for Boston and New York wholesale trade. Their new plant, built especially for the window frame business, was completed in 1890, equipped with fifty-five horse power steam engine and electric lights. In June, 1888, Willis M. Savage, William T. Parks and Frederick S. Lyman erected buildings on the east end of the dam, and com- menced the manufacture of ground wood pulp, as the Augusta Pulp Company. The Cushnoc Fiber Company was organized in 1889, for the purpose of manufacturing pulp by the sulphite process, and in February, 1891, the two companies were consolidated. The capital stock is $100,000, and F. S. Lyman was the first secretary and general manager. The manufacture of pulp by both processes has been highly successful, and seventy men find constant employment in the establishment. August 20, 1892, this company commenced the manu- facture of manilla paper, the daily output being eight tons, soon to be doubled. Of ground pulp, the daily output is seven tons, dry weight, and of fiber sulphite, eight tons. Mr. Lyman is now president and general manager, and Melvin S. Holway clerk and treasurer. Localities.— Church Hill, a rural locality, northeast of the busi- ness center of Augusta, is named for Samuel Church, from Connecti- cut, who came to Maine about 1780, and to this vicinity in April, 1800. His wife was Ruby, daughter of Esquire Benjamin Pettengill. Their oldest child, Luther, was born in 1783, and died in 1826; their seventh child, Anson, was born at Church Hill, in June, 1800. Pettengill's Corner is the geographical monument to Benjamin Pettengill ; and Bolton Hill preserves in a name the most that is remembered of the first generation of the old family of Boltons. Civil Lists. — From 1797 until the incorporation of Augusta city, in 1850, the following named citizens of the town were selectmen. The first year of each man's service is stated, and the total number of years he served, if more than one: 1797, Elias Craig, 4; Seth Williams, 15; Beriah Ingraham, 12; 1798, Henry Sewall, 2; Brian Fletcher, The- ophilus Hamlen; 1800, Benjamin Whitwell; 1802, William Robinson, 2; 1803, Joshua Gage, 7; Nathan Weston; 1805, John Eveleth; 1806, Lewis Hamlen, 12; 1811, Pitt Dillingham, 6; 1812, Church Williams, 10; 1817, John Davis, Joseph Chandler, Williams Emmons, 2; 1818, Daniel Stone, 3; 1821, Ephraimi Dutton, 2; 1823, John Potter, 7, Na- thaniel Robinson, 9; 1828, Daniel Williams, 4, Cyrus Guild, 4; 1832, George W. Morton, 2, William Thomas, 2; 1833, John A. Pettingill, 6; 1834, William Dewey, 2, Charles Hamlen, 2, Elisha Barrows, 2; 1836, Watson F. Hallett, Charles Little; 1837, Rufus C. Vose, 2, Joseph W. Patterson, 4; 1838, Loring Gushing, 9; 1839, Artemas Kimball; 1840, Ezra L Wall; 1841, Thomas Little, 3, Ephraim Ballard, 9; 1846, Joseph J. Eveleth; 1847, Robert A. Cony, 3; 1849, Ai Staples. 39 450 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. The successive Town Clerks of Augusta were: Henry Sewall, elected in 1797; Samuel Coleman, 1801; Henry Sewall, 1806; Jonathan Bond, 1815; Henry Sewall, 1818; Asaph R. Nichols, 1829; and Daniel Pike, from 1832 until the incorporation of the city. Town Treasurers: William Howard, elected in 1797; Samuel How- ard, 1802; Peter T. Vose, 1803; James Child, 1811; William Dewey, 1824; John Potter, 1836; William K. Weston, 1838; Joseph J. Eveleth, 1839; John A. Pettingill, 1849. City Officers.— The successive Mayors elected have been: 1850, Alfred Redington; 1852, John A. Pettingill; 1854, Samuel Cony; 1855, J. W. Patterson; 1856, Albert G. Dole; 1857, James W. North; 1861, Sylvanus Caldwell; 1863,William T.Johnson; 1864, Sylvanus Caldwell; 1865, J. W. Patterson; 1866, Sylvanus Caldwell; 1867, J. W. Patterson; 1868, Daniel Williams; 1869, Samuel Titcomb; 1871, J. J. Eveleth; 1874, James W. North; 1875, Daniel A. Cony; 1876, Charles E.Nash; 1880, Peleg O. Vickery; 1883, A. W. Philbrook; 1884, Seth C. White- house; 1885, George E. Weeks; 1886, George E. Macomber; 1889, Samuel W. Lane; and since the spring election of 1891. John W. Chase.* Presidents of the Council : James W. North was chosen in 1850 ; Samuel Titcomb, 1851; Edw. T. Ingraham, 1854 (James W. North after October); Samuel Titcomb, 1855; Melville W. Fuller, 1856 (Ai Staples after May); Samuel Titcomb, 1857; John H. Hartford, 1858; Edmund G. Doe, 1860 ; John G. Phinney, 1861 ; Gardiner C. Vose, 1862 ; John G. Phinney, 1864; James B. Hall, 1865; Joseph H. Manley, 1866; G. P. Cochrane, 1867; Ai Staples, 1868; George E. Weeks, 1869; James Bicknell, 1871; George S. Ballard, 1872; Charles E. Nash, 1873; George S. Ballard, 1874; P. C. Dolliver, 1875; Samuel L. Boardman, 1877 Henry G. Staples, 1886 ; Treby Johnson, 1887 ; James A. Jones, 1888 Leslie A. Dyer, 1889 ; Charles H. Blaisdell, since 1890. City Clerks : Daniel C. Stanwood, 1850 ; James A. Bicknell, 1855 Asaph R. Nichols, 1856; Edward Fenno, 1857; William Gaslin, jun. 1858; M. Cunningham, 1862 ; Charles E. Hay ward, 1866 ; William P, Whitehouse, 1867 ; G. P. Cochrane, 1868 ; Joseph Noble, 1869 ; S. P. Plummer, 1870; L. H. Titcomb, 1871; R. W. Black, 1873; Richard W Black, 1876; Henry F. Blanchard, 1877 ; W. W. Morse, 1878; H. F * John Wingate Chase is the son of Amos Chase, of Portland, a descendant of Lord Towneley, of England, whose son, Aquilla Chase, settled in Ports- mouth, N. H., where Rev. Stephen Chase, another descendant, afterward lived. Rev. Benjamin Tappan, of Manchester, Mass., was also in this line of descent. Mr. Chase came to Augusta in 184.3, and became a printer in The Age office, of which he was the publisher in 1855-6. For the next twenty-five years he was a stove and tinware dealer, and was also a coal and grain dealer ten years. From 1885 to 1890 he was steward and treasurer of the Maine Insane Asylum, and mayor of Augusta in 1891-'3. Mr. Chase in 1858 married Mary A., daughter of John Dorr, of Augusta. They have one child, Abbie W. AUGUSTA. 451 Blanchard, 1879; Thomas J. Lynch, 1884; H. F. Blanchard, 1885; Frank E. Southard, 1887; C. Lincoln Tanner, 1892. City Treasurers : John A. Pettingill, 1850 ; Watson F. Hallett, 1852; Moses E. Hamlen, 1854; Watson F. Hallett, 1855; Alonzo Gau- bert, 1856; Joseph W. Patterson, 1857; Thomas Little, 1862; John P. Deering, 1868 ; Thomas Little, 1869 ; J. S. Turner, 1875 ; Samuel W. Lane, 1876 ; Guy Turner, 1879 ; C. N. Hamlen, 1890. The City Solicitors have been : James W. North, elected in 1850 ; Sewall Lancaster, 1852 ; Samuel Titcomb, 1853 ; Sewall Lancaster, 1854; Samuel Titcomb, 1855; Benjamin A. G. Fuller, 1856; Samuel Tit- comb, 1857; Joseph Baker, 1858 ; James W. North, 1861 ; Gardiner C. Vo.se, 1863; Hilton W. True, 1865 ; S. C. Harley, 1866 ; Joseph Baker. 1867 ; J. W. Bradbury, jun., 1868; W. P. Whitehouse, 1869 ; W. Scott Choate, 1874 ; W. P. Whitehouse, 1877 ; Eben F. Pillsbury, 1878 ; H. M. Heath, 1879; W. S. Choate. 1880 ; E. S. Fogg, 1884 ; W. S. Choate, 1885; Anson M. Goddard, since 1887. PERSONAL PARAGRAPHS. Edward Charles Allen,* publisher, was born in Readfield, Me., on the 12th day of June, 1849. His father, James Madison Allen, was a man of scholarly attainments ; his mother, a woman of great intelligence, energy of purpose and saintly character. From his parents he inherited his excellent qualities. His boyhood was spent on the farm. Before he was a year old his home became, by act of the legislature, a part of the town of Kennebec, and in 1854 the name was changed to Manchester; thus before he was five years of age, and without leaving his native hearth, he had been a resident of three towns. These early changes of his residence may have foreshadowed tho.se changes in the publication of periodical literature which he subsequently inaugurated and pushed with such success that the city of Augusta, his adopted home, became one of the leading publishing centers of the country, and the name of E. C. Allen, familiar in every part of the United States and Canada; while his publications went to regular subscribers in every country of the world, where English-speaking people were to be found. He was educated in the common schools and at Kents Hill Seminary. He began his business career at the age of sixteen, as an advertiser of books and novelties. In 1868 he went to Augusta and engaged in the agency and canvassing business ; a believer in the judicious use of printer's ink, he advertised liberally, and soon had a large number of sub-agents in his employ. These he managed with consummate skill and to the mutual profit of all concerned. He conceived the idea of publishing an illustrated literary paper, and the then entirely novel plan of offering a premium to subscribers. His first venture was The *By Samuel W. Lane, Esq., of Augusta. 452 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. People s Literary Companion, a large eight-page monthly sheet, which was first issued in 1869. In this paper he made his debut not only as a publisher, but as a writer of fiction. The enormous circulation at- tained by the paper and the popular favor with which his first novel, Lillian Ainsley, was received, attest to his success in both fields. He offered as a premium to subscribers, a fine steel engraving, and so rapid was the increase of circulation that it became necessary to en- grave several copies of the steel plate to supply the demand. The printing office in Augusta, which had contracted to do his press work, was shortly found inadequate to the task, and he opened a printing house of his own in 1870, in a rented building. His business soon outgrew these quarters, and. in 1872, he erected the best appointed publishing house in Maine, and probably in New England, on the corner of Water and Winthrop streets, where the business has since been continued, enlarged and extended in 1880, by the erection of a six-story building on the opposite corner of Winthrop and Water streets, and extending through to Commercial street. This building he thoroughly equipped with every facility for printing books and periodicals. In 1872 he established in Augusta an electrotype foundry, which for twenty years was the only one east of Boston. In 1871 he established a branch house for art publishing in Portland,, which attained a world-wide reputation for fine art publications, es- pecially in the line of steel engravings, and was the largest art pub- lishing establishment in the world. He was fond of travel, but his trips abroad, which were frequent,, were on matters of business, rarely, if ever, for pleasure; and he visited the storehouses of European art and literature to obtain the best treasures for his subscribers. His judgment was excellent and his selections always seemed to fill a popular demand. He was held in high esteem, and regarded as a public benefactor. He gave em- ployment to a large number of persons and was interested in man^ enterprises. To his publishing establishment the Augusta post office owes its rank as a "first-class" post office, and the city of Augusta is indebted for its beautiful granite post office building, to the fact that his enormous transactions through the mails rendered it necessary.* *He had sixteen large presses, manufactured for his business, in constant use, and at times running night and day, driven by a 100-horse power Corliss engine. He employed from 300 to 300 persons in his Augusta and Portland houses, and his monthly pay roll amounted to from $6,000 to $9,000, averaging for ten consecutive years $100,000 per year. His annual disbursements amounted to $900,000. His bills for engravings to illustrate his monthly periodicals amounted in one year to over $15,000. The popular favor which greeted his periodicals was marvellous; one of them. Our Home and Fireside Magazine, attained a circulation of 415,000 copies a month, to paid-in-advance subscribers, within ten months from its first issue. The combined circulation of his papers and magazines reached 1,300,000 copies a month. Fifty-five tons of white paper AUGUSTA. 453 He was the wealthiest man of Augusta and paid the largest per- sonal tax. He was the largest shareholder and a directer in the Ken- nebec Steamboat Company, a director in the Augusta National Bank, president and director of the Augusta Loan & Building Association from its organization in 1887, a director in the Cushnoc Fiber Com'- were required each month to print his periodicals, and seven tons of paper a day were usedin his two houses. In 1886 he had paid S3, 000,000 for white paper, and up to 1891, nearly §0,000,000. In 1886, the first direct mail to Tasmania was sent out, and large quantities were sent to Chiiia, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand and the West Indies. He paid for postage on mail to foreign countries $300 per month. His annual payments of postage were very large, amounting in one year to over $144,000, and averaged $100,000 for ten years. He paid one three-hundredth part of the entire postal receipts of the United States. The weight of paper he sent through the mails in one year was over over 1,600 tons, which is the largest amount sent out in one year by any publishing house in America, according to the records of the post office department. His business was not confined to steel engravings and periodical literature. He was a patron of art, and the works of the best artists, he purchased and reproduced in engravings and lithographs. At one time he had employed in his work every lithographic press in Boston, be- sides others in New York, and he placed with the Riverside Press in 1888 the largest lithographic order ever given by any one at one time. He was a large publisher of standard books, of which may be mentioned the Revised Bible, the Parallel Bible, containing the King James version and the revised version in paral- lel columns. Several editions of this were published and quickly sold ; one edi- tion of the Bible consumed twenty-one tons of white paper in printing. The Universe was an admirable work of 761 pages and had a large sale. The History of Christianity, Lives of the Presidents, and Daughters of America, were interest- ing, attractive and successful books. The Life of James A. Garfield reached a sale of 150,000 copies. He brought out The Life of Gen. Winfield S. Hancock, and the Life of Gro^ier Cleveland, which were largely circulated as political campaign books. The Life of James G. Blaine illustrates Mr. Allen's push and energy. Within thirty days of Mr. Blaine's nomination for the presidency, this book of 500 pages was placed in type, electrotyped, printed, bound, and placed in the hands of his agents for sale, the first book of the kind before the public. Of the life of Blaine 200,000copies were sold. He thoroughly believed in adver- tising. Probably the largest single order ever placed with an advertising agent he placed in 1871, amounting to $36,000. He has paid $100,000 in one year for advertising, and his payments amounted to $75,000 a year on an average. He employed 50,000 agents and canvassers for his books and periodicals. His daily mail was very large; one day he received 13,000 letters. This was an exceptional case; his ordinary daily mail contained from from 1,500 to 3,300 letters. His receipts aggregated nearly a million dollars a year, and fractions of a dollar were largely sent in postage stamps, the only fractional currency available for a large class of people. He saw the need and the convenience to the public of fractional currency, and he petitioned congress to authorize such an issue of treasury notes. He advocated his views before a committee of Congress and in March, 1888, the measure received the approval of the house of representatives by a vote of 167 to 67. The bill was not reached in the senate before the adjournment of con- gress. He was an unyielding opponent of monopoly and refused to accept the terms of the "Envelope Trust," and had his envelopes manufactured by hand and imported from Germany after the organization of the "trust." ■454 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. pany, and for three years president of the Augusta Board of Trade, declining further election, and was a commissioner on the enlarge- ment of the Maine state house. He steadily declined political prefer- ment, but was a delegate to the democratic national convention at St. Louis in 1888. He was a most assiduous worker and personally directed his immense business and was familiar with all its details, even with those which of necessity were entrusted to others for execu- tion. He died at the Parker House, Boston, Mass., July 28, 1891. His death filled the whole community with genuine grief. On his twenty- fourth trip across the Atlantic, returning from Europe where he had been to escort his mother and sister, he contracted a cold on the steamer before arriving in New York; it increased in severity and on arrival in Boston developed into pneumonia, and without sufficient time to notify his family or friends, terminated fatally. His remains were laid at rest in Forest Grove Cemetery, August 9, 1891. His funeral was attended by a concourse of people, such as has never been accorded to the memory of any person in Kennebec county, or in the state. The various social and busine.ss associations with which he was connected adopted resolutions of respect to his memory, among which the preamble to the resolutions of the Augusta Board of Trade, presented by one who had known him personally, and had held inti- mate business relations with him for many years, may be a fitting close to this sketch, as follows: " Standing in the shadow of a great public calamity, and in the gloom of personal bereavement, the Board of Trade offers this ex- pression of its deep feeling in the loss it has sustained in the death of its first president, Mr. E. C. Allen. His loss must be felt: can only be felt. Speech and language are but poverty. Memory is the golden thread linking all his gifts and excellencies of mind and heart to- gether. As an organizer of business, as an originator of methods, as a manager of large interests, as a developer of hidden forces, as a commander of capital and a leader of labor, he was without a peer. For twenty years a successful employer of labor, while he enjoyed the rewards of industry and secured to himself a considerable fortune, he steadily increased and never reduced under any conditions the wages of any employee. Original in his plans, they were laid with the utmost care, and always rapidly and successfully executed. His pride was his business and the city of Augusta. To Augusta, the building, now occupied by this Board was the offering of his youth; across the street uprears the teeming hive of industry, the fruit of his riper years; opposite behold the beautiful granite post office made possible by his genius; while on yonder hill the enlarged capitol stands secured to the future of Augusta, largely through his untiring efforts as president of the Board of Trade. While these are noble monuments to his worth, the steady employment given to labor and the numerous homes which have grown up under the influence of his energy, testify to the beneficence of his work. The people mourn him. ' How is the strong staff broken and the beautiful rod.' " Algernon S. Bangs, born in 1837, and his brother, Josiah W. Bangs, AUGUSTA. 455 born in 1830, compose the firm of Bangs Brothers. Their father, Josiah D. Bangs, who came in 1827 from Springfield, Mass., and was clerk for Major Pope, who was then building the arsenal in Augusta, mar- ried Paulina A., daughter of John Brooks. This, the only family of Bangs in Kennebec county, lived in Franklin county until 1849. J. D, Bangs died in New York, where he was for eleven years connected with the Trilnuic and other metropolitan papers. Elisha Barrows once lived in Winthrop. His sons were: John, Elisha, jun., Micah and Greenleaf. Elisha, jun., born there in 1802, married Ann M. Clifford, of Sidney, in 1831, and died in Augusta in 1886. He had eight children, seven dying without issue. William E. Barrows, the only survivor of the eight, was born in 1841, married in 1876 Annie E. Clark, a former teacher in the Augusta schools, and has five children: William E., jun., Harris C, Eunice E., Annie A. and Frank E. Greenleaf Barrows, above mentioned, was born in Winthrop in 1810. He married Lydia R. Robinson, of Vassalboro. Their children were: Benjamin F., William H., Greenleaf, David R., Martha C, Emma L., and Ida B. The third son, Greenleaf, born in 1842, is a farmer at Bolton Hill. Chandler Beale, born in Sidney in 1816. came to Augusta in 1833, and for some years following worked as a journeyman house painter with his father, Japheth Beale. In the fall and winter of 1838 he as- sisted an elder brother in teaching school at Provincetown, Mass. A part of 1840-1 he worked at his trade in Charlestown, S. C. In 1865 he established himself in the paint and paper business in Water street, though earlier he had had an interest in a paint business with his father. The present firm of C. Beale & Co. was established in 1872. He married in 1843, Amanda A., daughter of the Hon. John Read, of Strong, Me. Their only son is Herbert L., one son and two daughters having died. Major Thomas Beck, of Dover, N. H., came to Belgrade with his wife, Hannah Linnell, of Madison, Me., and thence to Augusta. Their sons were: Joseph, Captain Charles H. and Foxwill. Joseph Beck married Mary A., daughter of James Putnam, of Hallowell (who was lost at sea on the African coast in 1820), and has five sons living: Joseph T., Frank P., William F., George H. and James W. Beck, clothier, of Augusta, in the firm of Townsend & Beck. Captain Charles H. Beck, a son of Major Thomas Beck, was born in 1808, and died in June, 1885. He was captain of the Harriet Ann, a river and coasting boat, about 1840, and commanded the steamer T. F. Seeker from 1857 to 1862, when his company sold it to the gov- ernment. He then built the Union, which he sold to the government about 1864, when he retired. He was married in 1860, to Sarah Dag- 456 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. gett, who survives him. Her father, Captain John Daggett, was an old whaleman of Martha's Vineyard. James G. Blaine.* — -We have been requested to contribute to this volume a sketch of a distinguished citizen of Kennebec. We claim no special aptness for biographical writing. To give in a few pages a correct view of a life so large, varied and eventful as that of James G. Blaine, is beyond our power. We are asked to confine our pen to a description of his private career, as it has been known to the citi- zens of this county, among whom he has had his home for so many years. To attempt to present his private and home life, leaving out his public doings and experience, would be like trying to put on paper the drama of Hamlet with Hamlet omitted. It were as impos- sible as for one to cultivate in a luxuriant garden without stirring the larger roots and the more prolific plants. For many years Mr. Blaine's life has been so continuously public as to have had little which could be called distinctively private. It has been open on all sides to the world. True, partisan prejudice has often obscured, or mystified, the real James G. Blaine, and another, largely fictitious, for years stood before a numerous portion of the public. But time has asserted its just prerogatives, and the man as he has been, and grown to be, is now generally understood by his countrymen. No classic statue in the city park is more open to observation, and there is no longer reason to be in doubt as to the place he deserves to occupy in popular, or critical, estimation. Yet, as far as possible, we will observe the measure placed before us — to confine our sketch to what his home neighbors know and think of him. It is fitting to say that he was from a gifted and worthy ancestry. His grandfather, Ephraim Blaine, held the position of commissionary general of the revolutionary army, from 1778 to 1783, and during the terrible winter at Valley Forge, Washington attributed the salvation of the patriotic army from starvation largely to the earnest and sacri- ficing efforts of Commissionary Blaine. The high estimation in which Ephraim Blaine was held by Washington and his immediate military associates, is well attested by private and ofticial papers still in the pos- session of his descendants. When the Whiskey Insurrection convulsed Western Pennsylvania in 1793, President Washington and his distin- guished secretaries, Hamilton and Knox, on their way to repress the revolt, halted for days at Middlesex, as the guests of Ephraim Blaine, and there hearing of the dispersion of the insurgents, returned to Philadelphia. At the close of the war this tried associate of the Father of his Country settled at Carlisle, Cumberland valley, where he died in 1804. His son, Ephraim Lyon Blaine, in 1818 settled in West Brownsville, in the center of a large tract of land, which in * By his townsman and former business partner, Hon. John L. Stevens, United States Minister Resident, Honolulu, Hawaii.— April, 1892. AUGUSTA. 457 more recent years has become highly valuable. A part of this terri- tory became the property of his son, James G., by purchase, after he had become a citizen of Kennebec, as early as 1858, his foresight and business judgment leading him to believe that it would ultimately prove to be of great value for its coal, which hope has been more than realized. Ephraim Lyon Blaine is reputed to have been a great favorite among his fellow citizens, and one of the most accomplished and intelligent men in western Pennsylvania. He had great tact in winning the attachment of all classes of society in which he moved. His choice for life companion was Maria Gillespie, from a family of prominence and standing, in Fayette county, western Pennsylvania. Authentic repute asserts her to have been a person of marked intelli- gence and spirit, of sincere piety, who possessed strong religious con- victions, and in life and conversation proved herself a true Christian woman, of strong character. Of Scotch-Irish ancestry, so intellectu- ally and morally healthful and vigorous, James G. Blaine was born Januar}' 31, 1830, in West Brownsville, in the county of Washington, and thus it is obvious why Pennsylvanians insist that the man who has so distinguished himself should justly be regarded as their son. His father being in the receipt of means to give proper education to the promising boy, James G. received from him his early les.sons, which were supplemented by study under the direction of his mother and the teacher of the village school. Some of his time preparatory to his admission to college was passed at the house of his uncle, Thomas Ewing, once a distinguished United States senator from Ohio, and subsequently secretary of the United States treasury. Probably it was at the home of the Ewings that young Blaine first got the taste of politics. In 1843 he entered Washington College, situate not distant from the town of his birth, from which he gradu- ated in 1847. His four years of college studies were marked by an earnest determination to make the best use of his opportunities for culture, and he was a great favorite with his teachers and fellow- students. His frank and genial presence, his manly bearing, his spontaneous humor and ready conversation, could not fail to make him popular with those with whom his college life brought him in contact. He excelled as a student in mathematics, in the English branches, and in the ancient classics. He was fond of argument, of the tough problems of logic, and excelled in his mathematical recita- tions. He showed the possession of a remarkable memory, especially of controlling facts and principles. William Ralston Balch, a well- informed Philadelphia writer, giving account of young Blaine's col- lege days, says: " Fond of literature for the delightful insight it gave him into the companionship of great minds, and the deep vista of other worlds than were visible from Brownsville, he readily devoured such books 40« HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. as the college library afforded, and the rooms of the various societies contained. This was a matter of delight to the rapidly expanding mind of the boy, and the highways and by-ways of Shakespeare, the fine philosophy of Bacon, the rare pages of Ben Jonson, the lighter fancies of Oliver Goldsmith, mingled their varied influences with the greater histories and the more modest story of the young republic. To the tale of 1770 and the early days of his country's career young Blaine lent more than a willing ear, and was never tired of the story of how large a part his grandfather had played in that sad yet glorious drama. The taste for history, too, founded a solid taste in literature that has ever since continued to such excellent advantage, and notably makes brilliant the pages of Tiventy Years of Congress." James G. Blaine left college with the view of becoming a teacher, for on his own brain and hand he must now depend for success in life. He went to Kentucky and became a professor in the Western Institute, of Blue Lick Springs, which was then numerously attended by the boys of that state. As an instructor his services at this school were successful and highly appreciated. In thus honoring the teach- er's profession he followed the example of Daniel Webster, who taught at Salisbury Plains and at Fryeburg Academy. William H. Seward had a like experience in Georgia, and Sarmiento, one of the few patriotic and noble statesmen of South America, as well as the lamented Garfield, were for years teachers of youth. The testimony is ample that Mr. Blaine's years of service as in- structor in Kentucky and Philadelphia were efficiently and thoroughly performed. It was during his residence in Kentucky that transpired what was to have a remarkable influence on the lines of his destiny. The quer}' may have been sometimes raised, why did so gifted and promising a young man turn his back on the encouraging opportuni- ties of the South as well as the state of his birth, and come to Maine? If the answer has the air of romance, it certainly is not exceptional in the lives of men. It is said that " Love laughs at locksmiths." Legend or history attests that two thousand years ago, it caused its subject to swim the Hellespont. In modern days it scorns the bound- aries of states and takes little account of climate and material sur- roundings. It was while teacher Blaine was serving at Blue Lick Springs that he first met Harriet Stanwood, who was then one of the instructors at a young ladies' school, at Millersburgh, a few miles dis- tant from Blue Lick. This young woman from Augusta, Me., was one of those well educated persons of her sex, who, in those days, were accustomed to go South and West as teachers. The meeting of these two persons resulted in an acquaintance and marriage, in 1851, and the intelligence and devotion of the wife thus chosen have been a stimulating and supporting force to James G. Blaine in his long, exciting and successful public career and private life. Considering that the gifted son of Western Pennsylvania became the husband of a Kennebec lady so eminently worthy of his choice, it would be super- AUGUSTA. 459 fluous farther to explain why he came to Maine, instead of being drawn West by the attractions of its mountains, prairies and mines. The pro-slavery atmosphere and surroundings of Kentucky were not congenial to him. Several years later, soon after becoming a jour- nalist, he wrote: " Our residence in the South gave us, we hope, the advantage of a thorough comprehension of slavery in all its aspects and of the views of the men who sustain it. The anti-slavery sentiments, which, from, our earliest youth, we imbibed in our native Pennsylvania, were deep- ened and strengthened by a residence among the slave-holders, and' nowhere, either on slave soil or on free soil, have we expressed other feelings than those of decided hostility to the extension of the with- ering curse." Turning northward with his young wife, early in 1851, he fol- lowed a course of law study, in law offices of the neighborhood of his birth, which he subsequently completed in Philadelphia, while for two years he was engaged as one of the teachers in the in.stitution of that city for the instruction of the blind, and where he left a fine record for his ability and fidelity as an instructor. In that Pennsyl- vania institution there is .said to be now preserved the first evidence of Mr. Blaine's literary effort. It is a thick quarto manuscript, bound and lettered, giving a historical view of the institution from the date of its foundation to the time of the young teacher's departure. The methodical character and completeness of this manuscript volume is said to be very striking and indicates that mastery of details and thoroughness of statement which have been so signally shown in his subsequent career. The record is completed with the date of Sep- tember, 1854, and in November of the same year he became a resident of Augusta, Me., and one of the editors and owners of the Kennebec Journal. It was an opportune time for a born journalist to assume his responsibilities. The political atmosphere was charged with burning issues. It is difficult for one of this generation adequately to conceive the condition of things that then existed, how dominant the slave power was then in the nation, and how hard it was for the majority to resist it, and how restless and on fire were large numbers to bring about a new order of affairs. It were impossible for one so intelligent, so abounding in nervous force and ambition, to have been otherwise than in sympathy with the new movement for human freedom. To him inertia and laziness were and have ever been intolerable. There were reasons inherent in temperament and tastes, as well as in his range of reading, which led him to be a political editor, and to aid in, the discussion of the issues that were rapidly taking shape in direc- tions of tremendous importance. It was in these circumstances that he connected himself with the newspaper,which had been twenty years before established by Luther Severance,whose able pen and honored name had made it well known. 460 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTV. in and outside of Maine. It was soon after the repeal of the Missouri Compromise; there were dark and sinister clouds in the political sky which many failed to see, and there were positive and negative poles to the national machinery. It certainly was not in the character com- posite of the young editor to be a negative, or to lull men to sleep when strong electrical currents were in the air. Opposition to the ex- tension of slavery, made intense by the recent passage through con- gress of the Kansas and Nebraska Bill, were just then disrupting the whig party, recasting more or less the democratic party, and rapidly preparing the way for uniting all the earnest and determined op- ponents of slavery in national organization. In Maine the question of prohibition supplemented the slavery issue in driving a consider- able proportion of the democratic to the republican ranks, while causes arising from the same issues carried several thousand whigs to democratic fellowship. It was thus at a crucial and formative period in Maine politics that the new editorship of the Kennebec Journal cume into play as a strong force. The young editor was clear, vigorous and incisive in his style of writing, and his blows always told. It was said of an eloquent American divine and a brilliant writer, that he was accustomed to begin reading a book in the middle and then glance rap- idly both ways to catch the chief thoughts of the author. Mr. Blaine, even then, could go through the center of a pile of newspaper ex- changes and absorb all they contained of real value quicker than any other editor we ever knew. He has always had a remarkable control of his resources. His trenchant pen, his bold utterances, the thorough and able manner with which he discussed pending political questions, soon made him known to the public, and his personal magnetism, his frank and open bearing toward those with whom he was brought into acquaintance and association, rapidly made him friends and sup- porters. It was at the beginning of 1855 that the writer of this first saw Mr. Blaine, at an appointed personal interview. His appearance then is fresh to our memory as of yesterday. His large, lustrous, expressive eyes, his striking physiognomy, and his vivacious and nervous man- ner of expression were a sure index of marked ability and of those qualities which give one popularity and influence with the people, and make him a favorite among his associates. In a few hours after that first meeting we were partners in the ownership and editorial direc- tion of the newspaper with which he had connected himself two months before. The legislature was in session. Anson P. Morrill had just been chosen governor and a new era opened in the political history of the state. It was a fine opportunity for the talented young editor, recently from another state, to become acquainted with the citizens of the county and the state, and well did he improve it. The ready and rapid manner with which he drew to himself friends and AUGUSTA. 46r made his influence felt, shiowed him then a born leader of men. It was early in the summer of 1856, when he made his first effort at speech-making in Maine. It was not known that he had gifts in that direction, and in that regard he then had much modesty and hesita- tion. But he ventured to go to Litchfield and be one of the speakers at a town assemblage, chiefly farmers, citizens well informed as to que.stions then uppermost in the public mind. The history and the objects of the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, and the outrages on the free state men of Kansas, were the themes of discussion. The writer rode with the young editor to the Litchfield meeting, and heard Mr. Blaine's first political speech in Maine. It greatly pleased the audience; it captivated the intelligent Kennebec farmers; it was more than a success. That was the beginning of his high reputation as a public speaker in Maine, which he has held for so many years. His editorial labors were given to the Kennebec Journal until the summer of 1857, when he sold his interests in the paper, and became the editor of the Portland Advertiser, which for years had been ably conducted by Henry Carter, though Mr. Blaine continued his resi- dence in Kennebec. Elected representative from Augusta, he entered the legislature of 1859. Very soon he showed forensic powers and' skill in debate which soon gave him leadership in that body, which had among its members those of legislative experience and ability. In 1860 he was chosen speaker of the house, by the unanimous voice of his party, and likewise in 1861. As a debater, a legislator, and as the presiding officer, he was brilliantly successful, proving himself to possess those remarkable qualities which, on another and a higher arena of responsibility, were to be developed into a national reputa- tion, which, in commanding proportions, he has held so many years, giving him a popular leadership and a political influence at the present time without an equal among living Americans. In 1862 he was unanimously nominated in the republican convention, at Waterville,. for congress, and was elected by a large majority. Anson P. Morrill, his predecessor, the large-brained, generous and noble hearted man he was, preferred not to be reelected, as he wished to give exclusive attention to important private business, and he also highly appreciated the brilliant talents and growing reputation of Mr. Blaine thus early in his great career. It is not for us to speak here of the remarkable success of Mr. Blaine during his twenty years of congressional life, in house and senate, nor of the commanding position he has held as secretary of state, with the lamented Garfield and in the present administration of President Harrison. His policy, acts and state papers are before the world and speak for themselves. Busy as he has been for many years at Washington, he still cherishes a lively interest in the people of Kennebec. As to the strong attachment which has so long existed 462 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. between Mr. Blaine and the people of this county, it seems unneces- sary to speak to those who know him so well and esteem him so warmly. We are sure he has never regretted that he sought Augusta for his home. Kennebec has ever been, and still continues to be, proud of her adopted son. He has always been impressed by the general intelligence of the people of Kennebec, and often spoken of it to others. He likes to converse on equal social terms withjthe Ken- nebec farmers. A thorough American himself, caring nothing for the society of dudes, democratic in his sympathies and tastes, he readily makes himself at home with the plain, sensible farmers and mechanics, as the indefatigable worker and the lover of labor always does. Ken- nebec has had in her history many distinguished citizens — Peleg Sprague, George Evans, Reuel Williams, Luther Severance, James W. Bradbury, Anson P. Morrill, Lot M. Morrill, and a score of others. But in this honored list of public men there has been none who had such enduring hold of the people and been regarded with so much pride and esteem as James G. Blaine. His success and renown at home and abroad they value as in part their own. He has always been interested in whatever concerned the prosperity of the county. He has favored the enterprises calculated to advance its business interests and growth. His judgment in business affairs has been highly regarded by his fellow citizens. His financial credit and fidel- ity to engagements are proverbial. vSimple in his style of living, tem- perate in his habits, he has not held himself apart from others, but has favored whatever befits and gives profit, improvement and support to his neighbors and townsmen. For years, amid partisan animosities and rivalries, there were made persistent efforts to discredit his talents, saying he was ■only an astute politician and had not the statesman's qualities. But this contention was abandoned sometime since. A politician he cer- tainly has been, as all successful statesmen, who deal with large bodies of men and public affairs, must be. But his mind does not work in a single groove. It is large, full-orbed, and well stocked with that which gives him power in whatever arena he enters. Large experience with men and books, sleepless industry in the acquisition of facts and their meaning, in the field of practical knowledge and culture, have broad- ened him and given him equipoise and strength to accomplish results. His speeches, state papers, literary addresses, the Garfield eulog.y, his writings in newspapers and reviews, show him possessed of those in- tellectual gifts and tastes which have served to make him a distin- guished statesman, and if fully put in exercise, would have made him an eminent historian. His Twenty Years of Congress is an indication of what he might have been in this regard. His astonishing memory of facts, dates and men, as well as his ready understanding of govern- ments, peoples and events, fit him clearly to state the laws and le.ssons of history, for which his lucidity and precision of style seem so well adapted. The charge sometimes has been made, that Mr. Blaine gives his confidence to men of doubtful reputation. The like charge was made against Webster, Clay, Chase and Grant. It was often made against so noble a man as Abraham Lincoln. Jefferson, Madison, Jackson were not without errors of this kind. Even the most perfect being in the human form that ever had to do with men on earth, had among his near associates one who betrayed him for thirty pieces of silver, and another who denied him with lying lips. Go across the sea and you will hear of the like imputation against the leading states- men of England, from Chatham to Salisbury. A good natured, kind hearted knave knows how to make himself agreeable to men of genius, pressed with grave cares and high responsibilities. Great minds and generous hearts cannot always be on guard with sharp suspicions against those who approach or serve them. It would be unreasonable to expect that the subject of this sketch should be entirely exempt from the mistakes from which other distinguished public men of this and other times have not been free. He is far from being naturally a suspicious or an unforgiving man. He is less resentful toward those who have unju.stly treated him than the large majority of men. We have been near him in some of the most trying hours of his life, when cruel falsehoods were falling thick around him, like icy pebbles in a storm of hail, and even when minie-balls, loaded with the poison of malice, were whistling around, aimed by those who meant to strike him down at whatever cost. When he barely failed of the presidential nomination in 1876, he was not bitter in denunciation of those, who, he had reason to believe, had opposed him by unfair methods. When he lost his election in 1884, as by the weight of a single .straw, under the peculiar circumstances which transpired in New York in the last few days of the canvass, and when he was struck in the dark by those whose support he had the right to expect, he respected himself and his cause too much to use unseemly and bitter language regarding those of his opponents who had used against him weapons not allow- able in honorable political warfare. He made allowance for the excited passions and the party prejudices of men. He made allowance for the weakness of human nature, pressed by the temptation to win suc- cess for their cause at whatever cost, and wrought to the highest ten- sion by the hope of victory. In these sharp, tremendous trials, his broad and generous character asserted itself, m a manner to reflect honor on him as the man and the statesman his countrymen now esteem him. Mr. Blaine has passed through severe trials of bereavement and sorrow. He has seen his trusted friend and associate in great affairs, the lamented president, shot down at his side by an assassin. The 464 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. common fate of man was not to be reversed for him and those of his blood. Death suddenly entered his home and flung its dark shadows across its threshold. He has seen his cherished sons in the pride and flush of hope and ambition, suddenly taken away by insidious disease, and a beloved daughter smitten by death, leaving her young children and beloved husband in their sadness and loss. His manly form and physical strength have been assailed and weakened by sick ness and pain. Yet, the force of his mental powers has not abated. His large and receptive mind has been purified and refined in the crucible of trial and suffering, and he is still able to touch the thoughts and feelings of men by the aptness and electricity of his words, as can no other public man in America. Passing through as stormy, pro- longed, and eventful a career as Edmund Burke, he has the audacity and fertility of genius and the remarkable enthusiasm of followers, of which William E. Gladstone furnishes so splendid an example. Twice refusing the presidency when it was clearly within his grasp, and it was earnestly and persistently pressed to his acceptance, he still con- tinues his duties as a great secretary of state, dealing with numerous international questions of large importance, exhibiting a sagacity, a ripeness of powers, a balance of judgment and decision, surprising to many who formerly opposed him, and with a success more than equal to his high reputation. When he shall have completed his great labors at the national capital, it is hoped that he will spend the re- mainder of his days at his old home in Maine. It is certain that here he will be respected and beloved by the citizens of Augusta, of Ken- nebec county, and of the entire state. Here, in the midst of his cher- ished friends, and the supporting atmosphere of the books and studies which he so fondly loves, may he pass his closing years, and have the bright sunset of life befitting his fame, and radiant with the Christian hope of immortality. Charles H. Blaisdell was born in 1833, in Sidney, where his father, David, lived, and where his grandfather, Elijah, a son of David Blais- dell, settled with his five sons: John, Daniel, Elijah, jun., David and Hosea, in 1817. Charles H. was ten years at Oakland in the scythe and axe manufactory, and in 1878 purchased his present farm near the state muster grounds. He was two years street commissioner; four years in the city government, being president of the council in 1890 and 1891. He had one sister, Elma L., born 1838, died in child- hood. His wife is Sarah E., daughter of Erastus O. Wheeler, an old family of Waterville. Their only child is Cora A., who married Ed- gar S. Turner, instructor in the science of accounts and business practice at the Dirigo Business College, Augusta, and their only child is Erldon M. Turner, born August 16, 1891. Mr. Blaisdell was the first master of the Masonic Lodge at Oakland; first high priest of the Chapter; and first M. E. H. P. of the Council. AUGUSTA. 465 J. Albert Bolton, born in 1829, is the only son of William Bolton, and a grandson of Savage Bolton, who was the first settler at Bolton Hill, and built his original log house on what is now the front yard of Greenleaf Barrow's. J. A. Bolton married Priscilla S. Merrill. Their only daughter died in infancy; their only son, William A., a young man of great promise, was graduated at Cony High School, and Boston Commercial College, and died at the age of twenty-two. John W. Boj'ington was born in Dresden in 1813, and died in Augusta in 1887. His father, John, of Windsor, was a son of Peltiah Boyington, of Mercer, Me., a revolutionary soldier. John W. was married in 1838 to Militiah, daughter of Charles, and granddaughter of Charles Glidden, of Jefferson, Me., and soon after settled near Cooper's Mills, in Windsor. He removed to Augusta in 1852, where he was a carpenter and farmer. His children are: Charles B., of Ban- gor; J. Frederick, of Augusta; Alouzo S., of Corinna, Me.; and Ella F. (Mrs. Clifton Buttrick), of Hudson, N. H. Samuel S. Brooks was born in Augusta, Me., March 28, 1821, and has been continuously in business on Water street for over half a century. He was the youngest son of John Brooks, who came to the Kennebec from Lincoln, Mass., and settled at Cushnoc (now Augusta) in 1784. At the age of ten his father moved to Farmington, Franklin county, and Samuel S. had the opportunity of some schooling at the village academy, and a good deal of hard work. At the age of fifteen he came to Augusta, and worked for six years in his brother's (W. A. Brooks') grocery store, in which he became a partner at the age of twenty-one. After two years he succeeded his brother in business, and .soon after commenced building vessels on the east side of the river, at the wharf then known as General Cony wharf. The Oriole and barque Ocean Bird were built and launched there, where now is only a sand bed. He subsequently built, with Read & Page, of Hallowell, the ship Abbe Lmigdon, of 1,060 tons measurement, being the largest vessel ever launched this side of Richmond. This ship cost over $60,000, and came within twenty-four hours' sail of London with a freight of some $32,000, when she went ashore in the English channel, and was a total loss. The vessel and freight were valued at $100,000, and were only insured for some $10,000, to cover the cost of a two years' outfit. This was a most serious loss to Mr. Brooks, and the great American con- flict coming on, he discontinued building vessels. He was at one time interested in the manufacturing of shovels at the Kennebec dam, and also in the furniture business both at West Gardiner and Augusta. Since 1855 he has been largely engaged in the wholesale and retail hardware business, occupying the Darby Block until he erected Central Block in 1878, where he now is. 30 466 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. S. S. Brooks was married in 1861, to Mary C, daughter of Thomas Wadsworth, of Augusta. Albert W., who was educated at Amherst College, the oldest of their five children, is now in the hardware busi- ness with his father in Augusta; Samuel C, the second son, was a graduate of Amherst College and of the Yale Theological School, from whence he went to Colorado, where he died while doing mis- sionary work, in 1889; the third son, Percy W., a graduate of Bowdoin College, in the class of '90, is now a clerk in the banking house of N. W. Harris & Co., Boston; Florence, the oldest daughter, is traveling with a party in Egypt, from whence she is a frequent newspaper cor- respondent; Daisy, the youngest, is a music pupil in Boston. Mr. Brooks relates that in politics he was originally a democrat. A short time before the war, his friend. Lot M. Morrill, at that time also a zealous democrat, made a political speech in Waverly Hall, Augusta, in the course of which he was hissed for words spoken against American slavery. After the meeting he came to Mr. Brooks, and said: " I will not belong to a party that will not tolerate free speech on a great national question." Mr. Brooks heartily endorsed his position, and from that day both became active republicans. He has been active in all benevolent and religious enterprises, and has never sought office or public position, devoting his time and his at- tention to business, his church and his home. Albert J. Burns, born in 1841, is the youngest of the six children of Samuel G., and grandson of James Burns, who came before 1800 from Gilmanton, N. H., to Farmingdale, where he married Betsey, daughter of Samuel Greeley. Albert J. married Lucy K. (deceased) and Mara L.. daughters of Moses and Abigail (Wade) Morrill, and granddaughters of Samuel and Martha (Knowles) Morrill, who came from Readfield to Augusta about 1823. He has two children: Ernest H. and Ray M. Burns. Harvey Chisam, a son of Stephen and Lois (Webber) Chisam, for- merly of Whitefield, was born in Alna, in 1809. His early life was spent in the town of China. At fifteen he learned blacksmithing in Vassalboro, where he remained until 1830. In 1838 he married Mahala, daughter of Joshua Downs, of Vassalboro. He had charge of the state blacksmith shops at Thomaston, five years. He went to California in 1849, cleared ground, pitched his tent and began business where the vSan Francisco custom house now stands. Returning to Augusta in 1851, he bought a grocery store the next year, on Cony street. After five years in St. Lawrence county, N. Y., in the lumber business, he again went into business in Augusta, and in 1866 built the substantial brick store, where ten years later, his two partners, Daniel A. Cony and Benjamin C. Robinson (both now deceased), suc- ceeded him. Mr. Chisam was member of the council two years, alder- man three years, and overseer of the poor for several years. y/4. 7?^rnM- AUGUSTA. 467 Alden N. Clark was born in 18B8, at Bolton Hill, where his father, Andrew Clark, settled. He married Rebecca S., daughter of Daniel Churchill, of North Plympton, Mass., and has one daughter, Annie E., now the wife of James E. Libby. Mr. Clark's farm was cleared by Walter Bolton, who built the original house on it. Anson S. Clark, a son of William and Ann (Smith) Clark, was born in 1835, on the homestead he now owns, and married Annie M. Simp- son, of Brunswick, Me. Their children are: Nellie L., Blanche E. (Mrs. Charles H. Smith), Alice S. and Stanley D. Mr. Clark had three brothers in the civil war — Theodore, who died in Andersonville; Henry, who was wounded at Charleston, S. C; and Roland S., who died at Baton Rouge. The others of this family are: Isaac, the oldest brother, and Delia A., the only sister. Captain N. W. Cole, agent of the Edwards Manufacturing Com- pany, was born at Newburyport, Mass., and in 1854 came to Augusta as overseer of the Kennebec Company's cotton mill. When the Spragues bought the property in 1867, Captain Cole was made super- intendent, which relation continued until August, 1882, when the Edwards Company purchased the mills and made him agent. His title comes from his civil war service at the head of Company B. 11th Maine. The Cony Family.— The progenitor of this family was Deacon Samuel Cony, who removed from Shutesbury, Mass., to Fort Western in the spring of 1778.* He was known as " a remarkably mild man " and a zealous Christian. At the time of his removal to Maine he and his wife, Rebecca Guild, of Dedham, Mass., were advanced in years and their children were grown up. He died April 12, 1803, aged eighty-five, leaving two sons, Samuel and Daniel. Samuel, the elder son, was an officer in one of the companies at the military organization of the town of Hallowell under the revolution- ary government. He was born May 8, 1746, and married, September, 1770, Susanna Johnson, a native of Bridgewater, Mass. He died Sep- tember 22, 1779. His brother, Daniel, was born August 3, 1752, studied medicine at Marlboro, Mass., with Dr. Samuel Curtis, whose niece, Susanna Curtis, of Sharon, Mass., he married November 14, 1776. At the time of the battle of Lexington he was living in Shutesbury, Mass., and practicing his profession there. Soon aftei-, however, he was sent as adjutant of a regiment of infantry to join General Gates at Saratoga, and was at the surrender of Burgoyne. Resigning his commission in the army * In March, 1775, Deacon Samuel was chosen one of the selectmen of Shutes- bury. His son. Lieutenant Samuel, was chosen town treasurer, and the other son, Daniel, was chosen town clerk. The sons were reelected in 1776. — Shutes- bur\ Town Records. 468 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. in 1778, he with his young wife joined his father at Fort Western.* Here he enjoyed a long and honorable career of usefulne.ss. He continued the practice of his profession and was on terms of intimacy and in correspondence with the leading medical men of Massachusetts, and was a member of the Massachusetts Medical Society. He early entered public life and was in turn representative, senator and coun- cillor in the Massachusetts general court. He was also one of the electors who chose Washington for his second term. Previous to the separation of Maine from Massachusetts he was judge of the court of common pleas and judge of probate for Kennebec county. Later he was a delegate from Augusta to the constitutional convention of the new state at Portland, and under that constitution was appointed judge of probate, which office he held till his resignation in 1823, at the age of seventy-one. Judge Cony was a man of vigorous intellect, sound judgment and ready resource, and attained to an influence acquired by but few in the county. He was deeply interested in education and was instru- mental in obtaining charters for Hallowell Academy and Bowdoin College. He also founded and endowed Cony Female Academy in 1815, which institution received his fostering care to the day of his death, January 21, 1842, at the age of ninety. The academy was a success from its inception and was incorporated February 10, 1818. In February, 1826, the legislature granted the corporation a half town- ship of land, which sold in 1832 for $6,000. A boarding house for academy students was erected on the corner of Bangor and Myrtle streets in 1827, and in 1844 Bethlehem church was purchased by the trustees for $765 and altered into a commodious academy building, which was used until 1880. General Samuel, the third son of Lieutenant Cony, was born at Shutesbury, November 24, 1775. He was a merchant, fir.st at Augusta and afterward at Wiscasset. During the war of 1812 he returned to Augusta, where he became captain of a military company. He was made the first adjutant general of Maine in 1820 and held the office for ten years. He married his cousin, Susan B., daughter of Judge Daniel Cony, November 24, 1803, and died at Augusta November 8, 1835. Governor Samuel, son of General Cony, was born at Augusta Feb- ruary 27, 1811. His early education was pursued under the patronage of his grandfather, Judge Cony; and the letters of this aged man to his young kinsman — some of which are preserved — must have exer- cised a permanent influence upon him. After two years at Waterville, he entered the junior class at Brown University and received his * Deacon Samuel bought lot 21, 'on the Winslow plan of 1761, and came with his son, Daniel, in 1778. Lieutenant Samuel and his family had preceded them as early as July, 1777, having bought lots 24 and 25, near Fort Western. — [Eds. ^ '/ ^u-^~t^ 1 tS^^-Sr^ el Williams and was :-jn uc ftc. ;• )ldtown. He was a 1835, was chosen a :!i.rtnber of Governor ' in 1840 was appointed judge of probate 'iHce he held for seven \<'ars, until he Maine in 1847. This o&vv he retained as state treasurer, when he retiiT.t-d to Au- iections he held this office for fivo vears, the ing which time (in 1854) he was als<; ■" -vor of .id been a democrat from his youtb u; om his party ^nd in 1860 he support' '•■ i ii2 the republicans sent hi' ■ inated and elected by tl I L., ...c by reelection for the thn iX'belii.'; >. as conspicuous foi '.■- levoti*' : Union, a;i'! i o s last inaugural .v- ■ ■<, deli\'. • . r.i ■- enabled to ari'.i' nnce the fulfillment of purposi v r oh ared at the beginning, to support tiie '• a jt •1 be " floating in unchallenged supp;', t . boundaries." This was the close of hich he had won the confidence and ailt. . :, of . :)y his practical business abilities enhancf ; ai air ' family " died October 5, 1870, is iwici- lis first wife was M- .,!:on, whc J7, and his second » s, who survivfs iiui His eldest daughter, Suj ^eph H. Manley, of Augusta; his eldest son ted as civil engineer, and now resides in B •aniel A., was a merchant and banker unt These three children were the children u'. iree children by his second wife: Abby S.. who marrn^'d Frank irgis and died in 1879; Lucy W., now living in Angusta, and :^ric, who re.sides in Augusta. ilumbus Cottle, born in New Portland in 1835, can-i to Augusta fourteen, and for nine years worked for John .\;-nold, and i i larried his daughter, Hannah C, after having * t- eu six years in ia in a lumbering business. They have tw , ..hildren: Addic- f M. Cottle, now a teacher. Mrs. Cottle wis a teacher sever..! was book-keeper in the Washington mills at Lawrence, 'Me's father was vSamuel Cottle, a teamster, for thirty igusta and New Portland. n in 1803, was a son of Samuel Cross, whose fath> - n Cross Hill, in Vassalboro, who took ■"arm to each of his sons. Samuel raisr H. .<.>,■•;;. of was ;,. ••.-.■ vv. i H.. 1 s ilic wife f Catherine's S^;hool, and is at present a director of the First Na- ..--: Bank. ile married. July 17, 1865, Virginie H. Freer, of Hertford, N. C. ,i,i,.cr ri-,,,. Miter, Martha Jewett (born September 15, 1866), mar- 1887, Dr. W. H. Harris, then of Belfast, who first n Dixfield. brt moved to Augusta, in 1890, where i a member of the superintcnd- ' Doctor North has two ■>! .cr . , , . .,, ,.. , J, 1868, and Roger, now a student. George F., the second son of Hon. James vears the superintendent of the gas light ; pril 24, 1865, Ellen Robinson, and died .Sep- ! .neson, William, how of Peoria, 111. The ! 1863, aged twenty-one years. The fourth lied Ella M. Damon, of Peabody, Mass. He md stationery business as a member of the p oc NuriQ, who published Nort/i's History of Augusta. Mr. retired, and in 1884 Horace .sold the business to Seymour ,>,^uy. nU* r 25 r North was a man of the utmost probity of character, >nd punctual in his affairs, and painstaking and scrupulous k that he undertook, whether it related to his own private ■ the public service of the city which he loved and which nored by his life and historical labor. [See page 263.] n, born in Mt. Vernon in 18'a5. is a son of Russell B. uson of Peter Norton, whose parents were early resi- iowell, and removed to Readlield, where Peter died, aged Mr. Norton married Sarah T., daughter of William Rob- and in 1870 came to Augusta, where 480 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. sively engaged in the hay business, shipping from 3,000 to 4,000 tons per annum. Nathaniel Noyes, son of Daniel, grandson of Moses, and great- grandson of Jonathan Noyes, was born in Jefferson, Me., in 1822. In 1843 he went to Boston to work at carpentering. He went to Califor- nia m '49. He built his present residence in Augusta in 1876, and has since operated as carpenter, builder and contractor. His wife was Louisa, daughter of Freeman Cooper, of Whitefield. Their children are: Rockland K., Reuel J. and Eva A. (Mrs. Oscar Dunton). Benjamin F. Parrott, son of Collins Parrott, was born in Gloucester, Mass., in 1832, came to Augusta in 1847, and was for a time a clerk in the grocery stores of Benjamin Rusk and John McArthur. Afterward he was a clerk for Arnold A. Bittues in the corn and flour business. From 1858 he was in partnership with Henry W. Bradbury in the flour and grain business thirteen years, when Mr. Bradbury retired from the business. Another partnership of thirteen years with John W. Chase followed. In 1886 Mr. Parrott took his son, Arthur F., in the business, and the firm's name became as now, B. F. Parrott & Co. The firm, besides its storehouse in Water street, has the old Bridge mill on Bond brook, where were ground 90,000 bushels of grain in 1891. In 1861 Mr. Parrott married Lizzie H., daughter of William Hunt, of Augusta. She died in 1891. Mr. Parrott is a democrat, and has been a member of the state committee of that party, and in 1888 was candidate for presidential elector. Joseph Wood Patterson was born in Wiscasset July 2, 1809. He removed to Augusta in 1824 with his father. Captain Samuel Patter- son. He went to New York in 1830, but in 1831 went to Hallowell, and was clerk in a grocery store. In the following year he began a grocery business on Cony street, in Augusta. His wife was Mary Jane Sawyer, of Hallowell. Of their numerous family, but four sur- vive: George, Hannah S. (Mrs. Charles C. Peck), Joseph T. and Ed- ward E., a publisher at Ozark, Mo. Mr. Patterson was selectman of the town of Augusta, and three years mayor of that city, and in vari- ous public and private trusts has lived a long and useful life. William F. Peva, born in 1837, was a son of Ezekiel Peva, and grandson of Ezekiel Peva, of Windsor. His first wife, Lydia, left one son, Willis E. Peva. His second marriage was with Annie, daughter of Miles Pratt, and granddaughter of Seth Jones Pratt, mentioned below. Alden W. Philbrook was born in Sidney in 1820, and in Septem- ber, 1840, came to Augusta as clerk with Nason & Hamlen. In the spring of 1846 he became their partner, and was in the firm until 1883, when with W. B. Leighton he formed the present dry goods firm of Philbrook & Leighton. Horace H. Pierce, born in 1843, is a son of Abel B. Pierce (a AUGUSTA. 480a stone cutter) and grandson of Asa Pierce, who died on Church Hill at the age of eighty-four. His son, Newell, now lives on the same farm. Horace H. is a farmer and live stock dealer. His first wife, Lydia, died in 1889, leaving four children: George E., Viola A., Horace A. and Lee E. In 1891 Mr. Pierce was married to Hattie L. Bean, of North Jay, Me. Jonathan B. Pinkham, farmer, is a son of Charles Pinkham, a sol- dier of 1812, who subsequently came from Bremen, Me., to Augusta, and married Hannah, daughter of Jonathan, and granddaughter of Jonathan Ballard, the old surveyor who settled at Ballard's Corners in Augusta, corner of River and Belgrade roads. Mr. Pinkham was born in 1821, and married Lucretia C. Button, daughter of John, and granddaughter of Jonas Button. Their children were named: Martha M., at home; George B., in Idaho; Mary A., Charles N., William H. and Clemmie A. Pinkham. Henry M. Pishon, born in Sidney, Me., May 28, 1833, was educated in the academies of Vassalboro and Waterville. He was acting en- sign in the U. S. navy during the civil war from 1868 to 1865, chief clerk in the Maine state secretary's office from 1869 to 1873, and again from 1879 to 1880, and was clerk of construction during the building of the post office and court house in Augusta, Me., and since January 21, 1891, has been chief clerk in the treasurer's office, Eastern Branch National Home for B. V. S. Charles Pratt, born in 1823, is a son of Seth Pratt, formerly of Windsor, who died in Whitefield, and grandson of Seth Jones Pratt, a revolutionary soldier, who came to Windsor about 1790 from Abing- ton Mass., and married Hannah Hunt. In 1855 Charles Pratt married Nancy J. Marson, of Windsor, and came to Augusta. Their children are: Ida A. (Mrs. Robert A. Cony), Cora A. (Mrs. William M. Tomp- kins), Flora M. (Mrs. Frank I. Clark) and Charles Edward, a farmer and machinist. George A. Prescott, born in 1856, is a son of George H. Prescott, who as a lad came from Mas.sachusetts to Augusta, where he married Edith A., daughter of Benjamin Fields. George A. married Clara M., a daughter of Isaiah M. Sherman, and until 1890 engaged in milk farming on Hatch hill. Their children are: Edith Gertrude and Wal- lace St. C. Prescott. Mr. Sherman's father, George Sherman, formerly of Taunton, lived in China, Me., from 1800 to 1833, when he removed to Church Hill. Ira H. Randall, born in Stetson Me., in 1847, is a son of Br. George L. Randall, of Vassalboro, whose father, Br. Isaac Randall, came from Cape Cod, Mass., to Vassalboro. From 1859 to 1864 he carried the mail at Riverside, Me., and then was at Comer's Commercial College and as bookkeeper in Boston until 1866, when he came to Augusta as clerk for Sturgis & Bailey and their successors until, with Ira B. Stur- 480b HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. gis and Thomas Lambard, as equal partners, they formed the Augusta Lumber Company, of which Mr. Randall is manager. He served four years as state representative and since 1890 has been president of the Augusta board of trade. His wife, Adaline AI. Webber, a sister of John Chandler Webber, of Augusta, died in 188S, leaving two children: Grace B. and Charlotte A. The present Mrs. Randall is Evangeline M., daughter of John O. Murray, of Windsor. They have children: Faith, Katharine M. and an infant son. William H. Reid, of the firm of Smith & Reid, bookbinders, was born in St. John, N. B., in 1839. When a boy he learned bookbinding, and has won an enviable reputation as an expert in that business. He was married at St. John to Pamela C. Wood, of Worcester, Mass., and upon his arrival in Augusta, in 1876, he took charge of the bookbind- ery of Smith & Co. In 1880 he purchased a half interest in that firm, becoming the active partner. He is a member of the board of asses- sors, a director in Augusta Loan & Building Association, and has been a member of the city council. G. A. Robertson, principal of the Augusta Grammar School, was born in Bethel, Me., in 1842, was educated at Gould's Academy, Bethel, and began teaching in 1859. He was principal at Old Town, Searsport and Andover, and in the spring of 1869 came to Augusta as superin- tendent of schools. In the following autumn he proposed a uniform course of study, to cover ten years, for the city schools. To secure this result, he was elected on the school board in 1871 and served until the schools were re-graded. Nathaniel Robinson, born February 13, 1870, the only son of George M. and Mary Louise (Knowlton) Robinson, and grandson of Captain Nathaniel Robinson, married Hattie, daughter of Ivory L. Ricker, of Waterville. Captain Nathaniel Robinson (1779-1870) was one of the seventeen children of George Robinson, a revolutionary soldier, of Attleboro (1726-1812), and came with his widowed mother, Zipporah (Allen) Robinson, to Hallowell, where she died in 1825. John Saben was born in 1802, in Brookfield, N. H., where his father, Nathaniel, lived and died. When a lad he went to Nobleboro, Me., and in 1822 came with his wife, Sally Moody, to the farm in Augusta where his oldest son, Nathaniel, now lives. Nathaniel Saben, born in 1821, married Cynthia, daughter of John Merrill, of Windsor, and has nine children: Sarah E. (Mrs. Alexander Ray), John F., Charles F., Ira H., Emma E., Clara A. (Mrs. William H. Frost), Fred L., Ernest E. and M. Linwood. Of these Charles F., born in 1852, married Abbie M. Merrill, who died in 1880, leaving one son, C. Wal- lace Saben. Lewis Selbing was born in the city of Furth, Bavaria, in 1887, and came to Augusta in 1859. In 1861 he enlisted in Company B., 3d Maine. At the battle of Chancellorsville, May 3, 1863, he lost an arm, •m^^ 'pftJ^ AUGUSTA. 481 and was discharged in November following. In 1882 he became clerk for Weeks & Blanchard, and in 1888 he began his present business as claim attorney by authority of the pension department. Bradbury C. Shaw, born in 1851, is a son of Joseph A. Shaw, and grandson of Bradbury C. Shaw, a sailor from Massachusetts, who mar- ried Mary, daughter of Savage Bolton, and lived at Bolton Hill. Mrs. Bradbury C. Shaw is Augusta D., daughter of Albert T. Leavitt, and has children: Gracie A., Wallace A., Alfred B. and Ralph. Mr. Shaw's farm is where Benjamin Moore lived and died, on the Thomaston road in Augusta. Rev. E. H. W. Smith. — The ancestry of this citizen of Augusta first appears in Kennebec county in 1804, when his grandparents, Joshua and Abigail Smith, from Massachusetts, settled in Monmouth. One of their five children, Eleazer, was born in Middleboro, Mass., in 1788, where John and Thomas Smith, from England, had lived, and where Joshua (1755-1830), the son of one of them, was born. Eleazer Smith became a substantial man in Monmouth, and married Hannah, a daughter of Daniel and Sarah (Delano) Allen. Sarah's father, Seth Delano, from Massachusetts, was an early settler in Readfield. Eleazer and Hannah Smith had four sons and one daughter, the two survivors being Eleazer Hartley Wood Smith, the subject of this article, and his sister, Julia E., now Mrs. John H. Hartford. This son was born in Monmouth February 3, 1812. He learned the trade of bookbinding with Harlow Spaulding, of Augusta, before he reached his majority, and became foreman in the shop. Later he entered into partnership with George S. Carpenter, in the business of bookbinding and book selling, and afterward was in the bookbinding business with his brother-in-law, Mr. Hartford. Mr. Smith is best known in his native county as a clergyman of the Methodist Episcopal church. Methodism in Maine was less than forty years old when, in 1832, he became a member of that denomina- tion. He was soon made a cla.ss leader, and in 1836 was a licensed ex- horter; in 1842 a local preacher, and m 1850 he was ordained a deacon; in 1864 an elder. His principal field of labor has been Augusta and vicinity. He is well known by his earnest work in camp meetings. He was a lay delegate to the Maine conference in Bath in 1884. Politically, Rev. Mr. Smith has been connected with the whig and republican parties; at an early day was an earnest earnest worker in the anti-slavery movement. He was at one time chaplain of the Bethlehem Lodge of Masons, a member of the Chapter and Council, and is now a Knight Templar. In 1848 he was a member of the Sab- attis Lodge of Odd Fellows. He has also been connected with various temperance societies, including the Franklin Division of the Sons of Temperance. 482 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. His wife, deceased, was Sarah Holmes Haskell, of Livermore. Their only son, Hartley Eugene Smith, married Sarah Louise Jones, and has three children: Frank Eugene, born in May, 1860: Mary Louise, born May, 1862; and Annie Winifred, born in August, 1874. Their third child, Hartley, born in 1868, died in 1870. In writing of Rev. Mr. Smith for a church publication. Rev. A. S. Ladd says: " He has for many years been a local preacher, a promi- nent business man, and a man of great intelligence." He now resides in Augusta in the enjoyment of a serene old age, the earthly recom- pense of a useful and temperate life, and with the material results of business ability and integrity. William H. Smith, born in 1820, began in May, 1875, his grocery business at Pettingill's Corners. He was raised on a farm, and worked on the river until 1870, and was then on the Augusta police force five years. His wife was Mary J., daughter of Abel Babcock. Their chil- dren are: Charles F., Lucy S., Henry C, Ella J. and William Arthur, an electrical engineer. Mr. Smith's father, Clark Smith, was a son of Roland Smith, a revolutionary soldier, who lived on the George W. Dudley farm, and married the daughter of Mr. Clark, its former owner. William Robinson Smith, whose career as an editor and publisher has been noticed at page 243, and with whose long identification with the banks of this city the careful reader of the preceding pages is al- ready familiar, was born at Wiscasset, Me., February 24, 1813. His parents were Dudley and Mary (Robinson) Smith, of Sanbornton, N. H., who early in the present century removed to Augusta. In his ninth year he entered the office of John Dorr, publisher of the Lincoln Intelligencer, and began to learn the art of printing. Though he has always been a deep student of modern and ancient literature, his best education was acquired in the printing office, for there he not only became familiar with general literature, but with men of large ideas, and practical business sense. After selling Tlie Age, in Augusta, 1844, Mr. Smith was engaged in commerce until 1850. That year he was appointed register of probate for Kennebec county, holding the office until 1854, when the State Bank was chartered and he was elected its cashier. In 1864 the affairs of the bank were wound up, and he was chosen cashier of the newly organized First National Bank, of Augusta. This post he held until 1868, when he voluntarily retired, bearing with him not only the thanks of the directors, but a very substantial cash honorarium in recognition of his valuable services. Previous to this event the Augusta Savings Bank had been organized in 1848, Mr. Smith being one of the incorporators, of whom he is the only survivor. In 1857 he was elected treasurer of this bank, and, with the exception of about C^:, yu^—L ■/'-\ three years, held the position until August, 1891, when he resigned to enjoy the surcease from labor he had so richly earned.* In 1835 Mr. Smith was one of the prime movers in the organiza- tion of the Village school district, was clerk in the district' until 1845, and for many years was one of the directors. Since 1851 he has been a trustee of the Cony Female Academy, and is now president of the board. It is said that " every child in the city has a better opportunity for education because Mr. Smith has lived in this community." He was for many years treasurer of the Forest Grove Cemetery, and he has filled a like office for the Lithgow Library and the Howard Be- nevolent Union. On financial questions he has been an acknowledged authority; and is the author of many of those wise provisions in the Maine Statutes that carefully guard the great depositories of the people's wealth. Mr. Smith married, December 22, 1842, Sarah B. Cochrane, of Ban- gor, and has had four children, one of whom, a son, died in infancy. William Fred, born January 24, 1844, is cashier of the American Ex- press Company, at Portland; George R., born November 11, 1845, is an invalid; and Helen A. (Mrs. Josiah E. Daniell, of Boston), born May 4, 1857, died August 24, 1887. Robert Stackpole, son of Joseph and Anna (Fletcher) Stackpole, was born in Saco in 1783, came with his parents to Augusta in 1785, married Tabatha Babcock, and died in 1861. He built the house where William B. Hunt now lives, on the river road. He had four sons: Jo- seph B., Samuel B., George W. and Andrew J. His daughter, Almeda E., is now the widow of David Cowan. George W. Stackpole married Mary Jane M., daughter of Benjamin P. Blair, of Pittston, and died in 1889, leaving two sons: George B. and Eugene Stackpole. Hon. John L. SxEVENS.t—One of the most distinguished citizens of Kennebec county is John Leavett Stevens, LL.D., who was the son of Captain John and Charlotte (Lyford) Stevens, of Mt. Vernon, where he was born August 1, 1820. He was first a scholar and then a teacher in the common schools; and after graduating at Kents Hill Seminary he took a course of theological study— aided by Rev. Mr. Gunnison, then of Hallowell — preparatory to entering the ministry. His first * On the occasion of his seventy-fifth birthday, Mr. Smith was tendered a reception at the Winthrop Street Universalist Vestry, more than 300 persons, representing all religious denominations and many secular organizations, gather- ing to do him honor, and congratulate him on the auspicious event. The senti- ment of the public was fully voiced at this time in the eloquent address made by Joseph A. Homan, who alluded feeUngly to Mr. Smith's intimate association with the parish for fifty-five years, during which time he had consecrated his money, labor and love to the cause. At this gathering among Mr. Smith's presents was one from Asylum Lodge of Odd Fellows, of which he has been a prominent member since 1843, and is now a past grand representative. t By Capt. Charles E. Nash. 483 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. pastoral settlement was with the Universalist society of New Sharon in 1845; from there he was called to Exeter, N. H., but after a year or two resumed his labors in Maine, first at Norway and later at Bidde- ford. Mr. Stevens early enlisted in the anti-slavery cause, and after enter- ing the ministry, blended his voice from the platform as well as from the pulpit with those who strove to arouse the public conscience to the iniquity of slaveholding. The great questions of slavery and prohibi- tion which had begun to disintegrate the old parties in Maine de- manded an abler press to expound the principles of the new party which was forming; and Mr. Stevens, at the solicitation of his life- long friend, the then Governor Anson P. Morrill, retired from the pulpit to a wider field of moral usefulness with the pen editorial. He moved to Augusta in the winter of 1855-6 to become editor and pub- lisher of the Kouicbcc Journal jointly with James G. Blaine. He con- tinued to be the chief editor of that paper until 1869. Mr. Stevens was elected a representative to the legislatures of 1866 and 1867, and a state senator for the years 1868 and 1869. As a mem- ber of the house in 1867, he introduced a resolve that led directly to the establishing in 1874, under the patronage of the state, of the In- dustrial School for Girls at Hallowell. To his philanthropic impulses, influence and energy was due the inception and founding of that in- stitution— of which he was one of the original trustees. In 1867 Mr. Stevens became the leading spirit — ably seconded by the late Ira D. Sturgis — in the enterprise of inducing the Sprague Manufacturing Company to bring capital to Augusta to more completely develop and utilize the power of the Kennebec dam. He conceived and advised the policy of municipal aid and encouragement under which the Sprague undertaking has grown into the present great plant of the Edwards Company. In 1869 Mr. Stevens was appointed by President Grant to be United States Minister to Uraguay, whence he sailed with his family and re- sided at Montevideo, the capital. He resigned that position in 1874, and returning home, found pastime and rest largely in literary occu- pation. In 1881 he was appointed by the president to again represent the United States as its minister at a foreign court — this time to re- side at Stockholm. He resigned and returned home after about three years, having in the meantime made an extended tour of Europe. In 1889 he was appointed by President Harrison to be United States minister resident at Honolulu, where his predecessor in the Kennebec Journal — Luther Severance — had preceded him as commissioner by appointment of President Taylor, in 1850. Mr. Stevens' residence and travels in South America impressed his fertile and observing mind with the benefits that would accrue to the United States through enlarged commercial relations with the AUGUSTA. 483a states of the Southern continent: and the ideas which he brought home to his countrymen were in due time formulated under the name of reciprocity and adopted as the policy of the government, through the powerful influence of his honored friend and former business partner, Mr. Blaine, as secretary of state. A grand souvenir of Mr. Stevens' residence at Stockholm is his careful, thoughtful, and graphically written History of Gustavus Adolphus — the great Swedish king — a book of 427 pages, and one of the best prose epics in the world of literature. Mr. Stevens' residence at the Sandwich Islands is signalized by his patriotic recommendation to the people of the United States to extend the folds of their flag over those fair Pacific isles. Mr. Stevens has been an influential member of many state and several national conventions of his party, to which he has rendered great service both as an editor and public speaker. He wields a vigor- ous, versatile and industrious pen, and has written several exceedingly valuable essays which have never been published, but have been read in the lecture hall. Mr. Stevens was married May 10,1845 (by his fellow-minister. Rev. William A. Drew) to Mary Lowell, daughter of Captain Daniel and Dorcas (Lowell) Smith, of Loudon Hill, in Hallowell. There were born to them: John Howard, Elizabeth, Grace Louise and Nellie Maria. The first two died in infancy, and were laid in the family lot in the beautiful Hallowell cemetery. Mr. Stevens has been accom- panied by his wife and daughters — Grace and Nellie— at each of the distant legations where he has served. His travels and honors but intensify his love for his Augusta home, where he fondly hopes to spend the last years of his life, which has been eminently successful and a benefaction to his fellow-men. George E. Stickney, son of Abraham, and grandson of Benjamin vStickney, was born in Augusta in 1844. October 31, 1861, be enlisted with Company F, 11th Maine, and was discharged as non-commis- sioned officer November 18, 1864. He married Delia R., daughter of Eben Wellman, in 1870, and has three children: Harry H., Herbert G. and Bertha J. His father was in Company E, 21st Maine. William Stone, farmer and milkman, born 1822, married in 1847, Abigail, daughter of Abner Coombs, a millwright, who came in 1832 from Lisbon, and bought of Joseph Ladd the mill now known as Coombs' mill. Abner Coombs was a son of Joshua Coombs, of West Bath, Me. Mr. Stone's father, William, born 1787, married Eleanor, daughter of Samuel Cummings. His father and his grandfather were each named William Stone. The latter, who came from Stough- ton, Mass., and died on the Asa D. Townsend farm, was a soldier, as were his son and grandson, the first and second being officers. William and Abigail Stone have two daughters: Eleanor (Mrs. Charles A. Knowles); and Mary A. (Mrs. Edward W. Knowles), of Manckester. 484 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Ira D. Sturgis was born November 20, 1814, in the town of Vas- salboro, on the farm which his grandfather and father reclaimed from the wilderness and which Mr. Sturgis owned, greatly enlarged and improved at the time of his death. His grandfather was Edward Sturgis, who came to Maine from Barnstable, Mass., before 1790. This Edward Sturgis was a lineal descendant of Edward Sturgis, the ances- tor of the family in America, who came from England in 1635 and settled in Yarmouth, Barnstable county, Mass. At the age of twenty-one Mr. Sturgis married Rebecca Russell Goodenow, and by the retirement of his father from business assumed at that early age the direction of all his father's affairs. By the death of his father, not long after, the further care of a large family of sis- ters devolved upon him and was the first necessity which brought into public notice that extraordinary resolution and business tact which so prominently characterized his long and varied career. At the age of thirty he rebuilt the saw mills on the Seven-mile brook at Riverside, in Vassalboro, and engaged in the manufacture of long and short lumber, and at another point on the same stream built a large factory for the manufacture of doors, blinds, sash and boxes. At this factory were made the first orange and lemon boxes ever ex- ported from the state of Maine. In this enterprise he was associated with James Bridge, who is still living in Augusta. Not fully occupied with these exacting industries, he commenced the building of vessels on the Kennebec river, near Seven-mile brook, very shortly turning out from this shipyard a barque, a brig and two schooners. When the Augusta Water Power Company built a large saw mill on the dam at Augusta, with gangs and single saws, Mr. Sturgis was in- vited, in consideration of his experience and reputation for energy and business capacity, to occupy them; and accordingly he disposed of his Vassalboro mill properties and entered upon the manufacture of lum- ber at Augusta, continuing until the dam went out. During the busi- ness depression of '56 and '57 Mr. Sturgis suffered losses which would have discouraged a less sanguine and hopeful nature; but with the indomitable spirit which has made him a picturesque and conspicuous figure so many years in the busmess history of the state, he soon established himself in the lumber business with Colonel John God- dard at St. John, N. B., and for eight years successfully directed one of the largest lumbering operations ever carried on in that locality. Mr. Sturgis directed the cutting of the logs for three mills in Aroos- took county, driving them 250 miles and employing hundreds of men, horses and oxen. The English lumber market improving immediately upon the fall of Sevastopol at the close of Crimean war, Mr. Sturgis, with customary sagacity, took advantage of this fact, shipping the product of the mills to England. In 1858 he bought a large tract of land on Nicataugh / ^ ] I i ^.'- "^-p^. z-^^^^:^ AUGUSTA. 484a river, in Nova Scotia, and built a large saw mill plant, including mills, houses and stores. In 1863 Mr. Sturgis sold out his Eastern lumber- ing interests and returned to Augusta. Without an idle day he bought the old mill on the site of the Augusta Lumber Company's present mill, and which had been abandoned for several years as a profitless enterprise, and iminediately converted it into one of the best of modern saw mills. The late Albert Dailey, of Providence, was an associate with Mr. Sturgis in this enterprise. At that time steam mills on the Kennebec had proved impracticable on account of the cost of creating steam power. Mr. Sturgis inaugurated the system of utilizing .sawdust for fuel and carrying it to the furnaces by a labor saving mechanical de- vice. In 1867 ex-Governor William Sprague became interested in the lumber business with Mr. Sturgis and Mr. Dailey. The business was then enlarged by the construction of the steam saw mill at Pittston, afterward owned and managed by Putnam & Closson, and was carried on as a corporation under the name of the Kennebec Land & Lumber Company. This company, with its extensive timber lands, its two modern steam saw mills and one water mill at the east end of the Kennebec dam, was the largest lumbering enterprise ever conducted on the Kennebec river and was entirely the product of Mr. Sturgis' energy and skill. In connection with the saw mill at Pittston Mr. Sturgis built the first modern improved ice house on the Kennebec river. Up to this time the ice business had been an intermittent one, depending upon a failure of the ice crop West and South. Mr. Sturgis resolved to make the business unintermittent, regular and permanent by establishing branch houses for the distribution of Kennebec ice each year to con- sumers in Southern cities; and with the boldness and promptness with which he executed all his designs, he established houses in Washing- ton, Norfolk, Savannah and Charleston. At a later period, through the Haynes & Dewitt Ice Company, whose extensive plant is at Ice- boro, Mr. Sturgis established ice connections with the cities of Balti- more and Philadelphia. It was through these undertakings that the first ice wagons marked with Kennebec ice appeared in Southern cities. It was at Mr. Sturgis' urgent invitation that Governor William Sprague first came to Augusta to look over the water power; and it was Mr. Sturgis' persuasive enthusiasm more than any other influence that decided Governor Sprague to purchase the power and enlarge the cotton mill. When the dam went out in 1870 the A. & W. Sprague Manufactur- ing Company, discouraged by fear of a repetition of the disaster, seri- ously contemplated resorting to steam power for the mills then in existence. Foreseeing how disastrous this would be to the permanent prosperity of the city, Mr. Sturgis appealed to Governor Sprague with 484b HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. such convincing earnestness and inspired him with such confidence in the possibility of a permanent reestablishment of the dam that Governor Sprague decided to build that dam, which, with other manu- factures, is now driving 100,000 spindles and developing a condition of prosperity hitherto unknown. When Mr. Sturgis commenced the lumber business here in 1863 there were very few facilities for handling and holding logs on the Kennebec river. There were no permanent and safe deposit booms and every rise of water was watched by millmen with anxiety and alarm. Not a season passed that some logs did not run to sea. It was largely through the determined agitation of the subject of river im- provements by Mr. Sturgis that booms and piers were constructed, so that the lumberman's floating property is considered as stable and secure as any other kind of property. He was especially interested in the establishment of the Five-mile island boom m Vassalboro and the assorting boom in Hallowell, by which the collection and distribu- tion of logs among the several mills was revolutionized and greatly cheapened. The large mills and ice houses at Wiscasset were built under the direction of Mr. Sturgis. When the steam mill of the Kennebec Land & Lumber Company at Augusta was burned Mr. Sturgis acquired the mill site and rebuilt the mill, with Mr. Lambard and Mr. Randall, under the firm style of Sturgis, Lambard & Co. This company was subsequently incorporated as the Augusta Lumber Company and Mr. Sturgis was chosen presi- dent, which position he held at the time of his death. In politics Mr. Sturgis was a republican and represented his native town with conspicuous ability in the legislature of 1869. The last ten years of Mr. Sturgis' life were chiefly devoted to the management and improvement of his farm at Vassalboro. During all the temptations of his business life and the diversions and distractions of his eventful career, his heart never failed in its loyalty to that home of his child- hood, where he seemed to be imbued with the very spirit of those an- cestors who had exhausted their lives in first preparing the acres which Mr. Sturgis extended and improved until he made it the largest and best equipped farm in the state. The issue of Mr. Sturgis' marriage was two sons and two daugh- ters. The eldest, Angle B., became the wife,of Professor Thurber, of Boston; Smith, who died at the age of sixteen; Elizabeth, the wife of J. Manchester Haynes; and Horace R., who was the partner of his father in his agricultural and other recent enterprise. Mr. Sturgis' power of physical endurance was phenomenal. He seemed to be tire- less, or if ever wearied, his strength was renewed with but little rest. Even at his great age of seventy-seven years his step was as elastic and his motions as quick as a man of half that age. His mind never knew fatigue; his spirits never lagged; his courage never faltered; his AUGUSTA. 485 hope never grew dim. Life had not dispelled any illusions. He was still a boy, with the faith of a boy. His nature was most sensitively sympathetic. His temperament was emotional and responded to the slightest touch. His hatred of wrong, his kindly human sympathy, often prompted him to fight the battles of his weaker friends. Mr. Sturgis was a man of very strong convictions, and he always had the courage of his convictions. His judgments and opinions were sudden and intuitive, rather than slow and reflective. His clear mind saw quickly to the end. Mr. Sturgis possessed in a remarkable degree the quality of social cheerfulness — a quality which rarely ever failed him in public and was always present in his family associations. No business cares and perplexities, no schemes of ambition, no passions, no resentments ever entered the door of his dwelling. For more than fifty-five years of married life he wore in his home manner and countenance the same light of happiness and hope that illuminated his features on his wed- ding morning. In his march of life there was no weariness. He did not perish by the wayside. He fell in the middle of the track, still fronting the future. Reuel Townsend, who came from Sidney to Augusta in 1832, is a son of Dodovah, and grandson of Daniel Townsend, who died in the English service in the French and Indian war. Daniel's father was at Fort Halifax, and with his family ascended the Kennebec in a canoe, and suffered many privations as a pioneer, having for a time to subsist upon acorns and the milk from one young cow. Reuel Townsend married Hepzibah, daughter of Asa Abbott, of Sidney, and raised three sons, who became men of families: Howard A., Asa D. and Theodore B. Townsend. Asa D. married Harriet C, daughter of Doty and Rachel (Prescott) Richards, December 17, 1861. She died in 1891. E. H. Walker was born in Portland, in 1838. Since he began in life for himself he has always been engaged in railway work, com- mencing with the Grand Trunk. After remaining in the employ of that company five years, he came to the Maine Central as station agent at Vassalboro. In 1870 he came to Augusta for the same com- pany as ticket agent and as operator in superintendent's office. In 1877 he was made passenger and freight agent at Augusta for this company. For the last t\yo years he has filled the position of ticket agent only. In 1860 he married Abbie C. Ingersoll, of Danville Cor- ners, now a part of Auburn, Me. Sereno S. Webster' (John 0.\ 1778-1828; Nathan', b. 1747; Nathan', b. 1715; Nathan', 1678; NathanS 1646, Bradford, Mass.; John", a free- man of Ipswich in 1635) was born in Salem, Mass., in 1805. He came to Vassalboro in 1806, with his parents, and in 1845, after a clerkship of nine years in Washington, married Mary A. Hayes, of Dover, N. H. 486 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Their children are: Helen P., Sereno C. and Otis Webster, the drug- gist. George L. Weeks' (James P.', born 1818; Daniel H.^ 1796-1882; Winthrop', 1770-1856; Jonathan', Jonathan', SamueP, Leonard Weeks') was born in Vassalboro in 1861, married Hattie J. Whitehouse, daugh- ter of Everett M., and granddaughter of David W. Whitehouse, and has one son, Harold E. Weeks. Eben Wellman, born in 1836, is a son of James, and grandson of James Wellman, whose father, Jacob, was a son of Abraham, a de- scendant of one of three brothers who came from England, and set- tled in Lynn, Mass., in 1625. Eben married Julia O. Ramsdell, of Randolph. Their children are: Delia R. (Mrs. George E. Stickney), Joseph H. (of Chelsea), and Jeannettie. Mr. Wellman followed the sea from the age of fourteen until 1864. He was two years in the U. S. Navy, signal quartermaster of the L^. S. gunboat, Alabama. His father, in the 29th Maine, died in Natchez Hospital September 7, 1864. Benjamin W. White, youngest son of Charles White, was born in 1848. His grandfather, Charles, of Greenfield, Me., was a son of Charles White, a revolutionary soldier, who came from Peterboro to Greenfield, and lived to the age of 102. Benjamin's father moved from Greenfield to Vassalboro in 1836, and to Bolton Hill about 1847. His farm was settled by Captain Elisha Barrows. Benjamin married Fannie, daughter of John Frost, of Randolph. Seth Coleman Whitehouse was born in Vassalboro in 1820. His father, Daniel Whitehouse, jun., was born in Somersworth, N. H., and came to Maine about the year 1805, with his parents (Daniel and Mar- thar), two brothers (Edmund and Thomas), and two sisters (Hannah and Comfort) — all settling in the same school district in Vassalboro. Daniel, sen., had served in the revolutionary army in Colonel Poor's regiment, and received a pension. Six other Whitehouses — near kins- men— .served in the same war. Two brothers, Thomas and Joseph Whitehouse, .settled at Dover, N. H., in 1658, and to them goes back the ancestry of the numerous Whitehouse families of New England. Daniel, jun., served in the war of 1812, and was given a pension. He married Merab Coleman, daughter of Owen and Asenath Worth Cole- man, who removed from Nantucket to Vassalboro in 1800, and settled on a farm that has ever since continued in 1;he Coleman name, and is now owned by Edmund G., a grandson. Owen Coleman was of the fifth generation from Thomas, one of the partners who bought the island of Nantucket of Thomas Mayhew in 1659 — moving there from Salisbury in 1660. John Coleman, the son of Thomas, and great- grandfather of Owen, married Joanna Folger, whose .sister, Abia^ married Josiah, the father of Benjamin Franklin — the latter and, Owen being related as third cousins. //Yxt^T^yA ^y/z-'C^'^-^^^^ AUGUSTA. 486a Seth C, the subject of this sketch, was of a family of nine children, viz.: Daniel, 3d (who died at the age of twenty), David S., Mary D., Owen C, Seth C, Hiempsal, Paul W., Sarah E. and Daniel (now of Augusta). Seth was considered better adapted to a business career than to farming, and so he was allowed to leave home at the age of fifteen, when he entered a store in Vassalboro. After a year he went to New York, and served two years as clerk in the store of his cousin, C. C. Dyer. He returned home and took the benefit of several terms at the Vassalboro Academy, and taught three winter schools. He re- turned to the city of New York in 1842, and engaged as clerk with W. E. Lawrence, dry goods merchant, where he continued four years. His brother, Owen, also served one year in the same store. In 1846 the two brothers came to Augu.sta, and opened a dry goods store, and did a large and successful business, under the firm name of S. C. & O. C. Whitehouse. In 1855 their brother, Daniel, was admitted to the firm. Seth retired from the business in 1865. Inheriting some of the spirit of enterprise and love of adventure that was conspicuous in his grandmother's brother. Captain Paul Worth (who in 1791 made the first voyage from Nantucket around Cape Horn for whales, returning with success), Seth sailed from Bath, October 2, 1849, in the bark James A. Thompson, 244 tons. Captain Macy, for a trip around Cape Horn to California, arriving at San Francisco in March, 1850. After spending four months in the gold mines, he started for home via the isthmus, and reached Augusta in September. Mr. Whitehouse was married in 1852, to Harriet A., daughter of Elisha Hallett, jun., whose father came from Yarmouth, Mass., and settled at Oakland (then West Waterville). Mrs. Whitehouse's father served in the war of 1812, and her grandfather served in the war of the revolution. Both received pensions. Mr. and Mrs. Whitehouse have two children: Edward Lawrence and Harriet Hallett. Edward is a graduate of Harvard University of the class of '74; he is a mem- ber of the Kennebec bar; was the supervisor of schools in Augusta in 1880, and is now in the department of state at Washington. Mr. and Mrs. Whitehou.se became identified with the South Parish of Augusta in 1846, and have been members of that church since 1855, and their daughter Harriet since 1876. Mr. Whitehouse cast his first vote as a member of the whig party, for Henry Clay. He has always been a republican since the party was formed. He was a member of the city government as councilman in 1871-2, and as alderman in 1872-3 and 1873-4. He was assessor in 1875-6 and 1876-7. In the spring of 1884 a large number of his fellow citizens addressed to him the following communication: " To Hon. .Seth C. Whitehouse: Dear 52>— The undersigned, re- publican taxpayers of Augusta, hereby request you to become their 487 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. candidate for mayor at the election March 10, 1884, for the following reasons: " I. — We believe the laws against the liquor traffic should be en- forced as diligently, as sincerely, and as impartially as the other crim- inal laws; and that tenderness toward the rum interest for the sake of its political friendship is wicked, and injurious to morals and public policy, and should be emphatically condemned. " II. — We believe our municipal government should be conducted on ' business principles, in a business manner, for business purposes;' that it should be carefully administered in the interest of the people by a policy of rational and practical economy and a gradual reduction of our burdensome city debt. We view with anxiety the fact that the appropriations are largely overdrawn, and the debt is increasing in- stead of diminishing at a' time when no considerable public improve- ments are being made, although the taxable valuation of the city is not increasing. " Believing, from your record m the past as a faithful city ofBcer, that if elected to the office of mayor you would seek to carry out the policy above indicated, we earnestly ask your consent to be a candi- date, in an early reply." Mr. Whitehouse accepted the nomination thus gracefully tendered and was elected mayor, which office he administered with conscien- tious fidelity to his platform and the interests of the city. David W. Whitney, born in 1817, is a grandson of Nathan and son of Abizah Whitney, who was born in Lisbon in 1794 and located with his family on Church Hill in 1832. He went to New Orleans in 1846 and died there in 1866. David W. Whitney married Philena, daugh- ter of Luther Church. vShe died leaving one son, John H., and Mr. Whitney married Olena, daughter of Isaac Church, and granddaugh- ter of Samuel and Ruby (Pettengill) Church, and has three children: Benjamin C, of Salem, Mass.; Edwin W. and Alice M., a teacher. Charles H. Whitten was born in Augusta in 1835, and carried on a blacksmith shop in the city for sixteen years prior to October, 1889. He and his older brother, John F., had a .shop as early as 1856. Their father was Rufus Whitten. The Williams Family. — This family name, which must forever frequently recur in every history of this county, first appears in the Kennebec valley in 1779, when Captain Seth Williams, of Welsh ex- traction, emigrated from Stoughton, Mass., to Fort Western. Here Reuel and Daniel, his afterward two most prominent sons, were born — Reuel June 2, 1783, and Daniel November 12, 1795. The brothers studied law and were afterward, for some years, partners in the prac- tice of their profession. Daniel was .selectman of the town of Augusta from 1828 to 1832, inclusive; represented the town in the legislature of 1831; was state treasurer from 1837 to 1840; was appointed judge of probate for Ken- nebec in 1848, retaining the office until 1855; and in 1868 was mayor ^ ^^^^^-ife- AUGUSTA. 487a of Augusta. He was twice married, his first wife being Mary Saw- telle, of Norridgewock, who bore him four children: Harriet, who be- came the wife of Benjamin A. G. Fuller; Seth, whose military career has been discussed at page 166; Horace, who retains his residence a portion of each year in Augusta; and Mary (Mrs. Newton Edwards). His second wife, Hannah, was the youngest daughter of Judge James Bridge, of Augusta. Hon. Reuel Williams, the elder of the two brothers, rendered great service and achieved an honorable distinction as a lawyer [page 309]. For nearly half a century he was one of the most prominent and influ- ential men of the state. Few, if any, were better acquainted with its interests and resources, or were more ready to labor to promote the one and develop the other. Beginning with the year 1822, he served in the lower branch of the legislature for four successive terms; then for three years he was returned to the senate, followed immediately, in 1829, by a return to the house for that year. He was appointed commissioner of public buildings in 1831; in 1836 he was chosen one of the electors-at-large of president and vice-president; in 1837 was sent to the United States senate to fill a vacancy, and in 1839 was reelected for a full term, but the demands of private business com- pelled him to resign in 1843. In 1861 he was appointed by Governor Washburn on a commission to confer with the national government on the defense of the coast of Maine, and an exposure while in the execution of this duty doubtless hastened his death, which occurred July 25, 1862. Mr. Williams received the honorary degree of master of arts from Harvard in 1815 and from Bowdoin in 1820, to which that of doctor of laws was added in 1855. He was for thirty-eight years one of the trustees of the latter college. The maker of his own large fortune, he acquired industrious and remarkably correct business habits, and transacted an amount of busi- ness which few could have performed even in the allotted period of his long life. Mr. Williams married on November 19, 1807, vSarah Lowell Cony, daughter of Hon. Daniel Cony, of Augusta. By the marriage, in 1828, of Mr. Williams' eldest daughter, Sarah B., to James, son of Judge Bridge, in whose office Mr. Williams began the study of law, the Bridge, Cony and Williams families were brought into close relations with one another. Governor Joseph Hartwell Williams, the only son of Reuel, was born at Augusta February 15, 1814. At the age of twelve he was sent to a private school for boys, under Hezekiah Packard, D.D., at Wiscas- set, Me., and later became a student at the Gardiner Lyceum. In 1829 he entered the Classical Institute at Mount Pleasant, in Amherst, Mass., where he remained until the fall of 1830, when he was matric- ulated at Harvard College. He carried off high honors in his class, and at his graduation, in 1834, entered Dane Law School, at Cam- 4»S HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. bridge, where for two years he enjoyed the instruction of Professors Joseph Story and Simon Greenleaf. He then returned to Augusta to complete his law studies in his father's office. He was admitted to the bar in 1837. In July, 1862, at the death of his father, the cares attendant upon settling his large estate made it necessary for Gov- ernor Williams to withdraw from a profession to the attainment of whose honors he had devoted the best years of his life. It was earlier in this year that he received from Governor Washburn the nomina- tion to a seat upon the bench of the supreme judicial court of Maine, an honor which his private affairs compelled him to regretfully de- cline. Until 1854 Governor Williams had supported the policy of the democratic party, but in that year he ceased to vote with it and ab- stained from so doing as long as the interests of slavery continued to shape party issues. In 1856 he was sent by the republicans to the state senate, of which body he was made the presiding officer. After six weeks' service, however, it became his constitutional prerogative to enter upon the discharge of executive functions. Governor Hamlin having vacated the gubernatorial chair upon his election to the United States senate. These important duties Governor Williams performed to the satisfaction of the people for the remainder of the political year. Declining to become a candidate for nomination to succeed himself, he returned, at the close of the year 1857, to the con- genial pursuits of his profession. In 1864, and for two years follow- ing, he again represented his city in the legislature. During this period he served on several important committees and also labored for the creation of a sinking fund to provide for the payment of the state debt. The bill which he drafted for that purpose became a law January 28, 1865. In 1873 he was again returned to the legislature, on the independent ticket. He was one of the first board of directors of the Maine General Hospital, a trustee of the State Reform School, and served as treasurer of the board of trustees of Cony Female Academy from 1851 for forty years. Governor Williams was married September 26, 1842, to Apphia Putnam, daughter of the distinguished antiquarian and genealogist, Sylvester' Judd, of Northampton, Mass. Their only child, Arthur Lowell, died when less than three years of age. Mr. Williams has recently had occasion to devote some time to genealogical researches. To supply some deficiencies in Mr. North's Historj' of Au£-i(sta, he nndertooli to trace his Cony ancestry to their English origin. In this he was successful so far as to ascertain the time and place of birth of the immigrant ancestor— Nathaniel Conny.* He was born in Godmanchester, in the county of Huntington, Eng- land, in 1665, and came to America at the close of the seventeenth * See Co/i/iy Brochure, 1885, printed privately. — [Ed. ■century. He was the son of Samuel Conny and grandson of Robert Conny, of the municipality in which he was born. Pursuing- similar inquiries respecting Richard Williams, of Taun- ton, Mass., the progenitor of Seth Williams, who came to Fort Western in 1779, Governor Williams was able to find the record evidence of the birth of Richard in 1606. He was born in Wotton-under-edge, in the county of Gloucester, England, where his father, William, then lived. Richard was married in 1632 and came to America with his wife, Frances, in 1638-9. Selden B. Worthley, born in 1843, a son of Robert B. Worthley, who came from Avon, Me., to Augusta in 1848, married Mary E., daughter of Alfred Turner and granddaughter of Richard Turner, and has one son, Blaine S. Worthley. Mr. Worthley lost an arm in a woolen factory in 1861. He was subsequently three years in Califor- nia; then fourteen years keeper of the Augusta bridge, and since 1885 has successfully carried on milk farming. His place was formerly owned by Robert Fletcher and his son. Captain Foxwell Fletcher. Daniel S. Young, stone contractor and quarryman, was born at Embden, Me., in 1840. He is a son of David and grandson of Benja- min Young, of Wiscasset. His parents came to Augusta in 1858. He learned stone cutting as a business, at which he has been chiefly en- o^aged. His wife was Elizabeth G. Batson. Their children are: Annie E., H. May, Leslie S., Frank O., Florence A., Addie C. B. and D. Stuart. CHAPTER XIX. HALLOWELL. BY DR. William H. Lapham. Ancient Hallowell. — The Present Town. — Description.— Sketches of the Early- Settlers. — Industrial Interests. — Post Office.— Societies.— Schools.— Churches. • —Cemetery. — Civil History. — Personal Paragraphs. AFTER many of the coast towns had been settled, the settlement of the interior of Maine was retarded more than a centitry by the almost constant hostile attitude of the Indians. The pro- prietors of the Kennebec Purchase, previously known as the Kenne- bec Patent, made frequent attempts to have their lands situated on both sides of Kennebec river, settled, but such attempts were for a long time abortive. Settlers on the lower Kennebec were protected by Fort Richmond, later by Fort Shirley, and still later by Forts Western and Halifax. Two of these forts were erected by the Plym- outh Company in pursuance of their plans for settling their territory, but the inducement of land for a town in the wilderness, practically without cost, was not sufficient for persons in the older towns to jeopardize their lives and the lives of their families. The fall of Quebec in 1759, and the extinction by treaty of French power in America two years later, put a new face upon the matter of settling the interior towns of the state, and within the space of a few years clearings had been commenced on the Kennebec as far north as Norridgewock. Fort Western was erected in 1754, and the commandant became the first settler in what was ancient Hallowell. Except James Howard and the small garrison at the fort, no other settlers came until after the conquest of Canada. The town of Hal- lowell, as originally laid out and established, was one of the largest in the state, but so much of its territory has been set off to form other towns, that it is now one of the smallest. The towns set off from Hal- lowell having been written up separately for this volume, the scope of this article will be limited to the town of Hallowell as it is at the present time. The present town of Hallowell. is bounded east by Kennebec river, north by Augusta, west by Manchester, and south by Farmingdale. To distinguish it from the Fort settlement, in early times it was HALLOWELL. 489 called the " Hook," said to be an abbreviation of Bombahook,* a word of unknown etymology and significance. The Indians probably had a small village at this place before the country was visited by white men. In proof of this, when Dr. Amos Wilder was levelling the land near the river, and not far from the place where his oilcloth factory now is, he unearthed a large number of Indian implements of the usual varieties found on the Kennebec, mixed with the bones of ani- mals, and imbedded in earth mixed with cinders and ashes. Their distribution was limited to some six feet in width, and some 200 feet along the bank of the river. Hallowell is quite hilly, the land bordering on the Kennebec, more especially that where the city proper is situated, having a sharp in- cline toward the river. Outside of the city proper the land is fertile, quite free from cobbles, and well adapted to purposes of agriculture. Pine Tree farm, once the property of Governor Bodwell, and Granite Hill farm, the property of William P. Atherton, are among the best in the county. Orcharding is a leading industry in some parts of Hal- lowell, but mixed husbandry is the more common practice. There has not been that strict attention paid to farming as was formerly the case, and many once good and productive farms have deteriorated. This is largely due to removals from the suburbs into the city, and to emigration from town. The first settler in Hallowell was Deacon Pease Clark, who came from Attleboro, Mass., in May, 1762, in a ship belonging to the prov- ince of the Massachusetts Bay, which came to the Kennebec with sup- plies for Forts Western and Halifax. What induced Mr. Clark to seek this particular spot upon which to erect a home is unknown at this date. The Plymouth proprietors were at this time making vig- orous efforts to colonize their land on the Kennebec; were making generous offers to first settlers, and no doubt Mr. Clark heard of them and thought this a good opportunity to secure land for himself and his family of stalwart sons. He was put on shore where Water street now is, with his son, Peter, his wife and one other child, and there then being no building within the present limits of the city of Hallowell, they spent their first night under the body of a cart which they had brought along with them. Clark constructed a camp of boughs near where the cotton factory now is, and lived there until he could provide a better home. It is said that his son, Peter, had been on the Kennebec before; had come here as an officer with men to guard the workmen on the forts, and it is also said that Deacon Clark came here to see the country, prior to his moving here. He received *The Indian name of Hallowell was Medumcook, said to mean "a shallow place." Bombahook may have been an English corruption of this name, which was also given to the brook that enters the Kennebec at Hallowell. 33 490 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. a grant of land from the Plymouth Company of one hundred acres, it being fifty rods wide and a mile long, embracing the central part of the present city of Hallowell. His son, Peter, had the lot adjoining his father's on the south, part of the grant to Benjamin Hallowell, of whom or his assigns, he must have purchased it. The first clearing made by Clark was near the present city hall, and here he raised a crop of corn and rye. This season also he erected a framed house, the timber for which was cut and hewn upon the spot and the boards floated up from Gardiner, where a saw mill had just been erected. This house, the first built within the limits of Hal- lowell, stood on the side hill on Academy street, and was two stories in front and one in the rear, after a prevailing fashion of those days. Here he lived for many years, and his house was headquarters for new settlers as they arrived on their way to their locations. Pease Clark had six sons, all of whom came to the Kennebec. Uriah was a cordwainer, and settled on land now in Augusta. Simeon moved to Belgrade and then to Ohio. David was a joiner; he obtained a lot in Hallowell, afterward moved to Readfield, but on the death of his father, moved back to Hallowell. Peter Clark, born in 1735, who came with his father, married Zerviah Sweatland; he became insane, wan- dered away into the woods a second time and never returned. Six years after, in 1803, his remains were found in a thicket and buried with leaves, nearly two miles from his home. They had five children. Isaac and Jonas settled on Augusta lands; the former removed to Hallowell and built the first two story house there, on the spot where Mark Means' bake-house stood, and this was the first tavern in Hal- lowell. Jonas was one of the throng which about this time had the " western fever," and emigrated to Ohio.* Briggs Hallowell was a resident here at the time of the incorpora- tion and previously. He was the son of Benjamin Hallowell, a wealthy merchant of Boston, a Plymouth proprietor, for whom the town was named. He seems to have been on the Kennebec as early as 1768, looking after the interests of his father. When in town, his house stood near Sheppard's point. By his wife, Hannah, he had: Charles, born March 17, 1771, and George, born March 25, 1774. He seems to have had a second wife, called Eunice, and to have died be- fore 1788, for in that year his widow was keeping a house of enter- tainment, near where the cotton factory now stands. Briggs Hal- lowell is represented as a humorous man and much given to practical jokes. Pelatiah Morrill, born in Berwick, July IS, 1787, came to Hallowell in 1810, and married Rhoda Mayo, of this town. He was a son of Peas- lee and Peace Morrill, and an uncle of Hons. Anson P. and Lot M. Morrill. He was by occupation a shoemaker. They had six children. ^North's Augusta. HALLOWEI.L. 491 Peter Currier, son of Seth Currier, born in Amesbury, Mass., in 1780, married Hannah Pecker, and came to Hallowell in 1812. They had eight children, the last five born here. Joseph Wingate, son of Paine Wingate, born in Amesbury, Mass., February 29, 1751, married Judith Carr, and came here in 1798. Their ten children were born between 1777 and 1798. William Wingate, brother of Joseph, married Han- nah Carr, and came here in 1796. They had five children, only one of whom was born here. Mrs. Wingate died March 26, 1814. Samuel Moody, born in Newbury, Mass., February 3, 1765, gradu- ated at Dartmouth College in 1790, and six years later came here as preceptor of Hallowell Academy. He married Sarah Sawyer and had five children. He was always known as Preceptor Moody. Nathan Moody, brother of Samuel, graduated at Dartmouth College in 1795, came to Hallowell in 1796, and married Judith Wingate, of Amesbury, Mass. They had two children. Enoch Moody, brother of the last two, married Ann Kent, of Newbury, and came to Hal- lowell in 1802. Ephraim Lord, born in Ipswich, Mass., August 11, 1771, came to Hallowell in 1792. He married Salome Dennis, of Litchfield, and his nine children were born here. Edward Cummings was born in Water- ford. Ireland, came to Hallowell in 1810, and married Sophia Lemercia, of Dresden, and had seven children, the first three born in Boston. Abraham Pray, born in Berwick, September 20, 1753, married Sarah Clark, of Wells, and had twelve children before coming here in 1802. He died here in 1844. Ezekiel Goodale, printer, born in Boylston, Mass., September 24, 1780, came here in October, 1802. He married Betsey Stone, of Oakham, and had five children, all born here. Thomas Lakeman, born in Newbury, Mass., August 6, 1767, married Elizabeth Lord, of Ipswich, and came here in 1794. He had eight children, born between 1791 and 1809. John Sewall, jun., was born in York, Me., September 13, 1755, and came to Hallowell in 1797. He was town clerk for several years, and it is said to have been through his efforts that the records of Hallowell families were made and preserved. He was also selectman, and taught the town school on Temple street for many years. He married Eunice Emerson, who had had four children by her first marriage. His only child, Joanna, was born March 9, 1792. Mr. Sewall died Novem- ber 15, 1827. Moses Sewall, born in York, married Ruth Barrell, of the same town. He came here in 1787. He had six children and died March 24, 1798. David Sewall, brother of Moses, married Hannah Barrell; he settled here in 1784, and had twelve children. Elisha Nye, born in Sandwich, Mass., April 22, 1745-6, married Lucy Toby and had three children born in Sandwich. Mrs. Nye died, and he then married Mehitable Robinson, of Falmouth, Mass., and had ten more children, the last seven born here. He came here in 492 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. 1781. James Cocks, or Cox, was born in Boston in 1734, and died in Hallowell in 1808. By his wife, who was a Beverage, of Boston, he had ten children born between 1758 and 1777. Nathaniel Brown was by occupation a baker, and his was the house now occupied by Hiram Fuller. He came here from Ipswich, Mass., married Mary L. Parsons, and had two daughters. George Bartlett, by trade a cooper, lived on the Augusta road, on the opposite side from the cemetery and a little below. Isaac Smith, a native of New Hampshire, a sea captain, was a resident of Loudon hill. He was also a large shipbuilder and owner. He died February 1, 1844, aged sixty-one years. His wife was Betsey Johnson; six children. Abner Lowell was a prominent shipbuilder at Joppa. His trade was with the West Indies, and he was sole owner of his ships. He was an active business man, and of the strictest integrity. He came in 1797, married Hannah Sawyer, and had issue nine. Benja- min Davenport was a hatter on a large scale. The early Davenports settled on the east side of the river. He married Mary, daughter of Briggs Turner, and had seven children. Jonas Childs lost one of his legs during the war for independence. He was a tailor and also kept a ferry for foot passengers. Thomas Norris was an early trader here and owned the schooner Catherine, which plied between this port and Boston. This vessel was lost on the passage to Boston, and Mr. Nor- ris, Mr. Ring and Naomi Hovey, who were passengers, were drowned. Over Mr. Ring's store, the Halloivcll Gazette was first published in 1814, by Goodale & Burton. Rufus K. Page once traded in the store now occupied by Leigh & Wingate. The second brick building in town was known as Perley's Block; it had three stores on the ground floor. Nathaniel Perley came here from Boxford in 1794. He married Mary Dummer, and had seven children. Jesse Locke occupied a house on the corner of Win- throp and Second streets. Daniel N. Dole was born in Newbury, Mass., November 22, 1775, and died in Hallowell, March 9, 1841. He was by trade a goldsmith, and he also repaired clocks and watches. He married Nacy Gove, of Edgecomb, and had issue six. Gideon Gilman, son of Eliphalet Gilman, was a manufacturer of sash and doors in a shop at the corner of Water and Temple streets. He was the principal glazier in the town, and was also a surveyor of lumber. He married a daughter of Benjamin Hilton, and died January 4, 1845, aged seventy- five years. Ebenezer Bessey, born in Wareham, Mass., found employ- ment as gardener with Doctor Vaughan. He was among the first to supply the town with boot-blacking. He married Patience Burgess and had issue eleven. David Morgan was a farmer on the Litchfield road. He accom- panied John Merrick in locating the Canada road, when the entire HALLOWELL. 493 party came near perishing from hunger. He died January 1, 1844, aged sixty-five years. Daniel Evans, born May 24, 1767, was the col- lector of the direct tax in 1816. In his later years he kept a pastry store. He was the father of Hon. George Evans, the distinguished advocate. He married Sally Sawyer, and died November 21, 1842, aged seventy-five years. He had nine children. Joshua Wingate, born in Amesbury, Mass., March 14, 1747, merchant, postmaster and man of affairs generally, was the father of Hon. Joshua Wingate, of Portland. He died October 11, 1844, aged ninety-seven years. He wore knee breeches and buckles to the time of his death. His wife was Sarah Carr, and he had seven children. Robert Sager, born in Yorkshire, England, was a saddle and har- ness maker; both he and his wife were of English birth. He did an extensive business in a shop north of Norcross' marble shop. He died April IS, 1821. They had seven children. David Vass, a manu- facturer of mirrors, died September 21, 1829, aged thirty-nine years. John Beeman, born in Northfield, Mass., February 9, 1755, died March 1, 1826, aged seventy-one years. He married Hannah Jennings in 1785. He was by occupation a tanner. His tannery was a few rods back of Water street and he did a large business. In excavating a few years ago strata of horns and other refuse were dug up, ten feet below the surface of the ground. He was a great reader and had a fine library for that day. Nine children. Major William Livermore, born in Waltham, Mass., January 9, 1763, came here in 1806 from Jay, Me., and was a merchant. He had a large trade in lumber. He was the father of Danforth P. Liver- more, of Hallowell. He married Sarah (Taylor) Jones and died in Mississippi in August, 1832. Thomas Fillebrown, born in Woburn October 8, 1763, was a farmer, and moved from here to Winthrop. His wife was Elizabeth, daughter of Nathaniel Cheever. They had nine children. Philip Norcross, born in Georgetown July 25, 1763, lived near the cemetery and engaged in farming. He married Nancy Hussey and came here in 1787. Ebenezer Mayo was an early brick mason and lived on Winthrop street, near the railroad crossing. He reared a family of twelve children. Elias Bond, born in Watertown, Mass., March 14, 1774, was a hatter and did a large business on Water street. He came here from Watertown in 1804. He married Mary Pappoon and had seven children. Calvin Edson lived on Winthrop street and was a mariner. He came here from Bridgewater, Mass. His son, Martin, was also a mar- iner. Shubael and Thomas Hinckley, twin brothers and sons of Shu- bael Hinckley, born in Brunswick in 1736, came to Hallowell about 1773 and lived where the cemetery now is. They were farmers. Their posterity, which is large, is widely scattered. The land where Dr. Amos Wilder's oilcloth factory now stands was named for them 494 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. " Hinckley's point." Nathan Bachelder, born in Loudon, N. H., Oc- tober 25, 1773, lived southwest of the railroad station, in the house now occirpied by William Graves. The store built by him, and in which he did business, is now occupied by the Northern National Bank. This is said to have been the first brick building erected in Augusta. He married Nancy Rollins and came here in 1799. He died June 3, 1850. They had six children born in Hallowell. Edmund Dana, by occupation a potter, lived on Winthrop street, on the place now occupied by Justin E. Smith. This man committed suicide in 1810. He had ten children. Samuel Button lived in a house which stood north of Doctor Nutting's place. The house has been removed. By wife, Ruth, he had six children. John Couch, a farmer and early settler, lived on Winthrop hill. He married Jane Hinckley and had eight children. He came in 1773. Thomas Agry, from Barnstable, lived in the house now occupied by Moses W. Farr. He and his brother, John, who lived in the Doctor Eveleth house, were largely engaged in .shipping and were men of great enterprise and business capacity. Alfred Martin, an early settler, lived on the corner of Winthrop and Second streets and was a blacksmith. He married Lydia, daughter of Isaac Clark, of Hallowell. He came here from Connecticut in 1788. William Morse, jun., was an early trader in company with Eben White. He came here with his family from Methuen, Mass., in 1793. His wife was Tryphena Whitten, of Methuen. Daniel Smith lived on Loudon hill and was a seafaring man. Loudon hill was so called be- cause the first settlers here came from Loudon, N. H. Mr. Morse died April 17, 1844, aged eighty-four years. Jacob Smith lived at the lower part of the village, at a place then and now known as " Joppa." He had five children. Allen Oilman married Pamelia A. Dearborn, of Pittston, and had one daughter. Ezekiel Goodale came here from New Hampshire, in a chaise, ac- companied by his brother. He kept a book store and was afterward connected with the publishing house in Hallowell, one of the largest in the state. He died February 21, 1828, aged forty-seven years. Thomas Leigh came from Manchester, England, prior to 1800, and built a large store opposite the present store of Leigh & Wingate. His brother, Joseph, came a little later, was captured on the passage by the French and lost all his property. He engaged in business with his brother, and their chief business was to supply lime to the settlers on the Kennebec. Both the brothers were seafaring people and com- manded their own ships. Dea. James Gow, a native of Scotland, came to Hallowell in 1793, and married Lucy, daughter of Eliphalet Gilman. He was a tailor, and after working at that business a few years he engaged in trade. He died June 2, 1842, aged ninety-six years. He was deacon of the HALLOWELL. 495 old South church and a good man. Captains vShubael and William West were engaged in trade and navigation when " Joppa " was the busiest part of the town. The latter lived at the foot of Heard's lane and the former on land adjoining. They were packet masters and plied between Hallowell and Boston. William Dorr, of Roxbury, Mass., married Jane, daughter of Thaddeus Partridge, and came to Hallowell in 1788. He had eight children, among whom was John Dorr, a printer and newspaper publisher. Nathaniel Dummer, of the Es.sex county, Mass., noted family of this name, was born at Newbury, Mass., March 9, 1755. He was edu- cated at Dummer Academy, married Mrs. Mary (Owen) Kilton, and came to Hallowell in 1789. He engaged in trade, was the first repre- sentative from Hallowell, was much in town office, and served as a member of the executive council. He afterward served on the bench of common pleas. He was a man of good common sen.se and of a 'practical turn of mind. He died September 15,1815. He had sons, Joseph Owen and Gorham, and two daughters. Joseph O. Dummer married his cousin, Judith G. Dummer, and had Nathaniel, who set- tled in Weld, Me., and has descendants there, and Hannah, who mar- ried and settled in Dixmont. Gorham Dummer married Sarah Ab- bot, of Concord, N. H.,and died in Hallowell January 1, 1805, leaving a daughter, Lucy G., who became the wife of Samuel K. Oilman, of Hallowell. The Dummer name is now extinct in Hallowell, and the old and elegant mansion was bequeathed by the last representative of the family to Bowdoin College. Tristram Locke, born in Hollis October 18, 1771, married Anna Lord, of Gardiner. He was the son of Caleb and Elizabeth (Dyer) Locke. They had eight children born in Hallowell between 1795 and 1812. Samuel Locke, brother to Tristram, known as " Master Locke," came here as a schoolmaster in 1810. He married Elizabeth, daugh- ter of Isaac Stanwood and widow of Hale Waite, and had seven chil- dren, all born in Hallowell. John Merrick, a prominent and influential man in Hallowell, was born in London in 1766. After obtaining a first class education he preached for a time, and then became a tutor in the family of Dr. Benjamin Vaughan and came with them to Hallov.'ell in 1796. He returned to England, and having married Rebecca, a sister of Doc- tor Vaughan, he came back to Hallowell. He surveyed the route to Canada by way of the Chaudiere in 1810, was cashier of a bank at Hallowell until 1821, and agent of wild lands in eastern Maine. He died October 22, 1861, leaving six children. His age was over ninety years. Daniel L. Dole, born in Newbury, Mass., November 22, 1775, mar- ried Nancy Gove, of Edgecomb, and moved to Hallowell. They had six children, the oldest, Ebenezer G. Dole, being a prominent anti- 496 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. slavery man. Jacob Abbot, jun., born in Wilton, N. H., October 20, 1776, married Betsey, daughter of Joshua and Elizabeth (Chandler) Abbot, of Concord, N. H., and came to Hallowell in 1800. He was the father of Jacob and John Stevens Cabot Abbot, the distinguished authors, the former of whom was born in Hallowell and the latter at Brunswick. Mr. Abbot had seven children. David Thomas was of Hallowell and moved here from Georgetown. His first three chil- dren were born in Georgetown and the last five, the oldest of whom was born December 15, 1765, in Hallowell. James Burns, born in Amherst, N. H., August 15, 1771, married Betsey Greeley and came here in 1800. They had eleven children. Isaac Lord, born in Berwick, Me., January 1, 1779, married Mary McGrath, of Kittery, and came here in 1800. They had eleven chil- dren. Samuel Freeman, born in Sandwich September 21, 1736, mar- ried first Abigail Dillingham, second Surviah Crocker, and third Mrs. Rebecca Jackson. He, with his three sons, came here in 1800. Na- thaniel Colcord came to Hallowell in 1794. He was born in Newmar- ket, N. H., March 2, 1755, and married Rachel Whidden. Of their seven children, the last two were born in Hallowell in 1796 and 1799. Martin Brewster, mariner, came here from Kingston, Mass. His wife was Sally Drew, and the first of his children born here, was July 26, 1796. ^ John Patrick Egan was born at Kilcullen Bridge, Kildare county, Ireland, March 17, 1755, married Catherine Fleming, came to this country in 1793, and to Hallowell in 1797. He died February 19, 1829. They had seven children, the last three born in Hallowell. Peter Os- good, born in Tewksbury, Mass., January 5, 1782, married Lucia Drew, of Kingston, Mass., and came here in 1797. They had four children. William Winslow married Betsey Oilman, of Loudon, N. H., and came here in 1811. Of their three children, the youngest only was born here. James Partridge married Polly Winslow, and had ten children born here between 1797 and 1816. Obadiah Harris, the first deacon in Hallowell, born in Wrentham, Mass., July 7, 1736, married Lois Ellis, of Dedham, and came here in 1785. He died July 5, 1800. Philip Lord, born in Ipswich, Mass., December 4, 1774, came to this town ia 1797, and married Abigail Nye. Their seven children were born here. John Russell, born in Lyndeborough, N. H., June 21, 1789, married Elizabeth Winslow, of Industry, and had four children born in this town. Nathan Sweat- land, born in Attleboro, Mass., November 27, 1754, married Rebecca Tarr, of Georgetown, and moved here, where he died April 2, 1814. They had eight children. James Sherborne, born in Barrington, N. H., December 29, 1776, married Zerviah Sweatland, of Hallowell, and had six children. Will- iam Drew, jun., born in Kingston, Mass., May, 1767, married Charity, HALLOWELL. 497 •daughter of Micah Allen, of Halifax, Mass. The births of three chil- dren are recorded on Hallowell records, the second of whom was Rev. William Allen Drew, born December 11, 1798, founder of the Gospel Banner, and a man of marked ability. Shubael West, born at Martha's Vineyard August 14, 1772, married Mary Edmondson, and moved to Hallowell. They had eleven children. John Hesketh, jun., born in Knowsley, England, married Mar- o^aret Lyers, of Ford, England, and came to this town in 1798. He died June 8, 1845. They had ten children, the last eight born in Hal- lowell. Benjamin F. Melvin, son of Benjamin Melvin, of Readfield, married Louisa Cram. Samuel Melvin, brother of Benjamin F., mar- ried Mary Gove, of Readfield. These two families lived in Hallowell, and the former was a prominent citizen. Nathan Knight married Lucy Dean, and had seven children. Their eldest son, Austin Dean Knight, came to Hallowell, and is cashier of the Hallowell National Bank. Sarson Butler, born in Edgarton, Martha's Vineyard, October 13, 1761, came to Augusta, and died June 20, 1842. His wife was Susanna Young. They had ten children. Joseph White was born in Roches- ter, N. H., married Sally Gardiner, of Boston, and died in Hallowell October 26, 1798, aged 30, leaving two children. Robert Francis, son of Jeremiah Francis, born in Creighton, England, married Mary Ben- nett, of Middleboro, Mass., and died March 3, 1851, leaving four children. Elisha Nye married Nancy Young, of Hallowell. He was lost on the passage to Boston December 3, 1813. He had six chil- dren. John Hains, born in Exeter, N. H., October 6, 1738, married Mary Dudley, and came to this town in 1785. He had eleven children (the last two born here), and died May 6, 1809. Nathaniel Cheever, printer and stationer, born in Reading, Mass., August 20, 1778, married Char- lotte Barren, came to Hallowell, and died March 5, 1819. They had seven children, the second of whom was Rev. George Barrell Cheever, torn April 17, 1807, member of the famous 1825 class of Bowdoin Col- lege, and a celebrated preacher. James Norris, born in Chester, N. H., May 21, 1743, married Mary Towle, and moved here from Ep- ping, N. H., in 1791. He died February 9, 1809. Of their nine chil- dren, James, Hannah and Mercy settled at Monmouth, Polly in New Sharon, and Thomas, Francis and Simeon in Hallowell. Mark died in the army in April, 1814. Business Interests.— It may be remarked in passing that soon after its settlement, Hallowell became the most important place of business on the Kennebec above Bath, and continued so for many years. The early settlers therefore who came were generally trades- tnen, mechanics or manufacturers, and but few of them engaged in agriculture. Ship-building was carried on to considerable extent, and 498 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. a large trade was carried on between this place and Boston, New York and the West Indies. In 1820 upwards of 4,000 tons of shipping- were owned in Hallowell, ships generally of small tonnage and en- gaged largely in the coasting trade. Hallowell was thus the market for a large territory, embracing central Kennebec, eastern Oxford and nearly all of Franklin county, beside some of the present Androscoggin county towns. Farm products and short lumber were brought to Hal- lowell as a shipping point in large quantities, and the wharves pre- sented a busy appearance. At this time this town had strong hopes of becoming the metropolis of the state, and made efforts to divert the trade of Coos county and the Canadian towns beyond, from Port- land to the Kennebec. The building of the Atlantic & St. Lawrence railroad took away the trade of Oxford county, and destroyed all hopes of changing the direction of the markets for upper New Hampshire and Canada; the construction of the railroad to Farming- ton carried the Franklin county trade into another channel, and the building of the railroad from Waterville to Lewiston, by way of Winthrop, still further restricted the trade of Kennebec river towns and left them little more than a mere local business. The book publishing business, which was at first started in Hal- lowell on a small scale, in process of time assumed large proportions. The founder was Ezekiel Goodale, whose book store stood where Leigh & Wingate's store now is. Mr. Goodale came here in 1802, and at this time there was no similar store between Portland and Bangor. To his business he added a printing office in 1813, which was in a building at the foot of Academy street. In 1819 he commenced the publication of the Maine Farmer s Almanac, an annual still i.ssued by his successor. In 1820 he took in as a partner, his nephew and clerk, Franklin Glazier. Three years later Andrew Masters and Justin E. Smith were taken into the firm and the name and style became Mas- ters, Glazier & Smith. At one time Mr. John Merrick appears to have been in some way connected with the firm. In 1857 Mr. Glazier retired from the firm, and from that time to 1880, the business was conducted by Andrew Masters and Danforth P. Livermore, under the firm name of Masters & Livermore. In 1880 the office, including the Maine Farmer's Ahnaiiae, was sold to Charles E. Nash, and soon after moved to Augusta. The books bearing the imprint of these several firms are very numerous, and probably ex- ceed in number those of any other firm in the state. They printed the Maine Reports, the Revised Statutes and many other law books, school books in great variety, town and other histories, volumes of poems, hundreds of pamphlets, and miscellaneous books of various kinds. They published Williamson's History of Maine and Perleys- Digest of debates in the convention that framed the constitution of the state. They did their work thoroughly as the test of time abund- HALLOWELL. 499 antly shows. Connected with their establishment was a bindery, which in the various styles of binding, kept abreast of the times. One of the lost industries of Hallowell, and a very important one at the time, was the manufacture of pot and pearl ash. Wood was the only article of fuel used, and the sale of wood ashes was an im- portant source of income to farmers and others living in this vicinity. William Livermore manufactured and shipped very large quantities of the salts of potash in his day. The power for propelling machinery in Hallowell is furnished by Vaughans stream, better known as Bombahook brook. This stream is naturally small, and in modern times, steam power has been exten- sively used to supplement its limited capacity. In ancient times the Vaughans had a brewery and a distillery at Sheppard's point, and also a cotton mill, but none of these enterprises proved successful. The cotton factory building was long used by William Stickney and Simon Page as a whiting mill, and a portion of the building was cut away a few years ago because it interfered with the road. There was also a rope walk at Sheppard's point, conducted by Mr. Harlow. There was a linseed oil factory on Bombahook brook many years ago. Fuller's and McClinch's foundries now occupy the place. George Fuller started the foundry business, and now his five sons are continuing the business and prospering. They also own the whiting mill on the Litchfield road. Isaiah McClinch came here from Mt.Vernon and at first established a blacksmith shop. He then built an iron foundry, in which he did an extensive business. His son, George B. McClinch, and Mr. William A. Winter now conduct the business. The latter is now mayor of the city. An important industry of Hallowell in the olden time was its fisheries. Herring, shad and salmon were taken here in immense quantities, and the nicest salmon sold for from four to six cents per pound. The fish left the Kennebec at this point many years ago, when the lumber mills were erected. The oilcloth works on Hinckley's point were first put in operation in 1840, by Samuel L. Berry. In 18S2 they were operated by Stickney & Page, in 1859 by Stickney, Page & Co., in 1868 by Page, Wilder & Co., and since 1872 by A. Wilder & Co. Since Dr. Amos Wilder be- came connected with the industry, great additions and improvements have been made and its products now take very high rank. The oilcloth factory operated by the four Sampson brothers, Ed- ward, Henry, E. Pope and Alden, was started in 1840 by their father, Alden Sampson, who also operated large works in what is now Man- chester. Associated with him here was Elisha E. Rice, and his brother, William Sampson. The factory building was burned and re- built in 1847. It gives employment to forty-five men. 500 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. The tanning business has been an important Hallowell industry. John Atkins and Phineas S\4'eetser were early engaged in the busi- ne,ss. Frank Atkins is still engaged in tanning. Archibald Home was a noted man in this line of work, and was highly prosperous. He lived on Loudon hill, in the house now occupied by Samuel Walker. A cotton mill, now idle, was erected at Hallowell in 1846, and with the exception of four years during the civil war and four other years since, has furnished employment there to a large number of families. Among the early promoters were Justin E.Smith, John P. Flagg, Eben G. Dole, Captain Lawson Watts and C. D. Bachelder. In 1886 the property passed into the hands of Samuel R. Payson, of Boston, and since 1887 has been known as the Kennebec River Mill. The building is a substantial brick, with 15,616 spindles, requiring 200 operatives. The looms have been chiefly run on regular sheetings. ■Charles K. Howe, of Hallowell, became agent in 1890. A large wire factory was started on Bombahook brook a few years ago. Rev. H. F. Harding and Simon Page were the movers in the enterprise, which did not prove a success and was soon closed out. Benjamin Tenney started the manufacture of sand paper here a few years ago, and the business is still carried on by him and others as a corporation. The business has been highly prosperous. Charles and Elias Milliken built a steam mill on Sheppard's wharf, and the same is still operated by Elias Milliken & Sons, on an exten- sive scale. The number of wharves in Hallowell, many of which are now going to decay, give some idea of the great amount of business done here in by-gone days. Beginning at the south end of the city proper there was Sheppard's, afterward Vaughan's wharf, upon which the steam lumber mills now stand. Next above is Lowell's wharf, owned by Abner Lowell. The next was known as West's wharf, and the next, Clark's. David Sewall owned the next one, and William Livermore the next. The next above was called Kennebec wharf, owned by the proprietors of Kennebec Row, and a packet line between here and Boston. Here also was the town landing. The next was Dummer's wharf and here was the ferry. Next and last was Wyman's wharf, which was private property. Lovejoy's, afterward Bachelder's wharf, has since been built. The first stone from the Hallowell quarries was taken out by John Haines in 1815, and was used for millstones. In 1820 the first of the product of the quarry was shipped and carried out of the state to be used for cornices of the Quincy Market, in Boston. Much of the ma- terial for the state house in Augusta was taken from Haines' quarry. From John Haines the property descended to his son, Jonathan Haines. In 1828 the property was sold to Winslow Hawkes, Levi Thing, John Gardiner and John Otis, the last named of whom finally HALLOWELL. OUl obtained it, and at his death it was sold to A. G. Stinchfield, who dis- posed of it to J. R. Bodwell, Charles Wilson and William Wilson. The southwest quarry was once worked by Dr. John Hubbard and Samuel Longfellow and was known as the Longfellow quarry. Long- fellow sold a large tract of land, including the quarry, to Mr. Bod- well. The Hallowell Granite Company was organized in 1871. This company and its successor, the Hallowell Granite Works, are noticed at page 184. The Hallowell Savings Bank was chartered in April, 1854, and or- ganized for business on the third of July. The first president, Doc- tor Hubbard, was succeeded by Andrew Masters, and Justin E. Smith, who served until six years ago, when Eliphalet Rowell became presi- dent. The treasurer is the venerable Judge Henry K. Baker, who has served since the bank was organized. Eliphalet Rowell is now president and trustee, the other trustees being H. K. Baker, .J. H. Leigh and Ben Tenney. The Northern National Bank of Hallowell was chartered as No. 532, on the 13th of October, 1864, with an authorized capital of $100,000. Alden Sampson, the first president, was succeeded by Simon Page, who served until 1879, when Justin E. Smith was elected, and served until January before his death, in April, 1888. Since January, 1888, James H. Leigh has been the president. When Justin E. Smith be- came president the cashiership, which he had held from the organiza- tion of the bank, passed to his brother, George R. Smith. In January, 1890, George A. Safford, who had been clerk in the bank, was made assistant cashier. The American National Bank was chartered in 1864, and began business as No. 624 of the national series, with a capital stock of $75,000. Austin D. Knight was its president until 1871, when Peter F. Sanborn was elected. Mr. Sanborn held the office at the time of his death in 1883, when John Graves was elected president. Mr. Knight, who had from the first given much attention to the manage- ment of the bank, succeeded A. H. Howard,. the first cashier, in 1872, and held that position until the close of 1888, excepting a short inter- val filled by his nephew, Austin Perry. On the first of January, 1889, Wallace H. Perry became the cashier. He had been formerly assistant to his uncle. Judge Knight, and has been in the bank since 1887. At the expiration of the charter in 1884, instead of running it under the same name it became the Hallowell National Bank, No. 3,247, with a capital of $50,000, but with the same officers and essen- tially the same directors and the business continued at the same loca- tion. Post Office.— The first post office here was probably established in 1794, as Hallowell Hook, with Nathaniel Dummer as postmaster. James Burton was appointed early in 1795, postmaster at Hallowell. o02 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. His successors have been: Joshua Wingate, appointed February 16, 1802; Amos Nourse, June 26, 1822; Ichabod Nutter, June 15, 1841; David H. Goodno, July 23, 1845; Thomas Hovey, May 9, 1849; Francis J. Day, February 23, 1853; Thomas W. Newman, March 30, 1853; Thomas Hovey, April 10, 1861; Eliphalet Rowell, July 13, 1866; James Atkins, jun., March 3, 1879; E. Curtis Stevens, February 24, 1883; Jacob B. Thomas, April 3, 1883; Orlando Currier, January 16, 1888, and Danny K. Jewell, April 23, 1889. HALLOWELL SOCIAL LIBRARY BUILDING. Societies. — What is now the Hallowell Social Library was estab- lished at a meeting- of citizens February 5, 1842. Andrew Masters was chosen president, Edward K. Butler, treasurer, and Henry K. Baker, secretary and librarian. The library commenced its career of usefulness with 519 volumes, obtained, part by gift and part by pur- chase. In 1859 it received a donation from the heirs of John Merrick, and also from the library of George Merrick. About this time, Charles Vaughan conveyed to the library a brick store, the rental of which HALLOWELL. 503 was devoted to the purchase of books, and when the building was sold, the proceeds were invested as a permanent fund to be devoted to the increase of the library. In 1878 a Library Building Associa- tion was organized, and in two years, the fine granite structure was erected, and dedicated March 9, 1880. The exercises consisted of a historical sketch, address by Rev. H. V. Emmons, and a poem by Emma Huntington Nason. Generous donations toward the building were made by Joseph R. Bodwell,the Messrs. Fuller and others. An- nie F. Page is the librarian. The library now contains not far from 6,000 volumes, many of them rare and valuable. Kennebec Lodge, No. 5, Free Masons, was chartered by the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts in 1796. Nathaniel Dummer was the first master, and John Stratton the first secretary. The following are the masters who succeeded Mr. Dummer: Benjamin Page, Samuel Colman, Jonathan Bond, Elias Bond, Dr. Ariel Mann, Henry W. Fuller, Eben T. Warren, Jesse Robinson, Peleg Sprague, George Farrell, Amos Nourse, Samuel K. Gilman, Andrew Masters, Thomas Dennis, E. H. Lombard,. William Nye, Francis J. Day, Stephen Lord, Greenlief Rob- inson, Daniel Russell, Thomas W. Newman, James M. Sanborn, B. F. Warner, James Atkins, jun., James J. Jones, F. H. Weymouth, Or- lando Currier, John D. Hodgdon, H. L. Grindell, E. W. Whitcomb, Hadley O. Hawes, Ai C. Harrington, E. Curtis Stevens, A. M. Spear, Marshall A. Nash, Charles K. Tilden, Silas H. Runnels and Isaiah B. Hosken. Jen:salem Royal Arch Chapter, K. T., was chartered January 1, 1820. The following is the succession of high priests: Gideon W. 01- ney, Lawrence Sprague, James L. Child, Ariel Mann, Eben T.Warren, Jesse Robinson, Peleg Sprague, Amos Nourse, Samuel K. Gilman, Stephen Lowell, Andrew Masters, Daniel Wadsworth, Stephen Web- ber, Leroy Bacon, E. A. Chadwick, C. W. Whitmore, M. F. Marble, Orlando Currier, Daniel C. Stanwood, Austin D. Knight, David Car- gill, John W. Toward, B. F. Warner, Samuel W. Lane, John W. Rowe, James Atkins, jun., Milton M. Stone, James A. Jones, Elhanan W. Whitcomb, Hiram L. Grindell, Hadley O. Hawes, Charles K. Tilden, Ezra Curtis Stevens, Ai C. Harrington, Marshall A. Nash. Alpha Council, No. 3, Royal and Select Masters, was instituted in Hallowell m 1869. Those who have occupied the chair since are: David Cargill, John W. Rowe, Samuel W. Lane, James J. Jones, H. L. Grindell, Hadley O. Hawes, Charles K. Tilden, Marshall A. Nash and James E. Blanchard. Sanborn Lodge, No. -93, I. O. O. F., was organized October 5, 1882. Its noble grands have been: Fred E. Beane, Nelson L. Nj'e, Charles F. Kilbreth, L. D. Merchant, H. W. Flagg, Mahlon S. Spear, John P. Jewett, Eugene R. Lewis, Arch Campbell, George A. Winslow, Na- thaniel Niles, John H. Lord, D. K. Jewell, Edward K. Bacon, Augus- 504 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. tus Littlefield, Elbridge E. Lehr, George F. Winter, W. A. Emery and George A. Steward. The present incumbent of the office is. Frank E. Greeley. Daniel Hanscom has held the office of treasurer since the Lodge was organized. Crescent Lodge, No. 3, A. O. U. W., was chartered at Hallowell June 19, 1880. The following have served as master workmen: Will S. Thompson, Reuel K. Marriner, William Crush, Daniel B. Lowe, William H. Foss, Joseph F. Clement, Albert M. Spear, E. R. Lewis^ Frank Atkins, Fred E. Beane, Charles H. Richards, Charles W. How- ard and John Leighton. Granite Lodge, No. 50, K. of P., was instituted at Hallowell in 1885. Those who have served as councillors down to and including 1892, are: Fred E. Beane, William Hosken, Frank C. Atkins, Charles H. Richards, Edward E. Barker, Herbert L. Heald, John S. Hamilton^ George W. Taylor, Edwin W. Maddox, George White and Remington D. Capen. Schools. — The cause of education in Hallowell, as elsewhere in Maine, has been progressive. Sixty-five years ago there were two schools in the city proper— one in the old brick school house, torn down in 1840, and the other in a building opposite the South churchy now used as a dwelling. Master Locke taught in the brick building, and the other was for small children. Some years later there was an attempt at graded schools, and J. C. Lovejoy taught for one season a school in the South school house. Still later, the town house was. built, and a school room was fitted up on the first floor. The wealthy families sent their children to the academy. Mr. John A. Vaughan opened a female academy where the granite offices now are, which continued a number of years. In 1840 a determined effort was made for graded schools, and was carried through. A school house was built, and with few changes,, the system of schools then adopted has remained to the present time. A new high school building was dedicated December 20, 1890, when remarks were made by Major Eliphalet Rowell, architect A. C. Currier and others. At one time the high school and cla.ssical academy were united, and under the tuition of Charles Fish and A. W. Burr,, the school made good progress; but lack of funds brought the institu- tion to a close, the academy was shut up, and a new high school build- ing provided for. Emma O. French is now the first lady superintend- ent of schools for the city. Hallowell Academy was chartered in 1791, and with the exception .of Berwick Academy, which was chartered on the same day, is the oldest chartered institution of its kind in the state. Twenty trustees were named in the act, and a majority was required to do business. With the act of incorporation the academy received an endowment of land, afterward incorporated by the name of Harmony. A building HALLOWELL. 505 was erected, and first occupied in 1795. In 1804 the building was burned, and in 1805 another was built on the same spot. In 1803 over 400 different students had been in attendance, and in 1818 over 800. In 1807 a bell, purchased of Paul Revere and Son, was hung in the bel- fry. The academy continued to prosper until schools were graded, and scholars could be fitted for college in the high school. Then its patronage fell off as it did from all similar institutions in the state. The early teachers of Hallowell Academy and years of service are given below; Woodman, 2; Moody, 8; Kinne, 2; Bailey, 1; Webster, 2; Curtis, 3; Folsom, 1; Emery, 1; Webber, 1; Olcott, 1; Hubbard, 1; Gurley, 1; Packard, 1; Boutelle and Tenney, 1; Greene, 1; Crosby, 1; Caldwell, 1; Bradbury, 1; Apthorp, 1; Learned, 2: Lovejoy, 1: Munroe, 1; Goodenow, 2; McKown, 1; Blanchard, 1; Parker, 2; Sawyer, 1. This brings the institution down to 1838. In 1873 its name was changed to Hallowell Classical Institute, and it was made a Congregational school and a feeder for Bowdoin College. This did not prove a success, and for several years the academy has been closed. Ecclesiastical. — The Congregational or standmg order, as it was called, was the first church established in Hallowell. This was March 1, 1791, with twelve members. A church edifice called the "Old South" was erected on the spot where the granite church now stands, just before the separation of Augusta from Hallowell. The commit- tee to build the church consisted of Moses Sewall, Robert Randall and Jason Livermore. Mr. Livermore was the architect and builder. This has always been the leading religious society in town. A few years ago, the church edifice, which was of v/ood, was burned, and the present fine granite building was erected. Among its ministers have been: Eliphalet Gillett, George Sheppard, Eli Thurston, Americus Fuller, Mr. Rogers, Horatio Q. Butterfield, Mr. White and Edward Chase, the present incumbent. Mr. Gillett, the first pastor, was ordained August 12, 1795, and dis- missed May 12, 1827. He was a man of distinguished ability and many of his discourses were printed in pamphlet form. His successor. Rev. George Sheppard, was ordained March 5,1828. The first deacons were: Obadiah Harris, Henry Sewall, James Gow and Ebenezer Dole, and the latter was also treasurer. Samuel K. Gilman was the first scribe. The twelve original members were: Benjamin Pettengill, Obadiah Harris, Henry Sewall, James Gow, Samuel Babcock, Jeremiah Babcock, Jonathan Davenport, William McMasters, Jason Livermore, Shubael Hinckley, Molly Page and Keziah McMasters. In 1835 the whole number admitted had been 332, and the number of members- in good standing at that time was 207. The first Methodist sermon preached in the Kennebec valley was delivered in the Academy building in Hallowell, October 13, 1793, by 506 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Rev. Jesse Lee, of Virginia. Mr. Lee went to Farmington, but re- turned to Hallowell, and preached here again on the 20th. In 1800 Epaphras Kibby preached by invitation, at Hallowell, in the school house, on the east side of the river. At this meeting, twin brothers, Melville B. and Gershom F. Cox, were presented for baptism, and both became ministers. The " new lights," as they were called, met with much opposition, and the school house where they held their meetings was often a.ssaulted by those of the baser sort. Hallowell circuit was .set off from the circuit of Readfield, in 1802. In 1810, largely through the influence of Sullivan Kendall, Peter Clark, John Haskell, Gershom F. Cox and a few others, a small chapel was built on Academy street, on the lot occupied afterward by the Thomas Hovey house. In 1826 measures were taken to build a house of worship, a lot was secured where the church now stands, and in November of this year, the church was dedicated. There have been various improvements since that time. Among the pastors here have been: Zachariah Gib- son, S. Hillman, John Atwell and Henry Butler. The preachers of this denomination have been: Melville B. Cox, who became the first foreign missionary of the denomination and who died in Liberia in 1833; his brother, Gershom F. Cox; Comfort L. Haskell, Leonard H. Bean, Isaac Lord and Josiah Bean. The first regular effort to found a Baptist church in Hallowell was made by Rev. Henry Kendall, of Litchfield. Meetings were held in private houses, and then in a school house, but this was soon refused him. Meetings were then held in an old building standing where the soldiers' monument now is and then at the " Democratic Reading Room," at Niles' Corner. A church was organized in 1807, with three members, but in September of the same year, it numbered twenty- one. James Hinckley was the first deacon. They built a church on Winthrop street, which was burned, and then they purchased the Unitarian church edifice. Some of the pastors of this church have been: John Robinson, Winthrop Morse, Daniel Cheesman, Henry Fitz, Arthur Drinkwater and S. Adlam. The Unitarians formed a church here in 1823, when Rev. Stevens Everett came and preached in the academy for about a year, and a society was formed. This society embraced many of the wealthiest men in the place, and soon they set about building a church edifice. This was the same building now owned by the Baptist society, but it has been much modified. Mr. Everett was succeeded after a few years by Rev. Henry A. Miles. The society was now in the zenith of its prosperity, and its meetings were fully attended. Then came Rev. Jonathan Cole, who had a long pastorship, but during this period great changes took place. The society was thinned by death and by remov- als from town, and after Rev. Mr. Squires had occupied the pulpit for HALI.OWELI.. 507 a year, and others for short periods, the meetings were suspended, and finally the church edifice was sold to the Baptists. The Free Baptists early formed a society here and later built a church edifice on Academy street. The society flourished for a time, then ran down, and their church was sold and changed to a dwelling house. After a few years interest in the society was revived and another building was put up, and meetings have been occasionally held there. The society has never been very prosperous. A Universalist society was organized here, but the date is not known. Among the early ministers were Rev. Nathaniel Gunnison and Rev. Darius Forbes. They have a good church edifice, erected in 1843, and sustain preaching a large part of the time. For a few years past they have united either with Augusta or Gardiner in the support of preaching. The Church of the Sacred Heart (Roman Catholic) was until re- cently a mission dependent upon St. Mary's. It is now an independ- ent parish, with Rev. John P. Nelligan, pastor. Dependent upon this is the Catholic mission at Togus, which has formerly been supplied by Father McCarthy, of St. Joseph's, at Gardiner. Cemetery. — The present fine cemetery in Hallowell, situated on the Augusta road, and which does great credit to the people of the town, is but an extension of the old one. The southeastern portion is what constituted the old burying ground. The first interment here, as shown by the inscription on the headstone, was in 1800. This stone was erected in memory of Obadiah Harris, the first deacon of the First church in Hallowell. Deacon Harris lived on a farm beyond the quarry. The first hearse was built in 1816, by Mr. Partridge. Moses Palmer built a tomb here in 1815; Major Page built one in 1826, and others have since been built by Jo.seph Wingate, Thomas Metcalf, Isaac Pillsbury and John Dorr. The cemetery now contains many fine specimens of monumental work, including the shaft erected in memory of Hallowell's soldiers who fell in the war of the rebellion. Civil History.— The Selectmen of the town of Hallowell, the first year, and the number of years each has served, have been: 1771, Pease Clark, 2, James Howard, Jonathan Davenport, 3; 1772, Peter Hopkins, Daniel Savage, 11, Samuel Bodcock; 1773, Ezekiel Page, James Cocks, 8; 1774, Benjamin White, 2, Samuel Bullen, 2; 1775, Nathaniel Floyd, 2; 1776, Josiah French, 2; 1778, David Thomas, 2; 1779, Levi Robin- son; 1780. William Howard, 3, Amos Pollard; 1782, Benjamin Petten- gill, Isaac Clark, 2, Samuel Dutton; 1784, Ephraim Ballard, 4; 1786, Daniel Cony, 2, Henry vSewall, 6; 1787, James Carr, 6, Brown Emerson; 1788, James Page; 1789, Joseph North; 1790, Lazarus Goodwin; 1791, William Brooks, 3; 1793, Elias Craig. 3; 1794, Nathaniel Dummer, 3, Matthew Hayward, 2; 1795, Joseph Smith, 7; 1796, Seth Williams, Beriah Ingraham; 1797, Robert Randall, 2, Peter Grant, 4; 1799, 508 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Thomas Fillebrown, 5; 1800, Benjamin Poor; 1801, John Sewall, 12, Dr. James Parker; 1803, Isaac Pillsbury, Edmund Dana, 3; 1804, Will- iam Springer, 2; 1807, Samuel Moody, 13; 1810, Nathan Bachelder, 3; 1813, John Agry, 2, Levi Morgan, 5, William H. Page, 2; 1815, Jacob Abbott, jun., 3, Nathaniel Cheever, 3; 1818, James Clark, 2, William G. Warren, 8; 1819, Samuel G. Ladd, 3, Benjamin Wales, 4; 1822, John Merrick, 3, William Clark, 9, John Dunn; 1825, Samuel K. Gilman, 11; 1829, Nathaniel Stevens, William W. Fuller, 2; 1831, John D. Lord, William Winslow, 3; 1832, James Clark; 1833, James Atkins, 7; 1834, Aaron H. Davis, 3; 1836, Samuel Locke, 5; 1838, Thomas M. Andrews, 6; 1839, Benjamin F. Melvin, 11; 1841, Ebenezer Freeman; 1844, Jo- seph D. Lord; 1845, George Carr, 4. For 1850 and 1851 there is no record. The Town Clerks were: Jonathan Davenport, elected in 1771; Daniel Savage, 1773; Daniel Cony, 1785; Joseph North, 1789; Henry Sewall, 1790; Moses Sewall, 1797; Benjamin Poor, 1798; John Sewall, 1802; Samuel G. Ladd, 1818; John Sewall, 1819; Samuel Locke, 1821; John Brown, 1832; Silvanus W. Robinson, 1838; Justin E. Smith, 1840; and Thomas Hovey, from 1845, until the city was incorporated in 1821. The Mayors, with the year of election of each, have been: Rufus K. Page, 1852; A. H. Howard, 1855; Jesse Aiken, 1857; Henry Cooper, 1859; Moses B. Lakeman, 1860; Simon Page, 1866; James Atkins, jun., 1869; John H. Lowell, 1873; Peter F. Sanborn, 1874; John H. Lowell, 1875; John W. Clark, 1876; George S. Fuller, 1878; Joseph R. Bodwell, 1880; James H. Leigh, 1881; James J. Jones, 1883; Joseph R. Bodwell, 1884; Augustine Lord, 1885; J. Warren Fuller, 1887; B. F. Warner, 1889; Eliphalet Rowell, 1890; Fred E. Beane, in 1891; and William A. Winter in 1892. City Clerks: Justin E. Smith, 1852; Thomas Hovey, 1855; J. Q. A. Hawes, 1872; A. H. Davis, 1874; J. Edwin Nye, 1879; D. K. Jewell, 1888; George A. Safford, 1890, and C. F. Kilbreth in 1892. Treasurers: Peter Atherton, ]852; Ezra S. Smith, 1867; Hiram Ful- ler, 1869; James H. Leigh, 1876; John Graves, 1880; W. H. Norcross, 1882: G. A. Bullen, 1884, and Charles K. Tilden in 1886. The Presidents of the Common Council have been: Andrew Ma.s- ters from 1852; E. K. Butler, 1855; E. Rowell, 1857; D. D. Lakeman, 1859; Austin D. Knight, 1862; D. D. Lakeman, 1864; Mark Johnson, 1865; J. O. A. Hawes, 1866; James H. Leigh, 1867; I. F. Thomp.son, 1869; H. A. Brooks, 1870; J. J. Jones, 1872; A. P. Macomber, 1873; Jus- tin E. Smith, 1874; Charles B. Johnson, 1875; J. W. Fuller, 1876; A. D. Niles, 1877; Samuel B. Glazier, ]878; A. D. Niles, 1879; J. J. Jones, 1880; J. B. Thomas, 1881; L F. McClench, 1883; Ai C. Harrington, 1884; C. H. Kilbreth, 1885; M. W. Boyd, 1886; L. H. Grindell, 1887; D.. HALLOWEI-L. ^^^ E. Shea, 1889; L. H. Grindell, 1890; J. R. Gould, 1891, and J. F. Bod- well in 1892. At the first meeting after the separation from Augusta m 1797, the following names were placed in the jury box— indicating who were the leading men in Hallowell after the separation: John Beeman, Andrew Goodwin, Elisha Nye, James Cocks, Jason Livermore, David Sewall, Joseph Smith, Thomas Fillebrown, Chandler Robins, Edmund Green- leaf, Edmund Dana, Alfred Martin, Peter Grant, Lemuel Tobey, Mar- tin Brewster, James Hinckley, Isaac Pilsbury, James Springer, John O. Page, William Springer, John Stratton, Shubael Hinckley, Elipha- let Gilman, Benjamin Guild, Samuel Norcross, Benjamin Stickney, Joseph White, Enoch Greely, John Couch, Moses Springer, Philip Norcross, Abner Lowell, Benjamin Prescott, Levi Morgan, Josiah Buswell, Harlow Harris, Henry Smith, Moses Palmer, Joseph Glidden, Gershom Cocks, Rowland Smith, Eben Church, Samuel Bullen, Will- iam Dorr, Elections Hoyt, Ebenezer Phelps, Thomas Hinckley, Na- thaniel Shaw, William Morse, Nathaniel Rollins, Benjamin Allen, Stephen Osgood, Joshua Wingate, jun., Samuel E. Dutton, Daniel Carr, James Lothrop, Hugh Cocks, Samuel Carr, Nathaniel Colcord, Joseph Dummer, David Day, James Partridge, George Gardner, James Gow, Daniel Herd, Nathaniel Kent, Ephraim Lord, Tristram Locke, Samuel Manning, Shubael West, James Atkins, Nathaniel Tilton, Na- thaniel Folsom, Gideon Gilman, Moses Carr. There was ever a rivalry between the people at the Fort settle- ment (Augusta) and those at the Hook (Hallowell), and for many years Hallowell took the lead. To show the diflEerence in the business of the two places in 1821, the next year after Maine became a state, the following figures are given: Dwelling houses in the village at Hallowell, 187; in Augusta, 84; population of Hallowell village, 1,942; of Augusta, 1,000; printing offices, Hallowell, 2; Augusta, none; book- stores, Hallowell, 3; Augusta, 1; newspapers, Hallowell, 2; Augusta none; tons shipping, Hallowell, 3,906; Augusta, 105; stock m trade, Hallowell, $47, 965, Augusta, $10,842; valuation of estates, Hallowell, $315,000; Augusta, §194,000. The following is a recapitulation of the names of localities: Hallo- well was called by the Indians Medumcook, by the early settlers Bom- bahook, and subsequently, the Hook. The brook now called Vaughan's brook was early known as Bombahook brook, and for short. Bom brook. The plain above the cemetery was known as Hinckley's plain, and the point where Doctor Wilder's oilcloth factory is was known as Hinckley's point. Sheppard's point, at the lower end of the village, was so called from John Sheppard, an Englishman, who once owned it. Joppa was the name given to the lower part of the village. Loudon hill is on the Gardiner road and Bowman's point was in the present town of Farmingdale. 510 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. In the early part of this century there was no place in Maine that, from a business standpoint, stood higher than Hallowell, and socially and intellectually it had few, if any equals. The Vaughans, the Mer- ricks, the Moodys, the Sewalls, the Dutnmers and many others, whose names are omitted for the sake of brevity, were men and women of education and refinement, and imparted to Hallowell society a char- acter and tone which gave it a wide celebrity. Business prosperity enabled them to erect beautiful homes and to elegantly furnish them. Some of these old mansion houses are still standing, but from most ' of them the glory of other days has departed. Circumstances over which the people could have no control have diverted the once large business of Hallowell into other channels and left the city but the shadow of her former self. This statement is made only in compari- son, for Hallowell still has many prosperous busine.ss establishments and many able and energetic business men. The people, also, from an educational, moral and religious standpoint, are in no respect in- ferior to the people in the neighboring towns and cities. But Hallo- well in the early part of the century was the most thriving town on the Kennebec, and now she is obliged to take a position much lower down in the scale. The cities of Gardiner and Augusta have pros- pered, but not at the expense of Hallowell. In later years they have had the advantage of more capital, to say nothing of superior natural advantages of situation and water power. Hallowell has ever been a loyal and patriotic town. A number of the early settlers left their rude homes and half cleared farms to par- ticipate in the war for independence. In the second v/ar with Great Britain, which nearly ruined the commerce of Hallowell, her citizens enlisted freely to serve on land and sea. Her numerous sailors made excellent material for the navy, and quite a number who enlisted in this arm of the service never lived to return. In the late war some of her best citizens joined the army for the preservation of the Union, and all the quotas assigned her were promptly and cheerfully filled. Her record in all respects as a town and city is free from blot or stain.* The extension of the railroad to Augusta in 1851 may be said to mark the decadence of Hallowell as a commercial city, and from that time the thoughtful people were looking toward manufacturing enter- prises as the foundation of its future importance. Local capitalists, in 1886, united to secure a shoe manufactory in the city. At this time Johnson Brothers (practical shoe men), of Lynn, Mass., were seeking a new location and additional capital, and were induced to locate here. The city made generous provisions for tax exemptions. Governor Bodwell, Emory A. Sanborn, Colonel Livermore, Samuel Currier, jun.. B. F. Warner, J. W. Fuller and others were among the promoters. A *Dr. Lapham's Hallowell manuscript ends here. — [Ed. building was erected in 1887 and business began in October of that year. In 1888 the interests were incorporated, with Emory A. San- born, president; William C. Johnson, general manager and salesman, and Richardson M. Johnson, secretary and treasurer. The business now furnishes employment for seventy-five people, producingjeOO pairs per day of ladies', misses', and children's medium fine wear. PERSONAL PARAGRAPHS. William P. Atherton, born in Bath, Me., in 1833, is a son of Peter and Mary (Copeland) Atherton, who came from Massachusetts to Bath, and in 1834 to Hallowell, there they bought a farm of Captain Abram Thing. In 1846 they exchanged farms with Captain Levi Thing, thus securing the farm where William P. now lives. The house was built by Jonathan Haines in 1806. Mr. Atherton's brother, Horatio N., a soldier, discharged in 1861 on account of ill health, was associated with him in farming and orcharding until his death in 1878. These orchards (about fifteen acres) yielded 600 barrels of choice apples in 1891, shipped direct to Liverpool. Mrs. W. P. Atherton was Susan Parsons, of York, Me. Of their six children but three are living: Charles Warren, assisting his father on the farm; Frank Copeland, and Mary Sophia Atherton. Greenlief Clark, born in 1813, son of James and grandson of Peter Clark, married Martha, daughter of Braddock Hathaway. She died April 11, 1887. Her only child, Charles G., died in 1865. Mr. Clark's neice— Mrs. Mattie E. Dunlap— has lived with the family since 1883. George Albert Clark, brother of Greenlief, was born in 1817, mar- ried Emma J. Hildreth, daughter of Robert, and granddaughter of Paul Hildreth, of West Gardiner, and has one son, George Edward Clark. Alexander C. Currier, born April 16, 1831, in Readfield, was a son of Samuel and Eunice Jane (Mace) Currier, grandson of Nathaniel and Polly (Veasey) Currier, and great-grandson of Greeley Currier, of Brentwood, N. H. Mr. Currier lived in Hallowell from 1839 until his death, April 24, 1892, with the exception of the time that his various mechanical and architectural occupations have taken him to other states. In the latter years of his life he was draughtsman for the Hallowell Granite Company. He married Ellen E. Peckham. Their son, Alger V., began the study of fine arts in Boston in 1883 and in 1885 went to Paris, where, after a three years' course, he dis- tinguished himself by exhibiting four pictures at the Salon Exhibi- tion, they being the only ones he oftered for exhibition. He has been at home since his grandfather's death in 1888, having been engaged with the care of his estate. Augustus N. Currier, born December 18, 1832, in Readfield, is 512 ' HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. brother of Alexander C. Currier. He came to live at his present home in IS.^.^ with his parents, his father having bought the farm of one hundred acres in 1839, and subsequently built the present resi- dence near where the buildings of the original settlers (the Vaughans) was built. Mr. Currier is a farmer, and at the death of his father, February 26, 1888 he came into possession of his farm of some 600 acres. He married Mary, daughter of Gabriel Dennis. She was born in Liberty, Me., June 13, 1836. Their sons are; Herbert E., born November 12, 1862, and Judson Samuel, born May 22, 1866. John L. French, born in 1809, at Seabrook, Mass., was a son of Enoch and Sarah (Libby) French, who settled in West Gardiner in 1812. Mr. French was a blacksmith and edge tool manufacturer in Chelsea from 1830 until a few years before his death, which occurred in 1884. His wife was Aurelia Littlefield, of Chelsea. Of their eleven children seven are now living: Caroline (Mrs. Ira Clough), Julia (Mrs. Nathaniel L. Francis), Susan (Mrs. Austin E. Wallace), Harriet E., Emma O., Stephen H. and Charles F., who is married and resides at Santa Rosa, California. The home, which was formerly the Charles Vaughan farm, is now occupied by Stephen H. and Emma O. Judge Austin D. Knight was born March 21, 1823, in Lincolnville, Me., which was the native place of his father, Nathan Knight, who was the son of Nathaniel Knight, of Westbrook, Me., whose ancestors came from England. Nathaniel Knight and his son, Nathan, were both merchants. Nathan was the seventh son in a family of eight children, the youngest being a daughter. He married Lucy, daughter of Samuel Dean, of Lincolnville. They had eight children — six girls and two boys— only two of whom are now living: Austin D. and one sister, now Mrs. Captain Ephraim Perry, of Hallowell. Besides attending common school, Austin was one of a class of thirteen boys who were placed under the tutorship of Rev. Edward Freeman, in Camden, Me., who took his pupils through a course of study so thorough that they were fitted to enter Waterville College two years in advance. Instead of going to college, Austin read law and prepared for a professional career. About this time the activities of trade made the mercantile outlook more promising in the eyes of our young man, than the legal; and feeling that his general and special education were good business capital, he dropped the law and became a merchant. Ship supplies were his specialty, to which he added the building of ships. Quicklime was then shipped in vessels to many southern cities, and Mr. Knight became a large jobber in this article. November 20, 1851, he married Julia A., daughter of Henry Cre- hore, of Maiden, Mass. After a profitable and honorable following of the kinds of business described for more than fifteen years, he dis- posed of his Lincolnville enterprises and came, in 1858, to Hallowell, :f.. \'M*^ ■,\ %>m^% 1' L P iH "^KKm w^ .JjMk.(^rf(|7 HALLOWELL. 513 where he bought a small farm and settled down to take a rest. But his active organization and habits of work demanded occupation. He discovered that the material was sufficient and concluded that the ■conditions were favorable for a national bank in Hallowell. Among his friends who entertained the same views was John Graves; and the movements from which resulted the inauguration of the American National Bank were the direct result of their wise counsels and united efforts. Mr. Knight was elected its first president, serving from 1864 to 1871. From 1871 to 1888 he was cashier, with the exception of a few months, and he became well known as an expert judge of money. Although nominally retired, he still retains a seat as director of the bank whose interests have always been the subject of his special care. In 1876 he was first elected judge of the municipal court of Hal- lowell, and his reelections for twelve years attest the public approval of the impartial manner in which he held the scales of justice, and administered the duties of this difficult, often thankless, but always important judicial position. Judge Knight has also served the city eleven years in its legislative councils, generally as alderman. For over forty years he has been active and zealous in the ranks of Masonry, with an extended reputation for knowledge and experience of its workings, and devotion to its beneficent teachings and provisions. He was made a master Mason in Camden Lodge in 1848, and since that time by rapid and regular promotion he has ascended the fascinating scale of ancient and mystic rites, to the thirty-second degree — the highest honor but one. He also belongs to the numerous and honor- able order of Odd Fellows, and has been identified with the temper- ance movement almost from boyhood, joining the Sons of Temper- ance in 1846. Judge Knight has been an extensive traveler. With characteristic good sense he first became familiar with his own country, visiting every state but two, making a prolonged .stay in Colorado, California and New Mexico. Besides a thorough knowledge of the Canadas, he has traveled leisurely through England, Ireland and Scotland, and extensively through seven of the nations of the continent, Austria being the most easterly point. Politically he was a democrat until the formation of the republican party, to whose interests and faith he has since been devoted. His successful and honorable career has been marked by high aims, practical duties, intelligent action and strict integrity. He has been blessed with a most excellent wife, is social in his nature, and together they enjoy and dispense the charms of an attractive and hospitable home to a wide circle of friends. Colonel D. P. Livermore, born December 20, 1804, at Canton, Me., is a son of William and Sarah (Taylor) Livermore, and grandson of Dea. Elijah Livermore, who was the original settler of Livermore, Me., 514 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUXTV. and for whom that town was named. Colonel Livermore came to Hal- lowell with his parents in 1806. Here he received his education in the common school and academy. At the age of thirteen he began as merchant's clerk, and eighteen months later he began the printers" trade. He was many years the junior partner of the firms of Masters, Smith & Co., and Masters & Livermore, publishers of Maine Farviers' Almanac, Maine Reports, etc. He was elected colonel of regiment of artillery con.sisting of the artillery companies of Hallowell, Waterville, Readfield and Monmouth. He was manager of the Western Union Telegraph Company, at Hallowell, from 1850 until 1892. In 1828 he married Emeline Spaulding, who died in April, 1891. Their five children were: Emma Francis (deceased), William Danforth deceased), Sarah M. (deceased), Sarah S. (now Mrs. Charles E. Nash) and Charles . D., now manager of the Western Union Telegraph office at Portland, Me. Abner Lowell built the first brick building still standing in that part of Hallowell called " Joppa," and kept a store in it. He and his son, William, about 1825, built the river packet ^//.rrt', which ran in the Boston passenger service. In 1827 William married Eliza Clark, sister of Greenlief, George A. and Maria, children of James Clark, and died at sea in 1831. His only child, Albert Lowell, died unmarried, in 1865. Major Eliphalet Rowell. — This citizen of Hallowell comes of sturdy, patriotic New England stock. His grandfather, Eliphalet Rowell, moved from New Hampshire to Livermore, Me., where his father, Abijah Rowell, was born in 1795, the only boy in a family of five children. Eliphalet was born May 28, 1822. His mother's father was Moses Warren, a revolutionary soldier, who moved from Water- town, Mass., to the town of Jay, Me., where he died at the age of seventy-five. Major Rowell well remembers hearing his grandfather tell about Bunker Hill and other battles he was in. Both of the major's parents lived to a great age; his father to eighty-nine years and six months, and his mother to ninety-six years and two months. Abijah Rowell was a farmer, in which calling his son, Eliphalet, grew to the age of sixteen, when he left home and went to Brunswick, Me., and entered the office of Thomas W. Newman, to learn the printers' trade. In September, 1839, Mr. Newman left Brunswick and came to Hallowell, and founded the Maine Cultivator and Hallozvell Gazette. Eliphalet came with him and worked on the newspaper until 1843, when he took a term of stud}' in the Hallowell Academy, then taught school two terms in his native town of Liver- more, working during the summer of 1844 on the Boston Post, his case being next to that of B. P. Shillaber, who, as " Mrs. Partington," has since convulsed the world. In 1845 Mr. Rowell returned from Boston to Hallowell and bought a half interest in the newspaper and printing- concern of his old employer — Thomas W. Newman. The firm of £. HALLOWELL. 515 Newman & Rowell existed until June, 1852, when Hiram L. Wing bought Mr. Newman's interest and the new firm of publishers and printers became Rowell & Wing. This continued for two years, when Mr. Rowell bought his partner's interest and was sole proprietor to 1859. At this time Charles E. Nash, a former apprentice, who had grown up with the business, bought a half interest and Rowell & Nash were in partnership until June, 1862, when Mr. Nash went into the army and stayed three years. In 1865 he returned from the war and pur- chased the entire business of Mr. Rowell, whose continuous connection as proprietor, in whole or in part, of the Maine Cultivator and Halloivell Gazette, had lasted through twenty-six consecutive years. The ability, labor and care required to conduct so able a paper, so long a time, are worthy of the monument it has erected to their memory. During the war Mr. Rowell was appointed paymaster in the army^ and was stationed six months in Philadelphia, then at Fortress Mon- roe until June, 1865, with rank of major. In 1866 he received the ap- pointment of postmaster at Hallowell, which he retained for the long period of twelve years. Major Rowell was elected to the legislature in 1858, and his reelec- tion in 1861, and again in 1880 and 1881, is the record of approval that his constituents endorsed upon his services. He has also served m both branches of the city government, and in 1890 was chosen and served as mayor of Hallowell. He is now the municipal judge of the city. In 1877 he was elected treasurer of the Maine Industrial School for Girls at Hallowell, and soon became business manager, holding this office for two years, when he was elected superintendent and treas- urer, and has since continued to manage with great fidelity and good judgment the difficult affairs of this worthy institution. Major Row- ell's financial standing is indicated by the position of president of the Hallowell Savings Institution, which he has held for the past six years. Before the republican party had an existence, Major Rowell was a whig— since then a staunch republican. In 1844 he joined the First Baptist church of Hallowell. The records contain the names of but few persons now alive who were members when he joined — nearly half a century ago. His activity and zeal in all Bible class, Sunday school and church work are well known. In temperance reforms and organizations his position has been always in the foremost ranks. In a word. Major Rowell has always been a man of strong convictions, and never lacking the courage to declare them. He married in 1844, Ellen Frances, daughter of Captain Samuel Smith, a shipmaster of Hallowell. Their seven children have been: George S., Edmund P., Lizzie F., Emeline P., Ellen F., William W> ■516 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. ■and Lillie P. Of these only two are living: George S. Rowell, editor of the Portland Daily Advertiser, and William W. Rowell, formerly- business manager of the Atcburn Gazette, but now in Minneapolis, Min- nesota. George R. Smith, born in 1811, at Hallowell, is a son of Stevens and Nancy (Robinson) Smith, and grandson of Nathaniel vSmith, of Monmouth, Me. He was for forty-six years a resident of Bangor, but returned to Hallowell to assist his brother, Justin E., as cashier of the Northern National Bank, and in February, 1879, became cashier, which ■office he held until January, 1892, when he retired, and returned to his old home in Bangor. His marriage was with Caroline H. Tarbox. Their children are: Henry T., of Troy, N. Y.; Fred B., of Chicago, 111.; Julia A., at home; and Mary D. (Mrs. F. H. C. Reynolds). George F. Wingate is a son of Francis and Martha (Savery) Wingate, and grandson of Joseph Wingate, who came from Ames- bury, Mass., and settled in Hallowell. Mr. Wingate began as clerk with Thomas Leigh in 18,57, and three years later became a partner, and has since been the junior member of the firm of Leigh & Win- gate. He married Emma, daughter of James Myers. Their children are: Mary, Florence M. and Frank 8. CHAPTER XX. TOWN OF PARMINGDALE. A. C. STILPHEN, Location.-Settlement and Settlers.— Incorporation.-Natural Features.-CiviT Lists.— Valuation and Appropriations.— Schools.— Present Condition.— Per- sonal Paragraphs. THE territory now in Farmingdale was at its settlement included, in nearly equal parts, in the old towns of Hallowell and Pittston, afterward Gardiner, and its early history, while cherished as its own, is also a part of the history of those towns. December 17, 1760, the proprietors of the Kennebec Purchase granted to Dr. Sylvester Gardiner great lot No. 20, which began on the westerly side of the Kennebec river, near the north bank of the Cobbosseecontee. and ex- tended northerly on the river a distance of one mile at right angles from the side line and running back from the river northwesterly five miles, making a tract of five square miles; and on the same day they granted the next northerly lots. No. 21 to James Pitts and No. 22 to Benjamin Hallowell. The.se grants were on condition that the grantees should each " settle a family on his lot within one year unless pre- vented by a war." Upon these lots were the settlements made which were later to form the town of Farmingdale. Doctor Gardiner conveyed the north half of lot No. 20 to Thomas Hancock, of Boston, January 8, 1761, subject to the settler's condition, and in compliance with that Mr. Hancock " settled " Jonathan Phil- brook on the northeasterly corner of the tract on a one hundred acre lot, having fifty rods frontage on the river and extending northwest on the line of the tract one mile, upon the then usual condition that he should clear land and erect a house, and that being done he con- veyed the lot to Philbrook April 25, 1762. Mr. Pitts, to comply with the terms of his grant, " settled Job Philbrook on a similar adjoining lot in the southeast corner of lot No. 21, and conveyed it to Philbrook April 30, 1762, and thus Jonathan and Job Philbrook became the first settlers of Farmingdale. The Philbrooks' nearest neighbors were Pease and Peter Clark, father and son, two miles away on the north,, and the settlers below the Cobbossee on the south. 518 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Job Philbrook made some improvements on his lot and, December 28, 1765, conveyed it to Joshua Philbrook, who conveyed it, October 29, 1767, to Jonathan Church, of Barrington, N. H., conditioned that the grantee shall " clear not less than five acres of land within three years, and shall build a house on same and shall occupy said house by himself or some other person for seven years," thus showing that the improvements made by the Philbrooks, though sufficient to confirm the title, were not extensive. Jonathan Church, who probably never moved here, had two sons — Ebenezer and Benjamin. Ebenezej: settled on this lot and became its owner. He erected a large two story house, which was still stand- ing within ten years, and of which the cellar still remains, some thirty or forty rods back from the highway, and in the gully just south of this he erected a tannery and for years carried on business there as a tanner. He was the first permanent settler in this town, and became a prominent and influential man in the later settlement and affairs of Hallowell and Gardiner. He married Sarah Wmslow, an older sister of the first white child born in Pittston, and they had thirteen chil- dren, of whom the eldest daughter. Charity, married Ichabod Plaisted, the ancestor of the Plaisteds of Gardiner. Mr. Church died in 1810, and Mr. Plaisted, as administrator, in set- tling his estate, sold the farm February 23, 1813, and shortly after that it became the property of William Marshall, a son of Anna Mar- shall, forming, with the part of the " Pierpont lot " already owned by him, the farm which he sold March 28, 1834, to Daniel Lancaster. It is now the well-known " Pine Tree Stock Farm." The lot which the settler, Jonathan Philbrook, had from Thomas Hancock, who by the way was the Boston merchant of noble fame and uncle of John Hancock, was conveyed by Philbrook to Robert Pier- pont, of Boston, September 23, 1775, by mortgage deed and title after- ward become absolute in Pierpont, and it was long known as the " Pierpont Lot." May 20, 1773, Mr. Pierpont conveyed it by deed of gift to " my young and beloved kinsman, James Pierpont Fellows, a minor and son of Gustavus Fellows, of Boston," and later Gustavus Fellows suc- ceeded his son and by him it was conveyed to Moody Haskell, of Ips- wich, Mass, November 17, 1800, and the following year Haskell con- veyed five acres in the southeast corner of the lot to Dr. James Parker, then owner of adjoining land, and the remainder to William Mar- shall. There had been several temporary houses and settlers near the river on this lot, but I fail to find any evidence of a permanent settler before Mr. Marshall. Both north and south of these lots was for years after their settle- ment an unbroken wilderness from the " Hook " to the Cobbosseecon- TOWN OF FARMINGDAT.E. 519 tee, and in 1787 Mr. Church's and a small house near his were the only houses between the present pottery lot and Captain Smith's house, which stood on the northerly corner formed by the intersection of the Loudon Hill road in Hallowell, where a settlement had then lately been begun. The only road then existing between the Cobbossee and Hallowell was a mere bridle path through the woods and skirting the bank of the river about where the road now lies from Bridge street, in Gardi- ner, to the gully just south of the homestead of the late Captain A. Rich, whence it continued along near the bank over the spot where Captain Rich's blacksmith shop now stands, over a rude bridge across the deep gully and then bending westerly around the high gravel bank and then again near the river near where the railroad lies, till it reached and crossed the mill brook by another bridge, when it turned sharply to the west and followed the bank of the brook to the present location of the road at Atkins' wool shop, which it then followed over Loudon hill. The present location of this road was established by the court of general sessions December 10, 1799, and relocated Octo- ber 5, 1807, and again more elaborately and with a plan December 29, 1823. The next important road located was that from Loudon hill, fol- lowing- the high lands in its earlier course and after about a half a mile keeping the center line of the Pitts tract (No. 21) through to the Wmthrop pond, while the " old post road " was established some years later. Along these three roads the earlier settlers all then sought their homes and it is fitting that their location should be noted and pre- served. The Pitts lot was first generally settled. At about the close of the revolutionary war, Joshua Bean, of Readfield, and Colonel Samuel Greeley, of Gilmanton, N. H., purchased the Pitts tract (No. 21) ex- cepting the church lot, together with land in rear of same to Win- throp pond, but their title was not fully confirmed till 1799. In the meantime they had divided the tract between themselves, and had it surveyed, and a plan of the subdivisions and lots made by Dr. Obediah Williams, and many of the lots had been bargained to settlers and entered upon and improved by them. All the lots were conveyed by the Williams plan, but it was not recorded, and diligent search has not enabled me to find a copy of it in existence. The descriptions in the deeds show that the northeasterly corner of the lot, at and im- mediately south of the mouth of the Mill brook, was divided into some twenty house lots and small lots of from one to eight acres each, and that apparently for the accommodation of persons already located on part of them. Below them were several lots of one hundred acres 520 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. each, being fifty rods in width and extending- back one mile, and the remainder of the tract was divided, mostly into lots of one hundred acres each. A large part of these lots were settled several years be- fore 1799, but few of the settlers had titles prior to that and it is now impossible to determine the date of settlement. The northeast corner of the lot was early settled. A dam was built across the Mill brook and a grist mill, and tradition says a bark mill and shingle mill were erected and operated by Joseph Smith and Isaac Pillsbury, who both lived on Loudon hill and beyond the limits of the town. South of this, near the railroad track, where the cellar still is, back of Seavey's glue factory, then on the westerly side of the road, stood a large two story house, for years used as a tavern, built and kept by Captain Eben Hinkley. Connected with it was a large stable with stalls for .sixteen horses. The taverns of those days were hardly what would now be thought houses of rest and ease. Corn bread, venison, potatoes and fish then satisfied the healthy stomach, when settled with a nightcap of rum, and the tired traveler sought his rest in a blanket on the floor, his feet near the glowing fire and his head pillowed on his saddle. A large one story house just south of this was the home of the widow Runnells, who lived there till her death at the age of ninety- seven years, and gave it to her son, John Runnells. One hundred acre lot No. 1, lay next north of the church lot and was settled on by Captain Nathaniel Rollins, who resided there till his death, February 8, 1826, when he was succeeded by his son, Captain Enoch W., at whose death February 16, 1863, it descended to his son Captain William E., and his daughter, Mrs. Lowell, and is now owned by Captain Henry W. Hall. The southerly three- fourths of lot No. 2, together with back fifty- acre lot No. 49, was conveyed to Nathan Sweetland September 19,_ 1799. It was subsequently conveyed to Captain Abram Rich, in whose family it has since remained. The remaining one-fourth of No. 2 and lot No. 3, with small lot No. 11, and the east half of back lot No. 26, were conveyed September 19, 1799, to Esquire Enoch Wood, or as he was called, " Squire Wood," who was a gentleman of culture and prominence. He had one son and two daughters. The son, Perley Wood, and the daughters, Maria and Saphronia, became teachers, giving a notable record to the family for that period. The cellar of their house still remains on the farm of Captain A. Rich, on the hill south of the great gully, and on the west- erly bank of the road. Back from the river and the front lots the ranges of lots were divided by the Loudon Hill road, those on the north side being num- bered from the east from 22 to 36, and on the southerly side from the west, 37 to 50. TOWN OF FARMINGDALE. 521 Colonel Greeley did not abandon his old home in Gilmanton, where he lived till about 1825, but he was still represented in the wilderness by two sons and a daughter, who were early settlers on this road. vSam- uel Greeley had lot 47 and other land adjoining, comprising the pres- ent farms of William Winter, where he lived, and of William C. Horn, J. P. Carter and E. S. Smith. Gilman Greeley had lot 30, and built a house there, it being where S. G. Bucknam now lives. In 1811 the westerly half of the lot, with the buildings, was conveyed to Daniel BuUen.of Hebron,whose son, John R. Bullen succeeded to its possession and lived there many years, owning with this lot. No 31 , lying next west. Betsey Greeley married James Burns, who had bought lot 42, lying on the south side of the road. Her father afterward gave her the easterly half of lot 30, formerly occupied by Gilman, and lot 41. Mr. Burns lived on his lot nearly opposite the present school house lot till his death, and the place is still owned by his descendants. On lot No. 43 Benjamin Church, son of Jonathan, built the house where B. F. Sandford now lives. It was for many years a tavern, and was the frequent stopping place of travelers from the lower Kennebec to the Sandy river settlements. Captain Gideon Colcord bought lot No. 44 in 1803. He came from New Hampshire, and first lived a few years on Loudon hill. He built the house where that now owned by William Moody stands, and known as on the Glazier farm. He afterward bought lot No. 29 and a fifty-acre lot in rear of No. 44, so that he had a farm of 250 acres. He married Sarah Marson, of East Pittston, and they had six children. He was a shipmaster in 1816, and was lost at .sea when his oldest child was only eleven years old. His youngest child died soon after, and Mrs. Colcord three years after married Montgomery McCausland, a son of Andrew McCausland, who was a widower having five children, and they afterward had five children. There is a tradition that two other children lived with them, that the schoolmaster boarded there, and from the house built by Mr. McCausland, eighteen persons at- tended the district school at the same time. Of this great family the oldest son, Hiram B. Colcord, alone sur- vives, a well-preserved gentleman, eighty-seven years old. He says the first school house stood near where Warren J. Carter now lives, and was afterward moved down on the corner between the two roads, near Mr. Bucknam's. It was here he attended school, and "got lots of lickings there." It was burned some fifty years ago, and the next was built where the school house now stands. Orrin Colcord, second son of Gideon, born April 1, 1809, lived on a part of the old homestead, and died there December 21, 1890. His widow, who was vSarah Collins, still resides there with her daughter, Mrs. G. W. Paul. 34 522 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Thomas Davis, or D'Avis, was born in France in 1759, came to this country in the French service during the revolution, and at the close of the war remained here, and lived for a time in New Hampshire. With the Greeleys he came to Hallowell, and settled on lot 40, which he received from Colonel Greeley in settlement for services rendered him. He built a house, and in 1796 the farm was conveyed to him, and was occupied by him till his death, November 16, 1844. He had three sons, of whom James, the eldest, went as a soldier in the Amer- ican army in the war of 1812, and never returned. Jefferson, the youngest son, succeeded his father as owner of the homestead, which occupies a commanding and beautiful situation, now more than half a mile from the nearest road, the old road having been discontinued from Mr. Bucknam's to the " Bog Farm " many years ago. It is still owned by his children, who make it their home, while in winter it stands alone, a silent witness of the labors of those gone before. Deacon James Hinkley built the house where Warren J. Carter now resides, and his brother. Captain Thomas Hinkley, that where R. S. Neal resides. Captain Hinkley afterward bought adjoin- ing lands till he had a farm of 240 acres, which he sold in 1834 to Deacon Seavey, who was grandfather of the present owner. Thomas Burnham Seavey was born in Scarboro, Me., February 26, 1783. He learned the hatter's trade, and began business in Portland, but soon gave up that business, and by his industry succeeded in earning his support while attending the academy there, and acquired a superior education. In 1807 he mairied Keziah Hinkley, of George- town, and settled on a farm in that town. In 1824 he was appointed inspector of customs, and keeper o.f the light house at Monhegan. In 1834 he came to Hallowell and bought this large farm, which he car- ried on till his death, September 2, 1875. Andrew McCausland was one of the first settlers, and built the house where E. D. Patterson lives. He was a son of Henry McCaus- land, who was one of the first party of settlers that came to Pittston in 1760. This house is said to be first built of those now standing on that road, having stood there over one hundred years. John Rice built, prior to 1804, the house now occupied by his grandson, John H. Rice. July, 1804, Alden Rice was born there, and it was his home till his death, December 31, 1881. Alden Rice was, during a large part of his life, a justice of the peace, and till his death the only postmaster of West Farmingdale. While the Pitts or Greeley tract was being settled the Bowman tract or northerly half of No. 20, other than the " Pierpont Lot " re- mained a wilderness until 1795. Thomas Hancock had bequeathed it to his nephew, William Bowman, in 1763. Mr. Bowman was a son of Jonathan Bowman, who was judge of the probate court of Lincoln TOWN OF FARMINGDALE. 523 county from 1772 to 1804, and clerk of the courts of common pleas and general sessions for over thirty years, and he conveyed this tract to his father August 19, 1783. One mile from the west end of the tract had been sold and became part of the Greeley tract. The remainder was then known as the Bowman tract, and when subsequently settled the village was known as Bowman's Point, and this part of the town still bears that name. Early in 1795 it was bargained to Peter Grant and associates, and surveys were made. A monument marking the south line of the tract and of Hallowell was set by " C. Barker, Surveyor," in June of that year. It stood at the west line of the road, where the stone monu- ment still stands, though covered, on the land of William H. Ring, and about ten feet from the northwest corner of land of D. C. Shep- herd. A survey and division into lots was made by William Barker No- vember 24, 1795, and is that by which all the lots were assigned and sold. The front, 176 rods, was divided into seventeen lots, extending back half a mile, the remaining six rods being reserved for roads, and numbering from the south line from 1 to 17, and the land in the rear of the half-mile limit was divided into thirty fifty-acre lots, those on the south side of Bowman street being numbered from the east from 18 to 32, and on the north side from the west 32 to 47. The sale was not fully completed till April 2, 1796, when the deed was executed, and for the sum of $5,600 Judge Bowman conveyed the tract to " Peter Grant, trader; James Parker, physician, and James Springer, Moses Springer, Joseph Glidden, jr., and Hugh Cox, ship- wrights." These grantees admitted as associates William Springer, Augustus Ballard, Samuel Hodgdon, Daniel Norcross and Jeremiah Wakefield, and the lands were apportioned in fifteen parts, the holder of each fifteenth having one front lot and two rear lots, making 110 acres each, excepting James Springer, to whom was assigned three front lots and only two rear lots, he being the holder of two-fifteenths. Peter Grant was a son of Samuel Grant, a captain in the revolu- tionary army, and was born at Berwick, Me., in February, 1770. He came to Gardiner with his father soon after the close of the war, mar- ried Nancy Barker, daughter of William Barker, of Gardiner, in Sep- tember, 1791, and had already gained a prominent position as a busi- ness man in Gardiner before this purchase, and was then only twenty- six years old. In the allotment he received front lots 9 and 10, and first built a small house near the river on the south side of No. 9, but soon after erected the large house, the remains of which, partly burned, still stand on the north side of No. 10. Here he lived, sur rounded by his constantly increasing business interests — a merchant shipbuilder, and engaged in commerce — till his death, June 10, 1836 He was in command of a company and afterward commissioned as 524 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. major in the war of 1812. He was a man of good business ability and amassed a considerable property. The Small house was afterward occupied by Henry Melius, who well deserves a place in history, he having been one of the famed "Boston Tea Party." He died in February, 1832, aged eighty years. The house now stands on the east side of the road, on lot 13, and was the homestead of the late Thomas Aspenwall. William and Moses Springer, brothers, and James Springer, their cousin, were of German descent and came to Pittston in 1786. They were engaged in shipbuilding near Agry's point. They came to Bow- man's Point in 1795, and William settled on lot No. 8, where he erected a large two story house on the site of the house now owned by George E. Warren. He was born November 29, 1754, and was the oldest of the settlers at Bowman's Point. He was a shipmaster and was lost at sea. He married Mary Norcross, by whom he had seven children, and after her death, Betsey Jewett, and had four children, of whom the youngest, Harriet, who was born July 17, 1816, and mar- ried William Perry, still survives. Moses Springer was born October 17, 1767, married Susan Nor- cross, June 10, 1793, and died October 24, 1832. He received front lots 1 and 6 and erected his house on the southerly part of lot 7, and a 3i rod strip, and 8^ rods deep, on which it stood, was conveyed to him by his brother, William. He lived here several years and then built a house on one of his rear lots, on the south side of Bowman street, next east of the James Collins place, where he died October 24, 1832, at the age of sixty-five years. His first house was where Loring C. Ballard now lives, and the cellar still remains, marking the location of that on Bowman street. James Springer married Mary Lemont. He originally held lots 2, 5 and 17, but bought and occupied the house on the east side of the road on lot 13, it being the same house now occupied by Mrs. Springer, widow of his son, Benjamin Springer. Joseph Glidden had front lot 11, and there erected a house and lived till about 1845. He left no descendants. He sold a house lot on the south corner of Bowman street to Anna S. Marshall, a widow, who with her three children, William, Enoch W. and Betsey Marshall, came here in 1798 in the first chaise owned in the town. Hugh Cox had lot 12, and there in 1797 erected the large, two story house which was burnt in 1890. He was born in 1759, came here from Bristol, November 17, 1835. He married Mary B. Dunbar, of New- castle, who was born in 1779 and died April 5, 1866. They had seven children, of whom two still survive: George T. Cox, at the age of seventyeight, and Mrs. Seidus, eighty-five, and to them I am indebted for many interesting facts in the history of this section. The extension of Bowman street from the road to the river was TOWN OF FARMINGDALE. 525 known as Meeting House lane, and on the north side of it in 1803 a church was built. It was a large building, but never finished inside. It fronted on the lane, facing south, having a porch, with doors open- ing into it on its east and west sides, and stairs leading to a gallery. Here the Methodist society held its meetings. There was no settled minister, this being part of a circuit and the minister in charge being here but little. Twice conferences were held in this building, one being presided over by Bishop Hedding and the other by Bishop Fillmore. A minister named Wells often officiated there. It was the only Methodist church in this section till 1830, when it was given up and the materials used for a stable in Hallowell. Mrs. vSeidus remembers a day in the war of 1812, September 11, 1814, when a service was being held in the church, a me.s.senger came bringing a report of the ap- proach of a British force to attack Wiscasset. There was great excite- ment and hurrying to and fro, the men starting away at once for Wiscasset, and were there the next morning, but the enemy had not and did not come. Next north of Mr. Cox on lot 13, James Lowell built a cottage house, which stood where Henry Peacock now lives, and on the same lot Augustus Ballard built the house which is still occupied by his de- scendants. All these men were interested in shipbuilding and the shore in front of their lots was a succession of ship yards from the later Hal- lowell line to the present location of Grant street. Samuel Hodgdon had lot 14. He erected the house on the east side of the road, now owned by Mrs. Springer. He sold a house lot of one acre on the west side of the road and next to Mr. Ballard's lot, to Samuel Davis, who built the house now owned by Charles E. Barker. Mr. Davis lived there a few years and then sold to Jesse Jewett, who was a man of great influence and was for years sheriff of the county. Mr. Hodgdon afterward sold to James Springer and settled on Bowman street on the lot still owned and occupied by his descendants. He had three sons— John, Jeremiah and Sullivan— and two daughters — Betsey and Mary. Dr. James Parker had lots 15 and 16, and built the house now owned by H. L. Crocker and lived there till 1803, when he bought the lot on which James A. Jack.son now lives, where he built a house and lived till his death. He was born in Boston in 1768, came to Pittston about 1790, had been educated as a physician by his father who was himself a physician, and while skillful and successful in his profession, was also active and influential as a business man and citizen. He repre- sented the town in the legislature and also the district in the 13th congress, 1813-15. He was shrewd and careful in his management and acquired quite a large property. His wife, an adopted daughter 526 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. of General Henry Dearborn, was a woman of remarkable goodness and charity and beloved by all. Doctor Parker died November 9, 1837, and Mrs. Parker survived him till 1863. Nathaniel Kimball bought lot 2 of James Springer and built a house on the east side of the road in 1800. He was a native of New Hampshire and came from Pittston, where he had built several dams and mills which had in succession been swept away by freshets. He married Sally, daughter of Major Henry Smith, who came from Ger- many in 1747 and settled in Pittston in 1764. Major Smith served as a continental soldier in the French war, was at Ticonderoga and saw Lord Howe fall, and was at Quebec under Wolfe. Mr. and Mrs. Kimball afterward built a large, two story house about where Mr. Brann's house now stands which, with a small house now standing near it, was burned some thirty years later, and these were the only early settlers' houses burned before the Cox house in 1890. They had six children, of whom two were residents of Farmingdale after its incorporation: Nathaniel, who was long and well known as an enterprising steamboat owner and captain; and Hannah, who married Alexander S. Chad- wick. William G. Warren also came here about the year 1800, and built the house now owned by Gilbert Eastman. He was a prominent man, and was for many years a vestryman and warden in Christ church, as were also Doctor Parker and Major Smith. He was grandfather of George E. Warren. On the lot and near the house of Doctor Parker, was the first school house on Bowman's point, and in 1800 the whole number of inhabit- ants on this tract was 117. This tract was in Hallowell till 1834, when it was annexed to Gardiner. South of this old Hallowell line, numbering from north to south, the front, west of the road, was divided into acre lots five rods in width, and extending thirty-two rods back, having been surveyed and plan made by Dudley Hobart in 1803. This plan was afterward copied into, and made part of, the Solomon Adams plan, by which all the lands in Gardiner were sold after its date, December 30, 1808. Samuel Elwell was one of the first purchasers, he having lots 10 and 11, being the same where the houses of Ephraim Hatch and A. Davenport now stand. He at once built a house on lot 10, and this was afterward conveyed to Hon. George Evans, whose eminent ability and long and noble career find a more fitting place in another chap- ter. No. 11 was conveyed to Captain Nathaniel Kimball, the well known pioneer in steamboating between Gardiner and Boston. No. 9, the last home of Dr. James Parker, was sold by Mr. Gardiner, "subject to the rights of Elizabeth McCausland, widow of the late Henry McCausland, and their son. Robert Mc- Causland." These rights were those of occupancy without title, but TOWN OF FARMINGDALE. 527 the records are also a record of the shrewdness of Doctor Parker, he having bought them for $20 two weeks before the conveyance from Mr. Gardiner to him. No. 8 was sold to James Purinton in 1803. and he erected the house thereon, which was afterward the homestead of Robert Gould, who engaged in shipbuilding in front of the lot, and where the wharf now is. Mr. Gould was a keen business man, and was fast acquiring a leading position, when he died of con- sumption in 1835, thirty-nine years old. The lots now owned by J. C. Atkins were held by Mr. Gardiner till 1826, when he sold them to Captain John P. Hunter, who was long engaged fn the lumber business in Gardiner. The lots next south of North street, now owned by A. C. vStilphen, were sold in 1827 to Alexander S. Chadwick, and he erected the house now standing there in that year. Mr. Chadwick was a son of Dr. Edmund Chadwick, of Deerfield, N. H., and was born there May 8, 1789. Doctor Chadwick was descended from Charles Chadwick, who came to Boston in 1630, and served in the revolutionary war as a surgeon in the American army. Mr. Chadwick studied medicine with his father until the war of 1812, when in 1813 he received a commission from President Madi- son, and was stationed at Fort Erie. In the bloody fight there July 4, 1814, his command of fifty men took fifty-two prisoners, including a major, and lost thirteen killed and wounded. He received six shots through his clothing, but was unharmed. He came to Maine in 1816, and married Hannah, daughter of Nathaniel Kimball, and grand- daughter of Major Henry Smith. He lived in Frankfort till 1821, when he removed to Gardiner. He represented the town in the legis- lature four years, and was selectman of the town six years, and the justice of the peace before whom most of the minor cases were tried for many years. He was one of the prime movers and most indefati- gable workers in the incorporation of Farmingdale, and was one of the first selectmen of the new town. He died October 18, 1867. Eighty years ago, in addition to the houses already named, the house known as the old Vigoreux house, and for many years owned by that family, stood just north of H. W. Jewett's. It was then occu- pied by Rev. Aaron Humphrey, who had been a Methodist minister, and had officiated one year at Christ church, in Gardiner. He then took orders in the Episcopal church, and was settled as minister of the so- ciety. It was later the home of Samuel Collins. The house .now owned by Captain George W. Chase was then owned by Mr. Drew, who was father of Allen Drew, and grandfather of Captain John H. Drew, mentioned at page 258. The present Vigoreux house was then owned by James Bowman and later by a family named Ramsdell, from whom it acquired the name which is still applied to it, the Ramsdell house. They were Quakers and stood high in the esteem of their neighbors. James 528 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Lowell had built a house where Henry Peacock now resides and it was his home till his death in 1849. He was a shipbuilder and had a yard on the banks of the river. Enoch Marshall occupied the home- stead which at his death descended to his .son, Samuel E., who has so recently left it to join those gone before. On the further part of Bowman street, the first settlers were vSamuel Titcomb, who in 1814 came from Yarmouth, Me., and settled on the farm now owned by S. W. Rice, and F. J. Danforth and Benjamin Grover, who came from Newry, Oxford County, in 1820, and settled on the farm still owned by his descendants. In 1819, Abner Lowell bought of Gideon Oilman the lot which, with subsequent purchases, constituted the farm so long the home of his son, Joshua Lowell, and now owned by his grandson, Frank Lowell. North street was not as a whole settled so early as the other parts of the town, and its earliest settlers were descendants of men already named. Among them were John and Andrew McCausland, grandsons of Henry McCausland; George Church, grandson of Ebenezer Church; Jerry Hodgdon, son of Samuel Hodgdon and a man of influence in the town and for years one of the town fathers; Hiram Lord, son of Isaac Lord, who had been one of the early settlers on Bowman street; and the Collins family, of whom mention is elsewhere made. This then comprises a history of the early settlement of the old homes included in the present town of Farmingdale, which was incor- porated June 3, 1852. It borders on the Kennebec river and rises by easy grades to its highest lands near the old post road and thence sloping back to the Sanborn and Jamies ponds on the western border, the only bodies of water in the town. It consists of gently rolling country, seldom broken by sharp hills or valleys and comprises some of the best farming lands in the county. Its incorporation was secured chiefly by the indefatigable efforts of A. S. Chadwick, Thomas B. Seavey and William S. Grant, aided by an enthusiastic and almost unanimous support of the people. Mr. Grant was a grandson of Major Peter Grant and son of Captain Samuel C. Grant, and established his home in the town and owned the beautiful homestead now the property of Isaac J. Carr. He was a leader in every movement for the improvement of the town. The town is essentially a farming town. The busy blows of the ship-yard have long since ceased to be heard, and the only manufac- turing enterprises now conducted in the town are the glue factory of George H. Seavey and the tannery of Frank Atkins. Municipal Officers. — The Selectmen, A.ssessors and Overseers of the Poor of the town from its incorporation, and the number of years they have held these offices, have been: 1852, Alexander S. Chadwick, 3 years, Thomas B. Seavey, 3, Daniel Lancaster, 5; 1854, Samuel War- TOWN OF FARMINGDALE. 529 ren, 4; 1855, James Stone, 2, John Graves; 1856, Hiram B. Colcord, 2; 1857, Thomas L. Crocker: 1858, William S. Grant, Jerry Hodgdon, 7, Alden Rice, 2; 1859, Joshua Lowell, 2: 1860, Sumner Smiley, Isaiah Stevens, 3; 1861, Philip Larrabee, 2; 1863, Benjamin F. Sandford, 6, James S. McCausland; 1864, A. B. Collins, 2; 1865, Joseph C. Atkins; 1866, Addison G. Davis, 4, John Baker, 6; 1868, Andrew B. McCaus- land, 2, William Winter, 3; 1870, Samuel E. Marshall, 2; 1871, Sumner B. McCausland, 19, R. S. Neal, 2; 1872, George Wheeler, 9; 1873, John W. Church, 2; 1878, Thomas H. Dow, Zeri S. Parker, 2; 1879, George H. Seavey, 2; 1880, Carlton Blair, George W. Paul, 2; 1882, Joseph F. Clement, 3; 1883, Levi M. Lancaster, 4; 1885, Edwin Hanson, J. Frank Brookings, 2; 1887, William C. Horn, 4, Andrew E. Cunningham; 1891, Ezra S. Smith, 2. The Clerks have been: Edmund A. Chadwick, 2 years; George Tar- box, 2; Sumner B. McCausland, 3: Sumner Smiley, 2; Rev. L. L. Shaw, 1; George Warren, 7; A. B. Collins, 1; John T. Magrath. 1; A. C. Stil- phen, 2; Thomas S. Paul, 2; and George E. Warren, the present clerk, 17. The Treasurers have been; Joshua Lowell, 7 years; Charles W. McCausland, 1; John Baker, 9; Charles Trafton, 1; Benjamin U. Mc- Causland, 3; Levi M. Lancaster, 2; Benjamin F. Sandford, 1; Loring C. Ballard, 1; George Wheeler, 2; James N. Cannon, 1; Ephraim Hatch, 3; and A. C. Stilphen, the present treasurer, 10 years. Valuation and Appropriations. — In 1852 the total valuation of the property in the town, as appraised by the assessors, was $283,878, and the amount of tax assessed was $2,327.86 on property, and $186 on 186 polls. The appropriations for that year were: For support of schools, $675; for support of the poor, $400; for town purposes, and state and county tax, $1,325. In forty years of town life the valuation has nearly doubled, and the assessors' inventory and valuation for 1892 is on: Buildings and lots, $250,435; 6,696i acres tillage, pasture and woodlands, $140,096; 208 horses and colts, $20,050; 314 cattle, $7,166; 32 swine, $172; 121 sheep, $394; household furniture (over $200 each), $4,275; 48 musical instruments, $3,315; 38 pleasure carriages, $3,020; stock in corpora- tions, $54,110; vessels, $6,315; money, $17,000; stock in trade, $500; total valuation, $506,848. The number of polls was 221, and the num- ber of dogs taxed, 66. • The appropriations for 1892 were: For common schools, $1,000; school books, $50; for high school tuition, $200; highways and snow bills, $2,200; support of poor, $1,000; incidental expenses, $600; fire department, $400; town debt, $500; discounts, $750; state tax, $1,381.50; county tax, $502.99. The tax assessed was on: 66 dogs, $66; 221 polls, $663; $506,848 @ $.016, $8,109.52; total assessment, $8,838.56. 530 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Schools.— The provision made by the town for education of its children is liberal and judicious, three full terms of school each year being provided for scholars below the high school grade, the school houses being above the average, and well furnished and supplied with globes, maps and text books. The town pays the tuition for all its children attending the high schools of Gardiner and Hallowell, and by these provisions every child in the town can be fitted for ad- mission to any college in the .state without any direct cost to the parent for tuition or school books. Present Condition. — The southeasterly part of the town is most thickly settled, being a suburb of the city of Gardiner, and the street extending from Gardiner along the bank of the picturesque Kenne- bec is lined with fine residences, and is claimed to be one of the most beautiful streets in Maine. Many of the residents here are engaged in business in Gardiner, and are an important factor in the progress and enterprise of that busy and growing city. In addition to their own municipal taxes, Farmingdale citizens pay annually into the treasury of Gardiner from fifteen hundred to two thousand dollars, and furnish a not inconsiderable part of the banking and business capital of that city, and from its broad pastures and fertile fields come liberal supplies of produce for the markets of Gardiner and Hallowell. Great improvements have been made within a few years in the methods of farming, and the town can now boast of very superior milk and stock farms. Among the notable herds of cows are those of Albert H. Averill, Warren J. Carter and Wallace M. Tibbetts, and the " Pine Tree Stock Farm," under the management of Mr. A. J. Libby, already ranks as one of the finest horse-breeding farms in the state. The strength of the town is in its farms and its farmers. They honor the name of their town.* personal paragraphs. James W. Carter, son of Hiram and Virtue (Averill) Carter, and grandson of Jefferson P. Carter, was born in 1841. He is a stone cut- ter and farmer, and since 1875 has lived in Farmingdale. He married Achsah A., daughter of Jacob and Eunice (Carter) Welch, and grand- daughter of Jacob Welch. Their children are: Hiram J., Eunice A. (Mrs. E. Crocket), Minnie E. (died 1873) an^j Arthur W. (died 1881). Joseph F. Clement, born in 1838, at Palmyra, Me., was a son of Samuel Clement. From 1873 until his death in 1886 he was a farmer where his widow and family now live. He was several years on the school committee and held the office of selectman. He was in the late war in Company A, 14th Maine, and from November, 1864, to Febru- ary, 1866, he was captain of Company G, 109th U. S. Colored Infantry. * Mr. Stilphen's responsibility for this chapter ends here.— [Ed. TOWN OF FARMINGDALE. 531 His first marriage was with Maria C. Keene, who died in 1873, leaving two children: Charles J. and Carrie M. His second marriage was with Augusta J. Greene, who has one adopted son. Charles E. Bearing, born in 1837 in Webster, is a son of John and Caroline (Perry) Bearing, and grandson of Beacon Samuel and Mary (Brinkwater) Bearing. In 1887 he moved to Farmingdale. From 1855 until 1887 he was a machinist and since then has been a farmer. He was in the army from July, 1862, until June, 1866, and was dis- charged as quartermaster sergeant. He was taken prisoner at Gettys- burgh July 1, 1863, and was taken to Richmond, Va., and held three months. He married Emma, daughter of Bea. Bavid A. and So- phronia (Macomber) White, and granddaughter of Bavid and Mary White. Their children are: Ernest W. and Marion P., living, and Albert C, deceased. Gilbert Eastman, born in South Gardiner, is a son of Samuel and Eliza (Luce) Eastman, and grandson of Samuel Eastman. He was a carpenter until 1890, when he opened a music store in Gardiner, firm of G. & C. L. Eastman. He married Ellen M., daughter of Seth and Sarah (Stewart) Rines. They had one daughter, Lulie Grace, born May 28, 1869, died November 10, 1870. Their only son is Charles L., who began the study of music when a boy and studied at Kents Hill, Boston and New York, and is now the junior partner of the above firm. William Faunce, born in 1813, was a son of John Faunce, who came from Ipswich, Mass., to Waterville, Me. Mr. Faunce came to Hallowell in 1845 and twenty years later he came to Farmingdale. where he was a farmer until his death in 1890, where his widow and son now live. He married Lucy, daughter of Timothy B. and Eleanor (Webb) Haywood. Their children were: Fred B., Ellen H. and John F., who are deceased, and William, born February 5, 1860, who is now carrying on the farm of ninety acres. Thomas Gilpatrick, only survivor of eight children of Robert and Temperance Gilpatrick, grandson of Charles and great-grandson of Charles Gilpatrick, was born in 1836. He is a farmer, and since 1877 has owned and occupied the Joshua Carr farm. He married Louisa H., daughter of William Springer. Their only child is Adelle R., who is a teacher in the Hallowell .school. William A. Hodgdon, born in 1839, is the only survivor of three children of Jerry and Hannah (Lord) Hodgdon, and grandson of Sam- uel Hodgdon, who was a shipbuilder during his life at Bowman's Point. Mr. Hodgdon is a farmer. He married Laura, daughter of James S. McCausland. They have two children: Myrtle H. and Jerry L. Captain Abner M. Jackson, born in Pittston in 1803, was a son of Captain Benjamin Jack-son. Captain Jackson began going to sea with 532 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. his father when a small boy, and at the early age of eighteen he be- came captain, which position he continued to fill very successfully until six years prior to his death, in 1873. His first vessel was the brig Milton, followed by the Gardiner (which he commanded eight years in New York and Liverpool mail service), Kekokey, Rainbotv, Jane H. Glidden, Medalion, Edenhurg and Consolation. His wife, who is still living, was Lydia W., daughter of Nathaniel Bailey. Their two sons were: Charles E., who died in 1864, of yellow fever, while on a voyage as mate of a vessel, and James A. Jackson, born in Pittston September 12, 1832, a druggist, of Gardiner. He married Lucy D., daughter of Robert Thompson, and has had three sons: James R., Benjamin W. and Donald, who died young. H. W. Jewett, of Farmingdale and Gardiner. — This family name, now so generally dispersed throughout the American states, first appeared in New England early in 1639, when an English com- pany of sixty people, with forty others, came to Massachusetts, where they, with Rev. Ezekiel Rogers, settled in April of that year, and organized the first church in Rowley. Among the sixty English were two brothers, Maximilian and Joseph Jewett, who were made freemen of Rowley within one year, and both became prominent in civil, reli- gious and business affairs.* Their parents, Edward and Mary Jewett', were of Bradford, Eng. Joseph' was born there in 1609, and married Mary Mallinson in 1634. They had six children, the oldest, Jeremiah', being born in England. Joseph was again married in 1653, and raised three other children. Jeremiah married Sarah, daughter of Thomas Dickenson, in 1661, and resided in Ipswich, but was buried in the Rowley churchyard in 1714. The oldest of his nine children was Jeremiah, jun.*, born in 1662, who, when twenty-five years of age, married Elizabeth Kimball, and had four daughters and three sons. Only through their youngest son, Aaron', born 1699, the fifth of the seven, was the family name transmitted in this line. He married Abigail Perley in 1719, and after a short residence m Scarboro, Me., returned to Ipswich, where he died in 1732, leaving three surviving children, of whom Moses, the second son, was baptized in Ipswich in 1722. This Moses", the fifth generation in America, married Abigail Bradstreet in 1741, and was with those patriots of Ipswich who took an early breakfast or a cold bite on the 19th of April, 1775, and went up to meet General Gage at Lexington and Concord, and attend to some imperative public business. He was captain of a troop of horse which contained four of the nine Jewetts who went into that fight. He left his gun and a good name to the seventh of his ten chil- *The printed Historical Collections of the Esse.x Institute (Salem, Mass., 1885, Vol. XXII.) contains thirty-six pages of valuable data regarding these two brothers and their descendants, as early famiUes of Rowley. TOWN OF FARMINGDALE. 533 dren, James Jewett', who was born in ITSS. This James, with his brother, Moses, removed in 1785 to Newcastle, Me. Five years later he married Lydia Hilton, of Alna, Me. They were the grandparents of the subject of this sketch, and passed their married life in Alna, where their five children were born, and where he and his brother, Moses, were respected and prosperous citizens. James Jewett, jun.^ the first of the five, was born in Alna in 1791, and became a master carpenter, as his father James had been. His wife, married September 16, 1822, was Mary A. Ayer, of Alna. They resided at Alna, Me., where four of their children were born: Mary J., born June 27, 1823, died in 1859; James, jun., born September 25, 1824, died in 1887; Hartley W.\ born June 11, 1826: and Nancy Elizabeth (Mrs. Peleg S. Robinson), born September 25, 1829, died in 1875. The family moved to Hallowell in 1832, where, on Shepherd's Point, Mr. Jewett operated a steam saw mill until its burning two years later, when they removed to Gardiner, where their only other child, John Jewett, now the popular conductor of the Jewett train on the Maine Central, was born in March, 1835, and where the parents died — he in 1867, after more than thirty years of usefulness as a saw millwright and carpenter, and she nineteen years later, after an exemplary Christian life. Such is the family origin, and such the honorable antecedents of H. W. Jewett, of Farmingdale, whose lumber manufacturing interests at Gardiner have now for a third of a century played no inconsider- able part in the growth and prosperity of that city. From the time his parents came to Gardiner in June, 1834, until he was seventeen years old, the village school, for a few winters and fewer summers, furnished his only opportunity for an education. But it is the day, and not the schoolmaster, who "is the father of the man," and in this case it seems that close observation of men and things, and the discipline of practical life, have fitted a man for business activity and large use- fulness better than colleges and universities sometimes do. In 1846, when he first went into the lumber woods as a surveyor, he had to buy his time of one R. K. Littlefield, with whom he had begun to learn the millwright trade, and under whom he had helped build an overshot mill east of Brown's island. Thoroughly familiar, for ten years,. with handling logs in the river and their delivery to the Gardiner mills, he began in 1860 upon his own account the purchase of large quantities of logs on the upper Kennebec, and by rafting these in smaller lots, found profitable sale to the down-river mills. Before the present great booms of the log driving company were built, he had private booms at and above Gardiner, where he collected logs from the river, and delivered to the owners in Gardiner. He first called attention to the plan of building the great Brown's Island boom, and largely through his etTorts the driving company secured 534 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTV. in the legislature the necessary charter. Buying and handling logs in quantities occupied his attention until 1863", when he began as a lum- ber manufacturer on the Cobbosseecontee, the career by which he is now best known in the lumber markets of the Atlantic states. Fair weather and smooth sailing furnish no test of capable ship masters, and only a close battle develops great generalship. In forty years of business life Mr. Jewett has encountered a full share of re- verses and disasters. The national panic of 1873, in which he lost everything save his integrity and his courage, was followed nine years later by the great fire of 1832, which swept all the lumber mills from the lower dam in Gardiner, and left him a net loser by at least $75,000. Courage and integrity were yet his unimpaired resources — the one prompting him to begin at once the rebuilding of the estab- lishment, the other giving him all needed credit among those who knew him; and thus upon the ruins of a fair fortune he again started, and within the next decade he once more appears among the solid men of the valley. His marriage September 3, 1850, was with Harriet A., daughter of Thomas N. Atkins', a shipbuilder of Farmingdale, who was born on the south end of .Swan island (James Atkins', of Sandwich, Mass., James', John^ and James Atkins', whose first child was born in Sand- wich in 1790). To them have been born two sons: Charles T., who died in 1862, and Thomas A. Jewett", born September 23, 1861. James Jewett, the deceased brother of H. W. Jewett, married Thankful H., daughter of Thomas N. Atkins, and left one son, Arthur, now bookkeeper for H. W. Jewett, at Gardiner. Sumner B. McCausland, born in West Gardiner in 1830, is a son of Thomas H. (1804-1886) and Rhoda E. (Brann) McCausland (1809-1874). His grandfather, James, who died in 1826, was a son of James McCaus- land, who was one of General Washington's body-guard. His grand- mother was Mary (Berry) McCausland. Sumner B. came to Gardiner in 1850, learned the carpenters' trade with Sprague & Lord, was in the employ of W. S. Grant and P. G. Bradstreet several years, and since 1861 has been in the ice business, harvesting and wholesaling. He has been a resident of Farmingdale since its incorporation, has been town clerk three years, selectman, assessor and overseer of the poor nineteen years. His wife, Augusta A., is a daughter of Dr. John A. and Clarissa (Bodfish) Barnard, late of Livermore. Their children are: Antonio C, Mary Louise (died in 1873) and Anna Belle. Daniel C. Mitchell, born in 1828, in Litchfield, is a son of Joshua and Nancy (Farr) Mitchell, who came from Lewiston to Litchfield in 1805. Mr. Mitchell came from Litchfield to Farmingdale in 1868, where he is a farmer. He married Elizabeth, daughter of Elias Mer- rill, and they have one daughter, Ava A. * See lumber mills of Gardiner city. TOWN OF FARMINGDALE. 535 Reuben S. Neal, born March 1, 1837, is the oldest of three children ■of Julius and Sarah (Seavey) Neal, and grandson of Joseph Neal. He followed the sea a few years when a young man, and was mate of a vessel the last two years. In 1861 he entered the army in Company C, 1st Maine Cavalry, and served thirty-eight months. He has been a farmer in Farmingdale since 1864 on his grandfather Seavey's farm. He has been elected by the republican party to the offices of selectman, representative and county commissioner. Elisha S. Newell, son of Ebenezer and Mary (Snow) Newell, was born in Durham, Me., being the fifth child and third son of a family of eight children. He left home at the age of twenty-two years — hav- ing secured a common and high school education — served two years in a variety store in Durham as clerk, and taught school two winters, after which he commenced his railroad life. He moved to Portland in 1869 and ran the train known as Jewett train for fourteen years and never knew what it was to have an accident. In 1884, on account of impaired health, he was transferred to the Augusta and Gardiner train and was again, by request, transferred to the yard engine at Gardiner in 1891. He is now a resident of Farmingdale and although a demo- crat he was elected to represent the republican district in which tie lives, in the 65th legislature. George W. Paul, son of Oliver P. and Mary J. (Neal) Paul, was born in Saxonville, Mass.. in 1847. He came with his parents to Waldo, Me., in 1856. He served in the late war from 1863 to 1865, enlist- ing from Waldo county in Company A, Coast Guards, and afterward attached to the 81st Wisconsin, serving in the army of the Potomac. In 1872 he enlisted as a non-commissioned officer in the regular army and served one year in the Indian troubles on Platte river. Since 1873 he has been a farmer in Farmingdale; previous to that he had been a stone cutter by trade. He married Lizzie, daughter of Orrin and Sarah W. (Collins) Colcord. Their children are: Edith M., G. Del- win and Ray J. Frank Richardson, born in Whitefield, is a son of Franklin and Louisa (Bailey) Richardson, and grandson of Smith Richardson. He and his brother, George M., came from Whitefield to Farmingdale in 1889, and bought the old William Grant farm, where they now live. Mr. Richardson has been street commissioner of Farmingdale two years. Renaldo Robbins, born in Bowdoinham in 1827, is a son of Elias and Lucinda (Hatch) Robbins, and grandson of Daniel and Elizabeth (Kendall) Robbins. He came to Farmingdale in 1846, where he is a carpenter. He married Catherine, daughter of Andrew and Mary H. (Bates) McCausland, and granddaughter of Henry and Abiah (Stack- pole) McCausland. Their children are: Fred M., Mary E. and Willis E., who died. 536 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Benjamin F. Sandford, born in Bowdoinham in 1823, is a son of Captain Thomas and Esther (Topping) Sandford, and grandson of John and Mary Sandford. He has taught school twenty-three terms, and worked twelve years at plastering, in Boston. He came to Farm- ingdale in 1855, where he is a farmer. He was eight years a mein- ber of the school board and held the office of selectman seven years. He married Mary M., daughter of David Thwing, of Bowdoin- ham. Their children are: Lilla M. (Mrs. N. Niles), George C. and Alice. They lost four: Laura E., St. Vincent G., James T. and John I. D. David C. Shepherd was born in 1837, in Delaware, Hunterdon county, N. J. He was three years in the employ of the Knickerbocker Ice Company at Philadelphia, Pa., and in 1870 was made general agent and superintendent of their Maine business and since that time has lived in Farmingdale. He married Amanda Rudebock, of Hunterdon county, New Jersey. They have three children. Ezra S. Smith, born in 1820, is a son of Jonathan and Hannah (Sleeper) Smith, and grandson of Jonathan Smith. He came from New Hampshire to Hallowell in 1838, where he lived until 1871, when he came to Farmingdale, where he is a farmer. He was two years collector and eight years deputy sheriff at Hallowell and in 1891 was selectman of Farmingdale. He married Abbie, daughter of William Jones, and their children are: George E., Lizzie A. and Ellen, who died. Captain Samuel Swanton, born in Readfield in 1800, was a son of William and Lavina (Savage) Swanton, and grandson of William Swanton, of Bath, Me. Captain Swanton began going to sea when but fifteen and continued until 1840, several years as master of vessels. From 1840 until 1855 he was a ship builder at Bath, Me. He died in Hallowell in 1869. His marriage was with Rachel S. Gordon, of Read- field. Their children were: Henry A., Annie E., Mary L., Susie J. (Mrs. R. G. Kimpton) and Charles L. Henry, Mary and Charles are deceased. Annie E. married Samuel G. Buckman, who was several years a grocer in Bath, but since 1866 has been a farmer of Farming- dale. Their children are: Nettie G. (deceased), Annie M. and Charles S. S. George E. Warren, born in 1838, is a son of George and Julia T. (Hutchinson) Warren, and grandson of William G. and Peggy (Marson) Warren. He has been engaged in the drug business as clerk and pro- prietor since 1856, and since 1882 has owned and run the present business on Water street, Gardiner. He married Frances E., daughter of John Covell, and they have one daughter, Jennie H. Mr. Warren has been town clerk since 1876, succeeding his father who had held the office several years. CHAPTER XXI. TOWN OF WINSLOW. Bv Henry D. Kingsbury. Winslow 125 Years before Incorporation.— Fort Halifax.— Deed of the Town.— Incorporation.— Town Meetings. — Town Meeting House. — Settlers. — Civil Lists. — Taxpayers, 1791. — Traders. — Tavern Keepers.— Mills.— Religious Records.— Christian Society. — Parson Cushman.— Churches.— Post Offices. — Schools.— Cemeteries. — Personal Paragraphs. OUR history of Winslow begins with the coming of white men to its borders. The first character in New England history is the Indian; the next is the hunter, and the third is usually the trader. These three classes would be most apt to come together at the meeting places of nature's highways — the junction of rivers. Such a place was Ticonic — the name given to the junction of the Sebasti- cook with the Kennebec river, and to the falls in the latter, just above. Any human activities spread over a large area in this section inevit- ably centered here. The Indians used and prized this spot for the same purposes and reasons that the whites did. It was easy of access, renowned for fish and game — just the spot for camp and council, for traffic and recreation. Just when white men and red men first met here and exchanged their commodities we do not know. The first trading expedition of any magnitude that ascended the Kennebec was in charge of Edward Winslow — mark the name. Whether he brought— 267 years ago— his shallop of corn as far north as Ticonic, and set his eyes on the land that was destined to carry his name down to posterity, we do not know. But we do know that trade soon extended up to this point, for on the plan of a survey ordered by the Pejepscot proprietors, and made by Joseph Heath in 1719, a building is drawn on the south side of the Sebasticook where it enters the Kennebec, also these words: " A Trading hou.se built by Lawson Sept. 10, 1658, as by writing recorded at Plymouth by that Court." The Indian chief Kennebis in 1649 conveyed to Christopher Law.son land on the Kennebec up to Ticonic Falls. Lawson assigned this in 1653 to Clark & Lake. Richard Hammond, an ancient trader, and Clark & Lake each had 538 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. a trading house at Ticonic in 1675. This was the year King Philip's war, the first war of the Indians against the whites, broke out. The next year Hammond and Lake were both killed by the Indians, and these trading houses of theirs at Ticonic must have been captured by the savages and used by them for the purposes of war. In King Will- iam's war the Indians sent captives in 1688 to Ticonic. Major Church, on his expedition up the Kennebec in 1692, says North drove " In- dians to their fort at Ticonic." (If this fort was not one of the old trading houses what was it?) For the next twenty-five years we hear or know but little about Ticonic. But during the Spanish war that closed in 1748 the English £.S£ fhfixile^ 4f and French kept a close eye on the strategic points on the Kennebec. The first movement for the erection of Fort Halifax was made in 1751, by the Plymouth Company, in a petition to the general court to remove Fort Richmond further up the Kennebec. When, shortly after this, current events pointed with certainty to the war of 1755, both nations were awake to the necessity of possessing Ticonic. In- formation that the French were building a fort at the headwaters of the Kennebec aroused Governor Shirley early in 1754 to immediate action. The general court thought " it to be of absolute necessity that the French should at all events be prevented from making any settle- TOWN OF WINSLOW. Ody ment whatsoever at the River Kennebec or the carrying places at its head." The house requested the governor to take a voyage in person and select a point and build a new fort, to which should be transferred the garrison, artillery and stores from Fort Richmond. For his pro- tection and efficient action they provided a force of 800 men. April 16, 1754, Governor Shirley addressed a letter to the Plymouth proprie- tors in which these passages occur: " The Great and General Assembly of this province having in their present Session by their Message to me desired that I would order ' A new Fort to be erected of about 120 feet square as far up the river Kennebec above Richmond fort as I shall think fit," and whereas the placing such a fort upon this occasion near Taconnett Falls would con- tribute more to the defence of the said river and protection of the set- tlements which already are, or shall hereafter be made upon it, than erecting a fort at or near Cushnoc— I think proper to acquaint you that in case you shall forthwith at the expense of your proprietors cause to be built at or near Cushnoc — as I shall order a house of hewn timber not less than ten inches thick, 100 feet long and 32 feet wide and 16 feet high, for the reception of the province's stores with conveniences for lodging the soldiers, — and build a block house 24 feet square agreeable to a plan exhibited by you to me for that pur- pose and furnish the same with four cannon carrying ball of four pounds, I will give orders for erecting a new fort at the charge of the Government above Tacconnett Falls upon the aforesaid river — and use my best endeavours to cause the same to be finished with the utmost expedition." On the day following the Kennebec Company voted to accept the governor's proposition and terms and appointed five of their number as a committee to erect the buildings at Cushnoc " at the charge of this proprietee." The governor at once ordered the forces provided by the general court to the Kennebec, where he put them under com- mand of General John Winslow and joined them in person and ascended to Ticonic. Here he decided to locate the fort " on a fork of land formed by the Kennebec and Sebasticook, the latter emptying into the former about three-fourths of a mile from Taconnett Falls." His excellent reasons for this location were: " The only known com- munication which the Penobscots have with the River Kennebec and 'the Norridgewock Indians is through the Sebasticook, which they cross within ten miles of Taconnett Falls; and their most commodious passage from Penobscot to Quebec is through the Kennebec to the River Chaudiere, so that a iovt here cuts off the Penobscots not only from the Norridgewocks, but also from Quebec; and as it stands at a convenient distance to make a sudden and easy descent upon their headquarters is a strong curb upon them as also upon the Norridge- wocks." After locating the fort Governor Shirley despatched a body of soldiers up the Kennebec about seventy-five miles. Finding no French settlements, he returned to Boston well pleased with his trip. While at Ticonic " he caused to be erected and picketed in, a redoubt, twenty 540 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. feet square, near the site of the fort oa an eminence overlooking the country, mounted with two small cannon and a swivel, and garrisoned with a surgeants guard of twelve men." By direction of Governor Shirley, and under the personal super- vision of General John Winslow, Fort Halifax was built with all pos- sible despatch, during the summer and fall of 1754. At the same time the Plymouth Company were building its auxiliary at Cushnoc — Fort Western. Fort Halifax was so nearly completed that on September 3d, Captain William Lithgow, with a garrison of one hundred men, took possession. The name given this new military fortification was in honor of the Earl of Halifax, then secretary of state of the kingdom of Great Britain. The plan upon which Winslow had been working did not please Captain Lithgow and he obtained permission to change it. The old blockhouse now standing was the southwest corner of Lithgow's plan. From this extended each way a palisade of posts set in the ground enclosing an area of 117 feet square. At the northeast corner was another blockhouse twenty feet square. Inside the fort enclosure was a row of barracks on the east side, eighty feet long, one story high and twenty feet wide, and on the north side were the officers* quarters, fort house and armory, supposed to cover a space forty by eighty feet. The corner stone of the old fort, now deposited in the state house at Augusta, bears this inscription: THIS CORNER STONE LAID BY ORDER OF GOVERNOR SHIRLEY, 1754. The buildings on the north side all appear to have been two stories high, in the upper rooms of which religious meetings, dancing parties, town meetings, and various social bodies gathered, because they were the most commodious, and about the only places where the people could meet for public purposes. We have undoubted documentary accounts of the building of the blockhouses, or redoubts on the hill. In his message to the house of representatives, October 18, 1754, Governor Shirley says: " To avoid a surprise I have caused a strong redoubt of twenty feet square in the second story, and picqueted round, to be erected on that part of the eminence which overlooks the country round, and mounted with two small cannon, two pounders and one swivel, and garrisoned with a sergeant's guard of twelve men. It is large enough to contain five large cannon and fifty men." General Winslow located it in these words: "Standing east 16^ degrees, north 61-J- rods," from Fort Halifax. Of the location of the other blockhouse and the year of its erec- tion, the following is definite and conclusive. May 11, 1755, Captain Lithgow wrote Governor Shirley: " I have begun a redoubt 34 feet square, two story high, hip roof, watch box on top, to be surrourided at proper distance with open piquets. This will be cannon proof. This redoubt will command the eminence, as also the falls. It is TOWN OF WINSLOW. 541 erected on the highest knowl eastward of the cut path that ascends the eminence. In this building it will be very necessary that two pieces of good cannon carrying 14 or 18 pound ball be placed therein." It was armed with a twelve pound howitzer which the soldiers fired every morning, and afterward on special occasions. These official reports give dates and exact dimensions of two re- doubts on the ''eminence,"' which T. O. Paine says were 635 feet apart. He also says that the redoubt nearest the Kennebec was 960 feet from Fort Halifax. This brings it nearer than the one built by General Winslow, which he says was 61^ rods. They were unquestionably the " two blockhouses " mentioned by Colonel Montrcssor in 1760. Mrs. Freeman says there were two blockhouses on the .spot indicated by Governor Shirley and General Winslow, and Mr. Paine is of the same opinion, and this would make three outside of Fort Halifax. One of these blockhouses on one of the hills was once the home of Ezekiel Pattee and afterward was removed to his farm down the river. Well preserved cellar walls are still to be seen by digging where the commander's quarter's stood, inside the palisades. The old blockhouse now on its first location is truly a venerable relic — the last of its kind and period in New England. It was repaired and saved from the elements in 1870 through the efforts of Dr. Atwood Crosby, A. T. Shirtleff and J. W. Bassett. Since the Lockwood Company came into possession of the surrounding property they have put a new roof on it. Who owns the ground no one knows, but the town of Winslow will honor itself by preserving what is left of old Fort Halifax. The flat land near Fort Halifax was cleared and cultivated in 1764 by Morris Fling, who built a log hut and was the first farmer in that vicinity. This flat was called Fling's Interval by the next two gen- erations. Colonel Lithgow was very gallant while he was in command of the fort. In the winter time he had his men sweep the ice and slide the ladies. There used to be an island in the Kennebec just below Ticonic falls that was used by the officers and their families in warm weather for pleasure parties. There was a large basswood tree on it. Sergeant Segar made a bridge over a small .stream and got Madame Lithgow to go up and see it. The soldiers named the brook after him, which name it still retains. It was a favorite spot with the Indians, who camped there as late as 1880. " King David, the hunter of Clinton," a member of the legislature, met the Indian member there in 1850. The present town of Winslow is that part of the original town lying east of the Kennebec. The Plymouth proprietors were anxious to give whole townships to any actual settlers upon certain conditions, which will appear in the deed which follows. The attempt was made in several other locations, but the Winslow men were the only parties who succeeded in fulfilling the conditions. This speaks well for the 542 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. men, and for the country; for if the opportunities for getting a start in life had not been good here, those who tried it would have failed. It is probable that no finer tract of forest ever waved in Kennebec valley than that which grew on either bank of the Sebasticook. The following copy of the first deed will probably meet the eye of the reader in print for the first time. " To Gamaliel Bradford of Duxborough, James Otis of Barnstable, John Winslow of Marshfield, Daniel Howard of Bridgewater, James Warren of Plymouth, and William Taylor of Bo.ston Esquires, and to their heirs and assigns forever; a certain tract of land within our purchase containing 18,200 acres more or less lying on the ea.st side of Kennebeck river, butted and bounded as follows, viz: beginning on the east side of Kennebeck river at a hemlock tree standing on the bank of said river and one rod W. N. W. of a large rock, and two miles and half a mile on a N. N. E. course from Fort Halifax, and from said tree to run E. vS. E. five miles to a beech tree marked; thence to run S. vS. W. five miles and 28 poles to a red oak tree marked; thence to run W. N.W. to said Kennebeck river; being about six miles and 236 poles to another red oak tree, standing on the bank of the said Kennebeck river as the shore lieth five miles and 28 poles to the first mentioned bounds; but upon conditions following, viz: That within four years from the date hereof, the above mentioned grantees, their heirs or as.signs shall have 50 settlers on the premises; 25 of said .set- tlers to have families, and to build 50 houses not less than 20 feet square, and seven feet studd each, and that said 50 settlers shall also within said four years clear and bring to fit for mowing or plowing five acres of land adjoining to each house; excepting and reserving out of said 18,200 acres, 600 acres granted by said proprietors to Will- iam Lithgow, Esq., Sept. 12, 176-1; also re.serving to said proprietor.sthe right of laying out such roads as shall be necessary for said proprietors' use; reserving also to the sole use and benefit of said proprietors 400 acres of land adjoining Fort Halifax, and including said fort and butted and bounded as follows, viz.; beginning at the southwesterly point of land where Fort Halifax is built, and from there to run northerly up said Kennebeck river 400 poles, said 400 poles to be measured upon a straight line; from thence to run over to Sebasticook river, such a course as to include said 400 acres, between said line and the said rivers, Sebasticook and Kennebeck." March 12, 1766. Winslow, whose Indian name was Ticonic, and whose plantation name was Kingsfield, had the honor of being one of the finst four towns incorporated in Kennebec county. This occurred April 26, 1771, the town then including what is now Waterville and Oakland, and the name being in honor of General John Winslow. The first town meeting was held Thursday, May 23d following, at Fort Hali- fax. In 1775 it was held at the house of Ezekiel Pattee, who lived in one of the block redoubts on the hill. In 1776 the people manifested their patriotism by appointing Timothy Heald, John Tozer and Zimri Haywood a committee of correspondence. Fort Halifax did not seem to hold the rascals of that day quite securely enough, for they voted TOWN OK WINSLOW. 543 in 1774 to pay Lieutenant Heald eight shillings to build a pair of stocks. In 1787 the dividing line between Winslow and Vassalboro was run out and established by Ezekiel Pattee and James Stackpole for the former town, and Captain Denes Getchell for the latter. In 1782 Jonah Crosby and two others were voted as a committee to hire " tow " men to serve two years, or during the war in the con- tinental army. Thus it seems that town bounties have ancient prece- dents. At the town meeting of 1794, held at the house of George Warren, a vote was carried to build a meeting house on the east side of the river. This hou.se was built during the next three years. Town meeting was held in it the first time in 1797. Another town meeting was held in 1794 at the house of Arthur Lithgow. This was the house now owned and occupied by J. W. Bassett, which was built by the Lithgow family over one hundred years ago. In 1798 the war- rant for the town meeting recounts as one of the qualifications of voters, an income from real estate of £3 annually, or the ownership of real estate of ^60 value. The old town meeting house was used for town business till 1877, when the present town house was built on the same lot at a cost of $1,000. Settlers.— Early settlers on the river road south of the Sebasti- cook were: Nathan Taylor, Mordecai Blackwell, Captain Timothy Hale, Hezekiah Stratton, John Flye, Levi Richardson, Captain Wood, Joseph Wheelwright, David Hutchinson, Manuel Smith, Clark Drum- mond, Daniel Hayden, Esquire Swan, Francis Dudley, Daniel Spring, Ezekiel Pattee, Ambrose Howard, Samuel Pattee, John Drummond, Joshua Cushman, Franklin Dunbar, Charles Drummond and Esquire Thomas Rice.* In the central and eastern part of the town lived: Ephraim Wil- son, Stephen and George x\bbott, Jacob Tilly, Wentworth Ross, vSam- uel Haywood, Park Smiley, Joseph Hardison, George Nowell and George, jun., Josiah and Jonas Hamlin, Esquire Brackett, Hamilton *The following are the names of people who lived and paid taxes in Wins- low in 1791 ; William Bradford, Edward Blanchard, Charles and John Brann, Edwin and Daniel Spring, William Chalmer, John Brooks. David and Lieut. Joseph Cragin, Lietit. Jonah and Ezra Crosby, Nathan, Robinson and Ben- jamin De.xter, Nathaniel B. Dingley, Francis Dudley, a canoe builder; Ralph Doyle, Jonathan, Enoch and Jonathan, jun., Fuller, Joseph Farewell, Thomas S. Farrington, Thomas Gullifer, Gerald FitzGerald. Isaac Gillison, Captain Zimri, Thomas and William Haywood, Captain Timothy Heald. Josiah and Charles Hayden, John Hume and John, jun., John Lankester, Arthur Lithgow, Ephraim. Jonathan and Isaac Osborne, Ezekiel. Benjamin, William and Daniel Pattee, Asa Phillips, Barton Pollard, Benjamin and James Runnels. John, Benjamin, Reuben and Simeon Simson, John and Willard Spaulding, William Shanehan. Manuel Smith, Ephriam and Sheribiah Town, Daniel Spring, Richard Thomas, Bennett Woods, George Warren, Esq., Ephraim Wilson, Moses, James and Timothy Wyman, George and James Whidden. Caleb Goodwin and Samuel Metcalf. 544 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Bean, Luther Lamb, Martin Ward, Jonathan Furber, John Hobbie, Jabez Jenkins, Jabez Crowell (over 100 years old), Barnum Hodges, Daniel, John and Amos Richards (brothers), Samuel Branch and Mr. Gliddon. Civil Lists. — The Selectmen of Winslow, with dates of first elec- tion and the number of years of service, have been: 1771, Ezekiel Pattee, 19, Timothy Heald, 3, John Tozer, 4; 1772, Robert Crosby, Zimri Haywood, 4; 1773, Joseph Carter; 1774, John McKechnie, 4; 1775, Jonah Crosby, 7, Manuel Smith; 1777, Solomon Parker, 5; 1778, Ephraim Osborn; 1781, David Webb; 1784, Benjamin Runnels, 3; 1785, James Stackpole. 9: 1789, Joseph Cragin; 1790, Asa Soule, 5; 1791, Josiah Hayden, 10; 1792, David Pattee, 2; 1794, Benjamin Chase, Oba- diah Williams; 1785, Arthur Lithgow, 2; 1796, Daniel Carter; 1797, Elnathan Sherwin, 5; 1798, Reuben Kidder; 1799, Jonathan Combs, 3; 1800, J. Fairfield; 1802, Thomas Rice, Thomas Smiley, 6; 1803, Charles Hayden, 11. Ephraim Town, 4; 1804, Mordacai Blackwell, 5, Seth Swift; 1809, Samuel Paine, 14, Raymond Smith, 9; 1812, Stephen Crosby, Ambrose Howard, 10; 1813, Timothy Heald; 1814, Francis Swan; 1815, Joshua Cushman; 1817, Sidney Keith, 4; 1819, William Stratton, 4, Peter Talbot, 3; 1824, David Garland, 10, Amasa Dingley, Stephen Abbott; 1825, Jabez Jenkins, 4; 1829, Tufton Simson, 4; 1830, Luther R. Lamb, Clark Drummond, 6; 1831, Joseph Eaton, 2; 1832, Joseph Hardison, 2; 1834, George Abbott; 1835, Robert Ayer, 14, Jonas Hamlin, 4; 1837, William Bassett, 11; 1839, Tufton Simson, 6, Nathan Stevens, 2; 1840, Jonathan Furber, 4, 1841, Charles Drum- mond, 2; 1843, Cyrus C. Sanborn; 1844, Edmund Getchell, 2; 1845, Arnold Palmer; 1846, Isaac W. Bntton, 2; 1847, William E. Drum- mond; 1848, Charles H. Keith; 1849, Robert Ludwig; 1850, Asher H. Learned; 1851, Charles Cushman, Philander Soul; 1852, R. R. Drum- mond, 2; Sullivan Abbott, 3; 1853, Haues L. Crosby, 4; 1854, Simon Guptill, 4; 1855, Calvin Taylor; 1858, Charles C. Stratton, 2; 1860, Amasa Dingley, 2; 1862, Colby C. Cornish, 10; Josiah C. Hutchinson, 11, T. J. Hinds, 4; 1866, Charles Hodges, 2; 1868, Silas R. Getchell, 6, James W. Withee; 1870, George W. Files, 3, Llewellyn E. Hodges, 3; 1871, O. T. Wall, 3; 1872, Charles E. Cushman, 2; 18745 Ira E. Getchell, 2; 1875, C. R. Drummond; James P. Taylor, 7; 1877, Allen P. Varney, 6; 1881, B. Frank Towne, 2; 1883, Charles E. Warren, 6, George W. Reynolds, 2; 1884, David F. Guptill, 4, George T. Nickerson; 1885, Sidney K. Fuller, 8; 1887, Stephen Nichols; 1888, H. T. Dunning, 3; 1889, Albert G. Clifford, 3, and Heman S. Garland, 3. Town Clerks: Ezekiel Pattee was elected clerk in 1771 and in 1782; Zimri Haywood in 1781; Solomon Parker, 1785; James Stackpole, 1786; Ezekiel Pattee, 1788; Josiah Hayden, 1792; Asa Redington, 1796; Josiah Hayden, 1797; Edmund Freeman, 1798; Jeremiah Fairfield, 1800; Charles Hayden. 1802: Hannibal Keith, 1823; Charles Hayden, 1825; TOWN OF WINSLOW. 545 David Garland, 1834; Sidney Keith, 1837; David Garland, 1838; Asa Burnham, 1842; Colby C. Cornish, 1850; Robert Ayer, 1853; C. C. Cor- nish, 1856; Robert Ayer, 1859; C. C. Cornish, 1863; Charles H. Keith, 1866; B. C. Paine, 1869; Josiah W. Bassett, the present clerk, in 1870. Treasurers: Ezekiel Pattee also served as town treasurer from 1771 to 1794, except 1781, when Zimri Haywood served. Timothy Heald succeeded in 1794; Nehemiah Getchell, 1796; Timothy Heald, 1797 James Stackpole, 1798; Timothy Heald, 1799; Asa Redington, 1800 Charles Hayden, 1802; Thomas Rice, 1803; Josiah Hayden, 1804 Charles Hayden, 1806; Herbert Moore, 1807; Thomas Rice, 1810 Josiah Hayden, 1813; Lemuel Paine, 1814; Frederick Paine, 1816 Francis Swan, 1822; Frederick Paine, 1824; Thomas Rice, 1830; Fred erick Paine, 1831; Nathaniel Garland, 1832; Ambrose Howard, 1834 David Garland, 1835; Ambrose Howard, 1851; Hiram Simpson, 1854 B. C. Paine, 1856; Hiram Simpson, 1857; Hanes L. Crosby, 1860; Jo- siah C. Hutchinson, 1862; B. C. Paine, 1869; Reuben Moore, 1870; Jo siah C. Hutchinson, 1872; Llewellyn E. Hodges, 1875; B. Frank Towne, 1881; Albert Fuller, 1883; James P. Taylor, 1888; George S. Getchell, 1889, and R. O. Jones, 1892. George Warren, who came before 1791, was the first lawyer. Gen- eral Ripley, afterward the hero of the battle of Lundy's Lane, Canada; Lemuel Paine, the father of Henry W. Paine, and Thomas Rice, were lawyers who lived and practiced in Winslow between 1790 and 1830. The first two were partners. The oldest inhabitant does not remember the time when there was a resident doctor in town, except Doctor Stockbridge — very early — and yet the town has long been noted for the longevity of its people. Traders. — The word trader very appropriately applies to the em- bryo merchant who locates in a forest and buys, or swaps commod- ities with the original inhabitants. Christopher Lawson in 1653, and Richard Hammond and Clark & Lake about 1675, are all the names of this class we know who were located here before 1750. No less a man than Colonel William Lithgow was a trader in Fort Halifax after the French and Indian war. We next find Ezekiel Pattee in trade in the Fort house before the revolution. Here are some of the items charged to him in account with the Howards, of Augusta, in 1773: '■ Four brls. rum and one hhd. molasses— ^99, 19, 0; 1 pair blankets £^%\ 500 20 penny nails, 1,000 8 penny nails £%, 6, 3; creditor by 28 moose skins ^63, 7 brls salmon £%A:, Staves, shingles and rye shipped per sloop Phcnix i:54. 7, 6." Joel Crosby, also a trader of Winslow, sent on the same boat 113 barrels alewives, ;^389, 17, to the Howards. Arthur Lithgow, a .son of Colonel Lithgow, followed his father in trade, and was the largest tax payer in Winslow in 1791. He moved to Augusta and was the first sheriff of Kennebec county. Richard Thomas, another historic penson age, lived and traded in the fort. He 546 HISTORY OF KEXNEBEC COUXTV. was succeeded by a trader named Brewer. Nathaniel Dingley had a store in one of the blockhouses belonging to the fort, and William Pitt used the blockhouse now standing as a fancy store. Mrs. Free- man remembers his giving her a pair of kid gloves in that place when she was a girl. On his farm up the river, now owned by Dr. H. H. Campbell, Benjamin " King" Runnels kept a store for years. The next was Nathaniel B. Dingley — one of the most active men of his times — a large farmer, a lumberman and shipbuilder. The trade of what is now Benton, Clinton, Albion, China and Unity, at one time came to his store. Since then the following men have traded in Winslow: Major Swan, Eaton & Safford, S. & J. Eaton, Robert Ayer, C. C. Cornish, Ayer Brothers, Hiram Simpson, D. C. & D. B. Paine, Cornish & Bas- sett, B. C. Paine, J. W. Withee, J. R. Rierson, O. L. Johnson, Simpson & Spaulding, F. L. Simpson, Nelson Brothers and J. W. Bassett, who has been in business thirty-five years and is the only trader in town on the south side of the Sebasticook. On the north side of the river A. K. Mason has traded since 1888. Taverns. — Probably the pioneer tavern keeper in old Winslow was Ezekiel Pattee. His daughter, Mrs. Elizabeth Freeman, says he kept tavern in Fort Halifax and entertained company from Boston who asked a great many questions about that locality. At one time Aaron Burr was their guest. We learn by the town records that at the " inn " of Richard Thomas a town meeting was held November 3, 1794. He, too, lived in the fort, till he built the Halifax Hottse in 1798. This house, which was burned in 1865, stood between the old fort well and the river. After Mr. Thomas' death this house was sold to John Richards. who kept tavern there for a while and sold it to Hiram Simpson, who kept the last tavern on this side of the river. South of the Sebasticook Nathaniel Dingley kept tavern at an early day in a house with a brick front. He was followed by Job Richards, in the same building. Mills. — The first saw mill in Winslow probably had a grist mill for a running mate, built at the same time, and quite likely under the same roof. The mills were built before 1770, and, in the opinion of Mr. E. A. Paine, at the expense of the Kennebec proprietors, to en- courage the settlers and induce more to come. The builder was Ben- jamin Runnels, then living at Pownalboro, who was a soldier in the revolutionary war, being a blacksmith. He helped forge the chain that kept the British from going up the Hudson river. In 1778 he moved to Winslow — was a farmer, trader, lumberman and speculator, and a representative to the general court, and was buried on land now belonging to Doctor Campbell. The next saw mill on this stream was situated about twenty rods TOWN OF WINSLOW. 547 above and was owned by the Norcross family, who probably built it. David Garland, who worked in it in 1819, said there were ruins of a double mill a few rods below — undoubtedly the old proprietors' mill, built a half century before. Franklin Hayden moved the Norcross mill a few rods further up stream, in which work he fell and lost his life on election day in 1840. He was to have been married that same evening. His brother, Thomas, took the mill after his death. It was in use till near 1880. Following this stream up three-fourths of a mile we come to a saw mill built by Major Josiah Hayden nearly one hundred years ago. In 1822 he bought a grist mill of John Drummond and moved it close to the side of his saw mill. His son, Thomas J. Hayden, succeeded to the property and placed in the upper story of the building a grain thresher and separator that were worn out and have been replaced with better ones. The grist mill originally had two runs of stones, one of which has been taken out. This mill property has always remained in the family, being owned and managed now by W. Vinal Hayden, a grand- son of the builder. On the opposite side of the Hayden mill pond is a bed of fine clay. About seventy-five years ago William Hussey and Ambrose Bruce built a factory on this dam and established a pottery that became quite famous. Mr. Hussey was .something of an artist in his line and manu- factured a variety of earthen ware. Most of the milk pans then in use by the housewives in this section were his handiwork. His goods were in great demand. He would make up a hundred dollars worth and have a good time on the proceeds before making another batch. Too fond of convivial enjoyments, a business that might have been largely increased was allowed to decline and finally to collapse. On the same stream, two miles above, John Getchell built in 1791, and for years ran, a saw mill on the west side, where the woolen mill now is. Between 1820 and 1830 a company composed of Joseph South- wick, Howland, Pruden and Moses Taber, built a hemp mill on the east side of the stream and distributed seed among the farmers. Hemp was grown, but its manufacture did not pay. About 1830 Church and William Bassett, from Bridgewater, Mass., bought the property and made .shingles and barrel staves and put in carding machines. Church bought his brother out and started a woolen mill. He sold a part of the power to Wilber, who made shingles and had a grain thresher and separator. Farming was profitable, Bassett also had a threshing machine and competition was brisk. The saw mill burned in 1846. In 1851 Edmund Getchell and his sons, Ira E. and Leonard, bought one-fourth of the water privilege on the west side and built a shop in which for fifteen years they made shingles and did wood working of various kinds, making large lots of spade handles for gold diggers' use in California. In 1857 John D. Lang, 048 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Henry W., Theodore W. and Charles A. Priest bought the east side privilege and built a grist mill, and changed the woolen mill into a shoe peg manufactory. To the latter business Charles A. Priest turned his entire attention, inventing a machine for cutting shoe pegs that made him independent of a patent that had monopolized the cut- ting of these wooden nails for years. His trade extended to Liver- pool, England, where one firm took 1,000 barrels of pegs a year at sixty cents a bushel. A fire in 1865 burned all buildings on the east side. The Priest brothers then sold the grist mill privilege to John D. Lang, who then built the present grist mill. Charles A. Priest rebuilt his peg mill and continued that business till they were no longer used in large quantities. He now uses the building for a job shop in wood or iron work. About 1880 Mr. Priest and Charles A. Drummond bought the grist mill of Mr. Lang, and Albert Cook built the shoddy mill now run by Cook & Jepson. Early in the present centur}' John Drummond built, on the brook that has ever since been called by his name, near the river road, a grist mill, in which were two runs of stones. This mill was operated by him till 1822, when he sold it to Major Josiah Hayden, and built a saw mill in its place. This stream, never large or constant, became much smaller as the forests were cut off, until it failed to furnish water enough to run the saw mill with any profit, after about 1840. Frederick Paine had a plaster mill on Clover brook that did busi- nes,% from 1820 to 1870. On the stream running from Mud to Pattee's pond, John Getchell built and ran a saw mill before 1795. Isaac Dow afterward repaired it and made shingles there. One half mile below on the same stream was Alden's saw mill, which ran down and was rebuilt by Esquire Brackett, who lost his life in it in 1840, by a blow from the saw frame. John Brimner sawed lumber in it for years, after which shingles were made there till about 1870. Ezra Crosby built in 1807 a saw mill on the Wilson stream three miles from the river. After operating it several years, he sold it to Ephriam Wilson, who sawed lumber thirty years and sold it to Amos Foss. At the mouth of the Pattee stream on the bank of the Sebasticook, Stephen Crosby in 1780. built and operated a saw mill and a grist mill. They were worn out before 1830. Joel Earned built the next saw mill and ran it twenty-five years. About 1845 Zimri Haywood built on the same dam a plaster mill, grinding Nova Sootia stone brought up the river on the old fashioned long boats. No plaster was ground after about 1870. Abijah Crosby then bought the property and put in a shingle mill. Fred Lancaster and Charles Drake, the present propri- TOWN OF WINSLOW. 549 etors, bought the property next, and put a circular saw in the mill, which is one of the few now running in town. Ebenezer Heald was granted 300 acres of land in Winslow in 1790. Scon after this he built a saw and a grist mill on the Bog brook, both of which mills served their day and generation and peacefully passed away before 1810. Jefferson Hines built a second grist mill there, in which John Nelson put a shingle machine. The whole establishment broke camp in the flood of 1832. Just above, on the same stream, Asher Hines and Thomas Smiley built a double saw mill that worked its life away for its owners. Their sons replaced it with a new mill, that had passed its prime when the freshet of 1832 induced it to retire from business, and it has had no successor. The large steam saw mill, built by Edward Ware in 1890, stands on the historic ground of Fort Point. These premises, which were leased of the Lockwood Company, include the larger part of the palisade en- closure of old Fort Halifax. The main building, over 300 feet long, is fined with all modern appliances for cutting lumber. An engine of 300 horse power, and the labor of sixty-five men cut nearly a million feet of lumber per month for eight months of the year, besides about 3,000,000 each, of shingles and lath. This immense output is mostly dimen.sion lumber for the Boston markets, and is made from logs floated from the timber sections of the upper Kennebec. The largest pulp and paper mill in Kennebec county is being built in Winslow by the Hollingsworth & Whitney Company, on the east bank of the Kennebec, at a cost of three quarters of a million dollars. For this purpose sixty acres of land, extending three-fourths of a mile along the river, were purchased of the Lockwood Company. An im- mense dam has been thrown across the river at the north end of the property, and a canal has been dug around it that will transform the entire purchase into an island. The buildings are about 800 feet long, requiring in their construction 15,000 cubic yards of solid stone masonry, and 2,500,000 brick. Two machines of the largest capacity, making paper 134 inches wide, are already in position. This mill, combining every modern appliance, will convert into pulp logs con- taining 6,000,000 feet of lumber per year, from which twenty-four tons of manilla paper will be manufactured each day. Good clay for making brick may be found in many places in Wins- low. Reuben Simpson made brick near the river two miles above Ticonic falls, for the brick house now standing there, over one hun- dred years ago. John Jackson made brick on the farm now owned by Ira Getchell in 1823, and Edmund Getchell made brick near North Vassalboro from 1845 to 1855. Stephen Abbott made brick near his house, and in 1826 Williams Bassett made brick on the Hampden .550 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Keith place, and another yard was in operation fifty years ago, east of the burying- ground, near the river. About 1872 Norton & Leavett opened a clay bed on the bank of the river, near the east end of the bridge, in which were made the brick for the Lockwood mills a year or two later. In 1873 Carter opened the present Purinton yard, and made brick till Norton & Leavett bought him out in 1875. J. P. Norton bought Mr. Leavett's interest in 1877, and the next year he sold one-half to Horace Purin- ton, and Norton & Purinton made brick and took building contracts for ten years. In 1888 Amos E. Purinton bought Mr. Norton out, and the style of the firm has since been Horace Purinton & Co., who em- ploy fifteen men, and make 1,500,000 brick yearly. Indications of tin ore were noticed by Charles Chipman in the ap- pearance of stone scattered along a brook on J. H. Chaffee's farm about 1870. Daniel Moor, Doctor Salmon, of Boston, Mr. Chipman, Thomas Lang, of Vassalboro, and others, investigated and believed the ore could be found by mining. A company was formed that sunk a shaft 100 feet or more in the rock. The amount of tin found in- creased as the shaft went down, but the quantity did not pay ex- penses. Work was suspended about ten years ago, and has not been resumed. The first bridge over the Sebasticook was swept away in 1832. A company in 1834 built a toll bridge there, of which Leonard and Joseph Eaton, and Joseph Wood were main owners. The town in 1866 paid $2,500 for the bridge, and made it free. Churches. — The religious history of W^inslow begins with some stray records that are of early date and of decided interest. Rev. John Murray, a noted Congregational clergyman, of Boothbay, held a reli- gious service in Fort Halifax July 3, 1773, on which occasion he bap- tized three of Dr. John McKechnie's children. Rev. Jacob Bailey, the zealous Episcopalian, also held a few services at Fort Halifax in 1773-4. At its annual meeting in 1773 the town voted to hire Deliver- ance Smith to preach twelve Sundays in that year. No regular preaching was provided. " 1772 voted to hire one month's preaching this year." 1775 " Voted not to hire preaching." 1778 " Voted to hire preaching." Roman Catholic services were held, according to Mrs. Freeman's account, among the Indians right after the war, by Juniper Berthune, a French Catholic priest, who had what she calls a mass house at the point where the Mile brook enters the Sebasticook. The Indians, six of whom acted as his body guard, were very much attached to him, and were most obedient to his commands. The next recognized religious meeting was twenty years later, when Jesse Lee preached in Winslow March 9, 1794 — probably in the fort, as no meeting house had yet been built in town. TOWN OF WINSLOW. 551 The town meeting of 1793 voted to hold preaching meetings alter- nately on the east and west sides of the river. September 5, 1794, the town voted " to hire Joshua Cushman to settle as a religious instructor and to give him ^110 a year so long as he shall remain our instruc- tor." The following covenant, rules of admission and articles of faith were adopted by a vote of the town: " A Church covenant, or an association for the purpose of promo- ting Christian Knowledge, Piety and Virtue. First: it is understood and agreed that all the inhabitants of the town who support and at- tend upon christian instruction, are, in the general acceptation of the term Christians, and have an equal right to act in all ministerial or religious affairs in which their property or consciences are concerned — nevertheless as all who are christians in a general sense may not be qualified, or may not feel it their duty to partake of the Lord's Supper, so called, it is thought advisable to form an association for that pur- pose, to establish some general rules of admission, to state some gen- eral articles of faith and to come into general engagements to adorn the doctrine of God our savior by well ordered lives and conversa- tion. " And it is understood and agreed that the persons thus associating are not in consequence of their association obliged to commune or partake of the Lord's Supper, but are still left to their own voluntary choice. • General rules of admission — Persons wishing to become members of the association shall subscribe their names to the following articles of faith and to the following engagements. All persons whether male or female thus subscribing shall be considered as members of the association, and be entitled to commune without any other ceremony or formality whatever. " Articles of faith founded upon it— Believing those writings called the Holy Scriptures to be profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for cor- rection, and for instruction in righteousness, and to contain all the religious truths necessary to be believed, and all the religious pre- cepts that are neces.sary to be practiced, in order to eternal salvation, we adopt them as the rules of our faith and practice. " Engagements— Sensible that the happiness of man in this life, as well as in that which is to come, especially depends upon the practice of piety and virtue, we engage to discountenance impiety, to encour- age the moral, the social and the Christian virtues, to promote friend- ship and brotherly love among ourselves, the peace and unity of the Christii.n Society at large, and endeavor by the grace of God to let our conversation be as it becometh'the Gospel of Christ." The first general church committee, appointed at a regular town . meeting, were: James Stackpole, Ezekiel Pattee, Arthur Lithgow, Abraham Lander, Jonah Crosby, Benjamin Chase, Zimri Haywood, Asa Redington, George Warren, Timothy Heald, Ephraim Town, Solomon Parker, Nathaniel Low, Josiah Hayden, James McKechnie, David Pattee, John Pierce, Joseph Cragin, Elnathan Sherwin and Ben- jamin Runnels. This committee had charge of the ordination services of Mr. Cush- 552 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. man, which were held June 10, 1795, in a huge evergreen bower, sup- ported by twenty pillars, erected for the purpose on " The Plains," as the point of land near the fort was then called. It was a notable occa- sion. Churches from ten localities were represented here by their pastors and many of their people. The town voted in 1794 to build a meeting house on the east side of the river, which was so far com- pleted as to be used for the town meeting in the spring of 1797. It has been used for religious meetings from that day to this, of which it has undoubtedly had a greater number within its walls than any meeting house in Kennebec county. The Methodist meeting house at East Readfield is a year older, but has had a great many idle years, while there is no evidence that this venerable house has had a single one. After his ordination Mr. Cushman continued to preach to the Christian Society of Winslow about twenty years. The articles of faith are probably the most liberal in their wording and charitable in their spirit of any religious society in Maine of an equally early date. Mr. Cushman was nominally a Congregationalist* when ordained, but knowing that his society had adopted a Unitarian platform he did not hesitate to preach that doctrine. Dissatisfaction gradually en- sued, and the town paid him $1,200 in 1814 to be released from the old " religious instructor " contract. The Congregational Church of Winslow was organized August 27, 1828, in the school house, with a constituency of twenty-nine members. The first meeting, at which was the ordination of William May as pastor, was held in the town meeting house. Some of the prominent members of the early years of the church were: Deacon Peter Talbot, Frederick Paine, Leprelit Wilmouth and Jonathan Garland, and their wives; Thomas Rice, Robert R. Drummond, Deacon Edmund Getchell, Samuel Sewall, Richard Patterson, John W. Drummond, David Patter- son and Timothy O. Paine. The pastors from that time to the present have been: William May, 1828 to 1832; Henry C. Jewett, from 1835; John Perham, 1842; Albert * He was a noted man. Born in 1759, he did valiant service in the revolu- tionary army, graduated from Harvard College, where he was a classmate with John Quincy Adams, and entered the ministry at the age of thirty-six. After serving in both branches of the legislature he was sent to congress, where his acts met with the approval of his constituents. He was a good scholar, a pol- ished writer, a ready speaker, and the most competent preacher in all this sec- tion, with great adaptation for special occasions, such as Thanksgiving and the Fourth of July. Several of these addresses and sermons were published by re- quest of leading citizens and obtained wide circulation. This man's history is unique. His life was without reproach. His personal influence must have been great, or he never could have secured the adoption at a town meeting of a formula of religious belief and worship of such exceeding liberality in a Puri- tanic age. No parallel to this exists in New England. It was the first Unitarian church in America. TOWN OF WINSLOW. 553 Cole, 1847; David Shepley, 1851; John Dinsmore, 1862; Gustavus W. Jones, 1880; and Thomas P. Williams since 1883. Peter Talbot, chosen in 1828; Thomas L. Garland, 1839; William Bassett, 1844; Clark H. Keith, 1852, and Cyrus Howard and Edward M. Patterson, chosen in 1877, have been the deacons of this church. The present membership is seventy-five, with about eighty attendants of the Sabbath school. The old town meeting house, built in 1795, was reseated and crowned with a steeple in 1830, and received its first coat of paint in 1836. The inside was remodeled in 1852, the steeple was reduced to the present belfry in 1884, and in 1888 the present arrangements in the audience room were perfected. This is the oldest meeting house now in regular use in Kennebec county, and the only one built at town expense, and still used for church purposes. Methodists and Free Baptists, about 1829, united in building the Union meeting house still standing on the river road, a half mile from the Vassalboro line. Previous to this a Methodist church had been formed by David Hutchinson, a resident minister; John Fly, class leader; Charles Hayden, the surveyor; Clark Drummond, William, Alvin and Franklin Blackwell and others. The exact succcession and dates of the following pastors are not in the Winslow records — the names are: J. B. Husted, Daniel B. Randall, O. Bent, E. B. Fletcher, James Twing, J. Farrington, Sullivan Bray. George Winslow, Luther P. French, Henry Latham, Caleb Mugford. S. W. Pierce, George Strout, J. G. Piugree, Henry True, B. M. Mitchell, D. L Staples, Elisha Chenery, L. C. Dunn, D. P. Thompson, Nathan Webb, D. M. True, Phinneas Higgins, S. L. Hanscom, Martin Ward, who died here in 1843; David Smith, Charles Browning, R. Bryant, Samuel Ambrose, M. R. Clough, Jesse Harriman, T. Moore, J. C. Murch, B. F. Sprague. died here in 1860; Josiah Bean and J. R. Clifford, who, about 1884, was the last. Since then no regular services have been held in the old meeting house. This society was so strong that in 1834 it built a parsonage. Amos Taylor, Nathaniel Doe and C. McFadden were lead- ing Baptists, and Elder Farewell and D. B. Dewis were early preachers. The First Baptist Church of Winslow was organized at the house of Jonas Hamlin, June 1, 1837. For ten years previous there had been occasional preaching by Elders Webber, King, Proctor, Bartlett, Copeland and Knox. Since then, Elders Arnold Palmer, Ephraim Emery, Zachariah Morton, Atwood, J. V. Tabor, E. S. Fish, A. J. Nelson, Doctor Butler, L E. Bill, E. C. Stover, Ira Emery, W. P. Palmer, Dore, N. G. Curtiss and A. R. McDougall have been pastors. The deacons have been: Joseph Taylor, Ambrose Palmer, Leonard Motley, Ebenezer Abbott, D. F. Guptill and Horace Coleman. The present 554 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. meeting house was built in 1850 and has been kept in g-ood repair. The church has fifty-five members. The Methodist Church in the eastern part of Winslow was organ- ized at the house of Stephen Abbott, who was the first class leader. Seth and Nathan Wentworth, John Brown, Barnum Hodges, Joseph Watson and Scruton Abbott were some of the first members. The latter, who was born in 1803, is the only one, of the original members left, to whose good memory we are indebted for this sketch. In 1851 the society built a meeting house in which no regular rervices are now held. The following is a partial list of preachers who have labored on this charge: Elders William True, Sullivan Bray, Craw- ford, Crosby, Bessey, Martin Ward, Hutchinson, Jones, Fletcher, Phenix, Batchelder. Louis Wentworth in 1860, Josiah Bean, and W. B. Jackson in 1875. Post Offices. — The post office at Winslow was established July 1, 1796, with Asa Redington as postmaster. His successors have been: Nathaniel B. Dingley, appointed 1803; Hezekiah Stratton, 1811; Fred- erick Paine, 1815; Nathaniel Dingley, 1845; Amasa Dingley, Decem- ber, 1845; Robert Ayer, 1846; Daniel B. Paine, 1865; Josiah W. Bas- sett, 1866: Fred L. Simpson, 1885; Josiah W. Bassett, 1889. A post office was established at Lamb's Corner, in Winslow, April 18, 1891, with Mrs. Lizzie A. Lamb as postmistress. Schools. — The common schools of Winslow comprise sixteen districts, with fifteen school houses and eleven schools that were taught in 1892. There were 604 children who drew $1,400 public money, to which amount the town added $1,500 by tax, and $250 more for the support of free high schools. The attendance for the past year has been 247 in the district schools, and eighty pupils in the two high schools. One of these is at the village of Winslow, and the other is in the eastern part of the town, near the Baptist church. John M. Taylor, supervisor of schools, takes an unusual interest in educational matters, as shown by his work and his reports. Poor Farm. — The poor of the town were farmed out to the lowest bidder till 1859, when the town voted $8,200, and bought the Blanch- ard farm. Cemeteries. — General Ezekiel Pattee, who died in 1813 at the age of eighty-two, gave the burying ground on the river road, in which his body now lies. Near by, also, appear the tombstones of Colonel Josiah Hayden, who died in 1818, eighty-one years old, and Manuel Smith, who died in 1821, eighty years old — btth prominent men of their times. In the Getchell grave yard lie the bodies of David Smiley, John Tailor and wife, and other early .settlers. Benjamin Runnels and some other contemporaries were buried on his farm, now owned by Dr. H. H. Campbell. A similar burial place is to be seen on the TOWN OF WINSLOW. 555 Brown farm, where some members of the Hale, Newell and other old families were buried. One half acre of land bought by the town of David Guptill in 1854, adjoining a piece consecrated to that use by the McClintock family, in which were the graves of Abigail Robinson and her mother, consti- tute the McClintock burying ground. The Drummond burial ground on the river road was given to the family about 1840, by John Drum- mond. Lots are now sold to any one for burial purposes. The Crosby grave yard was accepted and fenced by the town in 1881. On the William Stratton farm, the Stratton family have a private burial ground; and on the river road is the Tufton Simpson ground. The cemetery in the village of Winslow, on the north bank of the Sebasticook, is probably the oldest in town. A committee was ap- pointed by the town in 1772 to apply to Dr. Sylvester Gardiner for land for a burying ground on the Fort farm. Doctor Gardiner un- doubtedly gave the land now in use, when visited by that committee. In this yard, beneath a slab of dark slate stone, one side smoothed for lettering, and the other side just as it was split from the quarry, lies the body of an eccentric citizen, who composed the following epitaph with strict injunctions that it should be inscribed on his tombstone just as written. It has been widely copied by the newspapers: " Here lies the body of Richard Thomas, An inglishman by birth, A whig of 76, By occupation a Cooper, Now food for worms. Like an old rumpuncheon marked numbered and shooked, He will be raised again and finished by his creator. He died Sept 28, 1824, aged 75, America my adopted country. My best advice to you is this take care of your liberties." PERSONAL PARAGRAPHS. John L. Abbott (1819-1882) was a farmer and carriage maker. He was a son of Tilley and Sarah (Libby) Abbott. His wife, who survives him, was Sarah M., daughter of Jonathan, and granddaughter of John Ewer, who came to Vassalboro from Cape Cod. The children of Mr. and Mrs. Abbott were: Adelaide L. (Mrs. Orrin G. Brown), Jonathan E., Almira P. (Mrs. Purley York) and two who died— Alpheus E. and Selima P. Jonathan Ewer was twice married: first to Anna P. Snow, and second to Emma A. Bragg. Marshall Abbott, born in 1837, is the only son of Scruton, grand- son of Stephen, and great-grandson of Stephen Abbott, of Berwick, Me. Stephen, jun. (1774-1841) came to Winslow with three brothers- Jacob, George and Tilley; and another brother, Benjamin, settled in Albion. Stephen, jun., married Sarah, daughter of Ephraim and Eunice (Spencer) Wilson. Mr. Abbott is a farmer, and owns and occupies with his father a part of the old Abbott homestead. He married Rebecca M., daughter of David and Amy (Baileyi Burgess, and granddaughter of Thomas Burgess, of Vassalboro. They have 556 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. five children: Anderson A., Inlus L., Elmer M.. Ella M. and Seth M. William B. Barton, born in Brooks, Me., in 1825, is a son of Luke and Olive (Roberts) Barton. He came to Winslow in 1840, where he was a lumberman and river driver until 1870, since which time he has been a stone mason and farmer. He married Eliza J., daughter of Robert and Mercy (Simpson) McCausland, and granddaughter of Robert McCausland. Their children are: Flora J. (Mrs. G. L. Learned), Charles H. and Nellie F. (Mrs. L. H. Simpson). Charles H. married Mary A. Fardy. Mrs. Learned has two children: Frank E. and Marion L. Alden Bassett, born in 1847, is the youngest of seven children of Williams (1806-1877), and grandson of William Bassett. His mother is Sibyl, daughter of Ambrose Howard. Williams and his brother, William Church, came from Bridgewater, Mass., to Winslow in 1824. Mr. Bassett is a farmer on the place where his father settled when he came to the town, it being the west part of the Hamlin Keith farm. He married Kate H., daughter of Charles Cook Hayden, and their children are Arthur A. and Helen H. James H. Chaffee, farmer, was born in Boston in 1832. His father, Samuel Chaffee, came to Vassalboro from Boston in 1832, and was a farmer and mason. Mr. Chaffee, in 1862, bought the General Ezekiel Pattee farm, which was settled by him as early as 1770. He married Elizabeth, daughter of Benjamin and Elizabeth (Pattee) Furber. Her maternal grandfather was Benjamin, a son of General Ezekiel Pattee. Their children are: Samuel H., Mary L. (Mrs. C. W. Pond) and Ben- jamin F. Thurston C. Chamberlain, son of William and Hannah (Hu.ston) Chamberlain, was born in Damariscotta, Me., in 1826. He was a ship- builder and farmer in his native town until 1860, when he came to Winslow, where he is a farmer. He married Sarah, daughter of Charles and Ruth (Howard) Drummond, of Winslow. Their children are: Annie E. (Mrs. Asa Lowe), Charles D., William W., Henry T., George A. and Bert. Albert G. Clififord, born in Sidney in 1835, is the eldest of three sons of John B. and Sarah (Tiffany) Clifford. Mr. Clifford's father, a farmer, removed from Sidney to Benton in 1844, where he died in 1881, aged seventy-seven years. Albert G. is a farmer and sheep and cattle broker. He came to Winslow in 1887. For nearly a quarter of a century he held town office in Benton, and has acted in a similar capacity in Winslow. He married Charlotte H., daughter of Andrew Richardson. Their children are: Louisa, Howard A., Charlotte, Al- bert R. and three that died— Fannie D., Mattie H. and Walter A. Colby C. Cornish. — In the spring of 1838 Colby Coombs Cornish, then twenty years old, entered the store of Joseph Eaton, in Winslow, as a clerk. Previous to this he had served a four years' clerkship in ^. ^. ^ .y.^^^^^ TOWN OF WINSLOW. 557 the store of his uncle, Josiah C. Coombs, in Bowdoinham. Up to the age of sixteen he had lived at home on his father's farm, where he learned to do very hard work and a good deal of it. James Cornish, his father, and Cyprian Cornish, his grandfather, who in early life had been a seafaring man, were both residents of Bowdoin and both farmers. James Cornish married Mrs. Charity Coombs Adams, daughter of Captain John Coombs, of Bowdoin. Char- lotte, their oldest child, now deceased, married Horace Curtis, and Jane, the third child, married Frederic Curtis, both of Bowdoinham. William, the next child, is a retired sea captain, living in his native town: Abraham, the fifth, is a resident of Portland, and David, the next youngest, is a farmer in Bowdoin; Susan and Rachel, the remaming children, the latter Mrs. George Small, of Bowdoin, are both dead. Colby C, the second child, was born September 9, 1818. His father's family was of English, his mother's of French extraction, and the strains of their blood that flowed in his veins had, as we have seen, been flavored and toughened by the waves and winds of the ocean, and disciplined by the rigors and toils of New England farm life. Like most country boys of that generation his educational advantages were limited to the district school, but of these, meager though they were, he had made the most. One term, which he well remembers, was taught by Nathaniel M. Whitmore, for many years a prominent lawyer in Gardiner. When he entered Mr. Eaton's store at the age of twenty he was a fine specimen of athletic strength and quickness, and was the victor in many a wrestling match which furnished the amusement for the sturdy villagers. He proved equally apt in business and was peculiarly adapted to the requirements of a succesful trader. So rapidly did he acquire the methods and practice of his calling and learn the people and their wants that at the end of four years Mr. Eaton proposed to change his clerkship into a partnership. This arrangement was speedily perfected. The name of the new firm, C. C. Cornish & Co., gives us a clear view of the situation. The clerk was not only a partner, but the old established business was to take the name of a young man who came to town a total stranger only four years before. Here in 1842, just fifty years ago, Mr. Cornish took the helm of the craft in which he was to do the work. His clerkships .seem to have been divided into four year periods, and now after four years of partnership he bought Mr. Eaton's interest and was sole pro- prietor for the next twenty. In 1866 he took his present son-in-law, Mr. J. W. Bassett, into partnership, and the firm of Cornish & Bassett continued until 1881, when he sold to Mr. Bassett the remaining half of a business that had brought him a handsome competence and had yielded the higher .satisfactions of a well employed life. It is natural that such a man in such a community should be asked 658 HISTORV OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. to do some work for the public. In politics Mr. Cornish was originally a whig, but he became a republican at the formation of that party and has ever since been an active leader in his section of the county. He was town clerk for nine years, between 1850 and 1865. In 1862 he was elected chairman of the board of selectmen and managed the town's affairs most successfully during the rebellion and the critical years that followed. It was largely through his influence that the in- debtedness incurred by the town during the war was almost wholly paid before the hard times came on. His term of service as chairman of the board of selectmen covered a period of ten years and as town agent seventeen years. In 1872 he was elected a member of the house of representatives and was senator from Kennebec county in 1880, 1881 and 1882, the first being the famous count-out year, when Maine had two governors and two legislatures at the same time. In 1883 and 1884, during the first half of Governor Robie's administration, he was a member of the executive council. This record of twenty-five years' service in the interests of his town and state is simply a prolonged expression of the confidence and approval of the public. He has always identified himself with the business as well as the political interests of the community. He has been trustee of the Waterville Savings Bank since 1876 and was one of the organizers of the Merchants' National Bank in Waterville and a director since its organization in 1875. Mr. Cornish married Paulina B., daughter of Tufton and Susan vSimpson, of Winslow, in 1842. Ella S., their oldest child, is now Mrs. J. W. Bassett, of Winslow, and their son, Leslie C, is a member of the well known law firm of Baker, Baker & Cornish, of Augusta, Me. Their second child, Florence M., died when seven years old. Their home is one of the most attractive in town, being situated on the banks of the Kennebec river and directly opposite its confluence with the Sebasticook at old Fort Point. Mr. and Mrs. Cornish still retain remarkable vigor of mind and body and apparently reap as much en- joyment from the afternoon of life as from its mid-day. Hanes L. Crosby, born in 1820, is the youngest of nine children of Stephen and Abigail (Learned) Crosby and grandson of Jonah and Lydia Crosby, who came from Ipswich, Mass., to Winslow, and settled on the farm where Mr. Crosby now lives. Stephen Crosby died in 1834, aged sixty, and his widow, Abigail, died in 1850, aged seventy- one. Hanes L. married Elizabeth, daughter of Benjamin and Joan (Wheeler) Hinds, of Benton. They had two children: Catherine M., who died in 1864, aged eighteen; and Edward S., who is a farmer on the homestead with his parents. He married Nellie F. Leighton.and they have eight children: Frank B., Kate E., Edward H., Abbie (de- cea.sed), Stephen, Mary, Rufus and Ruth. Stephen Crosby, born in 1818, is the eldest son of Joel and Nancy TOWN OF WINSLOW. 559 (Osborn) Crosby, grandson of Ezra, and great-grandson of Jonah Crosby. He is a farmer on the homestead of his father and grand- father. His first wife was Betsey Jewett. Of their seven children only two are living: Harriet (Mrs. L. E. Hodges) and Ida (Mrs. Albert Dickey). His present wife is Marcia A., daughter of John and Rebecca Plummer. Rev. Joshua Cushman, born in 1758 or 1759 in Halifax, Mass., served in the revolutionary war from April, 1777, until March, 1780. He graduated from Harvard in 1787, and June 10, 1795, was ordained in Winslow. He served once as senator and twice as representative to Boston before Maine was made a state. He was three times elected representative to congress from this district. In 1828 he was in the Maine state senate, and in 1833 was elected representative from Win- slow, and died in office January 27, 1834. He married Lucy, daughter of Paul Jones. Their only child, Charles, born in 1802, has been a farmer, and though still occupying the farm where he settled in 1823, the management of the farm is left to his son. His wife is Jane, daughter of Charles Hayden. Their children are: Joshua, Charles Edward, Henry H., George W. and Howard S. Charles Edward mar- ried Susan L., daughter of William E Drummond, and has one son, Fred H. Charles E. is a carpenter and farmer and lives on a part of his father's homestead. John W. Drummond, son of John and Demaris (Hayden) Drum- mond, was born in 1807 in Winslow. He is one of eight children: Clark, Charles, Robert, Mary, Sibyl, John W., William E. and Manuel. John W.has been a house carpenter and farmer. He married Hannah C, daughter of Thomas Carlton. They have one adopted daughter, Mary E. (Mrs. W. H. Hall). Colonel William E. Drummond, farmer, seventh child of John Drummond, was born in 1810, and married Sarah W. Burnham, who died, leaving seven children: Helen, Damaris H., Edward W. (de- ceased), George C, Susan L., Abbie L. and Annette. His second mar- riage was with Ruth Hedge. They had three children: Melville H., Scott H. and Sadie W. Scott H., born in 1862, is a farmer and milk- man on his father's place. He married Amy, daughter of Hazen Mc- Nally, and has one daughter, Ruth H. Hilliard T. Dunning, a native of Charleston, Me., was twenty-four years on the Pacific slope in the lumber business, and in 1882 came to Winslow, where he has been engaged in agriculture. The Ticonic mineral spring is located on this farm, and in 1887 Mr. Dunning began carrying water from it to Waterville for drinking purposes, and he is now (1892; supplying over one hundred families. He married Annie L., daughter of Winthrop M. and Charlotte (Runnells) Wing. Joseph Eaton. — Solomon Eaton", of Bowdoin, Me., was a farmer, merchant and a lumber manufacturer and dealer, with interests in 560 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. lands, boats and the various commerce of the Kennebec. His son, Joseph", was born in 1800, and seventeen years later came to Winslow, where his father had long owned a tract of timber land, and was also the senior partner in the firm of Eaton & Stafford, traders. Joseph' entered the store and soon mastered its details. Then he made himself intimately acquainted with all the products of the sur- rounding country, explored the rivers and river towns and kept a close eye on the production of lumber, the saw mills and the quality and quantity of their output. By this time he was ready for the part- nership with his father, which began soon after he attained his ma- jority. The firm of Eaton & Stafford was dissolved about 1820, and the new firm of S. & J. Eaton became thoroughly known throughout the Kennebec valley. The transactions of the firm embraced any and all productions of the country that had a cash value; but instead of sale and purchase, the business was more an exchange of commodities. In this case the professional trader must find a market for the article he had bought to sell and not to use. The river was the only road to the line of markets beginning with Augusta, and extending to Boston, California and Europe; and S. & J. Eaton had men in their employ who built long boats, and the wants of their traffic required and kept in use a fleet of them on the two rivers. They owned some saw mills and hired others. One of the former they built on Fifteen-mile stream up the Sebasticook. Another important point for business, then as now, was Bangor, where their operations in lumber were heavy. The management of these complex and widely separated affairs kept Joseph" incessantly occupied most of the time away from home. In the midst of these labors his district elected him successively to the legislatures of 1829-31 and '32, in the sessions of which his large acquaintance with the state of the country and its wants made him a useful member. In 1831 and 1834 he was also a selectman of his town. About this period the partnership with his father ceased, although for many years the old sign of S. & J. Eaton remained on the store. In 1840 Mr. Eaton was elected to the state senate, and reelected the next year, serving with distinction in that body. About this time, C. C. Cornish became his clerk in the store. He afterward became his partner, and finally purchased that branch of the business. Mr. Eaton was especially active in locating and building the railroad from Augusta to Waterville and Skowhegan. Although constantly a hard worker, the last fifteen years of his life were particularly laborious. His business had expanded till it embraced an interest in and a share in the supervision of the leading enterprises of central Maine. He was president of the Ticonic Bank from 1855 till his death, August 28, 1865: and he was president of the vSomerset & Kennebec railroad, and afterward of the Maine Central. TOWN OF WINSI.OW. 561 In 1853 and in 1855, he was again made a senator, nor was his leg- islative work completed, for in 1862 he was once more a member of the house. He was a projector and the largest stockholder in the company that built, in 1834, the present bridge over the Sebasticook, on the cost of which the tolls collected for the next thirty-two years paid large dividends; and he also had investments in several steam- boats plying on the Kennebec. Solomon Eaton, and his son, Joseph, both bought and sold land ex- tensively all their lives, and in settling the estate of the latter, his holdings of real estate were found to be very large. He was methodi- cal and rigidly exact m his business methods, an honorable dealer, considerate of his employees, and a helping friend to the poor. He exhibited a large social "nature and loved the .society of old acquaint- ances. His religious belief was entirely with the Universalists, and his political faith with the republicans. Joseph Eaton' married Mary Ann Loring, of Norridgewock. Their children were: Abigail, who died young; Charles, a grain dealer in Fairfield, and next in business in Roxbury, Mass., and who died in New Hampshire; Rowland, who went to Boston, where he died unmarried; Joseph' (settled in Winslow and married Ellen A. Simp- son, by whom he had two sons— Walter, who died young, and Joseph*, now living with his mother in Winslow), died in 1869, at the age of thirty-two; Mary Ann, now Mrs. H. K. Batchelder, of Boston, who has one child, Frances E. (Mrs. Dr. W. A. Houston), also of Boston; Abbie F.,who married Lucius Allen, a merchant of Boston, who died in 1892, and Solomon, a resident of Boston. Albert E. Ellis, carpenter and builder, born in 1839, is the young- est of five sons and three daughters of Elisha and Susan (Snell) Ellis, and grandson of Mordecai Ellis, a native of Cape Cod, Mass., who came to Winslow in 1799. Mr. Ellis was in the navy the last year of the late war. He married Hattie, daughter of Erastus Warren. They have two children: Melvin E. and Jennie F. (Mrs. George G. Runnels). George W. Files, son of Rev. Allen Files, was born in 1833 in Wales, Me. He was for five years traveling salesman, and in 1861 he settled in Benton, and four years later came to Winslow, where he is a farmer. He was three years supervisor of schools of Benton, and has served several years in the same capacity in Winslow. He has taught sixty terms of school. He married Helen A., daughter of David and Zylphia (Hastings) Smiley. Their two daughters are: Alice B. and Mary S. (Mrs. Luther White). Enoch Fuller (1754-1842) was a son of Jonathan Fuller, jun. (1723- 1796). He was a revolutionary soldier, and after that war he came from Newton, Mass., to Winslow, where he married Lydia Webb. The eldest of their twelve children was Enoch (1803-1862), who mar- ried Harriet, daughter of Andrew and Catherine (Richards) Warren. 562 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Their children were: Emily 'deceased\ A.lbert, Andrew W. (who died in the late war), Samuel W., Sidney K. and Melvin S., who, with his mother, occupies the homestead of his father and grandfather. Al- bert, born in 1839, was educated in the district schools and Waterville Academy. Beginning at the age of eighteen, he has taught forty-nine terms of school. He was supervisor of schools, and treasurer and col- lector five years. He is now engaged in stock dealing and meat busi- ness. His first wife, Mary Wester, left one son, Andrew S. His pres- ent wife is Mary, daughter of Richard H. Keith. They have two sons: Norman K. and George R. Sidney K. Fuller, born in 1849, is a farmer and milkman on a part of the Captain Timothy Heald farm, which he bought in 1873. His first wife was Carrie L. Hatch. His second wife, Amanda F. B. War- ren, left five children: S. Warren, Carrie E., Edith A., Russell J. (de- ceased) and Eleanor. His present wife is Susie F., daughter of L. E. Hodges. George H. Furber, farmer and lumberman, born in 1812, is a son of Jonathan and Mary (Dimpsey) Furber, and grandson of Benjamin Furber, of Rochester, N. H. Jonathan came to Winslow in 1800, and died here in J 850, aged seventy-one years. George H. married Eliza- beth, daughter of Christopher Coleman. They had six children: Liz- zie A. (Mrs. Charles H. Lamb), Abbie M., Charles R., and three that died — Thomas, Horace and Sarah. William S. Garland, born in 1839, is a son of David and Miranda (Parsons) Garland, and his paternal line of descent is: Deacon Sam- uel', Jonathan", Samuel', Jonathan', Peter', John', and Peter Garland", who was born and died in England. Mr. Garland is a farmer and market gardener on the place settled in 1819 by his father, and where the latter died in 1885, aged ninety-one years. He had served in town office several years, nine years as county commissioner, and several terms as member of the legislature. Mr. Garland's wife is Lola P., daughter of Hiram Murphy. Their only child, Frank S., is a farmer. Alfred W. Getchell, carpenter and farmer, born in 1821 in Benton, is the eldest of six children of Stephen and Phila (Warren) Getchell, and grandson of Seth Getchell. He went to Massachusetts in 1843, where he remained until 1861, when he came to Winslow, where he now lives. His first wife, Sarah Roberts, died, leaving one daughter, Florence. His present wife is Sarah A., daughter of Samuel Smiley. Their only son, George S., is a farmer at home. He was census enu- merator for Winslow in 1890. David F. Guptill, a farmer, of Winslow, is the son of David, and the grandson of Nathaniel Guptill, who came from Berwick, Me., to Belgrade. David married Christiana Littlefield in 1834. Her mother, Hannah Littlefield, heard the guns of Bunker Hill from her early ^ ^. JVi>te.—Da.vid F. Guptill's eldest brother, Daniel L. . was drowned in Albion at the age of twenty-four, and Fannie L., his eldest sister, is deceased. Charjes H., the third child, has been a resident of Iowa for twenty-four years and is now a poultry and egg dealer in Keokuk. Mary E., the youngest, married John S., son of John Guptill, of Winslow. They live in Greenwood, Minn. David F. lived four miles from China when he attended the academy there and walked the distance every day — no storms detained him. With a natural artistic taste, he became proficient with his pen and has been a teacher of penmanship. He was converted at the age of twenty-one and has been a steadfast, working mem- ber of the Baptist church, usually serving in some official capacity — for the past fifteen years as deacon. His farm of 300 acres is the old paternal homestead. Always a live republican, abreast with the times, Mr. Guptill has proved a valu- able citizen, and is now serving his fourth term as a selectman of Winslow. Hannah Littlefield, the aged grandmother, who died in 1868, was a daughter of Mr. Penney, who was born in an English garrison. It is one of the traditions of the family that the boy, when three months old, was so diminutive that he was actually placed in a quart tankard, without injury or inconvenience. The contents of that tankard became the father of nineteen children. Three of his boys were in the thickest of the battle of Bunker Hill and all escaped without a scratch. TOWN OF WINSLOW. 563 home in Massachusetts. She lived to be 106 years old, and died at Mr. Guptill's in 1868. The children of David and Christiana were: Daniel L., David F., Fannie L., Charles H. and Mary E. David Gup- till came to Winslow in 1834, and bought the farm where his son re- sides. David F. Guptill was born February 14, 1836, attended common school and China Academy, and in 1860 married Phebe H. Sanborn, of Winslow. Their children are: Ora, died when six years old; Ar- thur, James U. and a twin brother that died in infancy; Lillian E. and Eva E. Charles Cook Hayden, born in 1827, is a son of Daniel and Sarah (Smith) Hayden, and grandson of Josiah and Silence (Howard) Hay- den, who were married March 16, 1762, and in 1789 came from Bridge- water, Mass., to Winslow. Their sons were: Charles, Josiah and Daniel. Mr. Hayden is a farmer, as were his father and grandfather, and they both lived and died on the farm where he now lives. He mar- ried Lorania, daughter of Davis, and granddaughter of Rev. Thomas Francis. Their children are: Myra, Frank, Kate (Mrs. Alden Bassett) and Ida, and two sons that died — Charles and Daniel. William Vinal Hayden is a son of Thomas J. and Clarissa (Huston) Hayden, and grandson of Josiah Hayden. Mr. Hayden is a farmer and mill man on the place where his father lived. He has saw, grist and threshing mills, which were owned and run by his father for nearly seventy-five years. He married Mary Ann, daughter of Lauris- ton and Vesta (Reynolds) Withee, and granddaughter of Samuel Withee. Their children are: Sadie (Mrs. T. L. Spaulding) and William v., jun. Albert Hodges. — Barnum Hodges, a native of Attleboro, Mass., and a soldier of the war of 1812, came to Vassalboro in 1821. The following year he came to Winslow and settled in the southeastern part of the town on the farm where he died in 1873, at the age of eighty- three years. His wife, Phebe, a daughter of Seth Richardson, bore him eleven children: Phebe A., Barnum, Ira R., Edmund L., William H., Susan R. (deceased), Isaac (deceased), Charles, Olive (deceased), Albert and Edwin. Albert, the seventh son and tenth child, was born August 8, 1834. He received his education in the schools of Winslow, China Academy, and Oak Grove Seminary. The first of the twenty terms of school which he taught was at the age of nineteen. He settled in 1860 on a farm in Benton, which he sold five years later. In November, 1865, he bought the large farm in Winslow which he has since occupied and managed. In addition to his successful farm operations, he has been largely interested in cattle and horse business. He began in 1871 to buy cattle for the Brighton market, and for the following four- teen years was a frequent visitor to that then important beef market, where his good judgment and genial manner made him a successful 564 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. dealer. He has always been an admirer of a good horse, and since 1880 he has bought and sold many fine animals, paying especial atten- tion to gentlemen's driving horses. Though not seeking political preferment he has been a life long supporter of republican principles and the republican party, having cast his first presidential vote for John C. Fremont. In religious matters his sympathy and support have been with the Congregational society. He was first married November 25, 1858, to Almira B., daughter of Jerome Clark, of Sidney. They had one son, George A., born Novem- J^J&. !w ^' ^* '^/.^,*i Wins/or/ J Me ber 23. 1861, who died January 27, 1865. Mrs. Hodges was a lady of rare virtues and high Christian character. She died December 23, 1877. Mr. Hodges' second marriage, which occurred May 28, 1879, was with Sarah L., daughter of Stephen and Louisa J. (Hobby) Nichols, and a lineal descendant of Dr. Sylvester Gardiner, who is honorably noticed in these pages, and of Rev. William Hobby, A. M., who was a pastor of the first church of Reading (now Wakefield), Mass., where he died June 18, 1765; and Mrs. Hodges is a worthy representative of these worthy ancestors. She has one son, Albert Edward Hodges, born February 10, 1881. 564b HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Barnum Hodges, the oldest son of Barnum and Phebe (Richard- son) Hodges, was born at Attleboro, Mass.. September 9, 1813, and came to Maine with the family in 1821. He remained on the homestead until he was twenty-one, assisting his father to provide the comforts of a home for the large family. In the fall of 1834 he went out into the world to make a place for himself. After working three years in the lumber woods and on a farm, he bought a farm in the eastern part of his native town, where he resided and was a farmer until 1860. In the spring of that year he was engaged by the town to carry on their farm and keep the poor, and in that position he served acceptably for four years. In 1864 he bought the seventy acre farm which has been his home since the following year. Though aspiring to nothing above a quiet farmer, he has always done, faithfully and well, whatever he has undertaken, and his long life of honesty, industry and virtue has given him a warm place in the hearts of his friends and neighbors. He was married in November, 1837, to Betsey, daughter of Stephen and Sarah (Wilson) Abbott. She died May 15, 1887. Their four children, none of whom are living, were: Olive, Martha, Sarah W. (Mrs. William H. Flagg) and Flavilla. The last two died the same month — February, 1865. Though bereft of all his family, Mr. Hodges lives, not without hope of a reuniting. He is a consistent member of the Benton Methodist Episcopal church. Edmund L. Hodges, third son of Barnum Hodges, was born in 1818. He was twelve years in the meat and cattle business, and since 1857 he has owned and occupied the farm where he now lives. His first wife, Harriet G., was a daughter of Jonas Hamlin. Their children were: Llewellyn E., Hannah (deceased), George (deceased), Frank, Barnum (deceased), Susan, Phebe (deceased), Emma and Ella (de- ceased). His present wife was Mrs. Susan Scribner, a daughter of Henry Robinson and widow of Charles Scribner. She had five chil- dren by her first marriage: Charles H. (deceased), Albert A., George A., Asher M. and Abbie J. They have had two children by this mar- riage: Carrie M. (deceased) and James A., now a farmer on the home- stead. His wife is Ida C, daughter of Washington Avery, of Sidney. They have five children: Percey H., Carrie M., Grover C, Florence E. and Charity F. Llewellyn E. Hodges, born in 1840, is the eldest child of Ed- mund L. and Harriet G. (Hamlin) Hodges, and grandson of Barnum Hodges. He served in the late war in Company G, 3d Maine, from May, 1861, to June, 1864, as musician. He bought in 1806 the Thomas Webber farm, which he has since operated. He married Harriet, daughter of Stephen Crosby. Their children are: Mabel C, Susie F., Stephen, Lucy J., L. Edmund, George, Kate R. and Harvey W. CtA/hM-^n^ 564d HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Ambrose Howard (1776-1859) was a son of Daniel Howard, of Bridgewater, Mass. He came from his native town to Winslow about 1800 with his brother, Zyphen. He married Ruth, daughter of Solo- mon Parker, an early settler of Winslow. Their children were: Vesta, Sibyl, Ruth, Lydia, Hannah, Cyrus, Sidney and Julia. Cyrus, born in 1815, is a farmer on the place settled by his father. He has carried milk to Waterville for forty years; he was the first and for some years the only one to carry milk there. He married Cornelia A. Bassett. Of their eleven children five are now living: George B., M.D.; Edward O., a lawyer, of Boston; John F., Mary F. and Kate D. John F., born in 1854, is a farmer on the old homestead. He married Helen M. Young. Their children are: Ethel L., Clarence F., Lucia L. and Carolyn Y. J. Albert Jenkins, born in 1840, is a son of Jabez (1799-1890) and grandson of Jabez, who came to Vassalboro from Yarmouth, Me., in 1801. Jabez, jun., came in 1819 from Vassalboro to the homestead of his father-in-law, John Nichols, a son of David and Phebe Nichols. Mr. Jenkins is a farmer on the homestead of his father. He married Abbie P., daughter of Zadoc and Tiley (Snell) Tilton, and grand- daughter of Gibbs Tilton, of Martha's Vineyard, Mass. They have one daughter, S. Lizzie. R. O. Jones, born in 1851, is a son of Weymouth and grandson of Isaac Jones. His mother is Matilda, a daughter of Zadock Jones. Weymouth Jones came to Winslow in 1852, where he was a farmer and lumberman until his death in 1886. Mr. Jones was educated at the Waterville Institute and at Dirigo Business College. He has taught eight terms of school. He was first married to Maggie A., daughter of David Cornish, who died in 1879, leaving one daughter, Maggie A. August 26, 1892, he married Annie L., daughter of Thomas and Emily Worthen, of Albion. The farm now owned by Mr. Jones was purchased of Smith & Wood in 1812 or 1813, by Esquire Thomas Rice. In 1831 it was taxed to Colonel R. H.Green, an early and noted breeder of shorthorn cattle. Weymouth Jones bought the farm in 1856, and it is now owned by R. O. Jones. It is now known as the Ticonic Stock Farm and is devoted to the breeding of Jerseys, with special reference to milking qualities. Peltiah Keay, born in Lebanon, Me., in 1785 and died in 1847, was a son of Daniel Keay. He came to Winslow in 1821. He married, first, Hannah Lucas, who left one son, Daniel L. His second wife was Mary Brock. She left four children: Andrew, Sarah, Mary F. and Martha. Martha is the only survivor of the family and she owns and occupies the home farm of 200 acres. Charles H. Lamb, born in 1829, was a son of Luther R. and Mary Beal (Brackett) Lamb, who came to Winslow in 1821. Mr. Lamb went to Boston in 1852 and was engaged in machinery and other manufac- TOWN OF WINSLOW. 565 ture until 1870, then engaged in business in Oxford county, Me., and subsequently returned to Winslow, where he died in 1883. His first wife was Sarah J. Norcross. His second marriage was with Lizzie A., daughter of George H. Furber. vSince Mr. Lamb's death she has occu- pied and managed the homestead farm. She was appointed postmis- tress at Lamb's Corner, May 20, 1891. Fred A. Lancaster, son of Henry Lancaster, was born in 1856 in Albion, removed to Benton in 1877, and later to his present home in Winslow. In 1885 he and Mr. Drake bought the saw mill one mile south of Benton Falls, where they put in a board saw and planer and are cutting about 400,000 feet of lumber annually. He married Susie S., daughter of Stillman and Susan (Learned) Flagg, and granddaugh- ter of Gershom Flagg. They have one daughter, Ethel S., born Au- gust 7, 1887. Hannibal D.Littlefield.born in 1827, in Belgrade, is a son of Charles and Betsey (Blanchard) Littlefield, and grandson of Asahel and Han- nah (Penny) Littlefield, who came to Belgrade from Wells, Me., in 1804. Hannah died in Winslow, January 5, 1868, at the remarkable age of 106 years and 5 months. Mr. Littlefield came to Winslow in 1855, and he is a farmer. He married, first, Charlotte A. Crowell, who left one son, Alonzo C. He married, second, Harriet F. Coleman, by whom he has one son, Charles D. E. Stephen Nichols, born in 1831, is a son of Stephen (1769-1853), who came to Vassalboro from Berwick in 1798, and was married three times, his last wife, the mother of Stephen, being Hannah Pinkham. Mr. Nichols, in 1861, came from the homestead farm in Vassalboro to his present home, which was a part of the Remington Hobby farm. He married Louisa J., daughter of John and Phebe (Cook) Hobby, and granddaughter of Remington, whose father. Rev. William, was a son of John Hobby. Remington Hobby married a daughter of Dr. Syl- vester Gardiner, and settled in Vassalboro in 1771. He was a graduate of Harvard College, and some years after coming to Vassalboro he joined the Society of Friends. Mr. Nichols has four children: John Edward, Sarah Louise, Annie May and William Hobby. Seth Nickerson is a son of Seth, and grandson of Reuben Nicker- son, of Cape Cod, whose ancestor was one of the Mayflower pilgrims. Reuben Nickerson came to Swanville, Me., where his son, Seth, mar- ried Mary, daughter of Simeon Haines, a revolutionary soldier. Their children were: Margaret, Aaron, Mehitable, Seth, Simeon, Hannah and Franklin S., who was colonel of the 14th Maine regiment. Seth Nickerson was born in 1812, and married in 1836, Flavilla, daughter of Josiah Priest. He came to Vassalboro in 1837, where he bought land, built houses and dealt in real estate. For the past fifty years he 565a HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTV. has run an accommodation team through Winslow, between North Vassalboro and Waterville, and is still hale and hearty. Lemuel Paine, son of Lemuel Paine, of Foxboro, Mass., graduated from Bowdoin College in 1803, and was soon after admitted to the bar. He married Jane Warren, of Foxboro, niece of General Joseph War- ren. He came to Winslow in 1805, and settled on the place where his son, Edward A., born in 1816, was a farmer until his death, in 1884. His wife, who survives him, is Sibyl, daughter of William Stratton, of this town. Their children are: George S. and Lucy C, who, with their mother, occupy the homestead. George S. graduated from Colby in 1871, and in 1874 was admitted to the bar of Michigan, and two years later he went to Ottawa, 111., where he practiced until 1884, when he returned to Winslow, where he is a farmer. He married Isa M. Randall, of Riverside, Me., and their children are: Rosco R., Edward W. and Mildred S. Henry W. Pollard, born in 1842, is a son of Levi and Melvina (Rey- nolds) Pollard, and grandson of Barton Pollard, of Albion. He was river driver and dam builder until 1869, and since that time has been a farmer. He served three years in the late war in Company G, 3d Maine. He married Addie, daughter of Benjamin T. Brown. Their children are: Fred S., Effie, Florence, Iva, Edith, Belle, Albert, Edwin, Arthur and Victor. They lost two: Scott and Lena. George W. Reynolds, born in 1842, is a son of Vose and Lucinda (Withee) Reynolds, and grandson of Thomas Reynolds, who came from Brockton, Mass., to Winslow. Mr. Reynolds is a farmer, and for the last thirteen years has carried on a wholesale and retail meat busi- ness. In 1887 he built a residence, refrigerator and slaughter house at Winslow village. His first wife, Ann Spaulding, left two children: Zana and Selden. His present wife was Mary Lubie,by whom he has four children: Bertha, Annie, Carrie and George W., jun. Walter G. Reynolds, born in 1865, is a son of Timothy and Hannah (Hodges) Reynolds, grandson of Leavett, and great-grandson of Tim- othy Reynolds. He has for several years been employed in the meat business, and in 1891 he bought of George W. Reynolds the retail meat business which he has since run. His wife is Nellie F., daugh- ter of Rufus Holt. Jonas B. Shurtleff, son of Benoni vShurtleff, was born in 1805, at Keene, N. H. He learned the printer's trade when a boy, and in 1826 he went to Beaver, Pa., where he published the Tioga County Patriot until 1844. He was one term on the governor's council of Pennsyl- vania, also a member of the governor's statf. In 1847 he came to Waterville and kept a book store for two years. He then came to Winslow and bought the Cushman homestead, where he died in 1863. In 1845 he wrote a cext book. Governmental Instructor, which had a wide circulation. The last fourteen years of his life he was traveling TOWN OF WINSLOW. 566 agent for text book publishers. By his first marriage he had seven children, two of whom are living: John T. and Edward S. His second wife, Marietta G. Ames, and their two sons — Albert T. and Warren A. ■ — occupy the home place and the boys are farmers and small fruit raisers. Albert T. is captain of Company H, 2d Regiment, Maine Volunteer Militia. Daniel W. Simpson, born in 1841, is a son of Winslow and Hannah (McCausland) Simpson, grandson of Reuben, and great-grandson of John Simpson, who came to Winslow about 1790. Mr. Simpson served three years in the late war in Company K, 1st Massachusetts. He re- turned to Winslow in the fall of 1864, where he has been farmer and truckman. He married Georgiana, daughter of Henry Getchell. Their children are: Hollis A. and Eva L. John H. Simpson, farmer, born in 1830, is a son of George and Permelia (Davis) Simpson, grandson of Reuben, and great-grandson of John Simpson. Mr. Simpson served in Company E, 17th Maine, from July, 1863, to May, 186n. He married Margaret N. Freeman, who died leaving seven children: Horace P., Mary L., Annie F., Wal- ter R. and three that died — Lizzie P., Jessie F. and Howard W. His present wife is Ruth T. Paine, and they have four children: John H., jun., James L., Edgar R. and Ruth F. Samuel Perry Smiley, born in 1834, is a son of Samuel and Sarah (Ellis) Smiley, and grandson of Alexander Smiley. His father came to Winslow from vSidney in 1825. Samuel P. is a carpenter by trade, and also a farmer. He first married Sarah J. Kates. His present wife is Laura, daughter of Samuel Greeley, of Belgrade. They have two children: Cora B. and Frank A. The latter, who is also a carpenter, married Ella M. Wrigley, of Rolling Dam, N. B., May 13, 1891. Elmer E. Smith, born in 1861, in Bristol, N. H., is a son of Charles G. Smith. He lived in Haverhill, Mass., from 1869 until 1886, then went to Lowell, and in 1888 he came to Winslow, where he is a farmer. Previous to coming here he had been engaged in manufacturing heels and inner soles for the shoe manufacturers of Massachusetts. He married Emma L, daughter of Amos B. Poore, of Haverhill, Mass. Hezekiah Stratton (.1746-1834) came from Concord, Mass., to Wins- low in 1768, and settled on the east side of the Sebasticook river, where he spent the remainder of his life. He married Eunice Hay- ward, and their son, William (1781-1849), married Abigail May Clark, and was a farmer on the home place, where he raised twelve childi-en, four of whom are living: Sibyl i Mrs. Edward A. Paine), Mary (Mrs. Sid- ney Howard), Charlotte (Mrs. Joseph H. Lunt), and Robert F. Mr. Lunt is a farmer, and owns and occupies the old homestead. His only child, Emily J., is now the wife of Guy W. Home, who is a farmer and milkman. He came to Winslow from Massachusetts in 1885. They have one son, Robert S. Home. 566a HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Elbridge G. Taylor (1808-1888) was a son of Amos, and grandson of John Taylor, who came from Massachusetts to Vassalboro. Mr. Taylor married Mary Ann Hayden, and of their ten children, eight lived to maturity: John M., Lura C, Daniel H., Zenno E., George C, Jefferson, Fred P. and Frank C. John M., born in 1831, was educated in the schools of Vassalboro and Oak Grove vSeminary, and has been a farmer and teacher. He came to Winslow from Vassalboro a few years ago, and is now supervisor of schools. James P. Taylor, born in 1833, is the eldest child of Calvin and Harriet (Priest) Taylor, and grandson of Abraham Taylor, who, with his brother, Abner, came to Vassalboro from Cape Cod, Mass., where he had been a fisherman. Mr. Taylor spent several years in Minne- sota, and in 1866 settled on the farm where he now lives. He married Helen, daughter of William E. Drummond, and they have two daughters: Sarah May and Ina S. B. F. TowNE. — Esquire Ephraim Towne, born at Oxford, Mass.. in 1754, came to Maine with an older brother, Sherabiah Towne. The former settled in Hallowell, and the latter in Winslow, where he died in 1784. After the death of Sherabiah, Ephraim came to Winslow, where he was a farmer until his death in 1837. He was a justice of the peace and deputy sheriff for many years. His first wife was Lucy Ballard, by whom he had ten children. His second was Eunice Stack- pole, who bore him four children, three of whom died young. Ephraim, one of the children of this second marriage, was born in 1804 on the homestead. He, like his worthy sire, followed the voca- tion of a farmer, and owned and occupied the homestead where he died in 1884. His wife, Sarah P. Flagg, bore him eight children: George S. (deceased), Eliza A. (Mrs. Albion Richardson), Henry (de- ceased), Albert (deceased), Harriet (Mrs. vSilas A. Plummer), Edwin, now a merchant of Waterville; Benjamin Franklin and Elmira (Mrs. Samuel L. Gibson), now deceased. Benjamin F., the seventh child and youngest son, was born May 29, 1846. He spent his boyhood and youth on the farm, attending the schools of his native town. On attaining his majority, he turned his attention to the cai-penter's trade, and followed that vocation until 1876. Since that time he has been a farmer on the homestead, which has been in the family more than a century. The present set of sub- stantial and attractive farm buildings shown on the opposite page have all been erected by Mr. Towne. Since 1887 he has supplied a milk route in Waterville, and in that connection keeps a twenty-five cow dairy. He has taken time from his active and successful farm operations to serve his town three terms as treasurer and collector, and two as selectman. He was married December 7, 1876, to Lottie D., daughter of Percival L. Wheeler. Their children are: Charles F., Alice E., Delia M. and Marion Wheeler Towne. TOWN OF WINSLOW. 567 Erastus Warren, born in 1818, is the only surviving son of Andrew and Catherine (Richards) Warren. He was engaged in running long boats from Benton Falls to Bath, from 1837 until the railroad was built. He was collecting logs on the river for some time, and since that has been getting out timber, moulding ship floors, and building boats. His first wife, Mary Miller, died, leaving three daughters: Hattie (Mrs. A. E. Ellis), and two that died— Mary and Clara. His second wife was Helen Savage, and his present wife is Laura J. Morrell. William P. Warren, born in 1850, son of Samuel and Avis (Rey- nolds) Warren, and grandson of Andrew and Catherine (Richards) Warren, is a farmer on the Stephen Abbott farm, which he bought in 1873. He married Augusta, daughter of Henry Dinsmore, of China. They have one son, Ruy W. Charles E. Warren, born in Winslow in 1853, is the youngest .son of Samuel and Avis (Reynolds) Warren, and grandson of Andrew and Catherine (Richards) Warren. Mr. Warren is a farmer on the farm which has been the family homestead since 1855. He has represented his district one term in the legislature, and has been several times elected selectman. His wife is Flora F.. daughter of Freeman W. Getchell, of Winslow. Their only child is Etta B. Charles L. Withee, born in 1856, is a son of Lauriston and Vesta (Reynolds) Withee, and grandson of Samuel Withee. Mr. Withee is a farmer, and for several years carried on a retail meat business. Since 1890 has been in the wholesale meat business. He married Fan- nie, daughter of Isaac Spencer, and their children are: Blanche, Arthur and Amy. CHAPTER XXII. CITY OF WATERVILLE. Bv HENRY D. Kingsbury. Ticonic.—Waterville.— Incorporation.— Prominent Men.— Localities.— Taverns. —Tax Payers, 1809.— Licenses.— Traders. —Village of Waterville. — Fire Companies.— Ticonic Village. —Messalonskee Mills. — River Mills.— Lock- wood Company. — Churches. OLDER than the finding by white men of the Kennebec river, is the name Ticonic, which the native American Indians— the most mysterious race in history — ^had given to the falls in the river at this point, and to a considerable section of surrounding coun- try, including the larger part of what is now the city of Waterville. Who were the very first settlers here, we have no means of knowing. Clark & Lake had a trading house on this side of the river, between 1650 and 1675, and are the first white men who did business or work here, of whom any record is left. The pioneers knew no name but Ticonic for the settlement on the west bank of the river, and were tenacious of the name long after the incorporation of the old town of Winslow in 1771, which included the present city of Waterville. There are strong proofs that the popula- tion of the west side of the river early exceeded that on the east side. Perhaps the strongest is that the first doctors, who always choose the most central point, settled here. Another proof is that very early saw and grist mills were built by Doctor McKechnie and Asa Emer- son on the Messalonskee. The third is, that when the names of citi- tizens in civil or business records begin to appear, the larger part were clearly westsiders. E. A. Paine gives the population of the whole town of Winslow in 1791 as 779, of whom about 300, he thinks, lived on the east side. The greater portion of the old town lay on the west side of the Kennebec, and in the nature of things, divided by a river with no bridge, a separation would in time ensue. The first proposition on record to divide the town was at the annual meeting of 1795. The town meeting of 1796 was " held at the dwelling house of Elnathan Sherwin," to whom was also voted in 1798 £30, for use of his house CITY OF WATERVILLE. 568 for preaching. This was undoubtedly for several years' use. The town meeting- house on the west side was built in 1797, and first used March 5, 1798. It will be noticed that Asa Redington in his warrant honored the old name, and directed the voters to meet in Ticonic vil- lage. It would have been excellent taste and sense, if the new town had been christened Ticonic. The red man's name is more liquid and flowing than the white man's. In the year 1791 the following men lived and paid taxes in that part of Winslow that is now Waterville: Benjamin, James and Ebe- nezer Chase, John Cool, Joseph Cally, Captain Abraham and his son, Abraham Copland, Jonathan J. Cool, Nathaniel and Joseph Carter, James Crommett, James and John Collar, Thomas Cook, James McKim, Lieutenant Thomas and John McKechnie, Samuel McFarland, John Hartford, Nathaniel and Jonathan Low, Thomas, jun., John and Will- iam Lewis, Abraham and Joseph Lander, Solomon and Samuel Parker, Eleazer, Thomas, Thomas, jun., and Phineas Parker, Jonathan Priest, John Pierce, Nehemiah A. Parker, Benjamin and John Rose, John Sarle, Samuel Shores, Jonathan and Asa Soule, Captain James Stack- pole, Samuel and James Stackpole, jun., William Sennet, Ebenezer Turner, Ager Stillson, Peleg Tupper, Simeon and Elias Tozer, Isaac Temple, David Webb and David, jun., William Phillips, grandfather of G. A. Phillips, David Ware, Jonathan Wright, Micah Ellis, Thomas Leeman, William Pitt, Ensign W^illiam and Joseph Richardson, and Hezekiah Stratton. The act incorporating the town of Waterville, June 23, 1802, pro- vided that " all that part of the town of Winslow which lies on the west side of the Kennebec river, as known by its present bounds, be and is hereby incorporated into a separate town by the name of Water- ville." It also provided " that the monies assessed for building a meeting house in the West Pond settlement shall be paid and exclu- sively appropriated to that purpose and subject to no demand of the town of Winslow," and that " all future state taxes which may be levied on the two towns aforesaid previous to a new valuation, shall be assessed and paid in the proportion of two-fifths to the town of Winslow, and three-fifths to the town of Waterville." The warrant for the first town meeting was issued by Asa Reding- ton, justice of the peace, and directed to Moses Appleton, physician, requiring him to notify the inhabitants of Waterville to meet in the public meeting house in Ticonic village on Monday, July 26, 1802, for the purpose of electing officers for said town. At this first town meeting Elnathan Sherwin was chosen moderator and first selectman —the other two selectman being Asa Soule and Ebenezer Bacon. Abijah Smith was elected town clerk. The August meeting voted to hold town meetings alternately in the two meeting houses. Voted in November, " fifty dollars to pay for preaching." 1803. " Voted the sum of fifty dollars to procure a stock of ammunition for said town." fi68a HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. In 1814 the town built a powder house on the plains, in which traders were also allowed to store powder. The selectmen of Waterville while a town, with the dates of their election and the number of years each served, were: 1802, Elnathan Sherwin, 2, Asa Soule, 5, Ebenezer Bacon, 11; 18o::3, Abijah vSmith, 3; 1805, Samuel Downing, 10; 1807, Moses Dalton, 9, Ebenezer Sherwin; 1810, Jonathan Combs, 4; 1811, Micah Ellis, 4; 1813, Daniel Wells, 3; 1815, James Hasty, 2, Baxter Crowell, 7; 1819, Asa Redington, 6; 1821, Captain Nehemiah Getchell, 4. Joseph H. Hallett, 8; 1822, James Stack- pole, 2; 1823, Richard M. Dorr; 1824, Perley Low, 6; 1826, Alpheus Lyon, 8, Joseph Warren; 1827, Hall Chase, Benjamin Corson, 3; 1830, Hiram C. Warren, 3; 1831, William Pearsons, Joseph Hitchings, 8; 1833, Eben T. Bacon, 2, Jonathan Combs, jun., 5; 1834, Ebenezer Bolk- com, Hiram Crowell, Isaiah Marston; 1837, Isaac Redington, Solomon Berry; 1S39, Daniel Paine, Sewall Benson, Enos Foster; 1840, Samuel Appleton, 8, Samuel Doolittle, 9; 1842, Theodore O. Saunders, 4; 1844, Thomas J. Shores; 1845, Charles Hallett, 7; 1847, Johnson Williams, 2, Levi Ricker, 2; 1849, Elbridge L. Getchell, 3, Alfred Winslow, 2; 1852, Charles H. Thayer, 5; 1854, George Wentworth, 4, Llewellyn E. Crommett, 5; 1858, Joseph Percival. 4, Benjamin Hersom, 3; 1860. John M. Libby, 7, Noah Boothby, 9; 1864, Charles A. Dow, 2; 1866, Will- iam H. Hatch, 2, T. W. Herrick; 1868, Samuel Blaisdell; 1869, William Ballentine; 1870, A. P. Benjamin, 3, George Rice, 2; 1872, Winthrop Merrill, 5, George E. Shores, 2; 1873, Reuben Foster, 3; 1874, Charles H. Redington, 5; 1876, Martin Blaisdell, Willard B. Arnold; 1877, Charles E. Gray; 1878, C. K. Matthews, Charles E. Mitchell, 7, L. E. Thayer, 4; 1879, S. I. Abbott, 3; 1880, George Jewell, 3; 1883, Fred Poole, 2; 1884, Nathaniel Meader; 1885, Dean P. Buck. 2, John F. Mer- rill; 1886, George W. Reynolds, and in 1887, Howard C. Morse. Abijah Smith was elected town clerk of Waterville in 1802; Thomas C. Norris in 1809; and Abijah Smith again from 1812 to 1834; Isaac Redington served till 1837, and Augustus Perkins till 1847; Jones R. Elden was elected in 1847; John B. Bradbury, 1850; Elbridge L. Get- chell, 1852; Solyman Heath," 1850; John B. Bradbury, 1861; Everett R. Drummond, 1862; Leonard D. Carter, 1877; and Sidney M. Heath in 1883. The .succession of treasurers, with year of election, includes: David Pattee, 1802; Russell Blackwell, 1816; Dr. Daniel Cook, 1817; Abijah Smith, 1822; Asa Redington, 1824; Asa Redington, jun., 1825; James Burleigh, 1826; Asa Redington, 1828; Asa Redington, jun., 1830; James vStackpole, jun., 1831; Asil Stilson, 1833; James Stackpole, jun., 1834; Nathaniel D. Crommett, 1835; Augustus Perkins, 1836; Eben F.Bacon, 1838; James Stackpole, jun., 1839; Elbridge L. Getchell, 1843; Oliver Paine, 1845: Nathaniel Stedman, 1847; Elbridge L. Getchell, 1851; Ira H. Low, 1856; Charles R. McFadden, 1860; Ira H. Low, 1868; William CITY OF WATERVILLE. flby Macartney, 1870; Charles H. Redington, 1873; L. A. Dow, 1874; M. C. Percival, 1875; Joseph Percival, 1876; John Ware, jun., 1877; Edward H. Piper, 1878; and Charles F. Johnson, 1887. No early settler of Waterville was more active or useful, or more entitled to respectful memory than Dr. John McKechnie. He was an educated physician, a civil engineer and land surveyor, and possessed sound practical judgment wherever he was placed. He was a Scotch- man and came to this country in 1755, to Winslow in 1771, and in 1775 settled on this side of the river. It is well known that he built a saw and a grist mill on the Messalonskee, near the present water works building, before 1780. He also built a house and lived in it long enough to have three children born, and then built a new house in which his last child was born in 1781, and in which he died in 1782. He was buried on the south side of Mill street, on the top of an eleva- tion that descends sharply each way. Doctor McKechnie's wife, who married David Pattee for her second husband, the first Simon Tozer and his son, Obadiah, Abraham Morrill's two wives, the elder McGrath, and many other old settlers were also buried here. The present indi- cations are that the spot will receive no more attentions as a burial ground, although it is the oldest in town. Although the doctor did not make a business of his medical pro- fession it is said he was physician to iVrnold's army when it was at Fort Halifax in 1776. He was the first owner of lot No. 103, under the Plymouth Company. The next settler south of him w;as John Cool, a revolutionary soldier, on lots 100, 101 and 102. On the north Dr. Obadiah Williams owned lot 104, Samuel Temple, 105, and John Tozer lot 106. This was afterward the James L. Wood lot, on a part of which the Elmwood Hotel stands. Next north were Timothy Bou- telle, Nathaniel Oilman, George Jackins, James Stackpole, Reuben Kidder, Captain E. Bacon, Levi Dow, Samuel Emery, N. B. Dingley and George Clark. Beginning at the first lots that border on the Kennebec in the southern part of the town, according to Doctor McKechnie's survey, the original settlers were: Wellington Hamblin, lot 82; James Crom- mett, 83; Nathan Lowe, 84 and 85; Isaac Stephens, 86; Edward Blanch- ard, 87, and after him Deacon Thomas Parker and David Parker, brothers; Edward Dillingham, 88; Peltiah Soule, 89; Jonathan vSoule, 90; David Webb, 91; Samuel Webb, 92; .Silas and Abijah Wing were probably the owners of lots 94 and 95; William Colcord and Herbert Moore, 96; Asa Redington, 97; Reuben Kidder, 98, and Asa Emerson, 99. Other old residents on the river road were: Gilbert Whitman, Oliver Welch, Sullivan Soule, William Ballentine, Moses Picker, Per- ley Lowe, Oliver Trafton and Abial Moore. The memory of Dr. Obadiah Williams is interwoven with the early history of Waterville. A native of New Hampshire, he was a 569a HISTORY OF KKN.VEBEC COUNTY. surgeon in the revolutionary army and served at Banker Hill. He •came here from vSidney in 1792, and the same year built the first frame house— still in good preservation — on this side of the river. In 1791 he gave the land for the first meeting house, now the City Hall Park, and was a valuable public spirited citizen. He died in 1799. A not less prominent character was Dr. Moses Appleton, who originated in New Ipswich, N. H., graduated at Dartmouth College, studied medicine and taught school in Boston, and came to Waterville in 1796. He opened the first drug store in Ticonic village and was for many years the most noted physician in this section. The doctor wore his hair hanging down his back in an old fashioned queue, that came to an untimely end. A colored barber named Decator was located on Water street, on whom the doctor called one day to have his hair trimmed and dressed. While in the midst of the operation, the doctor feeling a sudden apprehension, exclaimed " Look out for my queue ! ! " Decator gently replied, " You're too late — its gone." It was a quicker and more painless amputation than the doctor ever made. His old account book had some curious entries. " Oct. 1797 — Agreed with Jonathan Clark to doctor his family, and Clark to supply the Dr. with good shoes and boots for two years." " Jan. 1799— It is agreed with Jabez Mathews that he pay me at the rate of two cords ■of wood per annum in consideration of being supplied with materials for curing the itch in his family." Waterville had one early settler, John Clark, who attended that most historic tea party that ever met in America, and helped turn the British tea into Boston harbor. His grandson, George C. Clark, a youth during the stirring events of the war of 1812, living near where the college buildings stand, wrote, in 1882, for the Waterville Mail, an account of the battle of Ticonic Falls with the Indians in 1814, that never occurred. The town was in a great commotion one morning over a report that the Canada Indians were close at hand. George shouldered his gun and went with a motley crowd to meet the foe. Captain Bangs was in command, the brass cannon was hauled out, a flag of truce was in readiness to send out in case it was needed, the advance guard was ferried over the river and ordered to Sebasticook falls. After a brave march of two miles they met — not the Indians, but a squad of the crew of the U. S. Frigate John Adams, who had •come through the woods from the Penobscot river, where they had burned their ves.sel rather than have it fall into the hands of the Eng- lish, who were in hot pursuit. They said that when they came in sight of the settlements the people mistook them for Indians, and thus started the alarm that spread clear to the Kennebec. The tired crew, numbering about seventy, were kindly cared for and sent on their way. In the meantime the heroes of the scare were tenderly treated, " Simeon Mathews, Jediah Morrill, James Hasty, and others CITY OF WATERVILLE. 570- furnishing the tanglc-toc." About this time George went to school in the old brown school house on the common. Damon was the teacher, and at the same time George Dana Boardman taught in the new dis- trict— in Lemuel Dunbar's carpenter shop. On the south side of Silver street, near what is now Kennebec street, in early times stood a building used for the manufacture of whiskey from potatoes, which were so plentiful they could be bought for ten to fifteen cents per bushel. This distillery was owned and run by Doctor Appleton, the business being considered as respectable as any other in those days. After this Nathaniel Gilman operated a similar distillery on Front street, just north of the Captain .Smith house. Doctoring whiskey was practiced even in those times when the juice was so cheap. Juniper berries were used, of which it is said quantities were to be seen in the loft of Mr. Gilman's old store, corner of Main and Front street. After whiskey was no longer made on Silver street, the old house was fitted up for the tanning business. Elder Jeremiah Powers, a Free Baptist preacher, lived in the upper part and tanned in the base- ment. He was very fond of fishing, and was also full of ignorant superstitious beliefs. One night he was out with Tom Leeman after salmon. Catching no fish, he laid their bad luck to Aunt Hannah Cool, saying if they had given her a fish before starting they would have been all right. Aunt Hannah lived in alow wood colored house that stood where Walter Getchell lives, on Silver street. Her garden was full of roots and herbs that she carefully gathered for medicines — free to all. She had a keen black eye whose glance seemed to pene- trate the present and the future, her gray locks were brushed back behind her ears and fastened in a knot, she had a weird and attenuated look, yet never a truer, more kindly heart beat than hers. She brought up a homeless orphan and was full of good deeds to the sick and the sad. And yet this woman was regarded by many as a veritable witch, in league with the Evil One, and Elder Power's faith was so compre- hensive that he too believed she could bewitch fish if she disliked the fisher. The oldest streets in Waterville are Main, Silver, Front, Water and Temple. The bog at the corner of Elm and Mill streets was such a deep bed of mud, that a corduroy bridge had to be kept over it for years. A frame bridge, twenty feet high, across the Hayden brook fell some seventy years ago, while two men were cros.sing it. Both escaped injury. Silver street received its name in this wise. Nathaniel Gilman and Simeon Mathews, who were accounted the wealthiest men in town, both lived on this street, also Isaac Stevens, a well-to-do, jovial carpen- ter. The latter named it Silver street, saying, facetiously, that Mr._ Gilman, Mr. Mathews and himself controlled more wealth than any 570a HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Other three men in town. The first house on this street was built by Reuben Kidder, and stood where Clarkson's stable does. This house was afterward purchased by David McFarland and removed to a new street, on which he set out the beautiful row of elm trees, from which Elm street took its name. By this wise act he has passed into the perennial avenues of history. Green and fragrant be his memory! Moses Dalton built on Water street one of the first frame houses in the village of Waterville, and the very first brick building. The latter stood where the Merchants' Bank stands — too soft ground at that time for a solid foundation. The structure, three stories high, proved too heavy for its footing, and settled so badly that the upper story had to be removed. Hezekiah Stratton and Shubael Marston traded in it. Edward Estee, before 1820, built the next brick building, where the Peavy Block now is, and traded in a part of it. .Some of the other early traders — none of whom were temperance men, for even the clergy had not then learned that rum drinking was wrong, and all traders sold it, were: James Stackpole, Asa Redington, Nathaniel Gil- man, Simeon Mathews, Jediah Morrill, James Hastv, Dr. Daniel Cook, William Richards, Elah Estee, Deacon George W. Osborne (the first temperance trader in town), William and Walter Getchell, who burned out in 1835 and rebuilt in 1837, and Winthrop Watson, a very early settler, whose store stood on top of the hill near the old ferry. The records of old taverns are sparse and uncertain. Doctor Will- iams built the first two-story house on the west side of the river be- fore 1795, and it was kept as a tavern by Mr. Jackins, Daniel Fairfield, and later by Colonel Mathews. The tavern known as the Parker House after 1847, was built and occupied by Dr. Moses Appleton for his private dwelling. In 1822 it was opened as a tavern by a Mr. Rob- bins. Major Ebenezer Bolkcom was the next landlord, and after him Mr. Page, Ora Doolittle, Reuel Howard, William Dorr and Joseph Freeman. Captain Coffin, Thomas Kimball, Levi Dow, Moses W^hittaker, Elisha Howard and Cyrus Williams are the names of old landlords. The Asa Faunce dwelling house, standing in what is now the Lockwood Park, and facing directly up Main street, was, sometime in the 'forties, converted by additions and a second story into a hotel, and was opened by Brackett & Robinson, as the Waterville House. Later it was kept by William Brown, who changed the name to The Continental. After him, Charles Smith & Sons and other landlords followed, till it degenerated into a tenement house. When the ground where it stood was being leveled, many human bones indicated the spot as an old Indian burying ground. Around one skeleton found in a sitting posture, Fred F. Graves found over 300 copper beads about CITY OF WATERVII.r.E. 571 the size of a straw, from two to three inches long, and punctured from end to end. The first tavern where now stands the Elmwood, was a good-sized two-story farm house built by James L. Wood. About 1837 Dea. Abial P. Follensbee opened and kept a temperance hotel there for a year and a half, when he sold to Ivory Low, and removed to the brick house on Main street, where W. M. True now lives, and kept a tem- perance house there for two years. John L. Seavey in 1849 kept the Woods place, and named it the Elmwood. It was burned in 1864, was rebuilt in 1878, and kept by O. D. Seavey, then by Doctor Fitzgerald, James Osborne, Eben Murch, and since 1890 by Mr. Judkins. To show what was once done in Waterville, a few facts concerning the Moor family are pertinent. Daniel Moor came here from New Hampshire in 1798. His sons, March, William and Daniel, began business in boating and lumbering — then built river steamers by the dozen. They sent five to California, sold two to Cornelius Vanderbilt, and one or more in Nova Scotia, besides several used nearer home. The number of steamers in use on the Kennebec was large. It was no unusual sight to see a half dozen lying at the wharf at one time, where the Lockwood mills now stand. In 1848 there were five steam- ers daily between Waterville and Augusta. The following is a list of the persons who paid a tax in Waterville in 1809 greater than the poll tax, which was $1.. '58. This includes those who lived in what is now Oakland, and as there are some whose loca- tion then cannot now be fixed, the names are given in one list — being of general interest: Moses Appleton, $19.30; Ebenezer Bacon, $10.44; James Burgess, $10.13; Thomas Bates. $7.17: Joshua Bates. $2.52: Con- stant Bates, $2.25; Job Bates, $5.07; Timothy Boutelle, $8.98: Russell Blackwell, $3.43: James K. Blair, $2.67: Richard Clifford, $6.86; Jona- than Combs, $11.11; Thomas Cook, $11.50; Manoah Crowell, $7.39; James Crommett, $11.24; Hiram Crowell, $9.24; Seth Crowell, $5.42; Josiah Crowell, $4.83: Moody Crowell, $5.20: Baxter Crowell, $13.70; Isaac Corson, $21.28; John Cool, $11.03; Wilson Colcord, $7.43; Joseph Colcord, $4.26; John Crummett, $1.60; Timothy Clement, $1.85; George Clarke, $15.62; John Corson, $3.83; Jonathan Clarke, $2.73; Samuel Clarke, $2.00; Samuel Clarke, 2d, $3.00; Ansel Crowell, $7.56: Moses Dalton, $12.55; Richard M. Dorr, $4.00; Lemuel Dunbar, $4.40; Charles Dingley, $2.28: Daniel R. Emerson, $10.06: Micah Ellis, $7.93; Asa Faunce, $5.89; Jeremiah Fairfield, $16.65; Daniel Fairfield, $3.68; Fair- field & Getchell, $4.72; Elijah Gleason, $8.32; Reuben Gage, $4.23; Nehemiah Getchell, jun., $5.88: Reuben Gibbs, $6.52; Seth Getchell, $3.28; Heman Gibbs, $6.52; Nathaniel Oilman, $23.59; David Getchell, $4.51; Samuel Oilman, $4.31; James Gilbert, $2.96: Ephraim Getchell, $4.58: Abel Getchell, $2.76; Henry Gage, $2.19; Oilman & Watson, $9.46; Moses Healy, $4.45; .Solomon Hallett, $9.41; Elisha Hallett, $9.91; Joseph H. Hallett, $2.63; Isaiah Hallett, $4.11; John Hume, jun., $1.74; Jonathan Heywood, $10.17; Reuben Hussey, $810; Samuel Holmes, $6.10; John Huzzy, $2.18; James Hasty, $10.69; David Huston, $3.14; (ohn Hart, $4.12; Philip Her.som, $5.21: Heirs of David Hasty, 571a HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. $4.48: Benjamin Hersom, $2.60; William Heywood, $2.00; Prince Henry, $6.44; Timothy B. Heywood, $2.00; Andrew Hersom. $1.92; Samuel & Joseph Hitchings. $2.10; Frederick Jackins, $7.94; Reuben Kidder, $19.B1; Jeremiah Kidder, $7.93; Francis Kimball, $4.60; Perley Low, $4.42; Nathaniel Low, $3.10; Nathaniel Low, jun., $5.17; Amos Low, $3.29; Thomas Leeman, $4.48; William Lewis, $6.63; Asa Lewis, $2.67; Widow McFarlane, $3.36; Thomas McFarlane, $3.58; Daniel Moor, $4.02; Samuel Moor, $4.95; Ebenezer Moor, $3.83; Ebenezer Moor, jun., $9.93; Nathaniel Merrifield, $5.11; Simeon Mathews, $2.19; John Mathews, $8.37: Jediah Morrill, $8.16; Abraham Morrill, $3.61; Josiah Morrill, $2.31; Alexander McKechnie, $5.17: William McKech- nie, $4.11; John Magrath, $4.65; Isaiah Marston, $8.92; Kenelm Mars- ton, $4.93; William Marston, $4.22; William Miller, $2.61; Joseph Mitchell, $10.42; Joseph Marston, $2.63; David Nourse, $6.09; Beria- min Otis, $3.51; Lemuel Pullen, $2.72; David Pattee, $5.91; Salathiel Penney, $3.94; Thomas Parker, $8.74; Eleazer Parker, $4.45; Zaccheus Parker, $6.37: Edward Piper, $2.28; William Phillips, $3.89; Oliver Pullen, $5.24; William Pullen, $11.60; Jonathan Pullen, $3 15; William Pullen, 2d, $6.53; James Pullen, $13.97; Dexter Pullen, $3.35; David Priest, $2.51; Asa Redington, $25.93; Moses Ricker, $3.78; Thomas Redmgton, $4.73; Joseph Rine, $2.36; Benjamin Rine, $7.46; John Rose, $6.67; Benjamin Rose, $2.74; George Ricker, $4.37: Levi Ricker, $3.06; Joseph Ricker, $5.77; Eleazer W. Ripley, $6,83; Asa Soule, $10.60; Jonathan Soule, $6.92; Jehiel Soule, $1.67; Almond Soule, $2.80; Michael Soule, $3 69; Benjamin Soule, §1.76; James Stackpole, $23.98; Jotham Stackpole, $3.05; John Stackpole, $2.(i0; Isaac Stevens, $4.93; Samuel Shorey, $8.81; Abraham Smith, $2.63; Reuben Shorey, $4.33; Elnathan Sherwin, $5.15; Artemus Smith, $4.71; Abijah Smith, $7.39; Eliab Smith, jun., $2.29: Lot Sturtevant, $6.92; Ichabod Smith, $2.26; George Soule, $2.98; Philander Soule, $6.13; James Shorey, $5.50; Pele- tiah Soule, $4.49; Heirs of Peleg Tupper, $2.84; Lemuel Tupper, $5.65; Elias Tozer, $5.25; Simeon Tozer, $7.55; Jed. Thayer, $6.44; Elias Tozer, jun., $2 77; Lewis Tozer, $2.77; David Webb, jun., $6.54; Samuel Webb, $6.61; John Webb, $5.97: Bryant Williams, $7.64; Daniel Wells, $5.46; William Wyman, $6.61; Joseph Warren, $2.22; James L. Wood, $31.53; David Wheeler, $3.98; Abisha Wmg, $3.43: Ebenezer Watson, $5.12; William Wat.son, $2.66; George Young, $5.85; David Webb, $5.97; John Watson, $2.36; and John Wright, $6.16. The whole num- ber of taxpayers on the list in 1809 was 276. Lawyers and physicians paid an income tax. The form of license granted in 1823 was this: " Be it known that Nathaniel Gilman, Esq., is hereby licensed to sell wine, beer, ale, cider, brandy, rum and other strong liquors by retail at his store in the town of Waterville for one year from date. Waterville, Sept. 9, 1823." This was signed by the three selectmen and the treasurer. Similar licenses were issued the same year to: John B. Walker & Co., Smith, Ingraham & Co., Burleigh & Partridge, George W. Osborne, Edmund C. An- drews, Simeon Mathews, Blackwell & Loring, James Hasty, William Richards, Daniel Hume, Alden & Allen, Levi Rogers, Jediah Morrill, Daniel Cook, Johnson, Williams & Co., Shubael Marston, Edward Esty, jun., John Burleigh, William Phillips, William F. Bachelder, CITY OF WATERVILLE. 072 Levi Dow, David Page, Samuel Kimball, Hallet & Cornforth, Thomas B. Dickman, Elisha Hallet, John Partridge and Elah Esty. Lucius Allen was licensed to sell liquors at his dwelling house, and John Combs and Luther Ingraham were licensed as " Inholders " — nothing said about selling liquors. The fee paid in most of the cases was $6. In 1834 the town first instructed the selectmen not to grant any licenses and to prosecute all violations of license laws. On the ques- tion of license they steadily voted no from year to year. At a meeting of the board in 1841 — " Resolved that Cyrus Williams having applied for license, this board will grant a license to said Williams to be an Inuholder in said town during the coming year, without the right to retail wine, brandy, rum, or any other spirituous, vinous or fermented intoxicating liquors." 1844 — " Voted that the licensing board be in- structed to grant a license to one person to sell spirituous liquors for medical and mechanical purposes, and that the liquors be furnished by the town; that a record be kept of the quantity sold and to whom, and no credit be given for any liquor sold." The board were in- structed to license no one else and to prosecute all who violated the license laws. William Dyer was duly licensed October 26, 1846, the first town agent according to the state law in Waterville. Mr. Dyer declined and Ira H. Low was appointed to fill the vacancy. 1848 — " Voted to license two persons in the East village and one in the West village in said town to retail spirituous liquors for medicinal and me- chanical purposes only." Ira H. Low and William Dyer were licensed in the former and Samuel Kimball in the latter. 1849 — " Voted to raise the sum of $300, to defray the expenses of the town for the sup- pression of the sale of spirituous liquors." It is a curious reflection that the citizens of Waterville and Wins- low got along without a bridge over the Kennebec till 1824. During that year a covered toll bridge was built by a stock company that did good service till the flood of 1832 washed it away. Another covered toll bridge was built by private parties, among whom were Jediah Morrill, Timothy Boutelle, the Redingtons and James Stackpole. This bridge served the public till, in its turn, a freshet swept it away in 1869. The county commissioners immediately ordered a new bridge built by Waterville and Winslow, and appointed G. A. Phillips, agent of the town of Waterville, to superintend its construction. The work was pushed so vigorously that a covered structure costing $32,000, and free to all, was ready for use in less than a year from the loss of the old one. Mistakes in the construction of this bridge caused its partial failure in a few years. Its piers were excellent, however, and now sustain the present iron bridge built by the two towns in 1884, and costing $40,000. At the town meeting of March 3, 1823, Johnson Williams, Jediah 572a HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTV. Morrill, Nehemiah Getchell, William Pearson, Hall Chase and Asa Redington, jun., were selected fire wardens, and Asa Redington, jun., Nathaniel Oilman and Abigail Smith, police officers. Daniel Fairfield and Joseph Warren were elected meeting house keepers. 1847 "Voted that a night watch shall be established within the East Village till the next annual meeting. This watch shall consist of fourteen sober, tem- perate, and moral men. Two out of the fourteen shall, in rotation, serve each night." 1846. " Voted that the sum not exceeding $100 be paid out of the treasur}' of the town to defray the expense of vaxinat- ing said inhabitants." At a town meeting held Monday, September 13, 1830, the following was enacted: " Be it ordered by the /(?ze'«— That all that part of the town included within and bounded by the following limits, viz.: On the east by Kennebec river, on the north by the north line of river lot numbered 106— on the west by the mile and half stream so called, and on the south by the south line of river lot numbered 102, shall hereafter be called and known in the by-laws and other records and proceedings of the town by the name of the Village of Waterville." The police, sanitary and street regulations of the village were stringent, and sensible rules were made concerning the management of fires and stoves in private buildings. Some of the restrictions were curious, and some were impracticable. A fine of one dollar was im- posed on the owner of any chimney, flue or stove pipe that should burn out in such a manner that the flames were visible at the upper end thereof, or that should throw out burning cinders, except where the roofs of buildings were wet, or covered with snow, and between the hours of sunrise and noon. No light should be carried into a hay loft, or other place filled with highly combustible materials, except in a lantern, and a fine of fifty cents was imposed for smoking a pipe or cigar on any street or sidewalk, or in stable yard or outhouse — with a provision that a person might smoke in his own workshop. The oldest fire company in Waterville was formed about 1810 by Captain Abijah Smith, Nehemiah Getchell, James Stackpole, Timothy Boutelle, Russell Blackwell, and others. A hand engine, made by Stephen Thayer, of Boston, was bought. This was of the most primi- tive construction. Water had to be brought in pails, and turned into a tub, from which it was forced by a couple of ordinary pumps through a leaky hose. One day some one wrote the word " i>V()(?w^r " on the machine at the time bloomer dresses were being worn by a few dar- ing women. The joke took the fancy of the boys, and by that name it was run, retired, and is now remembered. This company and this engine were all the protection Waterville had for years against fires. It was .supported by voluntary aid, which in the nature of things, was in the course of time changed to a general tax. After the usual oppo- sition, the following legislation was procured: CITY OF WATERVILLE. 573 "An act to establish the Ticonic Village corporation. Approved March 24, 1836. "Beginning .south line lot No. 100, on Dr. McKechnie's plan, we.st one mile— thence north to south line of lot No. 107— thence east on -south line of said lot to river— thence south by river to place of be- ginning—which together with the inhabitants thereon be and the same is hereby created a body politic and corporate by the name of The Ticonic Village Corporation. " Said corporation is hereby invested with the power at any legal meeting to raise money for the purchase, repair and preservation of one or more fire engines, hose and other apparatus, and for erecting and repairing of engine hou.ses, and water cisterns, and organizing and maintaining an efficient fire department, and also a further sum not exceeding $50 annually to pay the expenses of ringing one of the bells of said village. The 'officers of said corporation shall be a super- visor, and a clerk and treasurer." It is apparent that this was not a village corporation for any pur- pose except to compel all property holders to support a fire depart- ment. The town at its annual meeting in 1835 had voted the sum of $225 for the purchase of a fire engine. This, with the incorporation of Ticonic village, caused a general movement for adequate protection against fires. Engine Company No. 1, for Ticonic village corporation, was orga- nized in 1836. The members in 1839 were among the first citizens of the village: Samuel Appleton, Joseph Hasty, Joseph O. Pearson, Will- iam Getchell, jun., James Pearson, George Wentworth, John A. Rhodes, Isaac W. Wheeler, Jonathan Stanley, Llewellyn E. Crommett, David Shorey, Joseph Percival, Reuel Howard, jun., Arthur Blish, James Hasty, jun., Walter Getchell, B. K. Scribner, Eben Freeman, William G. Penny, EliphaletGilman, Elisha Howard, Sumner Percival, William Golder, Otis Getchell, William H. Pearson, Silas Getchell, Charles H. Thayer, Philander Soule, Estes W. French, Jarvis Barney, Moses Get- chell, Dr. Nathaniel R. Boutelle, James S. Read, Wadsworth Chipman, Lewis Purrington, Edward H. Piper, Hiram P. Cousins, Orea Doolittle, David Golder, Charles K. White, George H. Esty, Joseph Nudd, Sam- uel S. Parker, Henry H. Fames, Jo.seph C. Whitman, Eldridge Get- chell, S. T. Williams, Aaron Healey, William H. Blair, Oliver Paine, Nathaniel Oilman, jun., Albert Bolkcom and Charles F. Oilman. This company, with the first Ticonic engine, did admirable work for nearly twenty years, when a new generation, in 1854, organized the famous Waterville No. 3, and bought, an engine with which they won memorable victories over the best fire organizations in central Maine. They were never defeated in a public contest. The fourth engine was brought from Pittsfield, Mass., about 1860, where it had* been used a short time, and was known here as Ticonic No. 1. Chief engineers of the fire department have been: Samuel Reding- ton, Samuel Appleton, E. L. Getchell, W. A. Caffrey, W. B. Arnold, 673a HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Dr. F. C. Thayer, H. G. Tozer, C. R. Shorey, J. D. Hayden, A. H. Plais- ted and'W. F. Brown. Simeon Keith was a member of the department from 1837 to 1887. Hand engines were succeeded by the present steamer in 1886 and the fire alarm was adopted in 1892. Mills and Manufactories.— We propose to describe the various mills and manufactories on the Emerson or Messalonskee stream in its course through Waterville, beginning with the lower or last privi- lege before it enters the river. This was probably first utilized by Silas and Abijah Wing, who constructed a dam, a saw mill and a grist mill. Samuel and Joseph Hitchings came in 1809, from Boston, and bought the property of them. Samuel put up another building where lie made wool carding machines and turned bedstead posts. Deacon Daniel Wells built a carding and clothing mill on the same dam, supplied with machinery made by Samuel Hitchings, and ran it till about 1832, when he changed it to a shingle mill. About 1820 the old saw mill was rebuilt by Joseph Hitchings, and about 1830 the grinding and bolting machinery were taken from the grist mill to the Crommett grist mill on the upper dam. The great freshet of 1832, the only one ever known to do any damage on this stream, carried all the buildings on the Hitchings dam away except Deacon Wells' card- ing mill, which was burned two years later. The saw mill, which was carried but a little ways by the flood, was brought back and put in operation, soon after which the Hitchings brothers sold the dam property to Francis Batchelder, of Boston, who built another saw mill on the other side of the stream and did for a few years a large but unprofitable lumber business. The property was abandoned and the mills rotted down. The site is now owned by Samuel Hitchings, son of Joseph. The next privilege above, now owned by Webber & Philbrick, was the site of one of the earliest saw mills in Waterville, built and owned by Asa Emerson, from whom the stream took its name. One of the election notices in 1790 was posted by vote of the town on Emerson's mill. The old buildings and dam wasted away and the power had been idle for years till, in 1833, Joseph P. Fairbanks, one of the three famous scale builders of St. Johnsbury, Vt., and Arba Nelson built the present dam and began making cast iron plows in December of that year, under the firm name of Fairbanks, Nelson & Co. The " Co." comprised Erastus and Nelson Fairbanks, of St. Johnsbury. After a few years the Waterville Iron Manufacturing Company •was formed, John Webber and Fred P. Haviland becoming stockhold- ers and directors. In 1843 these two men bought the entire property and added stove making. Webber & Haviland continued the business for the next twenty-eight years. In 1871 a half interest was sold to Frank B. Webber and C. T. Haviland, sons of the senior partners, and Webber, Haviland & Co. in turn changed, in 1873, to Webber, Havi- CITY OF WATERVILLE. 574 land & Philbrick, at which time F. B. Philbrick bought an equal part- nership with F. B. Webber and C. T. Haviland. The present firm of Webber & Philbrick was formed in 1882, when C. T. Haviland dis- posed of his interests to his partners, who have given steady work for the past ten years to twenty -five men, and are the only concern in the foundry and general machinery business in Waterville. The next dam above was built soon after 1850, by Erastus O. Wheeler. Samuel Appleton, Zebulon Sanger and John Ransted built a paper mill and made newspaper stock. The Warrens and Monroes, of Boston, the next owners, made cedar bark paper till they were burned out. In 1873 Winslow Roberts and A. P. Marston bought the site and built a large factory, in which they made wooden shanks, used in the manufacture of boots and shoes, for several years, employing fifty people. Their works were burned in 1878, rebuilt, and again destroyed by fire the next year, since which no business has been done on this dam. Proceeding up stream we come next to the old carpet factory, built by Windsor & Barrett for a cotton factory, and run by Gilroy more than sixty years ago. He made genuine Wiltshire goods, and several of the first families ordered a carpet in advance to encourage his com- ing. The only trouble with his carpets was that buyers did not live long enough to wear them out and need more. After Gilroy, Israel Johnson made machinery there for woolen mills till William Pearson & Sons bought the property, put up more buildings and established a tannery that used 3,000 cords of bark yearly. About 1854 the Pearsons quit the business and the property stood idle till 1865, when it was bought by H. S. Ricker & Co., refitted and run till 1874, when Mr. Ricker became and has continued to be the sole proprietor. Upper leather made from hides and skins is the special product of this tan- nery, which employs five men and uses yearly 300 cords of bark. The next dam above the old carpet mill site is the upper dam, on which the water company's pumping station is located. Doctor Mc- Kechnie built a saw mill and a grist mill here on the west side of the stream, before 1780, that disappeared before the memory of any one now living. Election notices were posted in 1788 on " Widow Mc- Kechnie's grist mill." James Crommett built the next dam, and on the east side of the stream he built a saw mill, a grist mill and a card- ing and clothing mill. The mills were run by the builder and his sons, Orrin, Theodore and Llewellyn. The latter ran the grist mill, which had four runs of stones and two bolts, till about 1842, after which it stood idle many years. Orrin Crommett, B. P. Manley, James S. Craig, Hill and Allen operated the carding mill till Fred Bailey changed it to a grist mill and was succeeded by W. S. B. Run- nells who was burned out in 1884. Jerry Furbish, in 1872, bought of William Brown the old gristmill 574a HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. and half the saw mill, and made sash, doors and blinds till the fire of 1884. He rebuilt and continued business till his death in 1888. Suc- ceeding him, Bangs Brothers, Mr. Dane and Hayden & Robinson did various kinds of wood work till 1891, when the present occupant, Al- bert G. Bowie, architect and builder, took possession. In the various departments of his business fifty men are employed. On the same dam Winslow Marston bought, in 1858, of Cushman, a part of the Pearson tannery, and inade matches till 1890. He was twice burned out, the last time in 1889. Fuller & Haines now use the building for a carpenter shop. The water privilege and land on the west side of the dam were owned by James Stackpole, who, with Erastus O. and Sumner Wheeler, built a saw mill, before 1830, that ran many years. This privilege and half of the dam below were bought, in 1873, by Henry R. Butter- field. On the latter he built the shovel handle factory he still operates, in which fifteen men are employed, and 35,000 dozen handles are made yearly. On the upper dam, he built in 1875 a building in which B. F. Dow & Co. made furniture. In 1880 the Fiber Ware Company bought the property, and their works were burned in 1884. Near the bridge, Mr. Butterfield also erected, in 1875, a large two-story build- ing, designed for a grist mill, that stood idle till burned in the fire of 1884. The Maine Water Company, with central offices in Gardiner, built in 1887, and still own the water works in this city. A powerful pump forces water from the Messalonskee to a reservoir 2-J- miles distant, from whence fifteen miles of iron mains distribute it through the city. The forcing capacity of the pump is 2,000,000 gallons per day, and 1,200 customers now use about half that amount. The first effort to use the stupendous power of the Kennebec river at Waterville for mechanical purposes was made in 1792, when Nehe- miah Getchell and Asa Redington came from A'assalboro, and con- structed a dam from the west shore to Rock island and built a saw mill. Other mills were soon biiilt, logs were easily obtained from the river, and for the next sixty years this was the manufacturing center, and its vicinity was the business center of the town. Redington & Stackpole were the next mill builders after the pioneers, followed by Nehemiah and William Getchell, sons of ]S[ehe- miah, from Vassalboro, and the fathers respectively of Eldridge and Walter Getchell, of this city. The Getchell saw mill was run by the brothers, William and Walter Getchell, from 1830 to 1870, being burned in the fire of 1849, rebuilt, and again burned in 1859. They sold in 1868 to General Franklin vSmith, who built a saw and framing mill. He sold to the Lockwood Company. The following well-remembered men built or rented saw mills, and were large lumber cutters and dealers here, during the first half of the present century: John, Samuel and William CITV OF WATERVIIJ.E. . 575 Kendall, the latter a noted man — inventor of the turbine water wheel and the circular saw; Isaac Farrer and Zebulon Sanger, and his sons, William, Samuel and Silas, Asa Redington, Dunlap, Hobson, Parker Sheldon, Deacon Samuel Doolittle, David Paige, Josiah Morrill, Colonel Scribner, Colonel Simonds, William and Daniel Moor, French Brothers, and Jacob and William Wing. The latter made sash and blinds. Waterville did an immense lumber business until the pine forests were exhausted. Moses Dalton built on the river dam very early a grist mill and a carding mill that were run till they were worn out. Asa Redington built another grist mill on the same site in 1838, that was successively operated by Peltiah and William Penny, Gideon Wing and Horace Tozer. Colonel I. S. Bangs, the next owner, was burned out in 1883, rebuilt and sold to A. F. F. Merrill and he to W. B. S. Runnels, who in 1891 resold to Mr. Merrill, the present proprietor. W. & D. Moor built in the 'forties a long four story building in which they had gang saws, made iron and steel shovels, and had a plaster mill and a feed mill. A part of it was used for a storehouse, as they were also traders and grain dealers. This building was burned in the great fire of July 15, 1849, and was rebuilt by its owners, who .suffered the loss of it the second time in the fire of 1859. The magnificent possibilities that were running to waste in the Titanic power of Ticonic falls, had long been a matter of deep con- cern with the thoughtful citizens of Waterville. This feeling materi- alized in practical form, when G. A. Phillips, soon after the war, as the originator and representative of a citizens' movement, secured the option of purchase of property extending three-fourths of a mile on the west bank of the Kennebec, and a mile and three fourths on the east bank. Saturday, February 4, 1866, at a meeting of which Solyman Heath was chairman, and E. R. Drummond was clerk, the Ticonic Water Power & Manufacturing Company was organized, with S. Heath, G. A. Phillips, J. P. Blunt, James Drummond and John P. Richardson as directors. "An act to incorporate the Ticonic Water Power and Manufactur- ing Company. February 6, 1866. "Section 1. Dennis L. Milliken, N. R. Boutelle, T. W. Herrick, C. K. Mathews, C. R. McFadden, C. G. Meader, A. A. Plaisted, Na- thaniel Meader, E. L. Getchell, E. F. Webb, Solyman Heath, G. A. Phillips, J. W. Philbrick, I. S. Bangs, jun., Samuel Appleton, W. B. Arnold, E. R. Drummond, James Drummond and John P. Richardson, with their associates and assigns, are hereby created a corporation, with ihe power and privileges, and subject to the duties and require- ments incident to manufacturing corporations. " Section 2. The corporation is authorized to carry on at the Ticonic Falls in Waterville and Winslow the manufacture of: Wool, Wood, Cotton, Iron, Steel, Lumber, Leather, Paper, Flax, Paints, Oils, 575a HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Meal, Flour, and other articles necessarily connected therewith, and purchase, hold and possess estate, real and personal, to an amount not to exceed one Million Dollars." The incorporators at once elected G. A. Phillips treasurer, made assessments on their stock, and proceeded to acquire the water rights and territory necessary to their plans. Through formidable difficulties Mr. Phillips proceeded to buy 400 acres of land adjacent to the falls, costing $80,000. The dam now in use by the Lockwood Company was built in 1868 at a cost of $40,000. Then ensued several years of inac- tion, during which R. B. Dunn bought a controlling portion of the .sfock at thirty cents on a dollar, pledging himself to pay the floating debt of $50,000, and build a cotton mill. Many citizens assisted in this consummation for the benefit of Waterville, one of the most active and efficient being Reuben Foster. The name of the old company was changed to the Ticonic Com- pany. Mr. Dunn became the sole owner, paid the debts of the Ticonic Water Power & Manufacturing Company, and built at a heavy ex- pen.se what is now cotton mill No. 1. Amos D. Lockwood, of Provi- dence, R. I., became enlisted in the enterprise and the present Lockwood Company was formed in 1874. Mr. Dunn received $125,000 stock in the new company for his entire interest in the Ticonic Company, and was reimbursed for all his expenditures in building. Mill No. 1 was completed and began spinning cotton in February, 1876, and made sheeting till 1882, when the additional buildings now standing were erected. The capital now invested in this great enterprise is $1,800,000. The total output of the Lockwood Company for the first half of 1892 was 8,752,682 yards of cotton cloth, weighing 2,978,000 pounds. To produce these large results 2,100 looms, 90,000 spindles and the labor of 1,250 people ten hours each week day are required. From fifty to seventy-five skilled mechanics are constantly employed, capable of reconstructing any machinery in use. This plant, perfect and effective as it is, does but imperfect honor to the admirable man, Amos D. Lockwood, whose name it bears. The grandeur of his character as a man exceeded even the enviable equipment and adjustment of his mental gifts. R. B. Dunn was the first president of the Lockwood Company, succeeded by the present incumbent, J. H. McMullen, of Portland. Amos D. Lockwood, the first treasurer, was succeeded at his death in 1882 by the present treasurer, J. W. Danielson, of Provi- dence, R. I. The very capable agent, S. L Abbott, of Waterville, has held that position from the start, and his son, W. H. K. Abbott, has been superintendent since 1883. Any locality that secures the construction and repair shops of a great railroad is fortunate. The Maine Central in 1886-7 built the Waterville shops — 750 feet long and two stories high — filled with all modern machinery for repairing or making every variety of cars. CITY OF WATERVILLE. 576 This department, including the painting and upholstering of passenger tars, employs 125 men. In the engine department 125 out of 149 en- gines belonging to the road were in the shop during the past year for repairs. Ninety men are employed in this work. The earliest brick yard in Waterville that is now remembered, was at the foot of Sherwin street, owned by Colonel Sherwin and Deacon Dimond. In it were made the brick for the Moses Dalton and Edward Estee stores. The next yard belonged to Peter Crabtree Getchell, who made the brick used in the college buildings, on premises near there now owned by Arthur Alden. In 1829 Mr. Getchell made the brick and built the Waterville Academy; Timothy Boutelle gave the land. George and Stacy Wentworth bought the Getchell yard and continued the business. In 1886 Norton & Purinton opened a brick yard in the north part of the town and the next year Amos Purinton bought Mr. Norton's interest. Smce then Purinton Brothers have ■made 1,500,000 brick in that yard each year. They employ fifteen men. Proctor & Flood make 600,000 brick per year. Their yard is near the Fairfield line. The first tanneries in Waterville were small affairs, but were equal to the demand for their products. The Sanborn tannery, situated a little north of Samuel Appleton's, on Main street, and the Powers es- tablishment on Silver street, were the pioneers. But the largest by far, and the longest continued tannery ever in town was built by Will- iam Pearson, who rode into Waterville from Exeter, N. H., one June day in the cold summer of 1816, through fast falling snow that covered the ground six inches deep. He located where the Lockwood Mill stands, and manufactured sole leather there till about 1836, when with his sons the business was transferred to the Messalonskee. When the ground was being fitted for the cotton mill, one of the old. vats was uncovered, in which several sides of leather were found in the pickle where they had lain over forty years. Upon examination they proved to be in superb condition, and more than one man declared they made the most durable shoe soles he ever wore. John Goodell began in 187:3 the manufacture of cook stoves. In his employ were Edmund D. Noyes and James P. Goddard, who be- came his partners in 1879. In 1886 the young men bought Mr. Goodell out and the new firm of Noyes & Goddard continued the old business till their works were burned in October, 1892. Alben Emery began in 1846 pulling wool and tanning sheep skins. He died in 1873 and the business was continued for several years by his sons: James H., Alben F. and Albert P. For the past eight years Albert P. Emery has been sole proprietor, tanning now about 8,000 skins, and handling 75,000 pounds of fleece wool per year. Churches.— The First Baptist Church in Waterville was consti- tuted August 27, 1818, at the house of Rev. Jeremiah Chaplin. Twenty fiTBa HISTORY OF KKXNEBEC COUNTY. persons presented letters of dismission from other churches— thirteen of them from the First Baptist church in Sidney. Baptism was first administered September 6, 1818, and during the sam^e month Rev. Jeremiah Chaplin, then professor of theology in Maine Literary and Theological Institution, became the first pastor. A notable event was the baptism July 16, 1820, by Doctor Chaplin, of George Dana Board- man, who became a world renowned mis-sionary. In 1823 Stephen Chapin and Avery Briggs, professors in the college, were made asso- ciate pastors, which arrangement lasted one year, when Rev. Stephen Chapin was made sole pastor. The society erected the present house of worship in 1826 at a cost of about $4,000, and dedicated it December 6th of the same year. In 1828 Professor Chapin left Waterville, and Hervy Fittz succeeded him in 1829. He was succeeded in 1881 by Rev. Henry K. Green. Rev. S. F. Smith, author of the national hymn America, was ordained in 1834. Rev. D. N. Sheldon succeeded in 1842, but was soon elected president of the college and was pastor but one year. Forty- four mem- bers of this church were dismissed by letter in 1844, to form a church in West Waterville. The same year John C. Stockbridge came to Waterville and was installed pastor January 8, 1845. He resigned in 1847, and Rev. William Crowell followed in 1849, succeeded in 1852 by Rev. N. M. Wood, and in 1860 by G. D. B. Pepper, who resigned in 1865. The next year the church substituted vSabbath school exercises for the morning preaching service. In 1867 B. F. Shaw became pastor and was succeeded by Henry S. Burrage, January 1, 1870; by S. P. Merrill in 1874, and in 1879 by the present pastor, W. H. Spencer. The old meeting house was repaired and reseated in 1846, and again in 1875, when it was remodeled and enlarged at an expense of $17,000. The services are largely attended, also the Sabbath school, which numbers 369. The church membership is 385. The deacons of this church have been: William Lewis, Thomas Parker, John Par- tridge, Oliver Welch, Daniel Wells, Nathaniel Russell, Constantine Bates, Clifford Williams, W. A. F. vStevens, Samuel Scammon, J. W. Philbrick, David Webb, Charles A. Dow. James H. Hanson, Charles F. Gardner. Mr. Allen, in his History of Methodism, says: " The early methodist itinerants in Maine strangely avoided Waterville." Rev. Ezekiel Robinson in 1827 was the first preacher, and organized the first class. In 1832 Martin Ward preached here and formed a class of seven, of which J. Parker was leader. In 1833 P. P. Morrill, and in 1835 M. Wight, followed by Asa Heath, ministered to a small band of twenty- five members, who gave up in discouragement soon after. In 1843 Waterville was made a mission station, with an appropria- tion of $25, and Luther P. French was appointed preacher in charge. Meetings were held in the town hall, class and prayer meetings were CITY OF WATERVILLE. ^17 held, a Sunday school was started, and thirty-five members joined the church. S. Allen was the preacher in 1844, Asahel Moore in 184o, and C. Hunger in 1846. To sustain preaching, $150 was appropriated each year from the missionary fund, but no church was built. The people again became discouraged, and the charge was again abandoned. S. Allen was returned to Waterville in 1851 with an appropriation of $100, and staid two years. D. Waterhouse came in 1853, and C. Fuller the next two years. From this time till 1866 the society was connected with Kendall's Mills charge, but only got now and then a sermon. In 1859 Hobart Richardson, a local preacher, established weekly prayer meetings at his house, and in 1866 he preached at Kendall's Mills and at Water- ville, as a supply. A. R. Sylvester was appointed this year to Ken- dall's Mills and Waterville. The next year Waterville was again made a separate charge, with J. H. Mowers as preacher. In 1868 J. W. Hathaway was appointed to this mission, with an appropriation of $200. An active start was at once made toward building a church, which was broken by Mr. Hathaway's retirement from the ministry. True Whittier was appointed to the vacancy, but was transferred to South Carolina soon after. John Allen and students from Kents Hill ministered until A. S. Ladd was sent here in 1869. In the meantime a church had been erected and partly finished. Sunday meetings were held in the town hall, and prayer meetings in Marston's Block. The first meeting in the vestry was on the second Sunday in July. At length the church was finished at a cost of $16,- 000, of which R. B. Dunn paid $14,000. After furnishing it, which cost $5,000, it was dedicated March 23, 1870. A. S. Ladd preached here three years, leaving a prosperous society, of whom eighty were church members. A. W. Pottle was appointed in 1872 and in 1881; W. S. Jones in 1875; Roscoe Sanderson, 1876; Ezekiel Martin, 1878; W. S. Mclntire, 1883; W. M. Sterling, 1885; G. C. Crawford, 1887; C. I. Mills, 1888; Howard A. Clifford, 1889; L. B. Codding, 1890, and Wilber F. Berry in 1892. The First Congregational Church of Waterville was organized at the house of Captain William Pearson, August 21, 1828, by an ecclesi- astical council, of which Rev. David Thurston, from Winthrop, Avas moderator, and Rev. Thomas Adams, scribe. There were twelve charter members, seven of whom came by letter from other churches, and five by confession of faith. There was no settled ministry until 1834, when Rev. Thomas Adams was invited to preach, and was in- stalled as the first pastor September 27, 1836, and served until 1838. The church building was erected in the autumn of 1835. In Septem- ber, 1838, Calvin E. Park was installed pastor, and held the office until April, 1844. Mr. Roswell D. Hitchcock then occupied the pulpit for nearly a year, and in October, 1846, Richard B. Thurston was settled 577a HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. on a salary of $500, one-half of which was paid by the church and society, and the balance by the Maine Missionary Society. Mr. Thur- ston resigned in March, 1855. William B. Greene was installed in November, 1855. Edward Hawes was ordained in 1858 on a salary of ^700, and closed a very useful pastorate by removing- to Philadelphia in 1864. The pulpit was then supplied a few months by Rev. P. C. Headly until August, 1866. Mr. B. A. Robie was settled at a salary of $1,000 by an ordaining council in March, 1866. He resigned December 18, 1870, giving as his chief reason, his " inability to find a suitable house to live in, and the inadequacy of his salary if he could find one." Calvin G. Hill preached from August, 1871, to April, 1872. In September, 1872, Rev. James Cameron became acting pastor, and continued until April, 1874, dur- ing which time the church was repaired and beautified. July 28, 1874, Mr. John T. Crumrine was ordained and installed, remaining only until May of the following year. He was followed by Rev. C. D. Crane July. 1875. In July, 1877, Rev. Ezra N. Smith began his labors, and though not installed, remained until 1888— salary, $1,000. Rev. Leavitt H. Hallock, of Portland, was extended a unanimous call at a salary of $2,000. He commenced work June 1, 1889 (without installa- tion), and remained until December 1, 1892, when he became pastor ■of the First Congregational church in Tacoma, Washington. During July and August of 1869 the church was thoroughly re- paired at a cost of nearly $3,000, and re-dedicated free of debt. At the first annual church meeting December 31, 1889, the pastor announced the gift of $500 from a personal friend toward the building of a suit- able parsonage, provided it should be completed during 1890. The Mayo lot on Park street was purchased for $3,000, and a parsonage was erected, and was occupied by the pastor and his family in the autumn of 1890. The present membership of the church is 222. The first Universalist minister here was Rev. Thomas Barnes, of Poland, Me., who was ordained in 1802, the first ordained minister of the Universalist faith in the state, and he died in 1816. November 20, 1820, Rev. Sylvanus Cobb, of Norway, the second Universalist minis- ter ordained in Maine, preached in Waterville for the first time, and -after his ordination, in 1821, settled here, preaching at Waterville and West Waterville, in the old town meeting houses in both places. The Eastern Association of Universalists met in Waterville June 25, 1823, when Rev. Hosea Ballou, of Boston, the great leader of Universalism in America, was present and preached a sermon of remarkable power. Jediah Morrill became from that hour a life-long Universalist. The first Universalist church in Maine was organized by Reverend Cobb in Waterville, May 28, 1826. It consisted of twenty members; eleven belonged in Waterville, four in Sidney, four in Fairfield and one in Winslow. None of the original members are now living. He CITV OF WATERVILLE. 578 continued his labors here till 1828, when he removed to Maiden, Mass. After his removal Rev. W. A. Drew, of Augusta, preached a good deal, and Rev. Dr. J. G. Adams, of Massachusetts, was here as a supply. In 1831, having matured a plan to erect a church edifice, the society was formally organized. The original signers to the petition to Tim- othy Boutelle, requesting him to issue his warrant notifying and call- ing a meeting for the purpose of organizing a Universalist society in Waterville, were as follows: James Crommett, Jediah Morrill, Simeon Mathews, Elah Esty, David Page, Abijah Smith, Moses Healy, Daniel Moor, Erastus O. Wheeler, Cyrenus C. Wheeler, Alpheus Lyon, Charles Hayden, jun., David McFarland, Israel S. Savage, Jarvis Bar- ney, Ebenezer Bolkcom, J. M. Harris, Thomas McFarland, William Ellis, Alfred J. Crommett, Jacob M. Crooker, Tufton Simpson, Samuel Kendall and George W. Lincoln. To these were subsequently added the following names: James W. Ford, William H. Dow, Alexander McKechnie, Daniel Paine, Sumner Townsend. Fuller G. Cook. Calvin Gardner, J. P. Harris, R. W. Dorr, Silas Redington, Benjamin P. Manley, John R. Philbrick, David Wing, Sumner A. Wheeler, Walter Getchell. This list, as will be readily seen by the old residents of the town, contains a very large proportion of the prominent citizens at that time. Only one of the number still remains connected with the society — Walter Getchell, now about eighty-three years old. At the first meeting of the new society it was voted to build a meeting house. There have been different reports in regard to whether the donor of the lot on which the church stands was James Crommett or Simeon Mathews. The deed has unfortunately been lost. At the annual meeting of the society January 28, 1833, the thanks of the society were voted to Simeon Mathews for his gift of a part of the meeting house lot, valued at $100; and there is no record of any one having given any other part. The southern point of the triangle was bought of Mr. James Crommett for $,50. The house, raised Jlily 9, 1832, contains sixty pews and cost $4,200. It was dedi- cated January 1, 1833. Jediah Morrill was the largest contributor to the building fund and gave the town clock still in use, which cost $350. He also bore the expense of winding it and keeping it in order. Rev. Calvin Gardner was pastor from September, 1833, for nearly twenty years. November 25, 1842, having neglected to hold its meet- ings regularly, the society was reorganized. After the close of Mr. Gardner's long pastorate. Rev. W. B. Lovejoy preached one year. The organ was bought in 1852 and in 1854 the church edifice was thor- oughly repaired, at an expense of $600. Rev. Henry C. Leonard be- came pastor in 1854 and continued so till 1861, when he became chap- lain of the 3d Maine Infantry. In 1861 Rev. W. A. P. Dillingham, of Sidney, was engaged to supply the pulpit and remained pastor till near the close of 1864. Rev. Frank Magwin succeeded Mr. Dillingham 578a HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. April, 1865, and continued his services till 1868. Rev. Joseph O. Skinner became pastor in 1869 and served the society till September, 1873. He was the last resident minister. During his pastorate, in December, 1872, Mr. Jediah Morrill, who had been the acknowledged leader of the society for more than fifty years, went down to his hon- ■ored grave. He did not forget the cause he loved so well, but put $3,000 into the hands of trustees of his own selection, to be held as a iund, " the interest to be used for the support of the Gospel in and by the Universalist Society." Mrs. Susan L. Hoag, a niece of Mr. Mor- rill, who had been a member of his family from her childhood till his death, gave, previous to her death in 1879, $500 to repair the church. After Mr. Skinner's pastorate Rev. E. M. Grant settled at West Waterville and preached in 1875 and 1876, when the church was again closed. Rev. Amory Battles, of Bangor, supplied the desk for one year, beginning September, 1880. In 1882 Rev. G. G. Hamilton, of Oakland, was engaged to preach every Sunday for two years. Rev. R. H. Aldrich, pastor at Fairfield, succeeded Mr. Hamilton in 1884 and supplied the pulpit till 1888. Rev. S. G. Davis, of Fairfield, came in 1889 and preached till the summer of 1891, when he resigned on account of failing health and was succeeded by Rev. E. L. Houghton, the present pastor. There have been Unitarians in Waterville for many years, but the first Unitarian sermon in the place was delivered by Rev. D. N. Shel- don, D.D., then of Bath, June 19, 1859. He preached again on July 10th, of the same year. In 1860 Doctor Sheldon preached ten times, and in 1861 was engaged to preach on the second Sunday in every month, with the exception of December. December 14, 1861, the friends of Unitarianism met at the town hall and finding that money could be raised for the purpose, invited Doctor Sheldon to preach regularly after the first of January, 1862. The salary fixed was $900 per annum, and a committee was appointed to convey the invitation. Doctor Sheldon accepted and became the Unitarian minister of Water- ville on and after January 1, 1862. The Unitarians were organized as " The First Unitarian Society of Waterville," July 17, 1863. The first meetings of the society were held in the town hall. In 1866 the present edifice was erected and was dedicated vSeptember 4th. The pews were sold for $2,664. The bell was presented by Alben Emery, of this city; the clock in the audience room, by J. M. Crooker, also of Waterville, and the pulpit Bible by Colonel R. H. Greene, of Winslow. The society also received $2,000 from the American Uni- tarian Association and a generous purse from a committee of Portland gentlemen. The clock in the tower was presented by Samuel Apple- ton, and was put in motion June 23, 1869. The one person of all others to whom the Unitarian society is in- debted for favors is Mrs. S. M. Ware, widow of the late John Ware. CITY OF WATERVILLE. 579 On November 28, 1881, in accordance with certain conditions, she placed in the gallery a fine organ of the most complete pattern, from the manufactory of Hook & Hastings. It is an unusually sweet-toned and valuable instrument. In the summer of 1888, Mrs. Ware purchased a fine residence in Waterville, west of the City Park, which she has since generously per- mitted to be used as a parsonage. She always contributed most gener- ously for the annual expenses and has always aided largely in all repairs and pecuniary subscriptions for any purpose. Her greatest gift to the parish was the Ware Parlors, a unique and beautiful vestry for chapel and social uses, erected in the summer and autumn of 1889. The workmanship is of the finest pattern, the elegant frescoing being done by Strauss Brothers, of Boston. It is a costly and beautiful gift and will always reflect the kind heart of the donor. This building was dedicated January 14, 1890; Mrs. Ware presenting the building in person, all of her children, and a large assemblage of parishioners and neighbors being present. There have been five pastors. Rev. David Newton Sheldon, D.D., the first pastor, preached his farewell sermon, December 31, 1876. Doctor Sheldon lived in Waterville, after his resignation, honored and respected, until his death, October 4, 1889. The second pastor, John Adams Bellows, was a son of Judge Bellows, of Concord, N. H., and a graduate of Dartmouth in 1870. He was ordained June 6, 1878. He closed his pastorate, November 25, 1883. The third pastor was Rev. Daniel Rowen, who came here from Stoneham, Mass., and was installed April 30, 1884, and resigned February 12, 1885. The fourth pastor was Rev. Albert Corydon White. He came here from the Universalist church in Augusta. He was not installed. His ministry extended from March 22, 1885, to December 31, 1887. The fifth and present pastor, Rev. Josiah Lafayette Seward,* began his ministry, without formal installation, August 1, 1888. The church in connection with the society was organized, under Mr. Seward, September 2, 1888, and there have been about seventy- five members enrolled. During the early part of 1892, a debt of about .^1,800 was raised. The parish is now in a pro.sperous condition. The Episcopal form of belief and worship is represented by St. Mark's Mission, which was formed by ten adults of Waterville in 1876. Among those most zealous in this movement were J. F. Percival and the late Judge J. G. Soule. Granger Hall was the first place meetings were held, and Rev. Edwin F. Small was the first clergyman. In 1878 *He was born in Sullivan, N. H., April 17, 1845, prepared for college at Phillips Exeter Academy, graduated at Harvard University in 1868 and at the Harvard Divinity School in 1874. He taught a year in the South, in 1868-69, a year in Boston, 1869-70, and a year as the principal of the Conant High School in Jaffrey, N. H., 1870-71. He was ordained in Lowell, Mass., December 31, 1874, and continued for fourteen years the pastor of the First Unitarian church in that city. He has received the 33d degree in Freemasonry. 579a HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. the society built their present neat chapel at a total cost of about $2,500. In 1886 the rectory belonging to the society was purchased, costing $3,000. The mission now numbers eighty-three communi- cants. It has had a boy choir since 1890, and has a chapter of the Brotherhood of St. Andrew connected with the church. Through the efforts of the present rector, there has been established the first in- dustrial school in the city, in which sewing is taught every Saturday to about sixty girls. Each one pays a penny a week, or as often as they attend. Mr. Small, the first rector, was succeeded in 1881 by John M. Bates to 1883, by L. W. Richardson to 1885, by Mellville Mc- Laughlin to 1889, and since that time by Rev. James W. Sparks. Religious services according to the Roman Catholic faith were first established in Waterville about 1840 as a mission attended from Ban- gor. The movement grew in interest, and a small chapel was built in 1847 on the plains. No resident pastor, however, was appointed here till 1857, when Father Nicolyn came. He was succeeded by Father L'Hiver, Father Picard, and in 1870 by Father D. J. Halde, who in 1871 bought land of John Ware, and built St. Francis de Sales church, costing $22,000, since which time the sum of $8,000 has been ex- pended on it. He was succeeded in 1880 by the present pastor, Nar- cisse Charland, under whose administration the parochial residence, formerly known as the McCaffrey property, was bought of Mrs. In- galls in 1886, at a cost of $3,600, to which $1,000 was added in repairs. The next year Father Charland built the parochial school, which was completed in 1888, and cost $7,000. The convent. Order of Sisters Ursulines, costing with furniture, $8,788, was erected in 1891. It is used as a residence for the sisters, a boarding house for girls, and has class rooms for recitations. The parochial school has from 450 to 480 scholars, including twenty-one boarders in the convent. Although the church seats over 1,100 per- sons, and has two services each Sabbath morning, it is too small to accommodate the worshippers from this large and growing parish, which numbers, including Winslow, over 3,000 souls. In addition to accumulating and imperative duties at home. Father Charland holds services monthly at two missions: one at North Vassalboro, in St. Bridget's church, which was built by Father D. J. Halde in 1874, and the other in the Memorial Hall at Oakland. Here is the oldest Sunday school record: " Being desirous of hav- ing a well-ordered Sunday school in Waterville, we hereby agree to meet at the old meeting house Sunday, August 10, 1827. Daniel Cook, Hall Chase, G. W. Osborne, Thomas Kimball, John C. Jewell, M. P. Norton, T. Boutelle, vShubael Marston, Asa Redmgton, James Burleigh, Nathaniel Russell, Lemuel Stilson, J. Alden, Daniel Paine, Jarvis Barney, Russell Ellis, William Pearson, J. M. Haines, S. Scam- mon, Isaac Dodge, William Hastings, J. M. Moor, W. Loring, Moses Appleton, James Stackpole, jun., George Stickney." CHAPTER XXIII. CITY OF WATERVILLE (Concluded.) BY HENRY D. Kl Organizations. — Banks. — Cemeteries. — Post Office. — City Incorporated.— Offi- cials.—Schools.— Almshouse. — Music. — Personal Paragraphs. A YOUNG Men's Christian Association was formed in Waterville soon after 1870. It flourished while a novelty, but lacked vitality to live as a fixture. Over $1,000 was expended in the experiment. Its affairs were closed up in 1875, leaving a small bal- ance in the hands of E. R. Drummond, which was deposited in the savings bank, and reinvested in the same worthy scheme when the present association was organized in 1886. C. W. Davis was the president, and Frank B. Philbrick the next and present. Charles F. Carpenter and Henry L. Tappan have been the treasurers. Edward A. Pierce was the first secretary, L. N. Tower the second, and George A. Mathews has served since February, 1892. The association hold a public meeting every Sunday afternoon, and keep their pleasant rooms open every day, in which they have a library of 200 volumes, 42 periodicals, a piano and other attractive features, including a gym- nasium for the use of the 150 members. The Masonic Lodges of Maine derive their charters from four dif- ferent sources. Before the revolution there was a provincial Grand Lodge in Bo.ston, having jurisdiction over New England, and subordi- nate to the Grand Lodge of England. Portland Lodge was chartered by this body. Later, there was another Grand Lodge, having head- quarters in Boston, claiming jurisdiction over all North America, subordinate to the Grand Lodge of Scotland. This body chartered the Warren Lodge, of Machias. After the independence of the LTnited States, these two grand bodies became one, which was known as the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts. The first Lodge chartered by this grand body was the Lincoln Lodge, of Wiscasset, in 1792. Immedi- ately after Maine became a state there was a Grand Lodge established for it. The first Lodge which it chartered was Hermon Lodge, of Gardiner, and Waterville Lodge, chartered June 27, 1820, was its 5S0a HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. second, being the thirty-third within the limits of the state, and so numbered. Of the charter members Thomas B. Stinchfield, of Clinton, was a clothier and died there long ago. General William Kendall owned the whole water privilege at what is now Fairfield village. From him the village was known for many years as Kendall's Mills. Old guide posts on the highways still exist, giving the direction and distances to Kendall's Mills. He was the sheriff of Somerset and the father of Captain William Kendall, of circular saw notoriety. Dr. Stephen Thayer was a well known physician. Colonel Ephraim Getchell came from Berwick. Henry Johnson was a remarkable man. He was of Clinton, to which place he came from New York about 1808. He was said to have been concerned in some way with the duel between Burr and Hamilton, which was the occasion of his coming. Jepthah Ames was an axe maker. Hezekiah Stratton, jun., was a merchant and the partner of Jediah Morrill. David Nourse was a lumberman. Colonel Ellis Burgess kept a public house at West Waterville. Calvin Wing was a lumberman. Elias Cobb was a law student in the office of Mr. Boutelle. Major Ebenezer Bolkcom was an old and esteemed citizen. Nahum Wood was a carpenter, of Winslow. The first meeting of the Lodge for organization was in the hall of Thomas Kimball, October 26, 1820. Here the first officers were chosen, of whom Benjamin Adams was master. The Masonic fraternity of Waterville have held their meetings in eight different places. Their first hall was in the public house kept by Thomas Kimball; after June, 182:3, by Luther Ingraham. It stood very nearly on the site of the building now used by Mr. Estes for a shoe store and nearly opposite the old Williams House, of later date. When the present structure was built the former house was moved back into the rear of its former location and still stands there. Their meetings were held here from the date of organization until 1824. Their second hall was in the Bank House, so called, which stood ex- actly where the Ticonic Row now stands, in which Redington's furni- ture store is located. Their first meeting here was July 8, 1824, and their last March 23, 1831. When Alpheus Lyon built Ticonic Row he removed this building to the corner of Front and Temple streets, where it was afterward burned. Their last meeting here was in the dark days of the anti-Masonic excitement. There was only one other meeting held for fourteen years, and this was held at the office of Mr. Lyon May 4, 1837, for the very worthy object of voting to give a re- spectable brother twenty-two dollars with which to redeem a cow that had been pledged for the payment of a debt. When the Lodge next met it was February 22, 1845, in the hall of the Waterville Liberal Institute, on the corner of Elm and School streets, in a building which still stands on the same site, converted into a dwelling. While wait- CITY OF WATERVILLE. 581 ing for the fitting of a new hall the fraternity occupied, from Decem- ber 16, 1850, to February 3, 1851, the Phenix Hall, in Boutelle's build- ing, the same room which is now used for the typographical and printing work of the Waterville Mail. The fifth hall used by the fra- ternity was owned by Jediah Morrill and was in the upper part of the building now occupied by Wardwell's store. The first meeting in it was held February 10, 1851. The fraternity used this room for twenty- four years. The last meeting of the Lodge here was April 12, 1875. The Commandery, newly organized, held its last meeting here on the 25th of March previous. The sixth place of meeting was in the old Plaisted Building, which occupied the site of the present fine brick Plaisted Building. The old building has been moved to Charles street. The fraternity occupied these apartments from 1875 to 1890. The seventh place of meeting was in Ware's Hall, on the upper floor of the building next south of that occupied by Wardwell's store. The eighth and present place of meeting, is the elegant Masonic Temple on Common street. The first Masonic service in this Temple was a meeting of the Lodge, March 23, 1891. It happened to be pre- cisely sixty years to a day since the la.st meeting, March 23, 1831, be- fore the silence of fourteen years of Masonic darkness, during the Morgan excitement. As if the fates meant to symbolize the event, the motor of the electric light works became disabled and the " lights went out." By the aid of feeble kerosene lights, rudely arranged for the occasion, the ceremonies of the first meeting in the beautiful hall were performed in the presence of a great concourse of the brethren. The consecration of the Temple was on June 13, 1891, just seventy years to a day from the consecration of the Lodge. An oration was delivered by Rev. J. L. Seward, of the Unitarian church. There have been connected with Waterville Lodge, either by having taken one or more degrees, or by becoming members or honorary members, the full number of 537 men, the present membership being 198. The worshipful masters have been: Benjamin Adams, David Shep- herd, Joseph R. Abbott, Alpheus Lyon, Milford P. Norton, Daniel Cook, Richard M. Dorr, Samuel Wells, Asil Stinson, Alden Palmer, Jeremiah Arnold, Thomas W. Herrick, Wadsworth Chipman, Josiah H. Drummond, Charles M. Morse, Edward G. Meader, Charles R. McFadden, Willard B. Arnold, Frank W. Knight, Nathaniel Meader, Jonathan Meader, Isaac S. Bangs, Edmund F. Webb, Charles H. Alden, Llewellyn E.Crommett, R. Wesley Dunn, Frederick C. Thayer, Frank A. Smith, Edwin F. Small, Horace W. Stewart, True B. Page, William H. K. Abbott, Anson O. Libby, Warren C. Philbrook and Andrew L. McFadden. At the meeting of the Grand Royal Arch Chapter of Maine for 1892, a dispensation was granted to the Royal Arch Masons of Water- 581a HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. ville, with H. W. Stewart at the head, to organize a Chapter in this city, which will be known as Teconnet Chapter. St. Omer Commandery of Knights Templar, was organized with sixty charter members, September 27, 1874, and elected officers, George Wilkins being chosen as eminent commander. The Commandery was constituted and the officers installed, at the Unitarian church, October 13, 1874. The eminent commanders have been: George Wilkins, Isaac S. Bangs, Nathaniel Meader, Frederick C. Thayer, Frank A. Smith, Andrew L. McFadden, Horace W. Stewart, E. L. Veasie, Fred. A. Lovejoy and W. A. R. Boothby. Several Masons have received the thirty-second degree and Rev. J. L. Seward has received the thirty-third degree, in the Supreme Coun- cil for the Northern Masonic Jurisdiction. Samaritan Lodge, No. 39, I. O. O. F., instituted in Waterville in 1846, flourished for several years in charge of Amasa Dingley, its founder, and Solon S. Simons, James Smiley, Henry B. White and George H. Esty, who were some of the charter members. Eldridge L. Getchell, Sumner and Joseph Percival, Ephraim Maxham, Doctor Boutelle and Simeon Keith became early members. About 1854 the meetings were discontinued, and twenty years later, when Odd Fellow- ship revived, a new charter, with the old name and number, was granted, and the officers of the Grand Lodge came here January 14, 1874, and instituted the present Lodge, with eleven charter members. H. B. White, a charter member of the first Lodge, none of whom are now living, was the first noble grand in 1874, and has been succeeded by: E. C. Low, George H. Esty, Joshua Nye, D. M. Black, L. T. Boothby, H. T. Chamberlain, C. H. Drummond, George S. Dolloff, E. Gilpatrick, C. W. Gilman, C. H. Jones, Simeon Keith, E. A. Longfellow, W. J. Maynard, N. J. Norris, J. L. Perkins, F. A. Robbins, W. B. Smiley, J. E. Scribner, E. N. Small, E. L. Spaulding, W. L Towne, J. L. Towne, C. R. Tyler, C. H. Williams, E. W. Woodman, M. H. Blackwell, J. M. Barker, John Dailey and Charles M. Turner. G. H. Esty was the first secretary and E.G. Low was the first treasurer. Samaritan Lodge has 196 members. Encampment No. 22 was chartered August 9, 1876; Canton Halifax, No. 24, was chartered June 5, 1889, and Dorcas Rebekah Degree Lodge, No. 41, was organized April 25, 1892. Ticonic Division, No. 13, Sons of Temperance, organized Novem- ber 27, 1845, was the outcome of the agitation of the evil of rum drinking, that began to take new and strong hold of public attention about that time. This order did much to prepare the way for the pro- hibitory laws that soon followed, and have made the state of Maine con- spicuous in the battle with alcohol, from that day to this. The names which follow show who were pioneers in the temperance movement. The first worthy patriarch of the order here was T. O. Sanders. Eldridge CITY OF WATERVILLE. 582 L. Getchell held that position in 1846, when , on the 4th of July, a public lecture was given by Rev. Mr. Judd, of Augusta, and a celebration was held under the auspices of this order, and the Martha Washing- ton Banner now in possession of the Sons of Temperance was given by Mrs. Alfred Burleigh. The painting on this silk banner is still regarded as of great merit. It was done by a professional artist and cost $100. Some of the succeeding patriarchs were: W. M. Phillips, Edward L. Smith, E. H. Piper, R. Perley, Simeon Keith, E. C. Low, John P. Caffrey, Jones R. Elden and George S. C. Dow. Ticonic Division was reorganized in 1858 and has maintained an active or- ganization ever since, constantly doing good work in the temperance cause. Its present membership is 138. Waterville Lodge, Good Templars, was organized January 17, 1876, with F. S. Clay, W. C. T. Samuel Osborn, the colored janitor of Colby University, has long been one of its most useful members. He is an officer in the Grand Lodge of Maine. The order is prosperous in Waterville. Waterville Lodge, No. 5, A. O. U. W., was instituted March 22, 1881, with twenty-two charter members. William T. Haines was the first M. W.; J. W. Garland, by whose efforts the order was established here, was past M. W., and L. J. Cote was recorder. The presiding chair has since been filled by: F. D. Nudd, C. P. Toward, C. P Sherman, A. E. Ellis, C. F. Johnson, O. O. Cross and Edwin Towne. January 1, 1890, Pine Tree Lodge, No. 19, of Fairfield, with thirty-three mem- bers, was consolicated with Waterville Lodge, which now has 175 members, and is very prosperous. The Knights of Pythias are well represented in Waterville by Havelock Lodge, No. 35, which was instituted December 14, 1882, with nineteen charter members. The following members have filled the chair of the C. M.: A. H. Plaisted, Frank Redington, Rex. Potter, F. J. Goodrich, A. C. Crockett, Sidney M. Heath, L. D. Carver, H. P. Bush. H. M. Stewart, F. A. Lincoln, G. S. Dolloff and S. F. Brann. Appleton Webb was the first keeper of records and seals. The present member-ship is ninety-eight. Commandery, No. 332, U. O. G. C, was instituted in February, 1888, with twenty-six charter members. Jefferson Wood was the first pre- siding officer and his successors have been: Herbert Fuller, Lewis P. Mayo, H. W. Ludwig, Samuel W. Fuller, Mrs. H. M. C. Estes and Lewis M. Small. This is a temperance organization for mutual insur- ance and has sixty members, of whom S. A. E.stesis financial recorder. An organization of Grangers existed in town some years ago, of which Martin Blaisdell was the first master, and George Ballentine and Fred. Pooler were leading members. Like their brethren and sisters in many other towns, this Grange tried their skill in running a store. Jonathan Garland was the first storekeeper, and James 582a HISTORY of KE>fNEBEC COUNTY. Drummond the second— the latter in a store built by the order on Elm street. After an extended experiment, in which it was found a diffi- cult matter to make the income equal the expenses, the enterprise passed into a decline, then to its long repose. The organization has also returned to dust. The organization of The Woman's Association in 1887, was due to the efforts of Mrs. S. M. Ware, Mrs. A. E. Bessey, Mrs. S. L. Blaisdell and Miss Florence Plaisted. Its work consists in keeping a place where women and girls can come for useful information, and for special instruction. Night schools are opened through the cold sea- sons, where needlework, penmanship, music and a variety of useful arts are taught. A library of 400 volumes has been gathered, from which 100 books are taken weekly. Religious exercises are held every Sunday afternoon, which are entirely unsectarian. The presidents have been: Mrs. S. M. Ware and Mrs. A. E. Bessey. Mrs. vS. W. Crosby has been the secretary from the first, and Mrs. S. L. Blaisdell has been the treasurer. This worthy association numbers fifty mem- bers. Through the eflForts of Rev. Henry S. Burrage, A. A. Plaisted and the cooperation of a few spirited ladies, the Waterville Library Asso- ciation was organized in 1873. Solyman Heath was the first president and H. S. Burrage was the second. A. A. Plaisted has been secretary and librarian from the start. The plan of operation is simple. Each member, of whom there are about thirty, pays three dollars per year, which is invested in books. This accumulation of 1,500 volumes con- stitutes the only public library in Waterville. FiNANCi.\L Organizations. — Waterville Bank was organized March 14, 1814, with a capital of $50,000. Nathaniel Gilman, Asa Redington, Thomas Rice, Jonathan Farrar, Daniel Cook, Samuel Red- ington and Timothy Boutelle were the first directors. Nathaniel Gil- man was elected president, which office he held till 1831. Asa Red- ington, jun., was cashier till 1818, Asa Redington till 1826 and Alpheus Lyon till 1831. During the early part of the latter year the business of Waterville Bank was closed up, and Ticonic Bank was incorporated April 1, 1831, with $100,000 capital. Timothy Boutelle was chosen president and served till 1855, when he was succeeded by Joseph Eaton till 1865. The cashiers were: Daniel Cook till 1834; Augustus Perkins till 1850; Sumner Percival, till 1854; E. L. Hoag till 1856; Silas Redington till 1858; and A. A. Plaisted till 1865, when the bank was changed to Ticonic National Bank, with $100,000 capital. Joseph Eaton was president till August, 1865; Solyman Heath till 1875; Sam- uel Appleton till 1884; Nathaniel R. Boutelle till 1890, when he was succeeded by Charles K. Mathews, the present president. A. A. Plaisted has been cashier of the bank since its organization. The de- CITY OF WATERVILLE. 583 posits of the Ticonic Bank July 12, 1892, were $92,838; surplus, $20,000, with $1,005 undivided profits. The second Waterville Bank was chartered about 1851 and went into operation with a capital of $100,000, managed by Increase S. Johnson, James Stackpole, T. G. Kimball, C. J. Wingate, Charles Thayer and Samuel P. Shaw, who was its first president. Augustine Perkins was the fir.st cashier, Isaac vS. Bangs was the second and Eldridge L. Getchell was the third and last. In 1865 this bank closed its business, and the Waterville National Bank was organized, with Dennis L. Milliken, who had been the second and last president of the first bank, as president of the new one, and Eldridge L. Getchell, cashier, and a capital of $125,000. Both banks were organized and did business in the Ticonic Block till 1877, when the national bank moved into the Milliken Block, which it had built and owned. The business of this bank was closed up in 1879 with the same officers first elected. The People's Bank of Waterville was organized in 1855 as a state bank. Paul L. Stevens was the first president, John R. Philbrick was the next and John Ware was the last. Sumner Percival was the first cashier, followed by Homer Percival in 1859. In 1865 the People's National Bank was incorporated, with John Webber, president, and Homer Percival cashier, who still holds that position. Dr. Nathan G. H. Pulsifer, who had been a member of the board since 1870, suc- ceeded Mr. Webber as president. The capital stock is $200,000 and the deposits are $108,125, with $47,000 surplus fund and undivided profits. Waterville Savings Bank was organized May 4, 1869. William Dyer, the first president, with Moses Lyford, N. G. H. Pulsifer, Ira H. Low and C. F. Hathaway constituted the board of trustees. Homer Percival was the first treasurer, M. C. Percival was the second, suc- ceeded in 1874 by E. R. Drummond, who still fills that office. In 1876 the bank examiner reported the deposits of this bank as amounting to $427,282.45 and that its assets were only $396,630.50. This was owing to the general decline in the market value of securities, as the bank had sustained no other losses. The depositors took a sensible view of the situation and agreed to a reduction of their credits to 87i cents on the dollar. With only one day's suspension the bank re- sumed and has since continued business. In 1877 the bank examiner reported a surplus of $10,549.48 above liabilities to depositors. Its deposits in July, 1892, were: $690,302.87, with a reserve fun^d of $33,- 800 and $14,609.85 undivided profits. Reuben Foster has been presi- dent since 1871, when he succeeded William Dyer. The Merchants' National Bank of Waterville was organized August 4, 1875, with $100,000 capital, and began doing business January 1, 1876, with the following board of directors: John Ware, George C. 683a HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Getchell, Charles M. Barrell, Colby C. Cornish, Gideon Wells, John C. Manson and John Ware, jun. John Ware, the first president, was succeeded at his death in 1877 by his son, John, who still holds that office. The bank has had two cashiers: George H. Ware, till June, 1879, and Horatio D. Bates. The condition of this bank, published July 12, 1892, showed deposits amounting to $119,259, a surplus fund of $30,000 and $12,983 undivided profits. Waterville Loan, Trust & Safe Deposit Company was organized in 1892 under a special charter, with a capital stock of $100,000. The ob- jects of this institution are to do a general banking business, and to furnish safe deposit vaults. Two stores in the Masonic Block have been rented, and 500 boxes are ready for private use. S. C. Libby is presi- dent: Dr. F. C. Thayer, vice-president; C. G. Carleton, treasurer, and W. T. Haines is the clerk of this corporation. The Kennebec Mutual Life Insurance Company was organized in Waterville in accordance with the terms of a charter granted Febru- ary 19, 1889. Its existence and many of its characteristic features are the work of William T. Haines, its projector. Cemetery. — The oldest burying ground in Waterville occupied the ground that is now Monument Park. The bodies were removed to Pine Grove Cemetery, which was dedicated in May, 1850. The orig- inal plot of ten acres was given by Samuel Appleton; to this the town and city have added as much more. The lots, which at first sold from five to ten dollars, now bring from fifteen to one hundred dol- lars. By judicious care and a few gifts, a fund of $12,000 has accumu- lated, the income of which, added to current receipts, renders the association self-sustaining. To the natural attractions of this beautiful spot, the committee and the community have added many enduring proofs of tender regard for its silent inhabitants. Post Office.— The post office at Waterville was established Octo- ber 3, 1796, with Asa Redington as postmaster. His successors, with the years of their appointments, have been: Asa Dalton, 1816; Hall Chase, 1824; Abijah Smith, 1833; Samuel Appleton, 1841; Eldridge L. Getchell, 1845; Samuel Appleton, 1849; Harrison Barrett, 1853; Jacob M. Crooker, 1854; William J. Richards, 1855; Eldridge L. Getchell, 1855; Charles R. McFadden, 1861; Willard M. Dunn, 1879; Frank L. Thayer, 1885; Willard M. Dunn, 1889. City Incorporation. — The city of Waterville was incorporated in 1888, and included all the population and area of the town of Water- ville. Reuben Foster was mayor the first year, and Nathaniel Meader in 1889-90. Edgar L. Jones, the present mayor, was elected in 1891. Charles F. Johnson was city clerk till 1891, when Fred W. Clair suc- ceeded him, and still serves. Charles H. Redington was treasurer in 1888, L. E. Thayer in 1889, and Frank L. Thayer since 1890. Wallace B. Smith was president of the common council till 1891, John J. Reid CITY OF WATERVILLE. 584 till 1892, when the present incumbent, A. B. Spencer, was elected. S. S. Brown has been chairman of the board of aldermen since its orga- nization. The first sewer was put in in 1888, and Main street was paved in 1891. Schools. — The earliest record we have of schools is the action of the town meeting in 1803: " Voted to divide the town into school dis- tricts, to be called by the following names: No. 1, Ticonic District; No. 2, Rose's District; No. 3, Ten Lot District; No. 4, Almond Soule's District; No. 5, Osbourn's District; No. 6, Crowell's District; No. 7, Tozer's District; No. 8, Low's District; No. 9, Moor's District, and No. 10, Asa Soule's District." Voted — That one person be chosen in each district as a school agent, to assemble the district, to collect the num- ber of children between the ages of five and twenty-one, and make full returns to the .selectmen. In 1805 the school agents were: Nehe- miah A. Parker, Bryant Williams, Isaiah Masten, Samuel Downing, Samuel Wade, Baxter Crowell, Alexander McKechnie, Thomas Par- ker, Samuel Moor, David Wheeler and William Colcord. The town meeting of 1822 elected as the visiting school committee: Dr. Jere- miah Chaplin, Avery Briggs, Timothy Boutelle, Asa Redington, jun., Moses Appleton and Dr. Benjamin Clement. " List of parents and number of children of school age in district No. 1, 1808: William Spaulding, 2: Jere and Daniel Curtes, 3; Benja- min Woodman, 1: Fred and Christopher Jakins, 1: James L. Wood, 1; Jonathan Clark, 4; Isaac Temple, 3; Edward Piper, 4; Nicholas Coffin, 2; David Nours, Jediah Morrill, 1; Jere Fairfield, 4; Enoch Plummer, 2; Nathaniel Oilman, 1; Jonathan and William Heywood, 4; Isaac Stephens, 5; John and James Stackpole, 4; William Phillips, 4; Han- nah Cool, 1; Reuben Kidder, 3; Moses Appleton, 2; Mrs. Lakin, 5; George Clarke, 4; Asa Faunce, Abijah Smith, 4; Levi H. Perkins, Lemuel Dunbar, 1; Moses Dal ton, 2; Charles Dingley, 4; Daniel Moore, 3; Asa Redington, 9; David Getchell, 3; Nehemiah Getchell, jun., 1; Mrs. Parker, 3; Moses Healey, 1; W. Miller, 3; Mrs. Leeman, 4; Elnathan Sherwin, 4; Turner Fish, 3; Thomas C. Norris, 2; John Wright, R. Blackwell, 1; Winthrop Watson, Jere Kidder, Edward Estee, Samuel King, 4; Sally Taylor, 2; S. Gilman, 2; Samuel Clark, 5; Christopher Rice, 4; James Crommett, 1; Daniel Loring, 1; Joseph Al- len, 1; Ebenezer Bacon, 3; T. Williams, 1; James Curtis, 2; Richard Clifford, 2 — Signed James Stackpole, jun., school agent." George C. Clark, in the Waterville Mail, April 21, 1882, says: "The first school I ever attended was in that old brown school house on the common near old Esquire Smith's and was taught by an old bachelor —Deacon Damon. The district had been divided and George Dana Boardman, then in college, taught in the new district, and there being no school house in the new part his school was held in Lemuel Dun- bar's carpenter shop. I remember I had the honor of beating the bass drum on that great day— the first commencement of Waterville Col- lege. I can remember when Waterville was set off from Winslow, and when Parson Cushman preached in the three old meeting hou.ses — the one in West Waterville sometimes called ' God's Barn.' " f)84a HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUXTV. The schools of the city are managed by a board of education con- sisting of seven members, who appoint a superintendent of public instruction. The total school population is 2,225, of whom only 912 attended school the past year. The high school, with 163 pupils, is in charge of Lincoln Owen and four assistants. Thirty-two teachers are employed in the other ten schools. The total cost of the school system for the past year was $17,521.74. Statistics. — The support of its poor was but a small tax to the town of Waterville, ninety years ago. In 1811 the sum of $2.59 per week was paid for the support of five paupers, the contract price rang- ing from 35 to 65 cents each. The next year twelve persons cost the town $3.48 per week. " 1837 voted that the poor be sold at auction for one year which was bid off by Samuel H. Bachelder for §865." About fifty years ago the contract system was abandoned, and a town farm of about ninety acres was purchased of Joseph Mitchell and George W. Bessey. A wood lot in Sidney was also bought later. The dwelling house on this farm was burned in March, 1890. The city soon after bought of George K. Boutelle seven acres of land, and built the present excellent city alms house at a total expense at $6,444. The cost of the poor department is now over $9,000 per year. In 1820 the valuation of land in Waterville was $178,394, with $1,655 taxes and 348 polls. The total valuation in 1833 was $656,418; taxes, $1,810. The total valuation of Waterville city in 1892 was $4,576,678, and the tax was 2U mills on a dollar. The population of the town in 1850 was 3,904; 1860, 4,392; 1870, 4,882, and in 1880, seven years after the divi.sion of the town, it was 4,672. In 1800 the city of Waterville had 7,107 inhabitants. Music. — The earliest instrumental or band music in Waterville vil- lage was produced by Abel Wheeler, a music teacher, and his two sons, Erastus O. and Sumner A., with fifes and drums. This martial band was the best music obtainable at the first college commencement, and the Wheeler family's stirring strains undoubtedly quickened the zeal of Missionary Boardman, the first graduate. A few years later the first Waterville Band was formed, the col- lege agreeing to give them $100 a year for their services each com- mencement week. Most of the members of this band belonged to Ten Lots. Their names were: Asa B. Bates, Anson Bates, Franklin Kim- ball, Thomas Marston, David B. Gibbs, Isaac Bates, Stephen Jewett and Reward Sturtevant. This band continued for many years under the leadership of Alonzo Draper, George Laselle, H. Fales, John B. Gibbs and others. PERSONAL PARAGRAPHS. Stephen I. Abbott, born in 1822, in Fryeburgh, Me., is a son of Isaac Abbott. He learned the blacksmith's trade with his father. In 1843 CITY OF WATERVILLE. 585 he went to Saco, where he worked at the machinist's trade until 1858, then went to Lewiston, where he was two years master mechanic for the Continental Mills. From 1860 to 1866 he acted in the same capacity for the Androscoggin Company, and from 1866 to 1871 he was agent for the Continental Mills. He then went to River Point, R. I., where he remained until 1875, when he came to Waterville, and has since been agent for the Lockwood Company. He married Ruth L. Knight, and they have four children: Amos F., Martha A., Mary E. and W. H. K. Julius Alden, son of Daniel, was born in Lebanon, N. H., in 1796 and died in 1880. He married Elizabeth L., daughter of David Nourse, of Waterville. Of their seven children only two are living: Charles H. and Arthur J. The latter learned the trade of jeweler with C. W. Wingate, and in 1860 succeeded him in the business, which was established in 1841 by C.J. Wingate, father of C. W. Charles H. Alden learned the printer's trade, and after six years became clerk in his brother's jewelry store in 1860 and seven years later the firm of Alden Brothers was formed. This is the oldest jewelry business in the city. Arthur J. married Ellen, daughter of George and Sophia (Lovejoy) Wentworth. They have had three sons: Frank W. and Arthur F., and Edward N. (deceased). Rev. Ambrose Arnold (1769-1813) married Nabby Arnold, and their children were: John, Samuel, Edwin, Cyrus, Rebecca, Jeremiah, Betsey and William. Jeremiah (1802-1860) married Vesta, daughter of Dea. Paul Bailey. Their children were: Laura E. (Mrs. Reuel Howard), William (deceased), Lorana (deceased), Willard B., Victoria and Flora A. (Mrs. Charles F. Barrelle). Jeremiah came from his native town (Mercer, Me.\ to Sidney with his parents when a small lad, and in 1887 he moved to Waterville, where he was a mechanic. Mi.ss Victoria, with her two widowed sisters, occupies the family resi- dence on Silver street. Willard B. Arnold, one of the leading merchants of the city, be- gan in 1852 to learn the tinner's trade, and ten years later he bought a half interest in the hardware business where he remained in trade until 1875. Six years years later he again bought the business, and in 1888 sold a part interest to his head salesman, O. G. Springfield. The firm name is W. B. Arnold & Co. Mr. Arnold has devoted some attention to western real estate and still has interests in Chicago and Duluth. He married Mi.ss Furbish, of Waterville. Their only son is Fred J., who is a graduate of Coburn Classical Institute, Phillips Exeter Academy, and the Institute of Technology of Boston. He married Alleen, daughter of M. C. Foster, and has one daughter. William Balentine, born in 1817, is a descendant of Samuel Balen- tine, who was a native of Scotland, and was ^imong the early settlers- of Waterville. Mr. Balentine married Olive, daughter of Purley and 585a HISTORV OF KENNEBEC COUNTV. Olive (Getchell) Low, and granddaughter of Nathaniel Low, who was among the early settlers of Waterville. She died leaving three chil- dren: Edward, George and Walter, who is professor of agriculture at Maine State College, at Oi-ono. They lost one son. In 1844 Mr. Bal- entine bought the Jonathan Soule farm, where he now lives with his son, George. The latter married Celia E., daughter of William and Olive (Berry) Lewis. Colonel Isaac Sparrow Bangs' (Isaac S.', Dean', Elkanah', Edward', Edward', Jonathan", Edward Bangs') was born in Canaan Me., in 183L Isaac S.' was born in Brewster, Mass., where his ancestors had lived for five generations. Colonel Bangs was a merchant and broker in Illinois for a time prior to 1857. He was cashier of a bank in Water- ville from 1858 until 1861. In 1862 he raised a company of soldiers, which was mustered into service August 9th of that year as Company A, 20tb Maine, with Mr. Bangs as captain. March 2, 1863, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel of 81st U. S. Colored Infantry, and October 17th of the same year to cojonel of the 10th U. S. Heavy Ar- tillery, serving until July 19, 1864. March 13, 1865, he received the brevet rank of brigadier general. He has held the office of depart- ment commander of the G. A. R. of Maine and junior vice-commander- in-chief. He is a prominent member of a large granite corporation with quarries at Norridgewock. He married Miss H. H. Millikin, daughter of Dennis L. Millikin, of Waterville. Their only son is Dennis M. Bangs. Josiah D. Bartlett, born in Poland, Me., in 1824, is a son of John H. (1789-1878) and grandson of Nathan Bartlett. His mother was Phebe Burbank. He resided several years in North New Portland, where he was farmer, deputy sheriff, and three years assistant revenue officer. In 1880 he came to Waterville, where he is engaged in market garden- ing on " Wayside Farm." He married Eliza M., daughter of Abraham Firth. Their children are: Anna F., Martin F., Bessie F., and one that died, Abraham F. Thomas J. Bates, born in 1829, in Waterville, is a son of Thomas (1800-1852), and grandson of Thomas (1756-1846), who was a revolu- tionary soldier, and in 1783 came from Wareham, Mass., and settled in Waterville, now Oakland heights. His first wife was Ruth Bessey, his second Lorana Bates. Thomas J. Bates' mother was Harriet Stillman. From 1847 until 1865 he followed the trade of a currier. Since 1865 he has been in the grocery business in Waterville, where he has lived since 1853. He married a daughter of Sumner and Caroline (Tozier) Wheeler. John Blaisdell, farmer, born in 1818, is a son of Dummer and Olive (Trafton) Blaisdell, grandson of David, who was one of nine sons of Dea. Ebenezer Blaisdell, of York, Me. In 1840 Dummer and his family came to Waterville. John Blaisdell married Mary A., daughter of CITY OF WATERVILLE. 586 Joseph and Sally (Blaisdell) Trafton. They have two children: J. Colby, who lives on the home farm with his parents; and S. Lizzie, who has been for twenty-one years a milliner in Waterville. Martin Blaisdell, only son of Hosea and Nancy (Ladd) Blaisdell, was born in 1845. His grandfather, Elijah Blaisdell, came to Sidney in 1817 from Waldo county, Me. Hosea came to Waterville in 1866 and bought the Samuel Redington farm, where he died in 1891, aged eighty years. Mr. Blaisdell has one sister, L. Isabella, and lost one, N. Roseltha. He is a farmer on the farm where his father lived twenty- five years. He married Anna, daughter of Samuel Hitchings. Albert G. Bowie, architect and builder, was born in Gardiner in 1850. His father, Levi Bowie, of Bowdoin, married Mary Ann, daughter of Thomas Smith, of Litchfield. Their children were: George A., Abbie E., Albert G., Dean W., William S. and Frank W. Albert G. Bowie married in 1871, Mary, daughter of Aaron Stackpole, of West Gardiner. Mr. Bowie removed from Gardiner to Waterville in 1891, where he has been the architect and builder of the Gilman Block, the Ware Parlors, Canibas Club House, Thayer Block, and in Wins- low of the Sampson dwelling and Tacconnet Pulp and Paper Mill. Charles Buck, a native of Westfield, Me., came to Vassalboro with his father, where he was a teamster for several years, when he moved to Waterville and there followed the same business. He married Hannah Pray, and their children were: Julia, Caroline, Adaline, Dean P., Edmund B., and three that died. Dean P. went to California in 1857, where he was engaged in mining until 1864. He was agent at Newport, Me., for the Maine Central railroad from 1866 to 1872. He, with his brother, bought of William Buck in 1872, a grocery business which they continued eighteen years on upper Main street, when they purchased " Dirigo market " and consolidated the two at the corner of Park and Main streets. The firm name is Buck Brothers. Mr. Buck married Anzie, daughter of John Osborne. Their children are: Jennie, Lettie, Grace and Jesse. Charles G. Carleton, son of Willard Carleton. was born in Whitefield, N. H., in 1835. He came to Waterville in 1855, where he kept a book and stationery store until 1861, when he went to Rockland and opened a photograph studio and the following year returned to Waterville where he continued the business as successor to Mr. Wing until Janu- ary, 1890. He opened a general variety and music store in 1891, in Masonic Block. He was deputy under vSheriff Libby four years and alderman one year. He married Mary C, daughter of William Get- chell. Gilbert H. Carpenter, a native of Guilford, Vt., is the youngest of thirteen children of Cyrus Carpenter. He was educated in schools of his native town, and three years at Hancock Literary and Scientific In- stitute, and finished his preparatory course at I^w London, N. H. He 58ba HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. graduated from Colby University in 1851 and the same year began the music business which he has continued since that time. He mar- ried Emeline P. Sturgis, of Vassalboro. Their children are: Walter C. and Carrie I. Walter C. is now of the firm of E. P. Carpenter Organ Company, of Brattleboro, Vt. Joshua I. Clifford, son of Richard (1783-1860), and grandson of Jonathan Clifford, was born in 1815. Richard Clifford came from Dunbarton, N. H., with his two brothers, John and Israel, all carpen- ters, and settled in Biddeford, Me. In 1808 Richard married and set- tled in Waterville. In 1812 he bought the farm where Joshua now lives. Richard married Dorathea Hill, of Biddeford, and had six children: Achsah, Richard H. (deceased), Joshua I., Isaac B., Hannah A. and Martha U. Elhanan W. Cook, born in 1816, is a farmer on the farm just east of where his grandfather, Thomas Cook, settled when he came from Connecticut to Waterville. His first wife was Atlente, daughter of Asa P. Emerson. She had four children: three sons that have died and Alice M. (Mrs. Fred M. Shores). His present wife was Mrs. Annie K. Bowman, a daughter of Daniel and Mary (Hayden) Soule, and granddaughter of Jonathan Soule, who came with his brother, Asa, to Waterville in 1791, from Duxbury, Mass. Mrs. Cook has two sons by her former marriage: Willis E. and Albert E. Bowman. Hiram P. Cousins, blacksmith, born in 1814, is a son of Jeremiah M. and Ruth (Bridges) Cousins, grandson of Benjamin, whose father, with five brothers, came to America from England prior to the French and Indian war. Mr. Cousins came to Waterville in 1832, where he followed his trade, excepting ten years, until 1865, when he bought the farm where he now lives. He ran a shop in connection with farming for several years. He married Martha, daughter of Moses and Temperance (Savage) Pierce, and granddaughter of Calvin Pierce. They have three children: Ira, Horace and Mary A. Horace is a farmer, and lives on the home place with his parents. Josiah G. Darrah, son of Henry Darrah, was born in 1843 in Rich- mond, Me. He has been in mercantile business since he was fiffeen years of age. In 1866 he brought his fancy goods business from Lewis- ton to Waterville, where he has since been in trade. Pie has been in several different stores, and has at different times had dry goods, mil- linery and fancy goods stores. His business is now crockery and general fancy goods store. His wife is Annie, daughter of Alfred Burleigh. Their children are: Mary B., Henry and Susan H. In May, 1876, John Darveau, jun., a native of vSt. Georges, Canada, opened a grocery store in Waterville and continued in business until his death, in July, 1891. His brother, Joseph, had been clerk for him since 1876, and Henry W. Butler had been his clerk since 1884. In August, 1891, these two clerks bought the business and CITY OF WATEKVILLE. 587 continued it in the firm name of Darveau & Butler. Mr. Butler is a son of Moses Butler. The clothing firm of Dolloff & Dunham was established in 1887 by George S. Dolloff and Horatio R. Dunham. Mr. Dolloff is a native of Mt. Vernon, Me., where his parents, Sewell and Elizabeth (Willey) Dolloff, now live. He came to Waterville in 1884 and was clerk for three years in the business of which he is now a proprietor. His wife is Laura F., daughter of Noah Fifield. They have one daughter, Marion L. Mr. Dunham is a native of Paris, Me. He graduated from Coburn Classical Institute in 1882 and four years later from Colby University. He had taught thirteen terms of school before going into business in July, 1887. His wife is Etta E., daughter of Paul C. Hodsdon, formerly a merchant of Waterville. They have one daughter, Miriam R. J. Frank Elden, son of John Elden, was born in 1838. He came to Waterville m 1855, as clerk for his brother, E. T. Elden, and in Decem- ber, 1864, he bought from E. T. Elden & Co., their crockery and carpet business, added furniture and undertaking, and has continued the business since that time. He had four brothers: Jones R., Stillman A., Edward T. and Tristram S. Mr. Elden married Sarah D., daughter of Stephen Stark, mentioned in legal chapter. They have two sons: Wallace S. and Alfred O. Oscar E. Emerson, son of Isaac and Susan (Hurd) Emerson, was born in Bangor in 1847. He came to Winslow with his father at the age of five years, and in 1865 he came to Waterville and opened a small shop for saw filing, etc. His business grew and developed into a general hardware and house furnishing business. In 1892 he closed up his business to enable him to devote his undivided attention to the lumber business in the South, which he is engaged in. He was a member of the city council in 1888-9. His wife is Agnes W., daughter of Asa Emerson. Their children are: Elhanan V., Atlentie and Oscar Fay. Mr. Emerson's mother died in Bangor when he was nine months old. His father died in 1865, of fever, while serving in the Union army in Georgia. Reuben Foster, mentioned at page 326, is the fourth of the eleven children of Reuben B. and Sarah (Bartlett) Foster, and grandson of Asa and Anna (Bartlett) Foster, of Newry. He was a member of the Maine legislature in 1866, '67 and '70, and of the .senate in '71 and '72, and in '88 was the first mayor of Waterville city. Mark Gallert, born in 1847 in Prussia, came to America in 1862, and began business in Waterville. He was a partner of his brother, David, until 1870, when their business was divided and since that time Mr. Gallert has carried on a shoe business. He filled one unexpired term as .selectman, and has been actively interested in the Masonic fraternity. 687a HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. His wife is Rebecca, daughter of Jacob Peavey. Their children are: Jacie D., Sidney, Miriam, Amy and Gordon. Charles B. Gilman, born in Brooklyn, N. Y., in 1839, is a son of Nathaniel and Joanna (Boyd) Gilman, and grandson of Nathaniel Gil- man, who came to Waterville in 1798 from New Hampshire. He was a commissioned officer in the revolutionary army. Nathaniel, jun., was engaged in mercantile business. He made his first visit to Water- ville when fifteen years old. He built ships here and at Bath, loaded and sent them to Africa and the West Indies, importing hides, ivory, etc. He began in the hide and leather business in New York in 1836, and continued it until 1852. He was the first and only president of the Ticonic Bank, when it was the Waterville Bank, from 1814 to 1832. He was reelected, but declined. His first wife was Lydia Watson, and of his ten children by that marriage, only one is living. Of the seven children by his second marriage, four are living: Anna K., Charles B., Frazier and Theophilus. Nathaniel, jun., died in Waterville, in 1859, aged eighty-one years. Charles B. lived in Brooklyn from 1869 until 1885, while administrator of his father's estate. His home is now in Waterville. His wife is Belle F., daughter of William and Hannah (Hooper) Jaqueth, of Vassalboro. Martin V. P. Guptill, farmer, born in 1846, is a son of Simon and Elmira (Foot) Guptill.- They came from Berwick, Me., to Winslow, in 1828. Mrs. Guptill's father, Mr. Foot, is said to have been the first man to own a wagon in Thorndike, Me., he having built it himself. Mr. Guptill was in the late war three years in Company G., 9th Maine. In 1878 he bought his present home. His marriage was with Sarah, daughter of Hiram and Francis (Flood) Jewett, and grand- daughter of Joshua Jewett, who came to Benton in 1826, from Am- herst, N. H. They have two children: Orville J. and Rosco V. James H. Hanson, LL.D., whose illustrious career as the long time head of the Coburn Classical Institute has been related at page 99, is indisputably the most eminent educator now living in this county. The blood that courses through his veins was purified by trials that made it not only historic, but heroic. His ancestors, John and Eliza- beth Han.son, were English, and .settled in Dover, N. H. In Septem- ber, 1724, thirteen Indians appeared during the absence of the father, and surprised Mrs. Hanson and her six children — the eldest fourteen years old, and the youngest only fourteen days. The two children next older than the babe were killed and scalped before her eyes. The house was robbed, and the remaining four hurried off to the hor- rors of an Indian captivity. The two older girls were taken to distant camps, while Mrs. Hanson was allowed to keep the babe and a little boy of six years. After five months of this hellLsh existence, the In- dians took them to a Canadian settlement, and sold the three to the French. Soon after this Mr. Hanson found them, and redeemed his CITY OF WATERVILLE. 588 wife and children, except the eldest daughter, the squaw who had her refusing to give her up, saying she loved the girl, and wanted she should marry her son. Mr. Hanson and his family now returned to their old home, reach- ing it a year and six days from the date of the capture. Two years later he left home again to reclaim the captive daughter, Sarah — was taken sick, and died in the wilderness.* This was the furnace in which an inscrutable Providence ordained that the metal of the Han- son family should be heated and sublimated, and recast for the gen- erations that followed. It was endured with a Christian fortitude and trust, possessed only by heroic souls. The inheritance of such blood is richer and grander than the birthright to a kingdom. James Hanson, a farmer of North Berwick, Me., was one of the descendants of John and Elizabeth, and married a Chadbourne. Their son, James, married Deborah Clark, of South Berwick, Me., and came m 1812 to China, Me., where he was a farmer, and was also a tailor. He was drafted soon after, and went with the force that was sent to Castine— fortunately not having to fight. Their children were: Dana, now of China: James H., Mary E., Mrs. Zebulon Coffin, of Boston, and Hadley Proctor Hanson, also of Boston. James Hobbs Hanson, the subject of this sketch, married in 1845, Sarah B., daughter of Kenelm Marston, of Waterville. This union was broken by Mrs. Hanson's death in 1853. Doctor Hanson's second marriage was to Mary E., daughter of Benjamin Field, of Sidney, in 1854. Florence P., their eldest child, died when twenty months old. Sophia M., their second child, is now Mrs. Edward A. Pierce, and Frank H., the youngest, is a citizen of Zanesville, Ohio, where he is general secretary of the Young Men's Christian Association. The names of the five pupils who, as stated, constituted the whole school when Doctor Hanson assumed control in 1843, were: Elizabeth Scammon and Caroline Fairfield, both dead; Aaron A. and Hamilton Plaisted, brothers, both still residents of Waterville, and George B. Gow, now a Baptist clergyman of Glen's Falls, N. Y. Without great physical vigor and elastic mental fiber, Doctor Han- son could not have generated the tireless energy that has been the motor of his usefulness, and still keeps him in the harness doing a strong man's work. Like the late Doctor Torsey, and every other emi- nent educator, there come constantly to his ears strains of music from a chorus of the voices of former pupils singing that sweet anthem of reward—" Well done, good and faithful servant: all that we are we owe, under God, to you." Which, except the mother's cradle song, can compare with this ? Who can say the teacher's life is barren of *For this story in Mrs. Hanson's own words, see page 113, Drake's Indian Captivities. 0»ba HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. rewards? Colby University honored itself when, in 1872, it placed its highest approval on the brow of its son, and made the master of Co- burn Classical Institute a Doctor of Laws. Charles Foster Hathaway is a man of strong, original char- acter. Descended from Old England stock, with New England growth, his grandfather, Alanson, his father, Joshua, and his mother, Rebecca (Foster) Hathaway, were poor, industrious and virtuous in- habitants of Plymouth, Mass. Charles had scant schooling, for he went to work in Russell's nail factory in Plymouth at the age of eleven and at fifteen became a printer with E. Merriam & Co., at West Brookfield, Mass., and worked for G. & C. Merriam, publishers of Webster's Dictionary, at Springfield, Mass. After seven years of life as a printer, Charles F. settled himself in the neck stock business in Plymouth, and did his work so well that Daniel Webster and Governor Briggs, of Massachusetts, were custom- ers for his goods. This fact throws light on all his subsequent career. He learned at the outset of his business that thorough, honest work pays the seller as well as the buyer. He sold this business in 1843 and came to Waterville, where he worked a while at his old printer's trade and started the Waterville Union, which he afterward sold to Ephraim Maxham. In the year 1850 he built a shirt factory in Watertown, Mass., which he operated four years, with a store in Boston, that he continued to run till 1864. In 1853 he sold the Watertown business and established his present manufactory in Waterville, that has grown with the steadiness of an oak tree from that time to this. This in- dustry was at first confined to shirts, but since 1874 ladies' underwear has also been made in large quantities. Modern appliances run by steam power, combined with the services of from 100 to 150 people, are unable to supply the demand for these goods. Mr. Hathaway has the vigor of body and mind of a middle aged man, and is constantly adding improvements to a business that has long been noted for its clocklike regularity of movement. His relations with his employees have always been friendly and honorable. He was born in 1816, was the second in a family of ten children, and married in 1840, Temperance Blackwell, of Waterville, who died January 19, 1888. Mr. Hathaway is a man of unusually earnest religious convictions, with an abiding sense of the sacredness of life and its duties. His personal labors among the people on the Plains, begun in 1857, were the seed from which the present flourishing branch of the Baptist church has grown. Incessantly observant, with a warm heart and tender sympathies, Mr. Hathaway is a ready, easy writer in prose or in verse. There is beauty and pathos in the follow- ing expression of experience, from his pen: ,^ 'Ji^yY&^^^^i!^ a. HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. I've been tossed on the depths The clouds that are darkening, Of earth's billowy sea, To the Infinite Love, When no pitying eye And responsive comes back Seemed looking on me; The sweet voice unto me, But the depths of my heart " All things work together Held the treasure untold, For good unto thee!" More precious to me ^j^^^^ ^^^^^^^ -^ weakness, Than the finest of gold: ^et the burdens come strong. The word that was spoken, ^et poverty, sickness, ;; " ^^°'' -lost 1«^<^ "^^' All their trials prolong. All thmgs work together Let my friends all forsake, For good unto thee! Let my foes press on me. And whene'er my sad heart From sorrow and trial Is so weary and faint. Unable to fiee. And no earth ear is open Thy Word shall give joy To hear its complaint, Though in depths I may be. Then the voice of its faith " A// things work together Reacheth up far above For good unto thee!" Frederick P. Haviland, son of Ebenezer, agd grandson of Benjamin Haviland, was born in 1808 at Danville, Vt. He learned the trade of blacksmith and machinist, and in 1832 began work for E. & T. Fair- banks & Co., scale manufacturers at St. Johnsbury, Vt., and in the fall of the following year he came to Waterville to assist in the starting of a plant here by the same parties, and in 1843 he, with Mr. Webber, became owner of the business and continued in the manufacture of machinery and plows until 1873, when they sold the business. He was two years agent for the Dunn Edge Tool Company, three years president of a copper mining company in New Hampshire, and is now a director of the People's National Bank. He married Pattie E. Colby, who left one son, Fred., of Port Huron, Mich. His present wife was Abigail Chase. They have one son, Charles T., who is a lawyer in New York. Josiah D. Hayden, .son of Josiah and Mary G. (Snell) Hayden, was born in 1837 in Winslow. His father died in 1837, aged twenty-eight years, leaving three children: Mary O. and Orlando, both deceased, and Josiah D. Mr. Hayden began to learn the carpenter's trade in Water- ville in 1854; three years later he went to New Jersey, and after fol- lowing his trade there one year he went to New Haven, Conn., where he worked ten years. He came to Waterville in 1869, where he has since been engaged in contracting and building. He married Emily, daughter of Josiah G. Hewitt. Their children are: Alice J., J. Irving, Blanche W., Ethel V., Harold P. and two that died — Lillian and May. J. Irving is learning the trade with his father. Perham S. Heald, son of Thomas H. Heald, was born in Solon, Me., in 1842, and was educated in the public schools of Norridgewock and Skowhegan, and at Bloomfield Academy. He served in the late war, from 1862 until 1865 in Company A., 19th Maine, and was nine months CITY OF WATERVIIXE. 590 of that time in Andersonville prison. In the fall of 1865 he became a partner in the tailoring business with E. N. Fletcher, of Waterville, and two years later succeeded to the business, which was established in 1834 by James West. Mr. Heald has added to the business ready- made clothing and men's furnishing goods. He employs seven men and thirty girls, and his sewing machines are run by electricity. He has served four years as representative, and is treasurer of the Ken- nebec Mutual Life Insurance Company. His wife, Mary E., is a daughter of Dea. David Webb, whose father, David, was one of the early settlers in the south part of the town. They have one son, Fred. P. Samuel Hitchings, born in 1820, is the youngest child and only son of Samuel (1780-1840) and Margaret (Ward) Hitchings, and grandson of William Hitchings, who was present and participated in the historic " Boston tea party." Mr. Hitchings' father and his brother, Joseph, came to Waterville in 1809, where they were manufacturers for several years. Mr. Hitchings is a farmer and mechanic. He owns and oc- cupies the place where his father lived from 1809 until his death in 1840, aged sixty years. He was first married to Celia F., daughter of Gilbert Whitman, who came to Waterville m 1813 from Bridgewater, Mass. She had five children: Frank E., Edson F., Anna (Mrs. Martin Blaisdell), and two that died— S. Kimball and Ezra F. His present wife is Eliza J., a sister of the first wife. Orrington C. Holway, born in Bowdoinham, Me., in January, 1836, and died in Waterville in June, 1892, was a son of Daniel and Free- love (Hatch) Holway, and grandson of Barnabas Holway, who came to Fairfield, Me., from Sandwich, Mass. Mr. Holway came from Bow- doinham to Waterville in 1855, where he was a farmer. He married Elizabeth S., daughter of Robert Hall, of Vassalboro. Their children are: Clara M., Ralph O. and Rosco S. M. The widow and three chil- dren survive him. John C. Home, son of Alden Home, was bom in 1841, at Fairfield, Me. He has been several years engaged in buying and shipping gen- tlemen's driving horses, and has been remarkably successful, having owned about two thousand horses and never lost biit one. He came to Waterville in August, 1888, from Oakland, where he had lived twelve years. His wife is Sarah A., daughter of Seth Fairfield. Their four children are: Ernest M., George F., Colby M. and Hollie, who died. Frank B. Hubbard, born in Oakland, is a son of George W. and Mary E. (Bailey) Hubbard. He was educated in the schools of Oak- land and two years at Colby, in the class of '84. February 1, 1883, he entered the Waterville freight ofBce as assistant under E. C. Low, and at the death of the latter he became freight agent for the Maine Cen- tral Railroad Company and he still fills that office. His wife was Miss Smith, of Waterville. 589a HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. I've been tossed on the depths The clouds that are darkening, Of earth's billowy sea, To the Infinite Love, When no pitying eye And responsive comes back Seemed looking on me; The sweet voice unto me. But the depths of my heart " All things work together Held the treasure untold, For good unto thee!" More precious to me ^j^g^_ p^^j^^^.^ -^ weakness, Than the finest of gold: ^et the burdens come strong. The word that was spoken, ^et poverty, sickness, • ■ If thou dost love me, ^^ ^^^^-^ ^^j^j^ prolong. All thmgs work together ^et my friends all forsake. For good unto thee!" ^et my foes press on me. And whene'er my sad heart From sorrow and trial Is so weary and faint, Unable to flee. And no earth ear is open Thy Word shall give joy To hear its complaint. Though in depths I may be, Then the voice of its faith " A// things work together Reacheth up far above For good unto thee!" Frederick P. Haviland, son of Ebenezer, and grandson of Benjamin Haviland, was born in 1808 at Danville, Vt. He learned the trade of blacksmith and machinist, and in 1832 began work for E. & T. Fair- banks & Co., scale manufacturers at St. Johnsbury, Vt., and in the fall of the following year he came to Waterville to assist in the starting of a plant here by the same parties, and in 1843 he, with Mr. Webber, became owner of the business and continued in the manufacture of machinery and plows until 1873, when they sold the business. He was two years agent for the Dunn Edge Tool Company, three years president of a copper mining company in New Hampshire, and is now a director of the People's National Bank. He married Pattie E. Colby, who left one sou, Fred., of Port Huron, Mich. His present wife was Abig.iil Chase. They have one son, Charles T., who is a lawyer in New York. Josiah D. Hayden, .son of Josiah and Mary G. (Snell) Hayden, was born in 1837 in Winslow. His father died in 1837, aged twenty-eight years, leaving three children: Mary O. and Orlando, both deceased, and Josiah D. Mr. Hayden began to learn the carpenter's trade in Water- ville in 1854; three years later he went to New Jersey, and after fol- lowing his trade there one year he went to New Haven, Conn., where he worked ten years. He came to Waterville in 1869, where he has since been engaged in contracting and building. He married Emily, daughter of Josiah G. Hewitt. Their children are: Alice J., J. Irving, Blanche W., Ethel V., Harold P. and two that died— Lillian and May. J. Irving is learning the trade with his father. Perham S. Heald, son of Thomas H. Heald, was born in Solon, Me., in 1842, and was educated in the public schools of Norridgewock and Skowhegan, and at Bloomfield Academy. He served in the late war, from 1862 until 1865 in Company A., 19th Maine, and was nine months CITY OF WATERVILLE. 590 of that time in Andersonville prison. In the fall of 1865 he became a partner in the tailoring- business with E. N. Fletcher, of Waterville, and two years later succeeded to the business, which was established in 1834 by James West. Mr. Heald has added to the business ready- made clothing and men's furnishing goods. He employs seven men and thirty girls, and his sewing machines are run by electricity. He has served four years as representative, and is treasurer of the Ken- nebec Mutual Life Insurance Company. His wife, Mary E., is a daughter of Dea. David Webb, whose father, David, was one of the early settlers in the south part of the town. They have one son, Fred. P. Samuel Hitchings, born in 1820, is the youngest child and only son of Samuel (1780-1840) and Margaret (Ward) Hitchings, and grandson of William Hitchings, who was present and participated in the historic " Boston tea party." Mr. Hitchings' father and his brother, Joseph, came to Waterville in 1809, where they were manufacturers for several years. Mr. Hitchings is a farmer and mechanic. He owns and oc- cupies the place where his father lived from 1809 until his death in 1840, aged sixty years. He was first married to Celia F., daughter of Gilbert Whitman, who came to Waterville m 1813 from Bridgewater, Mass. She had five children: Frank E., Edson F., Anna (Mrs. Martin Blaisdell), and two that died — S. Kimball and Ezra F. His present wife is Eliza J., a sister of the first wife. Orrington C. Holway, born in Bowdoinham, Me., in January, 1836, and died in Waterville in June, 1892, was a son of Daniel and Free- love (Hatch) Holway, and grandson of Barnabas Holway, who came ' to Fairfield, Me., from Sandwich, Mass. Mr. Holway came from Bow- doinham to Waterville in 1855, where he was a farmer. He married Elizabeth S., daughter of Robert Hall, of Vassalboro. Their children are: Clara M., Ralph O. and Rosco S. M. The widow and three chil- dren survive him. John C. Home, son of Alden Home, was born in 1841, at Fairfield, Me. He has been several years engaged in buying and shipping gen- tlemen's driving horses, and has been remarkably successful, having owned about two thousand horses and never lost but one. He came to Waterville in August, 1888, from Oakland, where he had lived twelve years. His wife is Sarah A., daughter of Seth Fairfield. Their four children are: Ernest M., George F., Colby M. and Hollie, who died. Frank B. Hubbard, born in Oakland, is a son of George W. and Mary E. (Bailey) Hubbard. He was educated in the schools of Oak- land and two years at Colby, in the class of '84. February 1, 1883, he entered the Waterville freight office as assistant under E. C. Low, and at the death of the latter he became freight agent for the Maine Cen- tral Railroad Company and he still fills that office. His wife was Miss Smith, of Waterville. 590a HISTORV OF KENNEBEC COUNTV. Captain George Jewell, sou of Sergeant Jewell, was born in Mt. Vernon, Me. He began to run long boats on the Kennebec when a boy, and from 1848 until 1857 he was commanding the steamer Clinton between Waterville and Boothbay. In 1858 he bought a livery busi- ness of C. E. Gray, which was kept at the Elmwood stables. In 1864 he moved the business to Silver street, the Elmwood Hotel having been burned the previous year. When the Elmwood Hotel was re- built he opened a stable there, also continuing the one on Silver street. Marshall D. Johnson, son of Rev. O. H. Johnson, was born in 1841, at New Portland, Me. He studied dentistry with Doctor Randall, of Farmington, Me., from 1861 until 1864, when he began practice at Bethel, Me. In 1870 he moved from Bethel to Skowhegan and in 1879 came from there to Oakland. May 12, 1881, he opened his pres- ent dental rooms in Waterville. His marriage was with Agnes, daugh- ter of John Conforth. Their only child is Addie M. Albion P.Jordan was a native of Brunswick, Me. He was engaged in photographic work in Brunswick and Bath for twelve years, and in April, 1890, he came to Waterville, where he worked for C. G. Carleton until January 1, 1891, when, in company with Mr. Preble, his present partner, he bought the Carleton photograph business. He married Miss Atkins, of Brunswick. Thomas G. Kimball was born in Monmouth, Me., in 1811 and died in Waterville in 1879. He graduated from Bowdoin in 1838 and re- ceived the degree of A. M. in 1841. He was principal of the Hal- lowell High School for a time, then came to Waterville, where for sev- eral years he was professor of Waterville Liberal Institute, after which he became a partner of Elah Esty, firm of Esty & Kimball, in mercantile trade, where Mr. Kimball remained until 1875. His wife was Hannah R., daughter of Elah and Mary (Redington) Esty. Their children are: Elah E., of Waterville; Mary R., deceased; Benjamin H., of Monmouth, and Thomas Wesley. Christian Knauff was born in Germany in 1841. He served a four- years' apprenticeship before coming to America, in December, 1860. He came to Waterville in May, 1863, and after clerking six years, he opened a business for himself, which became the firm of Knauff Brothers, April 1, 1877. He married Matilda Susskraut, who died leav- ing three children: Lizzie Margaret, Emma A. and W. Henry. His present wife was was Ida Grimm. They have one son, Fred E. F. August Knauff was born in Germany in 1849. He served a foiir-years' apprenticeship and one year in the Prussian army, and in May, 1870, came to America. After clerking in his brother's store in Waterville until 1877 he became a member of the present firm of Knauff Broth- ers. His first wife, Nellie M. BuUen, left one son, William A. His present wife is Mary A. Harttmann. They have one son. Otto Chris- tian. CITY OF WATERVILLE. 091 Daniel Libbey, born in Albion in 1831, is the sixth of a family of seven children of Daniel (1793-1876), who was five years in the regu- lar army before coming to Albion, where he was a farmer. His father, Benjamin Libbey, was born in 1758, in Lebanon, Me., where he died. Mr. Libbey 's mother was Elizabeth Stores. He was nine years employed in the meat busine.ss in Waterville, after which he was farmer and stock dealer in Winslow twelve years, and since 1872 he has resided in Waterville and devoted his time to cattle buying. He has been a member of the city council since 1891. His wife is Caro- line M., daughter of Jeremiah Wardwell. William M. Lincoln, born in 1831, is a son of George W. Lincoln, who came from Bath to Waterville in 1826, where he followed the trade of a tailor. He married Olive P. Drummond, and had three children: George W., William M. and Mary C. William followed the trade of his father until 1857, with the exception of three years, spent in mining in California. In 1857 he established a grocery business, to which were added grain, feed and flour, and he continued in the same store until 1890, when he gave up the management of the busi- ness to his partners, Frank A. Lincoln and George A. Kennison, who continue the business under the firm name of W. M. Lincoln & Co. He married Delia H. Ireland, and their children are: Cora B., Flor- ence M. (Mrs. George A. Kennison), Frank A. and Ralph E. Ira H. Low, son of Ivory and Fannie (Colcord) Low, was born in Fairfield in 1818. In 1843 he began as a drug clerk for William Dyer, and after two years he became an owner in a drug store, and has since continued in that line of business, except for six years. He married Ellen M., daughter of John Caffrey. Their children are: Mary (Mrs. L. D. Carver), Fannie and Hortense. They lost four children: Hattie, Ellen, Sarah and Ira L. Charles R. McFadden, born in 1820, is a son of Charles and Tem- perance (Blackwell) McFadden, and grandson of Daniel McFadden, who came from Georgetown and was among the early settlers of Vas- salboro. He was three years a merchant at East Vassalboro, and three years a deputy sheriff. In 1857 he came to Waterville, where he con- tinued to be deputy sheriff several years. He was high sheriff from 1884 to 1888, postmaster from 1861 to 1879, fourteen years a member of the republican town committee, and in July, 1890, was appointed immigrant inspector. He was nine years in the dry goods business in Waterville, firm of C. R. McFadden & Son. He married Emma H., daughter of Jacob Butterfield. They had three children: Alice, Andrew L. and Zaidee, who died. Paul Marshall, born in 1842, is a son of Horatio and Flora (Baldick) Marshall, who came to Waterville in 1843 from St. Francis, Canada. He was a river driver and worked at lumbering until 1870, when he opened a grocery and provision store on Water street, and has con- 591a HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. tinned that business since. His first wife, Sarah Lashus, died leaving two daughters — Emma and Nellie. His present wife was Mary Beleddo. Their children are: Hattie, Marion, Sadie and Mary L. He has been a member of the board of aldermen since 1891. Frederick Trenck Mason, son of Chase P. and Mary J. (Clough) Mason, was born in Newport, Me., in 1843. He served in the late war from 1861 to 1865, entering the service in Company B, 11th Maine. In 1862 he was made second lieutenant of his company and later was made first lieutenant of Company F, and afterward was brevetted major. He was wounded April 9, 1865, by the last volley that was fired in the war in Virginia. He came to Waterville in 1866 and bought of George W. Pressey the 225 acre farm, where his ranch now is. He married Sarah J., daughter of Dr. Hiram Collins, of Amesbury, Mass. Their children are: Frederick T. and Maude (Mrs. William Gulliver.) J. L. Merrick, son of Hall C. Merrick, was born in 1845 in Troy, Me., and was educated in the public schools of his native and adjacent towns. In July, 1862, he entered the army in Company C, 19th Maine, and served until October, 1864. He spent the next fourteen years in farming summers and teaching winters, and in 1878 began to handle nursery stock, and soon after he became a partner in several nursery farms and he has devoted his whole attention to that business since 1878, sometimes employing as many as sixty agents. He came to Waterville in 1888, where he is identified with politics and several social organizations. He married Susan H. Ward, and their children are: Maude M., Nellie M., Hubert J., Frank L. and Bessie A. Elwood G. Merrill, son of Edward W. and Rebecca Elizabeth (Wyman) Merrill, was born January 21, 1860, in Vassalboro, and was educated in the public and high schools of Windsor and China and at Dirigo Business College. He taught school from 1879 until 1883, and in September of that year began to learn the art of photography. He remained in Augusta until January 1, 1886, when he came to Water- ville, where he worked in the studio of C. G. Carleton until 1890, when he opened his present business, and in December, 1891, took posses- sion of his present commodious parlors. He married Etta M., daugh- ter of Nathan Hall, and they have one son, Nathan Edward. John F. Merrill, son of Ezekiel and Pheba V. (Farrington) Merrill, was born in 1821, at Andover, Me., learned the machinist's trade in Boston, and after working two years in Portland came to Waterville in 1851, where for thirty years he was employed at his trade for the railroad company. His wife was Lucy W. Parker, of Waterville. They lost their only son, John H., at the age of nine years. Benjamin G. Mitchell is a representative of the successful farmers of a generation which is nearly gone. His father, Joseph, was the only son of Jeremiah, who was born in 1740 and was lost at sea. Jeremiah married Mary Gunnerson, and their children were: Mary, 592a HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Eunice, Sarah, Hannah, Lucy and Joseph, who was born in 1768 and died in 1861. This Joseph Mitchell came to Watervillel from Old York, Me., in 1807, and bought a farm of 200 acres, a few of which were cleared and a small house was built. He brought with him a young wife, who, before marriage, was Dorathea Blaisdell, of Kittery, Me. Mary, their eldest child, married Benjamin Williams, of China, by whom she had four children. Her second husband was John Penney, of Belgrade. Jeremiah Mitchell, the second child, married Sarah McNall, and is now, at the age of ninety-six, and she at ninety- three, living at Gasport, N. Y. They have had four children. Ezra, the third, lived to be eighty-eight years old and died at Minot, Me. Joseph, jun., was the fourth. Hannah, the next, married Stephen Bailey, and is now living in Oakland, eighty-six years old. Theodore, the sixth, now eighty-three years old, is living in Boston. Elijah was the seventh. Benjamin G., the youngest, was born on the 200-acre farm in Waterville June 3, 1815. After the age of ten years he helped on the farm summers and only went to school winters, and short terms at that. Farm work was not the bitter medicine in those times that it is now. Arrived at manhood he chose for a wife, and married in 1841, Betsey L., daughter of Rogers and granddaughter of Jonathan Coombs, of West Waterville. Buying an acre of land adjoining his father's farm, which had now grown to 280 acres, the young couple began a career of intelligent industry that has been a prosperous and happy one. Their children have been: Ellen M., died in 1860, eighteen years old; Ann E., married Martin B. Soule, and died in W^orthington, Minn., in 1870, thirty years old; Mary F., died in 1866, twenty-one years old; Howard R., born in 1850, educated at Colby University, and for the ministry at Newton Theological Seminary, now preaching at Dover, Me., married Alice J. Hook, of Clairmount, N. H., and has two children— Frank H. and Grace A.; and Ira A., who was born in 1855, and married Angelia Cottle, of Waterville. They have four children: Mildred A., Kittie M., Edith B. and Alton D. In 1876 Mr. Mitchell left the farm to his son, Ira A., and bought his present residence in Waterville city. While on the farm he cleared ninety acres of woodland and drew the wood to the city. Sheep and oxen were his favorite .stock. Soon after coming to town he became a partner with Joseph Bates in the grocery business. Two years later he sold out and bought another grocery, in which he did business six years. Since then he has m.ade seven trips to the West, making investments in Iowa and Minnesota. Mr. Mitchell has always been an earnest republican in politics. He was converted when thirty-five years old and joined the Sidney and Waterville Free Bap- tist church, and in 1855, with Charles Trafton, John Blaisdell, John CITY OF WATERVILLE. 593 Earle and his brothers, Joseph and Elijah, built the church that is still standing. Elijah Mitchell, born in 1812, is a farmer near his father's home- stead. He married Catharine T., daughter of John and Lydia B. (Trafton) Blaisdell, and granddaughter of Elijah, who was a son of David Blaisdell. They had two sons, both deceased— John B. and Charles E. Joseph Mitchell, jun., the third son of Joseph, born in 1804, was a farmer until his death a few years ago. His wife was Mehitable Blaisdell. They had nine children. Joseph, the oldest survivor, is a farmer on the east part of the farm where he was born in 1832. He married Mary A. Williams, and their children are: Frank D., Fred, William and Cora A. Samuel H. Morrill, born in 1838, at Readfield, was a son of Samuel and Sarah H. (Hutchinson) Morrill, and grandson of Nathaniel Morrill. He made three trips to California. He was a farmer in Readfield until 1875, when he went into the grain and grocery business at Read- field Depot, where he continued until November, 1890, when he sold his business there and came to Waterville the following year. He built a grain store and started business at Waterville in 1891, which he sold out soon afterward. His wife is Mary Ella, daughter of Henry Greeley. They have two children — Evie G. and Charles H. Howard C. Morse, born in 1856, is one of eight children of Com- fort T. (1822-1870) and Ann R. (Ballentine) Morse, and grandson of Samuel and Sarah (Taylor) Morse. He was educated in the district school, Coburn Classical Institute and Dirigo Business College. He remained on the farm until 1882, then spent one year in Illinois as a traveling salesman. He was six years in the grocery business in Waterville, in Dirigo Market, prior to 1890. He was an alderman and a councilman, one term each, and since 1891 has been assessor. In 1890 he married Phebe E., daughter of William (1813-1892) and Caro- line (Farnsworth) Marston, granddaughter of William, who was a son of Isaiah, whose father. Prince, was a son of Benjamin and Lydia (Goodspeed) Marston, who in 1716 went from Taunton, Mass., to Barnstable, Mass., where the family have been prominent since that time. Augustus Often, born in 1853, in Germany, is a son of Julius Often. He came to America in 1866, and spent three years in New York, learning the baker's trade. He was in various kinds of business in New York and New England until 1883, when he came from Massa- chusetts to Waterville and bought of A. C. Crocker a small bakery, which he has enlarged and extended until the business furnishes em- ployment for eight men and several teams. He married Delia, daugh- ter of Silas Richardson. William Percival, born in 1786, in Sandwich, Mass., was a son of 593a HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Benjamin and grandson of John Percival. He came to Winslow in 1804, and three years later he moved to Cross Hill, Vassalboro, where he was a farmer until his death, in 1859. He married Betsey Fair- field, and they had eight children: Sumner, Clarissa, Saphronia, Jo- seph, Homer, Warren, Eliza and Harriet Ellen. Joseph, the eldest survivor, was born in 1813, came to Waterville in 1833, and in 1835, in company with his brother, started a general store, which he continued until 1859. Since that time he has been a farmer, giving special at- tention to the breeding of Jersey stock. In 1835 he married Emeline, daughter of James and granddaughter of James Gray. Her mother was Elizabeth, daughter of Dr. Ezekiel Brown. Their children are: Annie E., Henry H., Frank J. and three that died— Albert W., Willie C. and Morrell. Nathan Perry (1803-1883), son of Ebenezer, and grandson of Na- than Perry, who was a native of Cape Cod, Mass., was a farmer on the place where his widow now lives. His first wife had one son and two daughters, one of whom is now living— Julia A. (Mrs. C. A. Mitchell, of Mechanics' Falls, Me.) His second marriage was with Rachel, daughter of Obadiah Field, of .Sidney. One of their two daughters is living— Dora, (Mrs. Augustus M. Sawtelle, of Sidney). Fred Pooler was born November 26, 1842, at St. George, Province of Quebec, and came to Waterville with his father, Frederick, in 1848. He opened a grocery store on Water street November, 1863, where he has carried on business since that time. He was a member of the board of aldermen in 1888, and during the three years following was overseer of the poor. His wife is Sarah Pooler, and their children are: Mary, Lena, Lucy, Hattie, James E. and Lottie. Samuel L. Preble was born in Bath, Me., where he received his education. In 1875 he began photograph work in Bath, and from 1876 until 1885 he worked at the business in Brunswick. He was in Chi- cago from 1885 until 1891, and while there he studied at the Chicago Art Institute. He came to Waterville in 1891, where he is a member of the firm of Preble & Jordan. He married Miss Powers, of Tops- ham, Me. The firm of Proctor and Flood was formed in 1889. H. L. Proctor, a native of Waterville, is a son of Jeremiah G., and grandson of Joseph Proctor. He has been a mason by trade since 1867, and since 1874 has been a contractor. He has been a member of the city council since 1889. His wife was Annie Mendum, and they have one daugh- ter, Lottie J. Alfred Flood is a native of Clinton. He is a son of John, jun., and Lucinda (Wells) Flood. He began mason work in 1863. He married Jane H., daughter of Samuel Richardson, and their only daughter is Stella (Mrs. Robert Lambert). They lost two sons. Since the organization of this firm they have manufactured their own brick. CITY OF WATERVILLE. 594 Horace Purinton, son of Amos and Martha J. (Patterson) Purinton, was born in Bowdoin, Me., in 1850. In 1869 he began to learn the trade of brick mason. In 1875 he came to Waterville, and the follow- ing year, in company with Mr. Norton, began contract work. The firm of Norton & Purinton was succeeded in 1887 by Purinton & Co. Mr. Purinton has been engaged in brick making in connection with contract work since 1877, and the firm now owns a yard in Winslow, capacity one and a half millions; one at Augusta of similar size; one at Waterville with three millions capacity, and one at Skowhegan with one million capacity. In 1877 only one million brick were made in Kennebec county, while in 1892 Purinton & Co. alone will make about seven millions. Mr. Purinton's wife is Clara M., daughter of Rev. Nehemiah Preble. Their two children are: Alice M. and Mar- tha B. Silas Redington (1793-1876) was a son of Asa Redington, who was a revolutionary soldier, and soon after the close of that conflict came from Massachusetts with his brother, Samuel. Asa settled in Water- ville, and Samuel in Vassalboro. Asa married a Miss Getchell for his second wife, and their children were: Asa, jun., Samuel, Silas, Will- iam, Isaac, Emily, Mary and Harriet. Silas was a lumberman and civil engineer. He married in 1820 a Miss Stevens, who died in 1842, leaving three children: William Augustus, John H. and Harriet A. Both sons are deceased. His second wife was Mrs. Caroline M. Phillips. Samuel Redington, the second son of Asa, was in the lumber busi- ness with others until about 1850. He was a prominent Calvinistic Baptist, and was among the early abolitionists. He married Nancy, daughter of Asa Parker. Their only son, Charles H., born in 1838, married Saphronia, daughter of Daniel Day. Their children are: Harry D., Frank, Myra, Helen, Charles and Mary. Frank is a partner of his father in the furniture firm of Redington & Co., and has had the whole charge of the business for several years. His wife is Carrie M., daughter of M. C. Foster. George W. Reynolds, born in 1843, in Sidney, is a son of Edwin and Abigail C. (Smiley) Reynolds, and grandson of Timothy Rey- nolds, whose father was also named Timothy. He was a farmer in Sidney until 1873, except three years spent in the army in Company A, 20th Maine. From J 873 until 1882 he was a farmer in Vassalboro, and since that time he has lived in Waterville, engaged as a hay broker. He married Abbie L. daughter of Colonel William E. Drum- mond, of Winslow, Me. They have three children: Josiah D., Geanie M. and G. Stanley. Captain Samuel Richards', father of John*, was an officer in the revolutionary war. He came from New Hampshire to Winslow. He was a son of John', and grandson of John Richards'. Albert M. Rich- 594a HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. ards, born in 1844, is a son of John and Almira (Reynolds) Richards, and grandson of Captain Samuel Richards. He read law with Reuben Foster, and was admitted to the bar, but he has never practiced his profession. His father was a farmer, drover and hotel keeper in Winslow. Since his death Albert M. has lived in Waterville. He married Lydia M. Mclntire. Their children are: Ralph W., Jesse A. and Walter (deceased). Henry S. Ricker, born in Canaan, Me., in 1823, is a son of Tristram and Miriam (Nason) Ricker, and grandson of Noah Ricker, of Ber- wick, Me. He has worked at tanning since a boy, excepting two years (1851-2) spent in California. In 1855, in company with Mr. Shepherd, he built a tannery at Clinton. After running it ten years he bought an interest in the Ticonic tannery at Waterville, and in 1875 bought the interest of his partners, Alessrs. Herrick and Mathews, and since that time has run the business alone. His wife was Saph- ronia A. Holt. She left one daughter, Grace (Mrs. E. E. Cousins.) Reuben O. Robbins, born in Dover, Me., began newspaper work when a boy. From 1869 to 1880 he was editor and partial owner of the Dexter Gazette; then in Waterville as editor of the Se?itiiiel; in 1882 he established The Eastern State; served as assistant editor of the Ban- gor Commercial two years; edited the Piscataquis Observer one year; then returned to Waterville where he was local writer for the Kennebec Journal, 1890-1. He married Tryphosa Tassett.'and their children are: Gertie, Annie and Ellen. Rev. Henry Allen Sawtelle, son of Hiram and Martha (Allen) Saw- telle, was born in Sidney in 1832. He prepared for college at Coburn Classical Institute (then Waterville Academy), graduated from Colby University (then Waterville College) in 1854, and four years later from Newton Theological Seminary. He entered the Baptist ministry and after being settled one year at Limerick, Me., he went to China, where he spent two years in the mission field. He was settled in San Fran- cisco, Cal., Chelsea, Mass., Kalamazoo, Mich., and again in San Fran- cisco, Cal. Resigning his charge in the latter place in the spring of 1885, he returned to Waterville, where he died the following November. He married in 1855, Elizabeth S., daughter of Dea. Daniel Blaisdell, who survives him. They have three children: Mary A., Alice E. and Charles E. George Eaton Shores belongs to a class of men who stand at the very sources of national prosperity, but whose ranks in New England are becoming alarmingly thin — the siiccessful farmer. He is, more- over, a remarkable specimen of nature's masterpiece — an effective, enduring human body. Of the same hardy stuff and stock was his father, James Shores, who came from Berwick, Me., to Waterville in 1802, and bought a two hundred acre farm, through which now runs the eastern boundary '^^ ^r-U^ CITV OF WATERVILI.E. 595 of Oakland. The latter was a joiner by trade, and worked so accept- ably in Boston that he there became the husband, in 1801, of Hannah Eaton, who belonged to a most excellent and well known family. Settling on the farm, they rai.sed three children. Sarah Aria, the eldest, married, first, William Richards, a lawyer, of Waterville. Her second husband was Jonathan Coombs. She died in 1852, aged fifty years. Thomas J. Shores, the second child, was born in 1809, was a farmer, and in 1844 one of the selectmen of Waterville. He died in 1846. George E. Shores, the youngest, was born March 27, 1812. He went to school when he was a boy, grew up under his father's training, be- came a farmer, liked it, stiick to it, has given it the intelligent, faith- ful service of a life-time, for which devotion it has given him pleasant occupation, a handsome competence and a vigorous, happy old age. After the death of his mother in 1850, at the age of seventy-five, and of his father in 1856, at the age of eighty-two, Mr. Shores and his family were the sole occupants of the old homestead. In 1867, with a forecast of the undoubted growth of Waterville and the consequent advance of property in its immediate vicinity, he purchased his pres- ent farm, located on the attractive elevation north of Waterville, long known as " Oak Hill." Here he has been quite a real estate dealer, owning over 150 acres, all of which he has sold, mostly in building lots, until he has but forty acres left. While diligently cultivating .the soil, he has for many years given careful attention to stock raising and breeding. In connection with Hall C. Burleigh, of Vassalboro, he introduced the Hereford cattle to this part of Kennebec county. A single pair of yearling steers of that breed brought him the sur- prising sum of $300. The many first premium certificates he holds show that his stock came in competition with the finest breeds at the fairs. He has also handled some horses, selling in 1879 the race horse " Somerset Knox " for $2,700. Mr. Shores was first married in 1835, to Sophia, daughter of John Wyman, of Waterville. Their children were: Eliza E., died at the age of thirteen; Amasa E., now a farmer on the old homestead; Delia Aria, died young; Randolph P., married Lizzie Snell (they had one child, George Eaton vShores, now seventeen years old and living with his grandfather Shores; his father died in 1878); their fifth child, Ella M., died when twenty-two years old; Edward G., the next, died in 1892, and Albert D., the youngest, died when a babe. Consumption was the family scourge that robbed Mr. and Mrs. Shores of their children, and, insatiate still, bore away the mother in February, 1855. By his second wife, Eliza, daughter of Zaccheus Parker, of Waterville, Mr. Shores has had one child, Carrie, who died at the age of seven years. With his family he has been connected with the Congregational 595a HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. church, and in political faith he has been a life-long democrat, servings his town in the years 1872 and 1882 as one of the selectmen and the- city in 1886 as a member of the first common council. The one vaca- tion of his long, industrious life was taken in 1876, when he spent three months in California, collecting information and material for reflection, that he declares is still far from being exhausted. Amasa E. Shores, the only surviving child of George E., was born in 1839. He is a farmer and occupies the farm settled in 1808 by his grandfather. His wife is Martha E., daughter of Charles and Hannah (Clifford) Tilton, and granddaughter of Jeremiah and Hannah (Mor- rell) Tilton. They have one son, Harry C, and they lost one daughter, Carrie L. Samuel K. Smith, D. D., was born October 17, 1817, in Litchfield,, Me. He is a son of John, and grandson of Eliphalet Smith, who set- tled in Litchfield in 1777. He was educated in the academies of Rich- mond, Monmouth, Hallowell and Waterville, and graduated from Colby University in 1845. He taught in Townsend (Vermont) Acad- emy a few months, after which he was tutor at Colby University two years. He then attended Newton Theological Seminary one year. He was the owner and editor of Zions Advocate from 1848 until 1850, when he came to Colby College as professor of rhetoric, Anglo-Saxon and English literature. He resigned his position as professor of rhet- oric, logic and English literature, in July, 1892. He was ordained in 1871, and has preached for several churches in this part of Maine._ He married Eliza E., daughter of Joseph R. Abbott, of Augusta, Me.,, and their children are: George W., William A., Minnie M., Jennie M. and Bessie E. Luther H. Soper, son of Luther H. and Almira H. (Welch) Soper, was born in May, 1852, and was educated in the schools of Old Town,. Me. At the age of sixteen he began clerking in a dry goods store- and continued until 1877. The people of Waterville enjoy the ad- vantages of having very enterprising merchants, who keep stocks in quantities and qualities usuall)^ found only in much larger cities. In the various departments of a dry goods store L. H. Soper & Co. enjoy the distinction of having the largest and most complete establishment, in the city. Mr. Soper began trade in Waterville in 1877. To meet an imperative demand for more room he erected in 1890 the handsome building he now occupies, at an entire expense of $26,000 — $12,000' being for the site, which adjoins the lot on which the old Bacon tav- ern stood. Mr. Soper married Carrie E. Wiggin, and they have one daughter, Lucile. James K. Soule, born in 1846, is the youngest of twenty-on& children of Pelatiah Soule, and grandson of Jonathan Soule. His. mother, Sarah Crommett, was his father's second wife. He attended Coburn Classical Institute and Hartland Academy. His musical edu- CITY OF WATERVILLE. 596 cation was acquired under private tutors, excepting two terms at the Boston Conservatory of Music. He has devoted his attention to the teaching of music — vocal and instrumental — since 1868, and is now teaching vocal music for the second year in the public schools of Waterville. He has served as alderman three terms. His wife was Clara B. Prescott. James wStackpole, born at Biddeford, Me., November 14, 1732 (old style), was a son of John (1708-1796) and Bethiah Stackpole. The family came to Waterville in 1775. James married Abiel Hill, and their children were: Hannah, Joseph, Phebe, Samuel, Eunice, Abiel, Sarah, James, Mary, Elizabeth. John and Jotham H. The latter mar- ried Susan Getchell, and of their seven children only three are living: Elizabeth, Julia A. and Charles C. Julia A. was for a number of years a teacher in the public schools. She now keeps a private school. Augustus P. Stevens is the son of Isaac Stevens, who came from Old York, Mass., to Waterville in 1798, and in 1799 bought what is now the corner of Silver and Oilman streets. He married Ruth Jane, daughter of Nathaniel Low, and raised a family of four boys and six girls, of whom Augustus P., born in 1807, is the only survivor. Isaac Stevens bought, in 1803, the farm on Mill street west, on which his son still lives, and was for many years, and till his death, in 1832, a a trader on Main street. Augustus P. Stevens, carpenter and farmer, married Maria, daughter of Colonel Joseph Holbrook, of Boston. Of their three children — Marshall R., Mary and Hellen — the latter two are dead. Mr. Stevens' second wife was Hellen Hastings, and their children were: Lois L., who married Thomas Smart, a carriage maker, of Waterville, in 1888; Charles, Herman and Perley A. Frank L. Thayer, born in 1855, is a son of L. E. and Sarah A. (Chase) Thayer, and grandson of Dr. Stephen Thayer. He was edu- cated in Waterville public schools and Coburn Classical Institute. From 1874 until 1885 he was in a clothing store with his father, and from August 11, 1885, to September, 1889, he was postmaster at Waterville. After leaving the post office he was quite extensively engaged in the real estate business. He was elected representative in 1890, and has been city treasurer since 1889. In January. 1892, he began a general insurance business. He has been chairman of democratic city com- mittee. His wife is Nora P., daughter of N. G. H. Pulsifer, M. D. They have two sons — Nathan P. and L. Eugene. Away back, from the beginning of things to about 1820, the northwest corner of Main and Silver streets was an open common, used for a standing place for loads of farmers' produce. Reuben Kidder was at one time the reputed owner, and later, Nathaniel Oilman, whose son-in-law, Milford P. Nor- ton, put a building on it in which the post office was kept in 1824. After many changes and a varied history, the present owner, Frank L. Thayer, purchased the property, and in 1890 erected his commodious 596a HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. block at a cost of $32,000. Of this sum the cost of the ground was one- half. Charles E.Tobey.born in 1813, is one of eight children of Stephen and Sarah N. i Ellis) Tobey, and grandson of .Samuel and MaryTobey. Mr. Tobey is a cabinet maker by trade and a farmer. He came in 1867 from Fairfield to Waterville, where he has done carpenter work and farming. He married Louisa E., daughter of Elihu and Hannah (McKechnie) Lawrence, and granddaughter of James Lawrence. Their children are: R. A. (Mrs. Rev. R. H. Baker), and four that died— Rinda, Sullivan C, Charles S., and an infant son. Edwin Towne, born in 1844 in Winslow, is a son of Ephraim and Sarah P. (Flagg) Towne. From 1866 to 1871 he worked in Fairfield, Me., and from 1871 to 1876, in Lowell, Mass. In the latter year he came to Waterville, where he has since lived. In 1881 he became half owner in a grocery business, of which he became sole proprietor a little later. His wife is Lydia A., daughter of John and Matho (Osborn) Gerald. Their children are: Eva M., Fred H., John G., Alva A. and Flora E. James Trafton, a native of York, Me., married Eunice Parker, and raised ten children: Eunice, Dolly, Harriet, Joanna, Sarah, Clarissa, Joseph, James, Oliver C. and Charles. Oliver C. (1798-1873) was a farmer, and owned and occupied the farm that his father bought when he came to Waterville, being the south part of the Nathaniel Low farm. Oliver C. married Mary B. Lewis, and of their five chil- dren, only two are now living: Ellen (Mrs. G. A. Johnson) and Charles W. Those deceased were: Olive G., who married John Jackson, of Bangor; Sophronia A., who married Gilbert Whitman, of Waterville, and Mary J., who married William Haskell, of Boston, Mass. Charles W. was born in 183.') on the home farm, where he is now a far.ner. His wife was Emily R. Oilman, and their five children are: Arthur I., Alice M. (Mrs. L. E. Philbrook), Fannie B. (deceased), William H. and Mary D. Mr. Trafton has been a member of the city council since 1890. Samuel B. Trafton, born m 1834, is the youngest of four children of Joseph (1792-1858) and Sally (Blaisdell) Trafton, and grandson of James Trafton. He is a farmer on the homestead of his father. His wife is Paulena T., daughter of Dummer and Olive (Trafton) BlaisdelL They have one daughter, Lillie I. Sebastian S. Vose, the youngest son of eight children of Rev. Eze- kiel and Eliza (Farley) Vo.se, was born in Orleans, Mass., in 1838. He began photograph business in 1861 at Lewi-ston, where he continued until May, 1862, when he entered the army in Company I, 16th Maine, serving until June, 1865. In that year he opened a photograph studio in Canton, and in 1869 removed to Skowhegan, where he remained until 1879, when he located in Waterville, where he still continues. CITY OF WATERVILLE. 597 business (firm S. S. Vose & Son). His wife is Sallie E., daughter of Thomas B. Dunn. Their children are: EUery A. (partner of his father), Thomas E., Nina G.. Harry S., Arthur G. and four that died— Julia M., Jennie M., Eva M. and Martha E. John Ware. — The ancestor of the long-lived race of Ware in this country was Robert, who had lands granted him in Dedham, Mass., February 6, 1642-3. Here, on March 24, 1644-5, he married " Mar- grett Huntinge," daughter of John Hunting, first ruling elder of the Dedham church. Margaret, the mother of Robert's ten children, died in Dedham, August 26, 1670. His second wife, whom he married May 3, 1676, was Hannah, daughter of Thomas Jones, of Dorchester. " Robert Ware, the Aged," as he was known, died in Dedham, April 19, 1699. His fifth son, Ephraim', born November 5, 1659, married Hannah Herring, lived in that part of Dedham which afterward be- came Needham, and died March 26, 1753. Ephraim", oldest son of Ephraim', was born in Dedham February 14, 1688-9, married Hannah Parker, of Needham, December 27, 1716, and died March 19, 1774. Doctor Ephraim, younger son of Ephraim' (born in Needham, January 14, 1725, died in Concord, Me., September 30, 1792), was father of Abel, whose son John is the subject of this sketch. Abel was born in Dedham February 28, 1766, married July 14, 1788, Sybil Spaulding, of Norridgewock (born May 25, 1762, died March 11, 1852), and removed to Concord, Me., in 1790, where he died in June, 1803. His youngest son, John, was born in Concord December 5, 1801, and received his early education in the public schools of that town. When about fourteen years of age, John went to Norridgewock, and made his home with a married sister, Mrs. Sarah Fletcher. Here he received instruction from a private tutor for two years, and at the same time worked in the store of his uncle, John, where he acquired the rudiments of a practical business education. In 1817 he went to Athens, Me., and entered his uncle's branch store in that place. At the death of his uncle in 1829, he assumed sole charge of the business, conducting it successfully for twenty-eight years. January 5, 1842, he married Sarah Maria Scott, formerly of Yar- mouth, Me., who began teaching school in Athens in 1841. She was born July 14, 1814, and still survives, passing an honored old age in Waterville. In Athens all their children were born: John, October 12, 1842; George Homer, July 4, 1844; Henry Scott, April 16, 1846; Frank, September 12, 1847, died September 19, 1862; Sarah Maria, February 18, 1850, died October 13, 1851; Ella Maria, March 25, 1852; and Ed- ward, May 14, 1854. In December, 1857, Mr. Ware removed with his family to Water- ville, living on Elm street, in the house previously occupied by Zebulon Sanger. About 1865 he returned to Athens, where he remained eight years, but in June, 1873, he removed permanently to Waterville, pur- /)98 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. chasing of Jeremiah Furbish the house on Silver street, now occupied by his widow. Before leaving Athens in 1857, he had become inter- ested in the organization of the Androscoggin & Kennebec railroad, and was elected president of the company in June, 1856, holding the office, through successive reelections, until 1863, in the latter part of which year the company was merged with that of the Penobscot & Kennebec Railroad Company. Shortly before his death, October 8, 1877, he was the projector of the Merchants' National Bank of Water- ville, was its first president, and held the office at the time of his de- mise. Mr. Ware was of a kindly, genial disposition, and a remarkably able financier. He was major of a militia company, and was generally known as Major Ware. John, his eldest son, is now president of the Merchants' National Bank. George, the second son, remained in Athens until 1875, when he came to Waterville, and in August of that year was made cashier of the bank founded by his father. He resigned the position in June, 1879, but is still one of the directors of the institution. Edward, the youngest child of John Ware, was educated in the public schools of Waterville, at the Eaton Family School four years, at the Franklin Family School three years, and fitted for college at Portland and Phil- lips Academy, Andover, Mass. He was assistant cashier of the Mer- chants' National Bank one year. Since 1879 he has occupied the home place of his father at Athens. He now owns and operates a saw mill at Winslow. He married Harriet Prindle Collins, and their five chil- dren are: John, Edward, jun., Phil T., Dorothea and Henry Hastings. Edmund Fuller Webb comes from an English ancestry, both sources of which contain names of historic interest. He is the son of Joseph, the grandson of Benjamin and the great-grandson of Samuel Webb, of Boston, who was in the fifth generation from Christopher Webb, the English emigrant, who was made a freeman of Massachu- setts colony in 1645. His son, Henry, died in 1660, leaving by will to Harvard College the ground on which stands the building of Little, Brown & Co. Thomas Smith Webb, son of Samuel, established in Bo.ston in 1815 the Handel and Haydn Musical Society and was its first president. He was grand master of the General Grand Masonic Encampment of the United States. The mother of Joseph Webb was Eunice, daughter of Nathaniel and Hepzibah (Appleton) Day, of Boston, and was of the sixth gener- ation from Robert Day, who was born in Ipswich, England, in 1604, came to Boston in 1634, settled in Cambridge, and was made a free- man in 1635. The mother of Edmund Fuller Webb was Sarah, daughter of Jona- than Fuller, and was in the eighth generation from Dr. Samuel Fuller, who with his brother, Edward, came to Plymouth in the Mayflower in CITY OF WATERVILLE. 599 1620, and was the first surgeon and physician in the colony. The name Jonathan Fuller appears in the third generation, and then con- secutively to and including the eighth. Sarah (Fuller) Webb was born in Albion July 25, 1809, and died December 20, 1883. Her mother was Hannah Bradstreet, who was of the seventh generation from Simon Bradstreet. governor in 1679, under the first charter of Massa- chusetts colony. Governor Bradstreet was the son of a non-conform- ist minister, who came to America in 1629. Anne Bradstreet, wife of the governor, was the daughter of Governor Dudley, and died in 1672. There is no more powerful prompter to high resolve and noble act than the consciousness of being an individual conduit in the de- scent of such ancestral blood. Satisfactory proofs that Edmund Fuller Webb has not been unmindful of these sacred trusts are recorded on pag«s 338 and 339, where his portrait appears in the chapter devoted to the profession to which he belongs. Some further statements of his connection with the history of his times, that do not there appear, should be made. He was a director of the Old Waterville Bank, both before and after its change in 1865 to the Waterville National Bank. He has been a director of the Merchants' National Bank from its organization, and since 1880 he has been its vice-president. He has been a member of the prudential committee of Colby University since 1877 and for the past twelve j'ears one of its trustees. He has been a solicitor of the Maine Central railroad since 1876, and has been the general coun- sel and a director of the Somerset railway since 1886. He obtained the charter and promoted the building of the street railroad from Waterville to Fairfield, and aided in organizing the Waterville Electric Light and Power Company, and effected the consolidation of these and the Fairfield Electric Light Company in the present Waterville and Fairfield Railway and Light Company, of which he is a director. He also obtained the charter and organized the Waterville Water Company. With no specialty in his profession, the characteristic feat- ure of Mr. Webb's work and of his reputation is that he is a business lawyer, with a practical knowledge of business enterprises and methods and their relations to the law. Mr. Webb has always been a steadfast republican, and in 1892 was a delegate-at-large to the republican national convention in Minneapolis. John Webber (1810-1882), son of John Webber, of Danville, Vt., was a moulder by trade, and was in the employ of the Fairbanks Scales Company until 1843, when, in company with F. P. Haviland, he bought of that company their plant in Waterville, and was engaged in the manufacture of plows and machinery until 1873, when they sold the business. He was a director of the A. & K. railroad in its early days, and was for several years president of the People's Na- 600 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. tional Bank. He married Sophia G., daughter of Francis and Sophia (Grant) Bingham, and their children are: Ellen R. (Mrs. Captain H. S. Blanchard), Eliza (deceased), Frank B. and John N. Frank B. is one of the present owners of the business of his father, and John N., who with his mother occupies the homestead, is a member of the hardware firm of Hanson, Webber & Dunham, and a director of the People's National Bank. Elwood T. Wyman, born in Sidney, graduated from Farmington Normal School in 1884 and from Colby Univensity in 1890. He began newspaper work while in college, was one year local editor of the Watervillc Sentinel, and since October, 1890, has been Waterville agent for the Associated Press. April 17, 1891, in company with Henry C. Prince, he bought the Watcri'ille Mail, which they own and publish under the firm name of Prince & Wyman. Mr. Prince is a native of Buckfield, Me. He attended Hebron Academy and in 1844 graduated from Coburn Classical Institute. He took one year at Colby, after which he was four years in the West, prior to 1891. Alexander R. Yates, a native of Bristol, Me., is a member of the firm of Yates Brothers & Shattock, commission and African merchants, of Boston. In 1888 he bought the F. P. Haviland residence, at the corner of Silver and Grove streets, which is very appropriately named " Silver Lawn." He spends a large part of his time in Africa looking after the firm's interests there. When at home he gives special atten- tion to fine horses. Ira E. Getchell is the son of Edmund Getchell, of Pownalboro, who.se father's name was Edmund, and whose grandfather, Dennis Getchell, came from Massachusetts, and was of Scotch-Irish descent. Edmund Getchell was born in 1795 and came with his father to Vas- salboro in 1807, where he became a farmer and lumberman, and mar- ried Desire Priest. Their children were: Williams, Mary, Leonard and Ira E., who was born in 1832, and became and has continued to be a farmer. He also acquired a thorough knowledge of civil engi- neering, in which profession, with an office in Waterville, he has had for years a wide practice and reputation. Mr. Getchell has been president of the North Kennebec Agricultural Society and is a mem- ber elect to the legislature of 1893-4. He married in 1857, Cornelia, daughter of Williams Bassett, of Bridgewater, Mass. Their only child. Will B. Getchell, is a civil engineer, of Augusta. HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. CHAPTER XXIV. THE CITY OF GARDINER. Settlement.— First Comers.— Incorporation as a Town.— Statistics.— Early Mills. —Present Manufactories.— South Gardiner.— Old Settlers.— Lumber Firms. — Old Stores.— Civil Officers.— Incorporation of City. — Banks.— Gas Com- pany.—Water Company.— Churches.— Schools. — Libraries. — Cemetery.— Lodges.— Societies —Personal Paragraphs. CITIES, like events, are the results of causes. Gardiner city is the natural product of the water power of the Cobbos.seecontee river. It was organized by the laws of nature, and is run by the force of gravity. Its aggregation of people is due to the opportu- nities here afforded for employment. Mills and manufactories are the bee-hives of civilization, and fortunate is that locality which furnishes the necessary conditions under which men and women can come in swarms and find work and wages. Mr. Emer.son has said that " every institution is the lengthened shadow of one man." With some unimportant modification that re- mark may apply to this city. If ever a town had a founder, this city was begotten by Dr. Sylvester Gardiner, many of whose lineaments it still perpetuates. Industry, economy, order, thrift, thoroughness, de- spatch, education, morality, were qualities whose .seeds Dr. Sylvester Gardiner certainly planted wherever he lived. The history of Gardiner properly commences with the incorpora- tion of the Proprietors of the Kennebec Purchase, among whom was Doctor Gardiner, born in Rhode Island in 1707. He chose the medi- cal profession and settled in Boston, where as a physician and drug- gist he became rich. The fact that his father and his grandfather were born and raised in New England would tend to a reasonable belief that the Engli.sh blood of his great-grandfather. Joseph, had become fairly Americanized, but after eight years spent in England and France completing his professional education, he returned home, socially, politically and religiously, a thorough Englishman. He had a clear, active mind, exact observation and information, a compre- 602 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. hensive ambition, and a high degree of energy and business talent. These qualities were recognized and endorsed by his associates, who made him moderator at all their meetings, and the manager and ex- ecutive officer of the company. It had been very difficult to obtain actual .settlers. vSo efficient did Doctor Gardiner prove in finding and inducing new families to try the new region, that the very next year he was granted a large part of what is now the business portion of Gardiner city, including the famous Cobbosseecontee falls and water privileges. In honor of his services the locality was named Gardinerston and more land was granted him till his possessions in 1770 amounted to over 12,000 acres. His energy is shown by the following list of practical, valuable me- chanics and others collected at Falmouth, ]\Ie., in 1760, and brought by water to Gardinerston: Mr. Thomes, a builder of grist mills; Ben- jamin Fitch, a saw. millwright; James Winslow, a wheelwright, and Ezra Davis, James and Henry McCausland and William Philbrook — the last four men bringing their families. The next spring these men built the Cobbossee grist mill, so long and so widely known as the only place to get grinding done in all the Kennebec valley. The same summer they built the Great House, that for the next fifty years — as a tavern — was the most noted build- ing in town. Among its first landlords were: James Stackpole, Ben- jamin Shaw, Pray, Bowman, Randall, Widow Longfellow and E. Mc- Lellan. The upper part contained a hall where religious meetings were often held. The building of mills of various kinds — saw mills, a fulling mill, potash works, brick kiln, stores and many dwellings — soon followed. Samuel Oldham received one hundred acres of land as an inducement to build and burn a kiln of brick. In 1762 Solomon Tibbitts was induced by Doctor Gardiner to bring his family of nine children to the west side of the river, where they settled on Plaisted hill. Abiathar Tibbitts, one of the first native children in town, was born there. Ichabod Plaisted came in 176:3; Benaiah Door from Lebanon, N. H., .settled on Plaisted hill a year or two later. Samuel Berry was another early comer. ' His house was near dam No. 1. Captain Nathaniel Berry, a great hunter, was a permanent settler; William Everson, the first .schoolmaster, came in 1766; Paul and Stephen Kenney also came in 1766, and Nathaniel Denbow, James Cox, Peter Hopkins, William Law, Dennis Jenkins and Abner Marson in 1768. John North was one of the first Irish settlers. In 1774 his son Joseph purchased the old post office. Joseph North represented this section in the provincial congress in 1774-5. He was an able, worthy man. The revolutionary war came on and Doctor Gardiner's love of England took him off with the British army. He was a tory and never returned to enjoy his possessions, but settled after peace was THE CITY OF GARDINER. 603 declared, in Newport, R. I., where he practiced his profession till his death in 1786. His real property, which was confiscated, was finally restored to his heir and grandson, Robert Hallowell, to whom the doctor willed his Kennebec estate on condition that he should take the name of Gardiner, which he was allowed to do by act of the legis- lature in 1802. Robert Hallowell Gardiner was born in England in 1782, and upon arriving at suitable age took possession of his estate. Eleazar Tarbox came in 1774 and raised seven sons and two daugh- ters. He married Phebe, daughter of James Stackpole, who kept the Great House. Andrew Bradstreet and his sons, Joseph and Simon, came in 1780, engaged in lumbering and soon had a .saw mill and a store near the upper dam. Captain Samuel Grant, a revolutionary soldier who fought at Bunker Hill, came to Gardinerston at the close of the war. He was the father of Peter Grant and died in Clinton and was buried here. Benjamin Shaw came to Gardiner in 1783 and was proprietor of the Great House. He settled at New Mills in 1790, where he had a saw mill and a store. The Kennebec valley charmed General Henry Dearborn as he was passing through it during his eight years' service in the revolutionary war, and in 1785 he purchased land of William Gardiner and made this village his home till he was appointed secretary of war in 1801, when he removed to Washington. He represented the Kennebec dis- trict in congress two terms, and was the most distinguished citizen who ever lived in Gardiner. There was at that time a whipping post back of the Great House, to which the general, who acted as a local magistrate or judge, was obliged to consign many unruly culprits. In 1785 Doctor Gardiner's son, William, was a noted man here, and boarded at the Great House. He was a jolly fellow, who cared more for hunting and fishing than for business. Henry Smith, who became the noted tavern keeper at " Smithtown," on the east side of the river, then lived near General Dearborn. R. E. Nason was captain of the first military company and was succeeded by Major Seth Gay. Wil- liam Barker, Samuel Norcross, Ezekiel Pollard, William Wilkins, a school teacher, and Sherebiah Town, the miller, were early settlers. Simeon Goodwin, an active, able man, then lived at New Mills, from whence he soon removed to Purgatory, which soon became known as Goodwin's Mills. Gardiner Williams, Noah Nason, a mill man, and Nathaniel B. Dingley were also here at that time. Major Seth Gay built the first wharf and General Dearborn e.stab- lished the ferry, in 1786. He loved to draw a seine near the mouth of the Cobbosseecontee, where shad, herring, salmon and sturgeon were more than abundant. Jonathan Winslow loved to tell how he caught sixteen big salmon one Sunday morning before breakfast. Ebenezer Byram came from Bridge water to build General Dearborn's house, which stood where the Library building is. David Young came in 604 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. 1781; Leonard Cooper, Jonathan Jewett and Burnham Clark in 1783; Daniel Jewett in 1785; David and Reuben Moore, Jedediah Jewett, Dominicus Wakefield in 1787, and David Dunham in 1788. Within the next five years the new comers were: Ebenezer Thomas, Abiel Pitts, Joshua Little, Jonathan Moody, Andrew Har- low, Jonathan Redman, Hubbard Eastman, Seth Fitch, David Blair, Daniel Evans, Bolton Fish, Samuel Little, Peter Lord, Asa Moore, Robert Shirley, Timothy Clark, Isaac Hatch, Jere. Dudley, John Butler, Allen Landers, Charles Witherell, Richard Davis, Elijah Clarke, Edward and Thomas Palmer and James Pickard. In 1792 the small pox became epidemic here, but the people de- cided by vote that inoculation was not expedient. Mr. Hallowell brought the first wheel chaise to town and General Dearborn brought the first wagon. In 1806 Rufus Gay paid $135 for a new chaise. Incorporation. — The legislature was petitioned in 1778 to incor- porate the plantation of Gardinerston, and in 1779 an act was passed incorporating it into the town of Pittston. In the year 1803 all the territory of the old town of Pittston lying on the west side of the Ken- nebec, with the inhabitants therein, was by act of legislature " incor- porated into a distinct town by the name of Gardiner." By the pro- visions of the act Jedediah Jewett was directed to issue his warrant to some principal inhabitant of said town to notify the people to assemble for the purpose of choosing town officers, " and to transact such other matters and things as may be necessary and lawful at such meeting." The warrant was issued to Dudley B. Hobart, who called the first town meeting in the old Episcopal meeting house, March 21, 1803. Some of the offices as then designated sound a little queer now. They elected tythingmen, hog reeves and a fish committee. April 1st the town voted to raise $800 for highways, $200 for preach- ing, $500 for schooling and $500 for debts and expenses of the town.* April 4, 1814, it was " voted not to raise any more money for preach- ing," and after the next year " tythingmen " were not included in the list of town officers. Statistics. — At the time Gardiner was incorporated there were but one or two houses on Church hill, which was covered with a dense growth of pines. Water street had but one or two stores, and the Cobbosseecontee ran most of the way from its sources to the Kenne- bec, through unbroken forests. In 1820 the town of Gardiner raised 2,576 bushels of corn, 1,056 bushels of wheat, 910 bushels of oats and 239 bushels of peas and beans. There were 162 houses, 195 barns, 86 horses, 315 oxen, 441 cows and 337 swine; 1,485 acres of meadow yielded * The money raised for preaching was by vote appropriated to the Episcopal church, but those attending other churches could control the amount of preach- ing tax paid by them. Ichabod Plaisted attended to the Methodist proportion, and James Lord and Abraham Cleves to the Baptist claims. THE CITY OF GARDINER. 605 1,500 tons of hay. The average wealth of each person in Gardiner that year was 60 per cent, above the average of each person in Maine. In 1830 it was voted to allow the town treasurer but twenty dollars for his services, and that $1,800 should be raised for town expenses and supporting the poor, $1,400 for schooling, and $2,500 for roads and bridges. The population of Gardiner in 1850, before West Gardiner was set off, was 6,486. It contained 195 farms, that produced 124 bushels of wheat, 7,962 bushels of corn, 5,542 bushels of oats, 700 bushels of bar- ley, 3,900 tons of hay, 2,780 pounds of beeswax and honey, 8,340 pounds of cheese and 50,000 pounds of butter. There were 988 houses, 300 horses, 600 cows, 326 oxen, 940 sheep and 189 swine. There were sawed 15.000,000 feet of lumber, 3,500,000 of clapboards, and 12,000,000 shingles. The manufacture of cloth was: 5,000 yards of flannel, 8,000 yards of satinet, and 20,000 yards cassimere; 50,000 sheep skins and 45,600 sides of leather were handled. Some of the other productions were: 10,500 pairs of boots and shoes, 12,000 baft-els of flour, and 350,- 000 brick. There were nine physicians, one dentist, ten lawyers, two printing offices, two book stores, three banks, three apothecaries, three hotels, two jewelers, two hat, cap and fur stores, six livery stables, four stove and tin stores, one bakery, one harness maker, two furniture manufactories, one sail loft, two crockery stores, one extensive pottery, one plaster mill, one grist mill, one woolen factory, two machine shops, one foundry, one tannery, one paper mill, three ship yards, seven ready made clothing stores, three eating houses, six boot and shoe stores, six millinery stores, two carriage factories, twenty-six groceries and five dry goods stores. There were fifteen up and down saws, three sa.sh, door and blind makers, thirteen shingle machines, one last maker, three cabinet makers, nine blacksmiths and two commission mer- chants. Early Mills. — When the idle flow of the Cobbosseecontee was arrested by the hand of industry and the stout form of wooden dam No. 1 was stretched across its path, the first task assigned to the tur- bid rambler, undoubtedly, was to turn the crank of an old fashioned saw mill. The pioneer mill had so much work that a second one was added, and the two sawed the beams and boards for Cobbossee grist mill, which was built on the east end of the dam in 1761. For the next fifty years it can probably be .said with truth, of saw mills there was no end. Where there was a saw mill is not so much of a question as where there wasn't one; dam No. 1 had thirteen run- ning at one time. Two or three generations of saw mills were built, worn out and replaced with new ones, on ground back of where Bar- stow & Nickerson's store now stands. Three generations of saw mills have also flourished on the upper or reservoir dam. The first was built so early that its successor, built bv General Dearborn and hired 606 HISTORY OF KEXXEBEC COUNTV. by Joseph Bradstieet before 1790, gave that locality the name of New Mills, which it still retains. This upper dam, where nothing stands now but the pump house of the water company, was a busy place for eighty or ninety years pre- ceding 1850. Besides the saw mills mentioned, one of which was run by Rivereus Hooker, there were a foundry (where John Stone made the first _cast iron plows in this part of Maine), a machine shop and lead pipe works. Mr. Flagg, of Hallowell, had charge of the forge and made vessel anchors, also nails that sold at sixteen cents a pound. There was a long row of low buildings for the storage of charcoal to use in the different shops. There were lead pipe works, carriage shops and shingle factories, and a Mr. Wythe had an ashery near by. Later there was a match factory, in a part of which Reuben Hazleton had a carriage shop, and another building in which Buffum & Collins made sash, doors and blinds. These buildings, with a saw mill, were all destroyed by fire in 1849. The match factory at that time belonged to A. & C. H. Andrew*. The lower dam, now No. 1, and the first saw and grist mills, were probably built in 1760 and 1761, by Dr. Sylvester Gardiner, who estab- lished the policy that was followed for the next seventy-five years by his successors, of building and holding the title of all dams, mills, and of as much adjoining real estate as possible. These mills were rented to practical men, who accepted the best terms they could get, and did their best to live and thrive. The memory of men now alive does not cover much that happened previous to 1820. In 1822 the present stone dam No. 1 was begun, and completed the third year after. John Stone, a well remembered blacksmith who came from Kennebunk to Gardiner, took the job, and his son John, born in Gardiner in 1806 and still living here in the en- joyment of good health and a clear mind, worked with his father in building that dam. About the same time R. H. Gardiner built the stone mill on the corner of Water and Bridge streets, that is the first grist mill within the memory of what are now the older inhabitants. Mr. Stone is about the only person who remembers the old wooden grist mill, that stood on the opposite corner, on a part of the site now covered by the brick grist mill. This may have been, and probably was, the mill to which the first settlers came from so large a territory previous to 1800. The old wooden mill was run by Daniel Woodward. He was also a plow maker; that is he made the wood work, and John Stone, who had machinery in his blacksmith shop, including a trip hammer run by water power, made the iron part. When the stone grist mill was ready for use Michael Woodward was the miller for many years. He was succeeded by Benjamin Johnson, who lost a leg and had to take up lighter business. THE CITY OF (lARHIXER. 607 After Johnson, Smith Maxcy, who made millers of four of his five boys, carried on the stone mill till it was succeeded by the brick mill in 1844. Hundreds of people are still living who remember him in both mills. No man had more friends, or better deserved them. A few will recollect that Benjamin Johnson kept a variety store in the old stone mill which stood some years after grinding in it was stopped. The old wooden grist mill was used for a plow factory by John Stone and Daniel Woodward after the stone mill began grinding. After that it was removed to where Holmes' works are. The old oakum mill on dam No. 2 was run by Master Sprague. That was the end of the street then; very large pines grew in that locality. Manufactures. — Henry Bowman in 1846 built on dam No. 2 a saw mill that was owned by the firm of Clay, Dinsmore & Co., composed of Bradbury T. Dinsmore, of Anson, Richard and William Clay, and Charles and George Moore. Joshua Gray came to Gardiner in 1844, and after clerking for this firm less than two years bought George ^foore's interest in the saw mill. Richard Clay died in 1848, the firm dissolved and Henry T. Clay & Co. bought the business and carried it on. Mr. Gray soon purchased an interest in what was first an oakum mill, then a starch mill, and was converted by Frost & Sargent into a shingle and clapboard mill. Frost & Gray continued this kind of work five or six years, when John Frost sold his interest to Townsend, and Gray & Townsend lost the mill by fire. At the same time the firm of J. Gray & Co., composed of Joshua Gray, John Frost and Brad- bury T. Dinsmore, leased on the river below the railroad, a steam mill that was burned after four years' operation. Before the civil war Gray & Dinsmore bought Islr. Gray's present mill of Clay & Co., and several years later Mr. Gray bought his part- ner's interest. In 1870 he also bought dam No. 2, for $22,000, and im- mediately rebuilt and enlarged the mill, and in 1876 made his son George a partner, as Joshua Gray & Son. This firm, long known as one of the leaders in the lumber manufacture, is cutting over five million feet a year, in which work thirty-five men are steadily em- ployed. Mr. Gray has never been allowed to give all his energies to his private business. His fellow-citizens early perceived that the clear judgment and unswerving honor constantly apparent in the manage- ment of his own affairs would be invaluable in the public service. In 1867 they made him a member of the city council, an alderman in 1868, and to fill a vacancy he was the same year made mayor, and reelected in each of the three ensuing years. While mayor he was twice chosen to the state senate, serving in 1869 and 1870. Private corporations, always alert for the best officials obtainable, have also asked and obtained the benefits of his experience and counsel. He was one of the original directors of the Oakland Bank t)U« HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. and has been president of the Oakland National Bank since 1871. He was for years a director of the Kennebec Log Driving Company, part of the time its president, and has been the only president of the Oak- land Manufacturing Company. To his long life in Gardiner the atten- tion of young men may most appropriately and profitably be called. Patient hard work, sound common sense, unswerving tenacity of pur- pose, unbending honesty of practice, a genial nature, a smiling face, a friendly hand, are some of the traits and characteristics of a man who has commanded the respect and won the kindest consideration of all whose good fortune it has been to know him. He has always been a pillar of strength in the republican party and in the Univer- salist church. Mr. Gray is the .son of George and Margaret (Dinsmore) Graj', and the grandson of George Gray, who came from England to Starks, Me., where he raised a family. George, born 178.^, died 1868, and Mar- garet, born 1794, died 1869, were the parents of eleven children: Joshua, Calvin, William D., Rachael, Edwin, Betsey, Gardner, Re- becca, Benjamin D., Paulina D. and Albina. Five of these are living. Joshua, the eldest of the eleven, was born November 14, 1814. On the 25th of June, 1849, he married Ploma M., daughter of Ephraim Currier, of Norridgewock, Me., and settled in Gardiner, where Mr. Gray had already lived five years. Here their children were raised: George, born November 22, 1850, now in business with his father; Fred, born May 9, 1852, now living in Indianapolis, la.; Charles H., born October 4, ]858, at home, and Harriet C, now Mrs. Benjamin B. Clay, of Minneapolis, Minn. Prior to 1834 the Gardiner system of saw mills on dam No. 1, nearest to the mouth of the Cobbosseecontee, embraced six complete mills under three separate roofs. James Jewett came here in 1834 and worked several years for R. H. Gardiner in connection with these mills and in the erection of new ones. Mr. Gardiner's house was burned in 1836 and subsequently he built four other complete mills under one roof, on dam No. 1. These ten mills were operated bv tenants: 1 and 2 by N. O. Mitchell; 3, by Day & Preble; 4, Samuel Clay and Shaw & Cook; 5 and 6, John & Arthur Berry; 7 and 8, Hooker, Libby & Co., and 9 and 10 by William Sargent. These ten mills and surroundings were burned in 1844, at once rebuilt by Mr. Gardiner and occupied by his former tenants. A second fire in 1860 again destroyed these mills, which were immediately rebuilt by the occupants, who rented the sites and power of Mr. Gardiner. In 1863 H. W. Jewett & Hanscom leased mills 9 and 10 of William Sargent and hired Hooker, Libby & Co. to saw lumber for them by the thousand. The next year Mr. Jewett bought the Sargent mill, and a few years later he bought the Hooker, Libby & Co. mill, and put m a modern gang of twenty-one saws. Then he traded this large THE CITY OF GARDINER. 609 mill with Mr. Gardiner for Nos. 1 and 2, then called the Mitchell mill, and standing on the site where his present lumber business is located. This he repaired at considerable expense and was doing a fine busi- ness when it was destroyed by fire August 7, 1882. On the spot occu- pied by the ruins Mr. Jewett immediately rebuilt at a cost of $30,000, and had his new mill ready and running in the early spring of 1883, and its size, equipments and adaptation to a large bu.siness placed it at once at the head of the lumber cutting establishments of Gardiner. The aggregate payments for the 832,793 logs used during the ten years ending with 1891 was $1,045,870.77, exclusive of collecting and hand- ling. Its annual output of long lumber has been 11,000,000 feet, giv- ing employment to an average force of more than ninetj' men. The logs for this immen.se business come from Moosehead lake and its tributaries. About twenty cargoes of 200,000 feet each of spruce are sent to New York city — one-third is sold at home and the balance finds market on the line of the railroads. This eleven million feet is exclusive of the average annual product of short lumber, including about 6,000,000 shingles, 4,000,000 laths, a half million clapboards and as many pickets and slats. Lincoln Perry was born in Topsham, Me., July 25, 1815, and died in Gardiner, Me., August 28, 1890. His father, Joseph M. Perry, of Top.sham, had four sons and four daughters. Joseph and Lincoln set- tled in Gardiner, John W. in Brunswick, Me., and Bradford .settled first in Gardiner, afterward in Bo.ston. One daughter, Eliza, married Henry Foy, of Gardiner, and resided in that place. Lincoln Perry came to Gardiner in 1831. In 1842 he purchased a mill on dam No. 3 and engaged in the lumber business, afterward owning and operating two mills on that dam for the manufacture of lumber. He continued in that business until 1867, when he retired. In the mill purchased in 1842 had been placed the first planing machine introduced into the county, which he operated for a while, and which up to that time and later was the only planing machine in the county. He married Mary Langdon Reed, of Dresden, Me. They had three children: Mary Adelia, Arthur L. and Sarah W. Perry. The two former are now liv- ing and reside in Gardiner. Lincoln Perry served in the city govern- ment in 1867, '68, '69 and '70. He was a prominent member of the Congregational church and throughout life one of its most earnest supporters. The industry of broom making in Gardiner was started in a build- ing owned by John Moore and Joseph Perry, on Summer street, on wing of dam No. 2 in 1866, by Augustus W. McCau.sland, William H. Moore, and his brother, Gustavus Moore. The next year Mr. McCaus- land bought his partners both out, and in 1868 bought of Arthur Berry the broom handle business that was begun, by Thomas Ingalls Noyes ■two years before, and was thus enabled to make the brooms complete 610 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. in one shop. In 1869 A. W. McCausland and William H. Moore be.^an cutting thin lumber for picture frame backs, and the next year received George H. Stone into the new firm of Moore, McCausland & Co., which abandoned the making of brooms, and made broom handles and bed slats its main products. This firm built the steam mill now used by the Oakland company, and otherwise enlarged their expenditures, till needing more capital. The Oakland Manufacturing Company was or- ganized in 1871, with $25,000 capital stock. In the spring of 1880 the Joseph Perry machine shop, standing only a few feet from the Oak- land shops, was burned, and the ground and water rights of the Perry shop were at once leased of Joshua Gray, and the planing mill now in use was added to the plant of the Oakland company. A force of twenty to twenty-five workmen turn out from six to eight million broom handles yearly, most of which are sent to foreign markets, and over two million pieces of spring bed and slat work. Joshua Gray is the president, Albion E. Wing is the treasurer, and Augustus W. McCausland superintendent of this company. In 1868 John Kidder Foy and A. K. P. Buffum built a planing mill en Summer street and made doors, sash and blinds, under the firm name of Foy & Buffum. In 1870 Sanford N. Maxcy succeeded Mr. Foy, and the same line of business was carried on for the next fourteen years by the firm of A. K. P. Buffum & Co. A fire destroyed all of their works except the east building in 1884, when Mr. Maxcy pur- chased his partner's half, and operated two years as S. N. Maxcy & Co. In 1886 the present stock company was organized as The S. N. Maxcy Manufacturing Company. These mills have always been run by steam, using now a thirty-five horse power engine, and the steady services of twenty to twenty-five men. The manufacture of bed slats for the general market is an indu.stry that originated here with William H. Moore. The initial experiment was made in 1868 in a building known as Moore's shop, on Summer street, and it prospered from the start. In 1880 Mr. Moore moved to dam No. 3, and bought his present location of Arthur Berry, on which was the old " Shadagee " saw mill, that was originally built back of the present post office on Water street, where it stood many years, and was moved to dam No. 3 by Mr. Gardiner, about 1820. John Moore, father of William H., was a millwright, and did the work. There was also a building now used for a mattress factory, that Mr. Berry built manv years ago for a planing mill. In 1884 an automatic splitting saw, and in 1888 a machine for cutting excelsior, were invented and patented by Mr. Moore, each of which is of great utility and value. In July, 1891, The W. H. Moore Mattress Manufacturing Company was organized to make a new mattress in which the tips of pine and fir boughs are used for their hygienic effects. Both branches of Mr. THE CITY OF GARDINER. 611 Moore's business are active, and together they furnish occupation for twenty-four people. Captain James Walker engaged in making boxes at dam No. 3 in 1869, where he remained eleven years and then moved to the lower dam and was burned out in 1882. He was also interested with S. N. Maxcy in the lumber business. The same year of the fire Captain Walker resumed box making and located at his present quarters in one of the Oakland Manufacturing Company's buildings on Summer street, where he employs from five to fifteen hands. Some four or five years before the civil war Whitmore & Dorr built a saw mill on the " Shadagee " dam. Mr. Dorr soon sold his interest to William Sargent, who in 1863 sold to Robert T. Hayes. Whitmore & Hayes added a building with a rotary saw, and had just finished other improvements, when Mr. Whitmore died, in 1865, and his inter- ests were sold to Mr. Hayes. Joseph C. Atkins, of Farmingdale, sub- sequently purchased a half interest in this mill, and the firm of R. T. Hayes & Co. employ twenty men, and cut one million feet of long and two million feet of short lumber yearly. On his return from the war in 1866 Melvin C. Wadsworth bought an interest in the house furniture manufacturing firm of Tibbetts & Morgan. Three years later he bought out his partners and conducted the business alone till 1873, when the present firm of Wadsworth Brothers was formed by the admission of Clarence E. Wadsworth. The fire of 1882 destroyed their factory, but they rebuilt the next year on the old site, which they still occupy, employing twelve men in their shops. This is the only concern of the kind in Gardiner. Peleg S. Robinson opened in 1861 a general jobbing sash, door and blind shop, with John F. Merrill, whose interest he purchased in 1863, and has followed the business ever since, employing six men. Immediately after the disastrous fire of 1882 — which burned the sash, door and blind manufactories of Moore & Brown, and of Seabury & Towle — Granville W. Moore, Daniel B. Brown and Rufus B. Seabury formed the present firm of Moore, Brown & Co., contractors and build- ers, and proceeded at once to construct their buildings now in use on dam No. 1. The main building stands where Moore & Brown's shop stood, and the building which contains the office is on the spot where Seabury & Towle's factory was. This, the oldest concern of the kind in the city, dating from Mr. Seabury 's beginning in 1852. furnished labor for fifteen to twenty-five men. The history of the Holmes & Robbins' pioneer machine and iron working manufactory begins in 1830, when Philip C. Holmes and Charles A. Robbins began to build grain threshers on the lower dam, near the present Daily Neivs building, for R. B. Dunn. In a few years they moved to dam No. 2, just above the old Gardiner woolen mill, where they built a wooden foundry on the site of their present old 612 HISTORY OF KK.VNEBEC COUXTV. foundry, and a store-house for patterns, and added mill work and steam engines to their line of manufactures. This entire establish- ment was burned in. 1846. Within a single month a brick foundry ■was in complete running order on the site of the old one, and the next year they built the present brick store-house. In 184S the firm built the machine shop now in use, and made castings for ship work. Their forge for making ship shapes stood on dam No. 3, where Foster's axe factory was and where now the Gardiner Tool Company is located. This line of work was continued to 1858, when shipbuilding went down. The old firm was dissolved in 1860 and the new firm of P. C. Holmes & Co. was formed, by Philip C. and George M. Holmes and Thomas Wrenn. The latter died in 1866, and in 1873 Philip H. Holmes was admitted. Philip C. Holmes died in 1882 and the next year George H., son of George M. Holmes, became a member of the firm. In 1889 The P. C. Holmes Company was incorporated, with a capital of $300,000. The Holmes turbine water wheel, invented by Philip H. Holmes, is a specialty of manufacture; also the fibre graph- ite, another remarkable invention of Mr. Holmes, which obviates the use of all lubricants in the running of machinery. George M. Holmes is the inventor of machinery for placing accurately spaced and planed gears. The firm of C. A. Robbins & Sons, iron founders and machinists, was formed in 1869, by Charles A. and his sons, E. Everett and Albert A. Robbins. They bought at that time the premises on the corner of Bridge and High streets, and put up buildings which they u.sed till they were burned in 1882. The old shops were replaced by new ones the same year, and the name of the firm was not changed when Charles A. Robbins died April 9, 1884, nor when E. E. Robbins died in 1892. The number of employees is fifteen, manufacturing saw and grist mill machinery, iron and brass castings, shafting and pulleys; but the principal specialty of the factory is machinery for stowing and shipping ice. The making of steel springs and axles in Gardiner is the result of one of the earliest attempts of its kind in the state of j\Iaine. In 1830 James Williams made steel springs in Readfield, where he continued their manufacture for thirty-five years. Among his workmen was Hebron M. Wentworth, who left the shop and served his country through the civil war. On his return in 1865, he chose this city for his future home and brought Mr. Williams with him, and continued the steel spring and axle manufacture on dam No. 3, where it still re- mains. The next year the shop was burned, and immediately rebuilt, and David Wentworth became a partner, with firm name of Went- worth Brothers. Soon after George and Frank Plaisted were admitted to the new firm of H. Wentworth & Co., which ran .several years, when the Plaisteds sold to John T. Richards and others. In 1877 a stock THE CITY OF GARDINER. 613 company was formed, and incorporated as The Wentworth Spring & Axle Company, which has had fourteen years of continued growth and prosperity. The annual output is 350 tons of steel springs and 15,000 sets of axles, in the production of which forty-five men are employed. The manufacture of axes in Gardiner began in 1881, when Henry M. Foster came here from Skowhegan and bought of James Walker a box factory on dam No. 3, which he converted into an axe and ice tool factory. After running one year The Foster Edge Tool Com- pany was formed, which after two years was changed to the present Gardiner Tool Company, of which Fuller Dingley is president and Henry M. Foster agent. Six men are employed and 1,300 dozen axes are made annually. After returning from the war Benjamin S. Smith resumed his trade of house builder and contractor, which he learned of Tibbetts, Morgan & Co. In 1883 he rented of J. W. Lash the building he now owns and occupies on dam No. 1, and in 1887 he bought it. His busi- ness includes a great variety of wood work for building and finishing purposes, besides sash, doors and blinds, at which six men find steady work. Harvey Scribner came to Gardiner from Casco, Me., in 1854, and in 1856 rented of J. E. Ladd & Co. a new building on dam No. 1, and be- gan making shafting, pulleys and lumber machinery. In 1872 he bought the building and did millwright and machine work till Janu- ■ ary, 1890, when he was burned out. One week from that time Mr. Scribner bought his present factory of Captain Jo.seph Perry, in which he employs sixteen men. Captain Joseph Perry came to Gardiner in 1827, and until 1836 worked at house carpentry, and for Holmes & Robbins. He then hired a building on dam No. 2, near the People's Grist Mill, and opened a machine shop. In 1846 he bought the shop, which was burned in 1880. Two years later he was again burned out in a shop he had rented, but immediately rebuilt on a larger scale than ever — the best machine shop on the river — and in February, 1890, after fifty- four years of prosperous business, he sold his plant and retired. The brick gri.st mill, corner of Water and Bridge streets, on dam No. 1.. was built by R. H. Gardiner in 1844, and fitted with machinery and bolts for merchant flouring, as well as for a custom grist mill. Walter Wrenn, an experienced English miller, had charge of the flouring department, and Smith Maxcy left the old stone mill to take the custom department. William Vaughan and Francis Richards were the financial men of the concern. They were succeeded by John S. Wilson, John Nutting and Walter Wrenn, who bought grain and made flour till cheap transportation brought western flour in ruinous competition with New England manufacture, and the busi- 614 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. ness was abandoned in 1868. Bartlett & Dennis were the next occu- pants of the mill, and in 1871 were succeeded by Barstow & Nicker- son, who have done custom grinding there for over twenty years. The Peoples Grist Mill was built in 1860, by John C. Bartlett and others, who sold it in 1862 to Bartlett & Dennis. Mr. Bartlett died in 1882, and was succeeded in the firm by his son, William M. Bartlett. This mill is on dam No. 2, Summer street, and up to about 1880 it did regular merchant flouring, bringing large quantities of western wheat by railroad and grinding it for the New England trade. Since then it has been exclusively a grist mill, does roller and stone grinding, and in its various departments employs ten men. During the winter of 1886-7, Watkins & Peacock fitted premises on Water street for grinding grain by steam power, and six months later transferred the business to the present proprieter, William M. Wood, who bought the machinery and rented the building. This is the only steam grist mill in Gardiner. The first paper mill on the Cobbosseecontee was built about 1806 by R. H. Gardiner, John Savels, Eben Moore and John Stone, under the firm name of John Savels & Co. It was burned in 1813, and was rebuilt by the same parties, with the exception of Mr. Stone, who re- tired from the firm. After a few years George Cox, who came to the mill as a journeyman " tramp," and had grown by .solid merit to be managing workman, was taken into the firm under the style of Savels, • Cox & Co. John Savels died in 1832, and Cox sold to Moses Springer soon after and went to Vassalboro, where he built a new paper manu- factory. Mr. Savels' son, William, who was also a preacher, with Eben Moore and Moses Springer, continued the business for a time, when Elbridge G. Hooker, Charles P. Walton and John C. Godding bought an interest. In the meantime R. H. Gardiner, in 1834, built a brick paper mill on the same dam and rented it to Francis Richards, who put It in operation at once. Less than two years after this, Henry B. Hoskins, a clerk in Mr. Gardiner's office, bought the interests of the several parties in the old paper mill, and Richards & Hoskins con- solidated the business of the two mills in a partnership that lasted over twenty years. Francis Richards died in 1857 and was succeeded by his son, F. G. Richards. In 1865 Mr. Hoskins withdrew from the businefjs, arid, the next year F. G. and John T. Richards, brothers, and W. F. Richards, a clerk, formed the firm of Richards & Co. A fire in 1882 damaged their works over $50,000, which were rebuilt and enlarged. Soon after the death of the senior member of the firm in 1884, the present Rich- ards Paper Company was incorporated. They produce about eight tons of paper per day and employ some sixty people. In 1888 the company bought a pulp mill at Skowhegan, and the next year began the construction of their extensive pulp mills at South Gardiner, THE CITY OF r.ARDINER. 615 which were completed and in operation in January, 1891. Ten tons of sulphite pulp are made each day, giving work to eighty hands. The Copsecook Paper Mills occupy dam No. 6, and are owned by S. D. Warren & Co., of Boston. This property was purchased and the first mills were built in 1852 by The Great Falls Company, whose stockholders were S. Bowman, Charles Swift, I. N. Tucker, Joseph Perry, Philip Winslow, Lincoln Perry, Charles Bridge, R. K. Little- field, F. P. Patten, Samuel Hooker, William Libby, Stephen Brown and H. C. Winslow. Noah Woods and others were afterward inter- ested in the company, whose capital stock was $32,000. The stock- holders operated the mill ten years and then rented, and two vears COPSECOOK MILLS, GARDINER later sold, to the present owners, who ran the business till 1878, when they enlarged and rebuilt the entire works in the best manner. After twelve years more of steady use the mills were again rebuilt in 1890, as shown in this view, and put in the most perfect condition for the manufacture of book paper. Henry E. Merriam has been the super- intendent for nearly thirty years. Stanwood & Tower started the first paper mill on dam No. 5, in the fall of 1865. It was a one machine mill, making bogus manilla paper for wrapping. About 1871 the Dillinghams bought in with Stanwood ■& Tower, put in another machine, and as Dillingham & Co. made bib HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. bogus and No. 1 manilla paper. In the spring of 1876 Ellis A. Hol- lingsworth and Leonard Whitney bought out Dillingham & Co. and continued making manilla paper. In November, 1877, Hollingsworth & Whitney bought of the estate of R. H. Gardiner dams No. 4 and 5, with land and privileges, and in 1880 began the building of a pulp mill on dam No. 4, for the manufacture of soda pulp, which was com- pleted the next spring and called the Aroostook mills. This new mill began making pulp at once, but was destroyed by fire after running but a few weeks. It was rebuilt and again in operation the same fall and continued till April, 1883, when it was shut down and changed from a pulp mill to a paper mill. In June, 1886, the mill was again stopped for enlargement and repairs, which were completed and t>e making of manilla paper was resumed in August. In 1886 the Cob- bossee mills on dam No. 5 shut down, were entirely rebuilt in less than six months and again in active operation making manilla paper. The original founders of these mills both being dead, a new com- pany was incorporated in 1882, called The Hollingsworth & Whitney Company. At present the Cobbossee and Aroostook mills at Gardiner make about fourteen tons of manilla paper per day, which gives work to one hundred people, and uses water to the amount of 4,000 horse power. The local manager is F. E. Bo.ston, of Gardiner, who grew up in the business, and has been superintendent since 1876. In the year 1810 Robert Hallowell Gardiner leased to the " Gardi- ner Cotton & W^oolen Factory Company " for a period of ninety-nine years sufficient water to run their mills located on what is aow dam No. 2. The directors who signed the agreement were: Simon Brad- street, Rufus Gay, Ebenezer Byrum, Daniel Woodward, Jeremiah Wakefield and R. H. Gardiner. This company did business till 1839, and then sold to Philip Winslow, Robert Richardson, Joseph Perry and I. N. Tucker, who continued under the firm name of Isaac N. Tucker & Co. for forty-seven years. In 1866 they bought more land and erected the brick building that is still the Gardiner woolen mill. Mr. Tucker had been dead several years before the company was dissolved, and toward the last the works were sometimes idle, with the exception of wool carding carried on by Mr. Winslow. In 1889 William C. Jack and M. F. Payne bought the plant, added new machinery and are now doing business in the firm name of W. C. Jack & Co. Their specialties are grading woolen rags, and manu- facturing shoddy, of which the daily product is six hundred pounds. They operate the Flanders Woolen Company, at Dexter, where about half the shoddy made here is woven into cloth. Twenty-five people find employment in the Gardiner mill. J. Davis Gardiner, James Reynolds, William H. Lord and A. E. Wing were wagon and carriage makers who preceded those now fol- lowing that business in Gardiner, of whom P. Henry Gilson, the oldest. THE CITY OF GARDINER. bl7 began in 1850. He has facilities for doing all the work on a carriage and employs eight men. Joseph B. Libby beg-an the same business in the old Reynolds shop on Church .street in 1874, where he has steam power and keeps seven workmen. In 1860 Albert T. Smith com- menced the manufacture of carriages and sleighs in the building for- merly used as a livery stable by A. T. Perkins. Isaac Edwards, Miller & Atkins, Frank L. McGowan, Larrabee & Hanscom and Augustus Bailey were also carriage makers. Mr. Smith has iron, paint and fin- ishing shops, and employs six men. A Mr. Perkins was one of the first coopers in Gardiner, and had a shop near the present freight depot of the Maine Central railroad. Deacon Abel Whitney came to Gardiner in 1848 and opened a cooper shop, which business he has followed from that time to this. The firm of Mitchell, Wilson & Co. did a heavy West India trade, sending also to California large invoices of green and dried apples from (jardiner, and what sounds stranger still, eggs, requiring large quantities of well made barrels, which were all furnished by Deacon Whitney. The Gardiner Shoe Factory Association was the result of a popular movement to enlarge the manufactures of the city. A fund of over $8 000 was raised by sub.scription and a stock company was organized July 27, 1883, with John T. Richards, president; J. S. Maxcy, secretary and treasurer; J. T. Richards, David Dennis and S. Bowman, directors. A large building was erected on dam No. 1, corner of Summer street, and furnished free of rent or taxes to Kimball Brothers, of Lynn, who did a prosperous manufacturing business for several years, giving employment to two hundred people, who.se weekly pay roll amounted to $2,500. In a little old mill run by water power clay was ground before 1820 and brick were burned where Joshua Gray's saw mill now stands. David Flagg and a Mr. Hamlin were brick makers of that period. Later Jesse Lambard had a brick yard back of the present Gardiner Bank. A Mr. Taylor on Spring street and Ebenezer Morrell (who was succeeded by Amasa Smith and H. A. Morrell) on Summer street also had brick yards more than fifty years ago. Arch Morrell, until his death in 1885, was the principal brick maker in this vicinity, and during his period he doubtless burned nine-tenths of the brick used in the city, and shipped immense quantities to Boston. A clay bank more than seventy feet high extended from the M. E. church to the foot of vSpring street, and another marked bluff was between Middle and Spring streets. These were the sources of supply for the various kilns until the bluffs were literally carried away. Some time before Mr. Morrell's death, his son, William, managed his extensive business and succeeded him. For the last twenty years their yards have aver- aged 700,000 brick annually. 40 618 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. A big tannery stood between dams No. 1 and No. 2, run by Cook & Nutting. Deacon Fields had a tannery at the head of Summer street, and Mr. Plaisted had one on Harrison avenue. South Gardiner.— This was a village in the town before the in- corporation of the city, and has since retained its local importance. The post office here was established February 8, 1870, with John T. Smith as postmaster. John McGrath was appointed in April, 1874, but did not serve, and Sherburn Lawrence received the appointment the next month and held it till 1887. Henry R. Sawyer then held the office for two years, and March 27, 1880, Sherburn Lawrence, the pres- ent incumbent, was again appointed. The far reaching influence of first settlers is a subject of unceasing interest. The kind of men and women they are is a matter that con- cerns all who come after them. Their traits, their tastes, their habits, not only descend as an entail of blood to their posterity, but they become a sort of perpetual endowment for good or for ill to the entire community. When David Lawrence, then twenty-six years old, with his bride, Sarah Eastman, five years younger, came in 1768 from Littleton, Mass., to make their life-long home at what is now .South Gardiner, they be- came the potential cause of a chain of events whose operation was never more apparent than to-day. The lives of the family they founded have been largely the history of that locality for over a hundred years. He bought there 160 acres of land, heavily timbered with the mag- nificent oak and stately pine of the old Kennebec valley. He built a house and began clearing the land adjoining the river, running the timber down to the ship-yards at Bath, and shipping the cord wood to Boston. We here see the type of his .successors; farmer, dealer, manu- facturer— a combination of practical, successful enterprise. His first wife died in 1790. Their children had been: David, born 1769; Eliza- beth, 1770; Benjamin, 1772; Simeon, 177o, killed by accident when four years old; Edward, 1778; Lucy, 1780, and another Simeon, 1783. The last named became a farmer and Edward built a saw mill on the Nahumkeag stream in Pittston. On March 6, 1791, David married his second wife, Sarah Clark, who died February 5, 1795, at the birth of her twin boys, James and William, leaving also two older children, Charles and Sarah. David's third wife was Hannah Clark, and their children were: Hannah, born 1796; Isaac, 1797; and Mary, 1801. When David died there was a feeling in the comm.unity that every one had sustained a personal loss, only soothed by the reflection that he had lived a long and useful life and had passed to the satisfactions of the life beyond. Charles Lawrence, whose portrait appears here, was the eldest child of his father's second marriage. Born February 18, 1793, in- heriting a vigorous constitution both of body and mind, he grew to - — L^ /i G-^-^'f^^ '^ f^ Oc-y^, THE CITY OF GARDINER. 619 useful manhood, and regarding his whole career, it is difficult to say whether he spent the most time on the farm or on the river. Here he made shingles and staves the year round by the old fashioned process of " riving " the blocks of pine and spruce which had been felled in the upper Kennebec valley. He entered heartily into his father's business, became ma.ster of all its details, but was particularly active and efficient in the river department. He was one of the earliest dealers in logs, becoming an expert in estimating their contents and value. He also went up the river and lumbered on Jerusalem town- ship, also buying large quantities of logs which he sold to the tide mills below Bath He built in 1832 for the log driving company at LAWRENCE HOMESTEAD; BURNED MARCH 12, 1883. South Gardiner, one of the first and largest booms of its kind on the river. He married Eleanor Morrell, of Winthrop, in February, 1823, and had eleven children: Dolla M., born 1824; Drusilla, 1825; Samuel M., 1827; Hiram, 1829; Eleanor, 1831; Sherburn, 1832; Greenlief, 1835; Laura A., 1839; Georgianna, 1844; Charles, 1846: and Abner, 1849. He took his father David's place in the old homestead, shown in the ac- companying cut, paid off the heirs, and aided by his excellent wife ■created for his large family a home that will always remain their .highest conception of parental forethought and affection. Here Charles Lawrence lived to the good old age of ninety, when 620 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUXTV. on the fourth of March. 1883, he passed easily and gently to the better W9rld. He had been a model of physical health and symmetry, over six feet tall, of a strong mind and a great heart. In politics he was first a whig and then a republican. In religious faith he was in full accord with the Universalist society, to which he belonged. He be- lieved the best way to serve his God was to help his fellow-men. His active business life had clo.sed in 1870, but his spirit of enter- prise had been inherited and imbibed by his sons, who had for years been his associates and assistants. They were as much at home on the river as their father had ever been, and with youthful zeal reached out to new fields with larger plans, involving more comprehensive re- sults. Their operations became so large that accumulations of lengths and sizes of unsalable logs neces.sitated their manufacture into lum- ber, so in 1870 the five brothers— Sherburn, Samuel M., Hiram, Green- lief and Charles — erected at South Gardiner the first building of their present extensive lumber cutting mills. A steam engine of 150 horse power then put in place still proves sufficient, although the capacity of the mills has been enlarged in all other directions. Four years ago, in order to work off the accumulations of slabs and edgings, a kindling wood department was added that cuts each day a car-load of 10,000 bundles. The year that Lawrence Brothers built their mill they, with others, made also a little experiment in the ice business that yielded a good profit. Houses were built in Pittston sufficient to store 6,000 tons, which was sold the next spring for seven dollars per ton. In 1876 they built two more ice houses that were used two years and torn down. Ten million feet of lumber is cut yearly at their mills. The chief supply of logs comes from Moosehead lake and Dead river, where they employ two hundred men and forty teams four months in the year: cutting from their own lands eight to nine million feet of logs annually. The balance which they manufacture are bought of other lumbermen. The Maine Central Railroad Company purchases two and a half million feet of their product yearly. Besides the help cutting logs, 110 men find steady employment at the mills at South Gardiner. In 1888 this quintuple partnership of brothers was broken by the death of Samuel M., who was respected and beloved by all who knew him. With riper experience, as being the oldest member of this family partnership, vSherburn Lawrence took the guiding oar at the start and by their common request he has retained it, and is widely known as the representative member of the firm in all its extended transactions. A retired editor, himself a native of Gardiner, basing his conclusions upon a life-long acquaintance, says of Mr. Lawrence: " Endowed with great common sense and a man of mature judgment c>2^^ THE CITV OF GARDINER. 621 and mental grasp, yet he impresses men more by the qualities of his heart. Public spirited and thoroughly modest, he always considers the interests and feelings of others, especially the poor, and is held in ideal esteem by those in his employ. I do not believe Sherburn Law- rence has an enemy." In 1854 he married Julia, daughter of Jordan Stanford, of South Gardiner. Their only child, Forest M. Lawrence, born in 1856, died in ]888. He was a young man of rare activities and qualities of mind and heart, and his untimely decease was sincerely mourned by an en- tire community. The ethical bent of his mind is fairly revealed by the following lines, which he kept posted over his business desk as his constant reminder: " The sunshine of life is made up of very little beams that are bright all the time. To give up something, when giving up will pre- vent unhappiness; to j'ield, when persisting will chafe and fret others; to go a little around rather than come against another; to take an ill look or cross word quietly, rather than resent or return it — these are the ways in which clouds and storms are kept off and a pleasant and steady sunshine secured. Joseph S. and Frederick T. Bradstreet went to South Gardiner in 1876, bought land and built the present steam saw mills driven by en- gines of 450 horse power, which they operated under the firm name of Bradstreet Brothers. In 1881 The Bradstreet Lumber Company was formed, with $100,000 capital. It cuts 15,000,000 feet of spruce dimen- sions for the New York market each year, employing 110 mill hands. The logs for this immense business are furnished by Joseph S. and Frederick T. Bradstreet, from their extensive tracts of timber lands on the Roach, Moose and Dead rivers. The first grocery store at South Gardiner was owned by a Mr. Burke, who sold the business and premises to Jordan Stanford in 1839. The latter was a boot and shoe manufacturer and dealer in Gardiner city, and at once built a branch factory in South Gardiner, where he employed from fifteen to twenty hands several years. Mr. Stanford continued the store he had bought of Mr. Burke till 1849, when he was succeeded by C. G. Baxter, Benjamin Stanford, and lastly by his daughter, Emily Stanford, who built in 1878 the store she now owns and occupies south of the old Burke store. The next store at South Gardiner was opened by Lincoln & Aver- ill, who kept it eight years and were burned out. A year or two later Beadle & Potter built on the same ground the store they are now run- ning. F. M. Lawrence built a small store and used it till 1881, when the large store now operated by his widow was built, and the small store converted into the present lumber office of Lawrence Brothers. H. R. Sawyer built a store in 1880, occupied since by A. B. Haley, J. C. Merriman, by H. R. Sawyer for a post office under Cleveland, and at present by W. H. Merrell. Mr. Sawyer built the store he now owns 622 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. and occupies in 1884, and Judson Hall built his small store near the G. A. R. Hall, in 1890. Town Officers. — As the city is the political successor of the old town of Gardiner, we will here note the chief officials of the town during the forty-seven years of its existence as such. In 1803 Dudley B. Hobart was moderator of the first town meeting. During the exist- ence of Gardiner as a town the following named persons served it as selectmen, the date showing the first year of service. The number of years — not always consecutive — are also indicated: Barzillai Gannett, 1803, 6 consecutive years: Dudley B. Hobart, 1803; William Barker, 1803; William Swan, 1804: Reuben iMoor, 1804; Joshua Lord, 1805; Samuel Elwell,1805, 1806; Edward Wilson, 1806, 3 years; Stephen Jewett, 1807, 6 years; vSimon Bradstreet, 1809, 3 consecutive years; Jesse Tucker, 1809, 4 years; William G. Warren, 1812, 3 years; Ichabod Plaisted, 1812, 1813; Aaron Haskell, 1812, 21 years; Thomas Gilpatrick, 1814, 9 times; James Lord, 1814, 5 consecutive years; James Marston, 1815, 4 years; Rufus Gay, 1817, 1818; Sanford Kingsbury, 1819; Paul Dyer, 1819; Jacob Davis, 1820, 9 consecutive years; Peter Adams, 1825, 6 consecu- tive years; Edward Peacock, 1829; William Partridge, 1830, 7 consecu- tive years; Arthur Plumer, 1831: Benjamin Shaw, 1832; Daniel Merrill, 1833; Benjamin H. Field, 1833; Ansyl Clark, 1835,9 years; E. F. Deane. 1837, 2 years; Cyrus Kindrick, 1837; A. S. Chadwick, 1837, 5 years; Thomas N. Atkins, 1839; Jordan Libby, 1840, 1841; Ebenezer White, 1842; Elkanah McLellan, 1842; Mason Damon, 1841:5, 5 years; Edward Swan, 1843; Arthur Plumer, 1844; Charles Danforth, 1845, 4 years; James G. Donnell, 1845; Phineas Pratt, 1846, 1847; Robert Thompson, 1848; Michael Hildreth, 1848; Isaac N. Tucker, 1849. The succession of town treasurers was as follows: Rufus Gay, 1803; Edward Swan, 1819; Rufus Gay, 1834; Thomas Gay, 1837; E. F. Deane, 1838; Michael Hildreth, 1840; E. F. Deane, 1841; Michael Hildreth, 1842; Jason Winnett, 1848; Cyrus Kindrick, 1848, 1849. The first town clerk was Seth Gay, formerly the clerk of Pittston. He served until 1839, when Ansyl Clark was elected. Thomas Gay was clerk in 1841, and John Webb then served as long as Gardiner was a town. City's Civil History.— In 1849 the legislature of Maine passed the act of incorporation by which the town of Gardiner as a body politic might become the city of Gardiner. The acceptance of the charter by a vote of the people was a condition precedent. The town voted on the 26th of November, to accept the charter, and the first city election was held in March, 1850. As divided by the act of incor- poration, the city consisted of seven wards, ward 3 being then the pres- ent town of West Gardiner. Robert Hallowell Gardiner, in whose honor the city was named, became its first mayor. The .successive incumbents of the office, each Tin-: CITY OF r.AKDrxER. 623 serving until the next, have been: Parker Sheldon, first elected in 1851, resigned April 12, 1852, and Robert Thompson elected April 20, 1852; Edward Swan, 1853; Noah Woods, 1854; Henry B. Hoskins, 1859; Noah Woods, 1861; James Nash, 1863; Nathan O. Mitchell, 1865; George W. Wilcox, 1867, died December 17, 1867, and Joshua Gray elected December 30, 1867; D. C. Palmer, 1871; H. M. Wentworth, 1874; James B. Dingley, 1876; D. C. Palmer, 1879; Joseph E. Ladd, 1881; William Perkins, 1882; S. Everett Johnson, 1884; Joseph E. Ladd, 1886; John W. Berry, 1887; Albert M. Spear, since March, 1889. The city treasurers in succession have been: Freeman Trott, first elected in 1850; Cyrus Kindnck, 1852: Elbridge Berry, 1854; Charles P. Branch, 1857; I. Wheeler Woodward, 1859; James M. Colson. 1863; John Berry, 1864; James M. Larrabee, 1865; Henry B. Hoskins, 1869; and the now venerable Sifamai Bowman, serving continuously since the city election of 1872. The city clerkship is an important office, and the good condition of the records which constitute the political history of the city indicates that the place has been filled generally by men of ability. John Webb opened the records as clerk, and was succeeded the next year by Charles P. Branch, who served eight years consecutively. Charles B. Clapp served four years, beginning in 1859. Llewellyn Kidder was clerk for 1868, succeeded by Charles P. Branch for five years. John Webb was elected in 1869, George H. Ray in 1872, Anthony G. Davis in 1873, and in 1878 Charles O. Wadsworth, the present efficient in- cur^bent, began his continuous service. Mr. Wadsworth has collected and bound the printed reports of the city officers, including the act of incorporation and city charter, which volumes comprise the best printed data on the civil history of Gardiner. The government of the city is vested in the mayor, a board of six aldermen, and a common council of eighteen, three of whom are elected from each of the six wards, which boards constitute the cit)- council. With the exceptions of constables, wardens and ward clerks, the city council elects or appoints the executive officials of the city. The last report of Mayor A. M. Spear shows the general condition of the city to be prosperous and progressive. By an outlay of two thousand dollars the city hall now furnishes rooms for the liquor agency, ample conveniences for the police court, the city marshal and his deputies, and seven secure cells for prisoners. The report of the city marshal, Edgar E. Norton, for the fiscal year ending March 1, 1892, shows that of the 439 warrants of arrest served, 330 were for drunken- ness. The police work is done by two officers on duty by day and two by night. During the year 1889 the number of warrants issued was 360. The report of the chief engineer makes the encouraging statement that the fire department was called out only ten times during the year. 624 HISTORY OF KENXEBEC COUXTV. and that the total loss in these fires was small. The city owns two fourth class steamers, two hose wagons, five two wheeled reels, one hook and ladder truck, three hose pungs, 7,150 feet of 2^ inch rubber lined hose, and 500 feet of two inch hose. The hook and ladder com- pany has thirty men. each steamer has fifteen men, and hose companies 1 and 2 have each fifteen men. Besides these the volunteer company of old firemen furnishes ten men. Steamer No. 2, with fifteen firemen, is stationed at South Gardiner. Charles M. Drake is chief engineer, at a salary of $100 a year, and there are two assistant engineers, who re- ceive $30 each. The cost of the fire department for the year 1891-2 was $3,173.02. The Liquor Agency, in charge of Andrew J. Hooker, city liquor agent, handled $6,088.35 worth of goods, on which the city received a profit of $1,229.05. The alms-house at New Mills, built of brick, with fourteen acres of land attached, was purchased of William Bradstreet for $2,200, in 1849, by the town of Gardiner. Additions and repairs costing $3,000 more were soon made, since which but little has been expended. George W. Shepard is the superintendent in charge, and with rooms for forty boarders he has less than a dozen. The annual poor fund budget is but a trifle over $3,00 . Although the upper Kennebec is navigable to smaller craft, Gar- diner must be regarded as the practical head of navigation, and thus it enjoys a distinctive and permanent advantage. Favorably situated for good drainage, the city is a healthy and desirable place of resi- dence. On the summit of Church hill, neatly enclosed and orna- mented with trees, is a beautiful park of five acres commanding a sweeping view of the valley, and constituting one of the many attrac- tions of the city. Its site, 125 feet above the Kennebec, was given conditionally in 1824 to the town of Gardiner. It was subsequently conveyed absolutely to the city of Gardiner by Francis Richards, as trustee of R. H. Gardiner's estate. At Gardiner was established January 1, 1795, one of the first four post offices in the county. It was named Pittston and Barzillai Gan- nett v/as the postmaster until the office was moved across the river in May, 1804. September 30, 1804, Mr. Gannett was again commissioned as the Gardiner postmaster, the office taking at that date the name of the new town. He kept the office in his store and in the Jewett house at the foot of Vine street. When Mr. Gannett went to congress in 1809, Seth Gay took the office, May 2d. The names of the postmasters, with the years of their appointment, since that time have been: Wil- liam Palmer, 1835; Thomas Gay, 1841; Joseph Merrill, 1845; Lawson H. Green, 1849; Frederick P. Theobald, 1853; Charles A. White, 1857; John Berry, 1861; Samuel D. Clay, 1866; John Berry, 1867; Daniel C. Eleazer W. Atwood. 1890; an.. nt was more that fifty years old usiness men of Gardiner weiL " ' • intill814. On Janu- cliartered the Gardi- i; lold at Mrs. Lm-jftl- lo\s March ^Isi. iwi,u« luy, a uoaru m directors was cons,: t Robert H. ( ..ir.imer.Major Peter Grant, Josh;;. • Simi • ! ■■ ' ' Vc. The institution was a bank . * is-siv ..s. with a capital of $60,000. For oyer pt at par in all the money centers of the naL i.o, it was changed to the Gardiner National B iniount of capital and without change of officers. . been: Peter Grant, Samuel C. Grant, William B (rrant, Joseph Bradstreet. W. F. Rich- ards and Is, ishjers have been: Sanford Kingsbury. Major Edv Adams, James F. Patterson, George F. Ad-r ■;. F' .-reit L. Smith, and Alvan C. Harlow : /mixed January 30, 1855, as a state bank, 1 a capital of $100,000. The directors , Me., and Joshua Gray, Myrick Hop- i'.ies Swift, of Gardiner. Noah Woods ';!mai Bowman cashier. The bank Wii.- ihe Gardiner Block. At the end of tei; .(.s a state bank, and its managers organ- ' ;ank, with a capital of gSO.OOO. Joshua . and Sifamai Bowman was again chosen Lontinued in the Gardiner Block until 1881. .iiilding was erected at a cost of $8,000. The uinually, and its stock sells at 16o. The For twenty-four years Mr. Bowman .ant. ity of the above institution emphasizes I able career of its cashier, who has been .: j.u(l actual manager, and to-day the city has ctitly and distinctively a bank man as Sifamai t here appears.* in at Litchfield. Me., February 5, 1812. When e family moved to !7a''. -.vc'l. At the age of and went to Topsi 'e learned the In 1834 he engaged lusiness on his 626 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. own account at Topsham, and afterward, in ISSfi, at Gardiner, where he lias since resided. When the Oakland Bank was ready to commence business in July, 1855, Mr. Bowman had become well and favorably known in the com- munity as an upright, industrious, clear-minded, shrewd and careful business man. The directors judged rightly that they could not bet- ter promote the interests of the new institution than by selecting him as its cashier. Nor is it strange that the management of its affairs was left almost entirely to his judgment. Whether it was the dis- counting of a note, the obtaining of a settlement with some refractory and impecunious debtor, or the far more important transaction of winding up the affairs of the state bank and organizing a national bank in its stead, reliance was placed upon his tact and ability to see that everything was done properly and in order. And never was an institution served more faithfully. Its remarkable and uninterrupted success is the best commentary that can be made upon the devotion and capacity of its trusted official. Always at his post, always affable and discreet, yet with a rare knowledge of human nature which ren- dered him incapable of being impo.sed on, he placed the bank on a solid foundation and secured its long and prosperous career. For the first twenty-four years Mr. Bowman performed his duties as cashier without any assistance, and during that period, by reason of sickness and all other causes combined, he was not absent more than a dozen days from his desk. Yet, with all this strictness of at- tention to his chosen task, he has always found time for other labors. Since 1872 he has served as city treasurer. He has always been en- gaged more or less in business of his own, and by this means has acquired an amiple competence. At the same time he has been the adviser and confidant, in matters of business, of a great many per- sons, who have felt that they could rely implicitly upon the soundness and fidelity of his advice. Add to this that he has always taken a deep interest in public affairs, and has never neglected an opportunity to promote, by word and example, any enterprise calculated to in- crease the growth and prosperity of his city. The extent of his private benefactions will never be known except to the grateful recipients. He was married in 1835, to Julia T. Hinkley, of Topsham. A happy union of fifty-six years was terminated by her death in 1891. A painstaking and affectionate wife and mother, she was no less re- markable for her intellectual gifts, her bright and active mind, and her unfailing interest in all that was passing around her. They had six children, only two of whom reached maturity. Neither is now living. Miss Fanny Bowman, who died in 1879, was well known for her accomplishments and literary attainments. The son, Edward H., was for several years his father's assistant in the bank. He died in THE CITY OF GARDINER. 627 1S86. He left two sons who are still living. Let us hope that they will be spared to perpetuate the honored name of their grandsire. Previous to 1820 Richard Clay, J. N. Cooper, A. Leonard and E. F. Deane organized the Franklin Bank in Gardiner, and became its di- rectors. At the expiration of its charter another bank called by the same name was organized, of which John Otis of Hallowell, Joseph Eaton of Winslow, Stephen Young and William Stevens of Pittston, and E. F. Deane of Gardiner were directors, and Hiram Stevens was cashier. This bank discontin- ued business previous to ISoO, and the closing of its affairs was involved in long and tedious liti- gation. The history of the Gardiner Savings Institu- tion is interest- ing. It was in- corporated June 6, 1834, and was organized at a meeting held in R. H. Gardiner's office, June 26, same year. Mr. Gardiner was chosen president and Peter Grant, Edward Swan, Arthur Berry, Enoch Jewett. Richard Clay, Dennis Ryan, Arthur G. Lith- gow, George Ev- ans, H. B. Hos- kins,Henry Bow- man, Jacob Da- vis and George Bachelder were chosen trustees, and elected Ansyl Clark, treasurer. The first semi-annual report recited with evident satisfaction that the sum of $1,845.50 had been received on deposit, all of which it 628 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. was voted to loan to the town of Gardiner. The j^alary of the treasurer was about as lucrative as that of the ordinary town clerk in the present times— he received twenty dollars a year. Mr. Gardiner held the office of president until his death, in 1864. His successors, with the dates of their election, have been: Henry B. Hoskins, April 11, 1864; Robert Thompson, August 1, 1866; William Palmer, July 17, 1872; Robert Thompson, July 27, 1875; Weston Lewis, April 14, 1888; Isaac J. Carr, October 1, 1889. The treasurer, Ansyl Clark, was succeeded by H. B. Hoskins, August 13. 1836; James F. Patterson, July 15, 1840; Jo.'^eph Adams, July 19, 1843; James F. Patterson, July 21 ,1847; Joseph Adams, July 17, 1850; H. B. Hoskins, August 1, 1866; Joseph S. Bradstreet, July 27, 1875; Weston Lewis. July 19, 1876; Henry S. Webster, April 14, 1888. Twenty-seven years after its incorporation the deposits and profits amounted to a quarter of a million dollars, and yet the bank never had a public place of business until 1866, the officers attending to its affairs at their own private offices. In 1891, at a cost of $30,000 they erected their own building, shown on page 627 — the finest structure in Gardiner — containing the strongest vault and the best safe in the state of Maine. The deposits in 1892 exceeded two million dollars. In a room now the private office of A. C. Stilphen in Gardiner, the ■Cobbosseecontee Bank began business in 1853. Later they erected the building opposite the present Gardiner National Bank. February 23, 1865, this bank became the Cobbossee National Bank. Edward Swan, Stephen Young, William Bradstreet, James Stone and Stephen J.Young were presidents, and its cashiers were Joseph Adams (who was Mr. Swan's son-in-law), Edwards S. Adams, Treby Johnson and Henry S. Webster. In 1884 the stockholders saw fit to wind up its affairs. The liquidation gave them 118 per cent. Under a charter dated July 11, 1884, the Merchants National Bank of Gardiner, Me., opened its rooms for business in Milliken Block, July 17, 1884, with a capital of $100,000. Charles Danforth, David Dennis, Edward Robinson, Weston Lewis and Joseph S. Bradstreet composed the first board of directors. David Dennis was chosen president, Jo- seph S. Bradstreet vice-president, and Henry Farrington cashier, in which offices the present is their eighth year of service. At the death of Judge Charles Danforth in 1890, his son, Frederick, succeeded him; on Weston Lewis' resignation, in 1889, Harvey Scribner became a director, and in 1889 Captain Jason Collins succeeded Edward Rob- inson. The Maine Trust & Banking Company of Gardiner, Me., is a char- tered institution that was opened for business August 15, 1889, with a paid up capital of $100,000. In addition to doing a regular banking business, this company is an incorporated trustee, and has power by its charter to execute trusts of every description under appointment by courts, corporations or individuals, and is authorized to act as agent THE CITY OF GARDINER. 629 or trustee for the purpose of registering and countersigning bonds of any legal issue. It makes investment securities an important feature in its business, and has the first and only safe deposit vaults, with boxes for individual use, in the county. Its officers from the first have been: Weston Lewis, president; John F. Hill and Josiah S. Maxcy, vice-presidents; and John W. Dana, secretary, with a board of twelve directors. Gas and Water. — After the usual agitation of a new project, the Gardiner Gas Company was chartered by act of legisature in 1853, and F. A. Butman, jun., Josiah Maxcy and S. C. Moore were named as incorporators, with a capital stock of $35,000. Noah Woods was the first president, Josiah Maxcy was treasurer and clerk, and F. A. But- man, jun., Edwin Bailey, H. B. Hoskins and S. Bowman constituted the board of directors. Only seventy out of five hundred shares of the stock could be placed in the city, the balance being taken abroad, and there were but eighty-four consumers of gas during the first year. Strange and hard to believe is the fact that the people of Gardiner continued to wend their way in darkness for years after gas was intro- duced before they adopted it for their streets. In 1887 the gas com- pany of Gardiner sold their plant to the Kennebec Light & Heat Company. By act of legislature the Gardiner Water Power Company was created a corporation in 1880. The incorporators were: Robert H. Gardiner, Frederic Gardiner, Francis G. Richards, Richard Sullivan, John T. Richards, Ellis A. Hollingsworth, Leonard Whitney, vSamuel D. Warren, Charles Fairchild, Joshua Gray and Henry Richards. The corporation is authorized to purchase, construct, maintain, repair and rebuild dams, sluiceways, basins and canals on the Cobbosseecontee and its tributary waters, for the purpose of holding, storing, regulat- ing and discharging the flow of water for the benefit of the water privileges and powers on said stream. John T. Richards was elected president, Josiah S. Maxcy treasurer and secretary, and Ellis A. Hol- lingsworth and Josiah Gray the directors. Ground was broken in the construction of the Gardiner Water Works June 16, 1885, and they were completed so that the city was served with water in the following November. The towns of Ran- dolph and Farmingdale were subsequently connected with the Gardi- ner system and are also efficiently supplied for fire protection and for domestic uses. Cobbosseecontee water is pumped from the pond above the upper dam into the reservoir situated on the Andrews farm, 110 feet above the surface of the Cobbosseecontee and 238 feet above the surface of the Kennebec river. This elevation proves to be ample to force water to the highest point in the city. The main pipe leading from the reservoir is twelve inches in diameter, which with the pres- sure is capable of supplying a population three times that which is now ■630 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. supplied. Fifty hydrants and fourteen miles of main pipe are in use. The actual daily consumption is about 300,000 gallons. The capital stock of the company is $200,000. Weston Lewis has been president and Josiah S. Maxcy treasurer, from the first, and to their efforts and management the city is largely indebted for its excellent water sup- ply. All the details are carefull}- administered by Gustavus Moore, superintendent. Ecclesiastical History.— The religious ideas of Doctor Gardiner and the other early comers took form first in the organization of an Episcopal church, but Puritanism soon colored the religious trend of the public mind and that in time was variously modified, so that in 1892 we find eleven distinct societies maintaining in the city regular services. A house of worship was erected, and St. Ann's Epis- copal Church was estab- lished by Dr. Sylvester Gar- diner, in 1771. The next summer Rev. Jacob Bailey came and held the first meet- ing in the unfinished house, on the 17th of August. The revolutionary war came on and Doctor Gardiner and Rev. Jacob Bailey both es- poused the English side so strongly that they left the country. Doctor Gardiner died in 1786, leaving by will funds to finish the building, ten acres of land and an annuity of £'•21 per year " to the Episcopal minister for the time being of St. Ann's Church in the said Gardin- hed the church, placing thereon a tall ounted bv a gilt sturgeon, then called a " Cobbossee." The society or parish was incorporated as the Episcopal Society in Pittston March '29', 1793, in answer to a petition signed by Jedediah Jewett, William Barker, Henry Smith, Henry Dearborn, Nathaniel Bayley, Seth Gav, Barzillai Gannett, Stephen Jewett, Samuel Lang and Reuben Moore. Rev. Joseph Warren was the first minister. The pews were arranged in three classes, and it was voted that those who CHRIST S CHURCH GARDINER erston. His executors fin steeple sur THE CiTV OF GARDINER. 631 sat in the first class should pay four pence, the second three pence, and the third two pence a Sunday. The following- August the church was set on fire by a crazy man and burned, and regular meetings were held in the Great House. Another building was at once erected and ready for use in April, 1794, when it was voted to give Rev. Joseph Warren £12 " and the loose contribution money as a salary — and when he shall be married the parish will add ;^18 more." He was succeeded in 1796 by Rev. James Bowers, who left in 1802. Rev. vSamuel Haskell became rector in 1803 and was followed by Aaron Humphrey, formerly a Methodist preacher. After 1813 there were no regular services in the society till Rev. Mr. Olney was called in 1817. The name of St. Ann's Church was changed for legal reasons, in 1818, to Christ's Church. The project of building a new church found so much favor that the corner stone of the present attractive church edifice, really one of the most de- sirable in the state, was laid in May, 1819. The stones, which are of rare tint, were brought from a farm in Litchfield. The total cost was only $14,000. Mr. Olney resigned in 1825, Rev. T. W. Motte succeeded in 1828, Rev. Isaac Peck in 1830 and Rev. Joel Clap in 1832. The old meeting- house of 1794, which had for many years been used as a town house, was burned in 1833. Mr. Clap's pastorate was a prosperous one and lasted till 1840, when Rev. William Babcock began a most successful pastorate, and was followed by Rev. George Burgess in 1847. Rever- end Burgess, after accepting the pastorate of the parish, was made the finst bishop of Maine and .subsequently served the parish and the diocese in this dual capacity until his death, April, 1866. Bishop Burgess was succeeded as rector by John McGrath to 1870, C. S. Lef- fingwell to 1880, Leverett Bradley to 188.') and Charles L. Wells to 1888, when Allen E. Beeman, the present rector, was installed. The initial effort toward the formation of a Congregational society in Gardiner was at a private house, when Rev. Dr. Gillett, secretary of the Maine Missionary Society, preached to a small gathering one rainy Sabbath in the spring of 1833. During the summer following he preached in the old school house on vSummer street several times, and was followed by Daniel Hunt, of Andover Theological Seminary, who held services for three months in the old Masonic Hall. A move- ment to organize a parish was perfected September 28th of the same year, and Seth Sweetser, a licentiate of Andover, was the next preacher, holding .services first in the school house, next in the Masonic Hall and then in the Town Hall. On the 28th of July, 1835, ten individuals -who had been members of Congregational churches in other towns were organized into a church, and during the winter following R. H. Gardiner showed his interest in the young parish by giving it the present location, on bH2 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. which after much difficulty a church was completed. The dedicatory services were held November 23, 1836, and the same day Rev. Seth Sweetser was installed pastor. Two years later he received a call from Worcester, Mass., and Aaron C. Adams, of Bangor, succeeded him July 10, 1839. After two years Josiah W. Peet, from Andover Seminary, received a call and was ordained pastor December 15, 1841. During- his pastorate the house of worship was much improved by an organ and new furniture, and a vestry building was erected on a contiguous lot. In 1848 Mr. Peet was succeeded by W. L. Hyde, a Bangor stu- dent, who was ordained in May, 1849. Since then the successive pas- tors have been: Harvey M. Stone, 1857; John W. Dodge, 1860: Austin L. Park. 1864; Edgar Davis, 1882; and Richard W. Jenkins, who came in 1884, was installed in 1885, and under whose pastorate the society has enjoyed spiritual and material prosperity. The next year after his installation a religious awakening added thirty-five members to the church, which has continued to grow; the church edifice has been enlarged and repaired at an expense of over $8,000, and was rededi- cated April 8, 1890. The present membership numbers 155, with a large Sabbath school. Methodism was first preached in Gardiner by Reverends Comfort C. Smith, of Readfield, and Epaphrus Kibbey. of Massachusetts, in the summer of 1800. Meetings were held at Bowman's point in 1802, and a church was built the next year, just north of Peter Grant's house. It was never finished, but was occasionally used by this society till about 1830, when it was taken down. The early Methodists in Gardiner were Moses Springer, sen., Eleazer Crowell, Ichabod Plaisted, James McCurdy, William Springer, Daniel Plummer, James Miller, Stephen Robinson, Nathan Sweatland and Harlow Harden. During the war with Great Britain, in 1812, some members of this society were such ardent federalists that they found fault with their minister, Sam- uel Hillman, for upholding his government in his pulpit; they.said it was " preaching politics." In 1821 the towns of Augusta, Hallowell and Gardiner were called the Hallowell circuit, containing 314 mem- bers. Previous to 1821 the society used the meeting house at Bowman's point, and the school house near Ichabod Plaisted's, but for the next two years they worshipped in the old church the Episcopalians had used. Mr. Richard Clay built the " Yellow meeting house " at his own expense, and told David Hutchinson, the Methodist minister, that he " had given the house to the Lord and the key to father Plaisted." The services of the church were held there from 1822 to 1828, when the society moved into their new church, which was dedicated the same year, the eloquent John N. Maffitt preaching the sermon. The building cost $3,500, and with the addition of occasional repairs, is the Methodist church on High street, of to-day. THE CITY OF GARDINER. 633 In 1827 Gardiner was made a separate station, and had 159 church members, with Phineas Crandall pastor. His successors have been: John Atwell, Stephen Waterhouse, Justin Spaulding, R. E. Scher- merhorn, Aaron Sanderson, John B. Husted, John W. Atkins, Moses Hill, Eaton Shaw, Joseph Colby, George Webber, J. C. Aspinwall, Parker Jaques, Daniel B. Randall, Charles Hunger, Howell B. Abbott, Charles C. Mason, Charles W. Morse, Pascal E. Brown, W. S. Jones, John F. Hutchins, George D. Lindsay, Israel Luce, Edward C. Bass, George W. Hunt, Ammi S. Ladd and F. C. Haddock, the present pas- tor. The church has a membership of 260 and is in a prosperous con- dition. Benjamin S. Smith is president of the board of trustees. The Gardiner Village Baptist Church was organized in 1843. Its members were Rev. J. W. Lawton, B. H. Field, L. Parsons, E. Shep- ard, Lucy V. Lawton, Nancy Field, Joan McCurdy, Mary A. Jewett, Pamelia Duganne, Mary White and Margaret Plaisted. Rev. J. W. Lawton was the first preacher, Martin Byrne was the second, J. B. Foster the third, Edwin Dibble the fourth, and M. J. Kelley, who came in 18.51, was the fifth. The church building was sold in 1880 to the G. A. R. Post for $1,000, and the society held no regular meetings for eight years. The ministers who preached in the old church were: Reverend's E. Nugent, Mr. Tuck, G. P. Mathews, J. M. Follett, F. D. Blake, C. M. Herring and W. O. Thomas. After the interval of eight years spoken of, the present beautiful church was erected at a cost of $10,000, $6,500 of which was furnished by the Baptist convention, who hold a deed of the property. Rev. C. E. Owen, the present pastor, came in 1890. This growing church has eighty-three members. The Gardiner City Freewill Baptist Church was organized in 1826 by A. Bridges and J. Robinson, with Elder S. Robbins as occasional preacher. After a decline it was reorganized in 1886 by a council from the Windsor quarterly meeting. There were thirteen members, and Elder S. W. Perkins preached two j'cars in the Clay meeting- house. There was no steady pastor or preaching till Elder Hermon Stinson came in 1841 and staid three years, and was succeeded by Elder J. Stevens till 1846. The meeting hou.se at the corner of Sum- mer and Winter streets was built that year, costing $3,100, and was dedicated December 30th by Elder J. K. Staples, who preached for two years. Elders C. Phinney, D. Lancaster and P. Folsom each min- istered to the church for a time. A Sabbath school was commenced in 1837 that flourished for fifteen years. From 1852 to 1892 the ministers of this church have been: Daniel Jackson, Charles E. Blake, Arthur Kavanagh, W. T. Smith, Jason Mar- riner, Samuel McKeown, S. E. Root, Winfield S. Stockbridge. George H. Child, Orrin Bartlett, S. C. Frost, B. G. Blaisdell, E. Man.son, B. Minard, Jeremiah Phillips, G. W. Pierce, C. E. Cook and J. L. Monroe. 41 634 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. About 1870 this church passed through a severe experience of division and dissension among its members, some forty of them withdrawing and forming the Brunswick Street Church, which had a short, feeble existence and then expired. The meeting house of this church has been raised and turned about, and is being repaired at an expense of about $7,000. It is one of the most attractive church edifices in Gar- diner. Charles Bridge commenced these repairs and paid the bills himself for a time, but received help from unexpected sources. The writings of Emanuel Swedenborg seem to have been first in- troduced into Maine by John Savels, of Gardiner, as early as 1812. In 1836 the New Jerusalem Church, with sixteen members, was formed here, Reverends vSamuel and Henry Worcester being occasional preachers. They were followed by the Rev. Adonis Howard in 1889, who was ordained the pastor in 1841, and preached here till poor health terminated his labors, in 1846. The society built a church on Bruns- wick street, which was afterward sold to the Freewill Baptists, and has recently been converted into dwelling apartments. Summer services are held each year in the Universalist church by Rev. Julian K. Smyth, of Boston Highlands, John Goddard, of Cincinnati, and other ministers. Henry B. Hoskins, Alexander S. Chadwick, William Perkins, Eben F. Byram, Dr. James Parker and wife, and Gaptain Thomas G. Jewett were among the early members, and Mrs. Mary W. Swanton, Mrs. Worcester and Miss Dorcas Gay represent the present. The doctrine of universal salvation was preached in the old town house in Gardiner about 1820, by the venerable Hosea Ballou, one of the ablest men of his times. Barzillai Streeter and Elias Smith also preached occasionally in the old school house, and Reverends Sylvanus Cobb, W. A. Drew, Russell Streeter and others preached from time to time previous to 1835, at which time the first Universalist parish was formed. The records of the organization were lost, but it is known that Parker Sheldon, Major Gay, E. McLellan, J. Y. Gray, James Stew- ard, J. G. Donnell and Silas Andrews were among its supporters. April 29, 1840, it was permanently reorganized with eighteen members. The church edifice, erected in 1842, cost $6,500, and was dedicated February 1, 1843. Rev. James P. Weston was the first resident pastor, the society growing under his ministry, which terminated in 1850. He was succeeded in November of the same 3'ear b}- Rev. John Wes- ley Hanson, who wrote his history of Pittston and Gardiner during his pastorate here, which terminated in 1857. Since then A. R. Ab- bott, Giles Bailey, L. J. Fletcher, J. M. Paine, William W. Nutting, who came in 1871, Charles A. Hayden, Walter S. Vail and Joseph S. Gledhill have been pastors of this church. In 1877 the vestry was built at a cost of $1,100, and the building has from time to time been furnished and repaired at a cost of several thousand dollars. Besides THE CITY OF GARDINER. 635 the Thomas Searls fund of five hundred dollars, the church has over three hundred dollars in its treasury. The Church of the Disciples was organized about 1850, largely through the efforts of Elder George Garraty, who came here from St. John's, N. B., and preached in the old Clay meeting house five or six years. He was succeeded by Elders Marquis, Marten and Harney. Benjamin Marston and Marvel Sprague were the first church officers. For the past two years this society has had no stated preacher, but regular meetings are held each Lord's day in the old " Yellow meet- ing house " on Plaisted hill, that Richard Clay built and " gave to the Lord " in 1822. This is the oldest house of worship in the city, with the exception of Christ's Church. The Advent Church of Gardiner, organized August 23, 1891, with nineteen members, was the result of a series of tent meetings con- ducted by Elder H. P. Seavey, of Mt. Vernon. Elder Elisha S. Newell is the resident licensed preacher, Henry D. Smith and Walter B. Mc- Causland are deacons, and Elta M. Partridge is the secretary. The meetings of this society are held in the school house on North street. St. Joseph's Catholic Church in Gardiner was built by Rev. Charles Egan in 1858, then resident pastor of St. Mary's Church in Augusta, and was the result of a mission he had established here, and labored in with great zeal and faithfulness. It was dedicated in 1868 by Bishop Bacon, of Portland. Rev. Father M. C. O'Brien followed Father Egan, and was succeeded by Rev. Eugene M. O'Callaghan. Rev. Raphael Wissel, O. S. B., came in 1876, and was the first resident pastor. He was succeeded in 1880 by Rev. Jeremiah McCarthy, the present pas- tor. The church is in a flourishing condition, having a property worth $12,000, and seating room for five hundred people. A combined movement in 1840 to build a church in South Gardi- ner, in which Methodists, Free Baptists and Adventists joined with citizens of no denominational proclivities, resulted in the erection of the first building for religious worship in that section. For the ensu- ing forty-five years it was in all respects a genuine union meeting house. The first two ministers, David Higgins and John Cumner, were Methodists; George Curtiss and H. F. Wood were Baptists; the fifth, Sanford K. Partridge, was an Adventist, and the next, C. C. Cone, was a Methodist, followed by Hagop H. Acterian, a Turk. Mr. Gushing, Episcopalian, Mr. Harding, Congregationalist, Mr. Bates, Adventist, and Frederick Newport, Congregationalist. The Congregational Church at South Gardiner was organized in 1883, with eleven members. Frederick Newport, Jacob Horton and Alfred L. Skinner were the first three pastors, succeeded by .Silas N. Adams, the present minister, January 15, 1888. The union house of worship mentioned above is occupied by the society, and is still owned by the pewholders. It was repaired and enlarged in 1889 at a cost of 636 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. $2,500, and now presents an inviting appearance. A most commenda- ble feeling of harmony exists throughout the entire community, with a certainty of additions in the near future to the present membership of fifty-five. The Freewill Baptists built at South Gardiner a small church about 1842. which was sold to J. W. Lawrence in 1877, and converted into the store he still runs. The Young Men's Christian Association, with a membership of 153, supports regular religious meetings and publishes a monthly journal. Public Schools.* — Very little is known of the introduction of any system of public education in Gardiner, the records furnishing but slight information upon the subject. Private schools were established early in the history of the town, when it was a part of Pittston. Hanson's history says: " The first teacher was Master Ever.son, one of the early settlers, who had taught school in Boston, but his methods not being up with the times, he came to Gardinerston, where he taught from house to house when he could find employment." Private schools, an outgrowth of this itinerant system of teaching, were at- tended only by children whose parents were able to pay tuition. Free public schools were established about 1784. There is evi- dence that the expenditure of public money for free education was at first strongly opposed by the early settlers, for in 1783 the town voted, " not to pay any schooling;" but in 1785 the selectmen were " appointed a Comrnity to hire a school master and Fix the Wards; who is to teach school and Reed a Sermon over every Sunday," and in 1787, " Voted that i^30 be raised for schooling, to be paid in lumber or anything that the school Master will Receive." May 16, 1791, the town "voted to Raise ;^80 for schooling to hire a person to keep school and preach nine months." It is probable that the town was divided into four wards or sections, each receiving an equal share of the school and preaching fund, for in 1792 a vote was passed as follows: " Eastern River District may lay out the i^20 raised for preaching in schooling." This district was what is now known as East Pittston. The fir.st school house in Gardiner, a rude wooden building, with- out lath, plaster or paint, was above the original stone grist mill that stood at the corner of Water and Bridge streets, on the lots now occu- pied by the stores of C. W. Averill, Atkins & Co., and G. N. Johnson; but earlier than this a man named Hoogs had kept a school in the southeast room of ]\Ir. Gardiner's house. When Gardiner was incor- porated in 1803, the only public school house within the present city limits stood at the corner of Dresden avenue and School street, on the lot where Augustus Bailey's house now stands. This building was burned in 1812, and during the following year another was built on *By James M. Larrabee, secretary of the superintending school committee. THE CITY OF GARDINER. 637 the lot now occupied by the Lincoln Street school house. During- the erection of the new school house the school was kept in the only brick building then in Gardiner. This building, still standing, is the tene- ment house next south of the public library. There was also a private school held in a building on Dresden avenue, nearly opposite the old parsonage, erected by individual sub- scription. Children of the wealthier families attended here, and among them were Charles and Delia Tudor Stewart, a son and daughter of Commodore Stewart. Miss Stewart afterward became Mrs. Parnell and the mother of the late Charles Stewart Parnell, the great Irish statesman. This building was purchased by the town about 1820 and used for free school purposes. About 1820 a public school house was erected at the junction of Highland avenue and Winter street, and was used until 1840, when a new and larger one was built on Highland avenue, on the lot now occupied by John D. Stephenson's dwelling. Among the many teachers who wielded the rod in the old school house on the triangle were Dr. Gideon S. Palmer, afterward medical director at Washington, D. C, and Israel W. Woodward, a life-long resident of Gardiner. The first teacher in the new school house on the Stephenson lot was a Mr. Martin, of New Gloucester, Me., who boarded with James Elwell. Mr. Adams, afterward United States consul to the Chinchi Islands, also taught this school in 1843 or 1844. Prior to 1825 several other buildings for school purposes were erected within the town limits. One was on Summer street, known as No. 10, and another at the north end of the New Mills bridge on land now owned by A. E. Andrews. In 1825 there were in Gardiner, then including West Gardiner, twelve districts, with a school population of 941 ; $1,500 was appropriated, and six mills on a dollar assessed for school purposes. The average school year in each district was twenty-five weeks. There were no graded schools at that time, and pupils were cla.ssified according to size, rather than by educational qualification. But few books were used and without uniformity. Discipline was en- forced by muscular power, and if the teacher lacked this quality the chances were that the larger boys of the school would carry him out ■of doors and thereby cause his removal. Soon after Gardiner city was incorporated it contained eight dis- tricts. In districts 1 and 2 a graded system was established, each dis- trict having a grammar and three primary schools. Prior to this a new building had been erected at the New Mills, and in this district, No. 3, there was a mixed school. The remaining five districts were in Ward 6. Each district annually elected a school agent, whose duty it was to select teachers and provide for the necessities of the school. In 1860 there were 1,463 children between the ages of 4 and 21 years; $2,700 was appropriated for school purposes, and $574.44 was received from the state. The schools in the city proper had three 338 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTV. terms each of twelve weeks, and the rural schools two terms each. Two male teachers at forty dollars per month, and fifteen female teachers at three dollars per week, were employed. In 1861 an order was passed by the city council consolidating the districts, abolishing agents and putting the entire management of the schools in the hands of the school committee. This advance movement was accomplished by the influence of Hon. Noah Woods, then mayor, and who for many years had been an efficient member of the superintending school committee in the city. Since that time the graded system has been perfected; new school buildings erected at a cost of $30,000; improved methods of teaching adopted, and school books furnished free to the pupils of the city. The amount appropriated by the city council for ^. : '• ■ common schools in 1891 was $(3,100, and about $3,700 .. ' ' , was received from the state The school year for the eleven graded schools is thirty six weeks, divided into thiee terms of twelve i , weeks each. The four rural, or mixed schools have three terms of ten weeks each. Five teachers are employed in the grammar .schools three in the intermedi ate, five in the primary and four in the rural vschools. These schools rank among the best in the state, and are a credit to the citizens who so liberally provide -=-— -- " for them. The Gardiner Lyceum, established by R. H. Gardiner in 1822, was designed in all respects to be a college without dead languages. The building was of stone and had an excellent cabinet and chemical and philosophical apparatus. The first principal was Reverend Mr. Hale, rector of Christ's Church. The patronage of the school was small, and in 1848 it was established as an academy, with Dr. G. S. Palmer as principal. Here many of our older citizens were educated. In 1851 the building was transferred to the city and a free high school was then established, and occupied it until the fall of 1870, when it was burned. The city hall was fitted up and used for the high school for a year or more. In 1871 the present high school building, shown in the above cut, was erected at a cost of $21,000 and dedicated to the use of the school, with appropriate ceremonies. THE CITY OF GARDINER. 639 The appropriation for high school purposes in ISGO was $850. and the amount received for tuition $114. Two teachers were employed, the principal receiving $600 per annum and the assistant $300. The number of pupils registered was 102. In 1891 the appropriation was $2,500; $500 was received from the state and $615.31 for tuition. Four teachers were employed. The principal received a salary of $1,500, and the three assistants $600, $550 and $500 respectively. The num- ber of pupils registered was 156. The graduates of this school have always ranked well in scholarship, and many of them have held prom- inent positions in the city and state. Libraries.— Since Doctor Gardiner, in 1786, bequeathed his pri- vate collection of books for a public library in Gardiner, the com- munity has been marked by a decided literary taste and habit. After his death his executors finished a small but suitable building to give effect to his generous intent. The Mechanics' Association, organized in 1841, was a positive edu- cational force in the village, and owned a valuable library which was the nucleus of the present city library. Tha Ladies' Library of Gardiner, Farmingdale and Pittston was established some time in the fifties by Mrs. Bishop Burgess, Miss Maria Storrs, Miss Hannah Allen, Miss Lucy Nutting, Miss Hannah Whitmore, Miss Eliza Byram, Miss Fanny Bowman, Miss Lizzie Ad- ams, Mrs. Seth Moore and others. It contained a selection of choice volumes and was carefully managed by the ladies, who donated it to the city after the city had received the Mechanics' Library. Gardiner Library Association was organized as a corporation Feb- ruary 14, 1881. A constitution and by-laws were adopted, to which 68 names were signed as members. Leveret Bradley was elected president; Philip H. Holmes, vice-president; Treby Johnson, treas- urer, and A. C. Stilphen, secretary. H. K. Morrell, Lizzie Curtis, Laura E. Richards, Clara I. Robinson and Clara. L. Clark were chosen directors. The city council was asked to assist in erecting a building, but declined, and the association proceeded resolutely to the under- taking. After two years of hard work, in which the ladies bore a con- spicuous share, the present excellent building was completed at a cost of $14,000. The succession of presidents since the first election has been: Philip H. Holmes, P. H. Winslow, W. J. Landers and E. W. Morrell. S. C. Whitmore and O. B. Clason preceded the present secretary, C. O. Wadsworth; and Joshua Gray, John Berry, H. K. Morrell, John T. Richards, William Palmer, James Nash, W. Perkins, M. C. Wads- worth, H. S. Webster, J. D. White, P. H. Holmes, Weston Lewis, S. C. Whitmore, Henry Richards and J. W. Robinson have served as directors. 640 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Oak Grove Cemetery Association.— The initiatory movement which resulted in establishing this association was a public meeting held in Mechanics Hall, Saturday, vSeptember 21, 1844. Isaac N. Tucker was chairman and H. B. Hoskins was clerk. The incorporation was com- pleted the 23d, when Parker Sheldon was elected president, Benjamin Shaw, jun., clerk, and Joseph Adams, treasurer. The succeeding presidents have been: George M. Atwood, John Berry, John Webb, Sumner Smiley and James D. White. Ansyl Clark, C. P. Branch, R. M. Smiley and C. O. Wadsworth have served as clerks. The ceme- tery is finely situated on the west bank of the Kennebec, 150 feet above its surface, and south of the public square. It contains twenty acres, bought at different times from vSimon Bradstreet and his heirs. The first purchase was five acres, which was dedicated in 1848. The receiving tomb, one of the best and most appropriately constructed in the state, was built in 1892 at a cost of $6,000. The taste and good judgment shown in the arrangement of the grounds and care of the lots, with their many beautiful and durable monuinents, are alike an honor to the living and the dead. Societies and Lodges.— Previous to 1820 the only Masonic Lodges in the vicinity of Gardiner were Kennebec, at Hallowell, and Temple, at Winthrop. Belonging to these Lodges there were in 1819 about twenty-five Master Masons residing in Gardiner, Pittston, and that part of Hallowell called Bowman's point, now Farmingdale. Twenty- four of these applied to the Grand Lodge of Maine for a charter to open a Lodge of Master Masons under the name of Hermon Lodge, No. 32, F. & A. M. Their request and charter were granted, the lat- ter bearing date January 23, 1820. Their first meeting was in the second story of a wooden building on Water street, then owned by Kindrick & Gould, next east of, and having a staircase in common with, the Keith House. The charter members were: Gideon W. Olney, John Stone, William Partridge, Thomas Gilpatrick, John Heseltine, David Neal, Robert Gould, Cyrus Kindrick, Joseph Y. Gray, Moses Springer, jun., George Cox, Daniel Nutting, Benjamin Cook, James Tarbox, R. Whittemore, Freeborn Groves, D. Woodward, James Capen, I. Wentworth, James Kidder, C. S. Freeman, Benjamin Shaw and Joshua Lord. The masters for the first fifty years were: Cyrus Kindrick, Thomas Gilpatrick, David Neal, Moses Springer, Benjamin Cook, Ezekiel Holmes, J. B. Walton, Stephen Webber, E. A. Chad- wick, James McCurdy, Thomas Briery, D. C. Palmer, J. M. Colson, J. M. Larrabee, Thomas S. Foster, Augustus Bailey, J. E. Ladd, Charles Osgood and James L. Stoddard. The successive masters since 1869 have been: William Grant, James M. Colson, Martin Horn, Sanford W. Siphers, Henry S. Webster, William J. Landers, George L. Towle, L. W. Goodspeed, George W. Dow, Samuel W. Cutts. Charles O. Turner and Daniel H. Sherman. THE CITY OF GARDINER. 641 The higher degrees of Masonry have been conferred in Gardiner and are now represented here by Chapter, Council and Commandery. The Maine Commandery, Knights Templar, No. 1, the oldest Com- mandery in the state, organized in 1806 and chartered in March, 1821, now has here a membership of 104. Adoniram Council, chartered May 5, 1869, has now a membership of about 40. Lebanon Chapter, No. 18, which began work under a dispensation in November, 1864, was chartered October 4, 1865, and includes in its membership of 140 a large proportion of the active Masons of the city. The official year begins in October. The succession of high priests, with year of elec- tion, includes: James M. Larrabee, elected in 1864; Daniel C. Palmer, 1866; Augustus Bailey, 1868; Daniel C. Palmer, 1869; William Grant, 1870; R. R. Williams, 1872; William C. Palmer, 1874; Martin Horn, 1876; Philip H. Winslow, 1879; George W. Gardiner, 1881; Henry S. Webster, 1882; William J. Landers, 1884; George W. Dow, 1886; An- syl B. Booker, 1888; and Thomas A. Jewett since October, 1890. Ionic Lodge, of Free Masons, No. 136, received a charter in May, 1866, which was surrendered in December, 1881. Kennebec Council, No. 796, Royal Arcanum, is located at Gardiner. The first regent, G. S. Steward, was succeeded in 1890 by O. M. Blan- chard, with Walter Robinson, secretary. Warren Division, No. 2, Sons of Temperance, was chartered by the National Division of North America, February 4, 1845, and was organ- ized at Gardiner on the 18th of the same month. The charter mem- bers were: Reuben M. Smiley, Joel H. Snow, Josiah Maxcy, John Berry, jun., Isaac N. Tucker, Dr. Gideon S. Palmer and Edmund Chadwick. R. M. Smiley was its first worthy patriarch; Rev. J. P. Weston, worthy associate; E. A. Chadwick, recording scribe; G. S. Palmer, financial scribe. Doctor Palmer, who was the last surviving charter member, died in Washington, D. C, December 8, 1891. War- ren Division is the oldest temperance organization in the state, and has on its constitution the names of a majority of the leading men in the city in the last forty years. Like all other organizations it has had its ups and downs, and though not now as prosperous as it has some- times been, it has on its rolls upward of ninety members. Though unaggressive in its work, it has always been instrumental of good, illustrating one of the maxims of the order, " That unwavering fidel- ity is a better advocate than violent denunciation." The names of such men as Reuben M. Smiley, Hon. John Berry, Joseph L. Mitchell, and many other well known citizens who were worthy members of it till their deaths, are a sufficient guarantee that it is well worthy the support of all friends of temperance. Ex-Governor Sidney Perham, of Paris, and that well-known apostle of temperance. Rev. D. B. Ran- dall, of Portland, are still members of Warren Division. James D. Moore, who joined Warren Division April 7, 1845, at the time of his 642 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. death was the oldest member of the order and of the Grand Division in the state. The Gardiner Reform Club was the parent organization of that body of temperance workers for twenty years known as the reform clubs. Its beginning was announced on a little handbill about eight by twelve inches, saying that there would be a meeting of reformed drinkers at City Hall, Gardiner, on Friday evening, January 19, 1872- A cordial invitation was extended to all " occasional drinkers, con- stant drinkers, hard drinkers, and young men who are tempted to drink. Come and hear what rum has done for us." This call was signed by J. K. Osgood, E. A. Chadwick, William^B. Shaw and M. F. Marbel. This society did a great work for a while, and still holds regular weekly meetings in this city. J. K. Osgood kept his pledge till death, and was always a prominent worker in the organization, of which he was undoubtedly the founder. Court Robert Emmett, No. 7837, Ancient Order of Forresters of America, was organized in Gardiner May 7, 1890, with fifty charter members— Augustus A. Brann, C. R., and Joseph Esmond, S. C. R. Gardiner Lodge, No. 9, Independent Order of Odd Fellows, was instituted in June, 1874, with fourteen charter members. The first presiding officer was M. S. Wadsworth. In May, 1885, the Odd Fel- lows of Gardiner and vicinity organized Evergreen Encampment, No. 45, which has since prospered. June 11, 1886, Canton Evergreen, No. 12, was organized. Gardiner Lodge, No. 9, Knights of Pythias, was instituted May 29,. 1878, and has always been an honor to the order, having at present 178 active members. Dirigo Lodge, No. 1, A. O. U. W., instituted in Gardiner. Saturday night, March 15, 1879, was the introduction of this order in the state of Maine. There were twenty charter members, of whom William Wiley was master workman and Gustavus Moore was recorder. The next Monday night the Lodge held its first regular meeting, when G.. S. Steward was initiated, the first man who joined the order in the state of Maine. This Lodge is strong and has 260 members. The successive master workmen have been: William Wiley, Gustavus Moore, G. S. Steward, Richard Plaisted, Smith R. Morrell, Oscar Mc- Causland, John S. Towle, E. Clarence H. Smith, W. D. Clifford, J. R. Peacock, H. L. Edwards, Warren L. Tozier, A. E. Andrews and H. L. Cocker. In addition to the above the following orders are represented in Gardiner city: Branch 1027, Order of the Iron Hall, E. L. Blake, C. J.; Cobbossee Colony, Pilgrim Fathers, Mrs. H. M. Huntington, governor; Kennebec Commandery, J. A. Berry, N. C; and Nahumkeag Tribe^ I. O. R. M., C. F. Johnson, sachem. THE CITY OF GARDINER. 643 PERSONAL PARAGRAPHS. Arthur E. Andrews, son of Arthur and Olive (Welch) Andrews,, and grandson of John Andrews, of Wales, was born in Monmouth in 1831. His maternal grandfather was John Welch, of Monmouth. Arthur E. came to Gardiner in 1837 with his father, who bought the farm where he now lives, which was settled in 1803 by Ichabod Went- worth. Mr. Andrews is a farmer. He was four years street commis- sioner and six years in city council. He is one of the executive offi- cers of the State Pomological Society. He married Caroline Neal. Their children are: Elmer H., Elwin W., Howard E., and one that died. Greanleaf E. Captain Eleazer W. Atwood, son of Thompson Atwood, was born in 1834, and has been a resident of Gardiner since 1845, where he has been a millwright. He served in the late war from June f), 1862, to June 5, 1865; was promoted from first lieutenant to captain of Com- pany B, 16th Maine Volunteers, December 4, 1862. He was a member of the city council in 1873, 1874 and 1875, and served as chairman of the committee on paving and sewerage. He has been for eight years a member of the republican county committee and twenty years a member of the city committee. He was postmaster at Gardiner from May, 1890, to May, 1892. He married Lizzie N. Palmer, and has one son, Willis P. Amos Y. Bartlett, son of Amos and Sophia (Beane) Bartlett, and grandson of Isaac Bartlett, was born at Brentwood, N. H., in 1838, came to South Gardiner in 1870 and bought the farm where he has since been engaged in farming and market gardening. His first wife, Angle C. Gove, died in 1872. They had one daughter, Mabel, who died. His present wife was Martha Purington. William M. Bartlett, born in Gardiner, September 16, 1855, son of John C. Bartlett, is the great-grandson of William', and the grandson of William', of Methuen, Mass., where the house is still standing in which the latter, one of fifteen children, was born in 1775. He be- came a school teacher and married Dolly Merrill, of Durham, Me., from whence they came on horseback and settled on the Brunswick road in Gardiner. Their son, John C, born in 1816, married Lydia S. Robinson, of Durham. In 1849 he went to California. Returning, he went into business in 1851, with B. F. Johnson. Of their six children, William M., one of the four now living, married Carrie Atherton in 1882. They have one child, Ralph. John C. Bartlett, who died in 1882, was senior member of the firm of Bartlett & Dennis, in which William M. now fills his father's place. Rev. Allen E. Beeman, born in 1855, is the only living child of Fred- erick D. Beeman, a lawyer of Litchfield, Conn. Both were graduates of Yale, the father in 1842, the son in 1877. Frederick D, married 644 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Maria A. Brisbane, whose mother was a granddaughter of Alexander Gillon, who came from Rotterdam to Charleston, S. C, in 1754, where he became the first commodore of the Ainerican navy, and com- mander of the ship SojitJi Carolina. Reverend Beeman, after leaving Yale, studied a year and a half at Oxford. Eng., and then prepared for the ministry under Bishop Williams at IMiddletown, Conn., was or- dained in 1880, and came to Gardiner as rector of Christ's Church in 1888. In 1885 he married Sarah C. Carrington, of Farmington, Conn. They have one child, Charles C. Joseph Booker, son of Jacob and Sarah (Stevens) Booker, and grand- son of Eliphalet Booker, was born in 1819. He is a farmer and has held several city offices. He married Esther, daughter of John K. and Sarah (Cleaves) Niles. Their only son is Burton E. Timothy Booker, born in 1822, is a son of James and Hannah (Huntington) Booker, and grandson of Eliphalet Booker. He is a farmer. His wife is Lydia A. Booker, sister of Joseph, above. Their children are: Marilla (Mrs. Alonzo Totman), Cynthia J. (Mrs. C. H. Williams), Nellie (Mrs. Martin Peacock), and Morrill (deceased). Abiud Bradley, born in 1812, in Yarmouth, Mass., is a son of Abiud and Jane (Baxter) Bradley, whose father died on board the prison ship Jersey in the revolutionary war. Mr. Bradley came from Yarmouth in 1817 to Vassalboro, where he lived until 1851, with the exception of twelve years when he was in South Carolina in the shoe business. He was a shoemaker and shoe merchant in Gardiner until 1878. He mar- ried Susan E. Bee, of South Carolina, who died, leaving four children: Margaret (Mrs. Robert M. Brown), Susan A. (Mrs. James H. Sewall), Sarah E. and Jane B. (Mrs. Edwin H. Roberts). Simon Bradstreet, once governor of Massachusetts, the ancestor of all who bear this name in New England, was born at Horbling, Eng., in 1603. and came to America in 1630 in the Arbela. He married in England, Anna, daughter of Thomas Dudley. Their son, John Brad- street, was born in Andover, July 22, 1652, and died in Topsfield, Mass., January 17, 1717. He married Sarah, daughter of Rev. William Per- kins. Their son, John, born in Topsfield, January 30, 1693, married Rebecca, daughter of John and Sarah (Dickinson) Andrews. Their son, Andrew, born at Windham, Conn., March 28, 1722, married Mary Hill, who died in 1771. His second wife, Joanna Hill, died in Gardi- ner in 1817. He died in Gardiner in 1804. His son, Joseph, born in Biddeford, Me., January 21, 1765, married Ruth Moore, Their son, William, was born in Gardiner, January 13, 1793. He was a ship- builder and owner from 1818 to his death, May 14, 1868. His wife, Abby J., was a daughter of Major Peter Grant, of Farmingdale, a noted shipbuilder and owner. William Walter Bradstreet, son of Wil- liam and Abby J., born in Gardiner in 1817, married Julia S., daughter of Captain James Tarbox, of Gardinei", and granddaughter of Eleazer THE CITV OF GARDINER. 645 Tarbox, who came to Gardiner from Biddeford, ]\Ie. Their only sur- viving child is Alice (Mrs. H. G. White), whose children are Percy G. and Marion. Charles Bridge, son of Jeremiah, jun., and Sally (Cox) Bridge, was born at Bowdoin, Me., in 1832, went to Litchfield in 1836, and in 1839 came to Gardiner, where he was employed in lumber manufacturing until 1876. He married Nancy, daughter of Samuel Amee. He is a prominent member and supporter of the Free Baptist church of Gardiner. Thomas Burnham, born December 5, 1833, is a son of Thomas and Elizabeth (Rhodes) Burnham, and grandson of Ebenezer and Abigail (Libby) Burnham. Mr. Burnham is one of eight children, seven of whom are living. He is superintendent of the F. G. Richards farm, where he has been since 1862. He married Mary J., daughter of Gil- more and Abigail (Troop) Blair. Their only daughter is Emma C. (Mrs. H. F. Libby), who has two sons. David C. and Edgar N. Burr, grocers, are the grandsons of David C. Burr, of Litchfield, a member of the legislature and a man of mark among the early settlers of that town. William F. Burr, his son, mar- ried Mary Neal, of West Gardiner, and settled in Gardiner city, where they became the parents of five children, three girls and two boys. David C. Burr, the elder of the two sons, was born in 1849, and mar- ried Caroline, daughter of William Gowell, of Gardiner, in 1880. Ed- gar N. Burr was born in 1853, and married Anna L., daughter of An- drew Berry, of Gardiner, in 1882. Henry Payson Closson, the fourth of the six children of George C. and Sarah (Howard) Closson, and grandson of Deacon Nehemiah Clos- son, of Deer Isle, Me., was born in December, 1841. He was brought up a farmer in his native town, enlisted at the age of twenty in the 16th Maine, was at Antietam, lost his health, and was sent home. The next year he entered the navy, where he served till the close of the war. After several years' service as bookkeeper in a lumber business at Fairfield, he came to Randolph in 1882 and became a member of the present firm of Putnam & Closson, saw and planing mill proprie- tors. Henry P. Clo.sson, in 1865, married Ellen U., daughter of Jacob Weytuouth, of Fairfield, Me. George C. died in 1881. Sewall B. Collins, engaged in the grocery business in 1882 on Water street, Gardiner. The first four years he was in partnership with Mr. Wilkins; from May, 1886, to September. 1890, he was sole owner; then the business was discontinued until April, 1891, when the firm of S. B. Collins & Co. was formed, with C. C. Wentworth as partner; February 15, 1892, Mr. Collins bought out Mr. Wentworth, and has since continued the business alone. Samuel W. Cutts, son of Washington Cutts, of Pittston, was born in 1846. He began in 1862 as engineer of steamboats and continued ■646 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. until 1880, running both stationary and steamer engines. Since 1880 he has been superintendent of the Gardiner Gas & Electric Light Company's works. He married Ellinette, daughter of William Wat- son, of Pittston. Frederick Danforth, son of Judge Charles Danforth, was born in 1848. After leaving the North feridgeton Academy he entered Dart- mouth College, graduating in the scientific course in 1870. His studies had all been with special reference to the profession of civil engineer- ing, upon which he immediately entered, choosing railroad engineer- ing as a specialty. After an engagement with the European & North American railway, he established, in 1876, his present office in Gardi- ner, and in 1891 he was elected a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers. In 1880 he married Caroline, daughter of Caleb Stevens, of Randolph. Their four children are: George C, Margaret, Richard S., and Eleanor. J. Prescott Davis, the photographer, is a native of Corinth, Me. He came to Gardiner in January, 1885, as assistant to G. F. Mcintosh, and in September, 1890, bought the studio which H. H. Cochrane had ■established four years previous. David Dennis, president of the Merchants National Bank of Gardi- ner, was born in Litchfield in 1836. From Litchfield Academy he taught schools, public and private, eight or nine years, and in 1862 came to Gardiner as clerk for Bartlett, Barstow& Co. The same year he bought out Mr. Nickerson, and two years later Mr. Barstow retired, and the flour, feed and grain firm became Bartlett & Dennis. Mr. Dennis married Mr. Bartlett's daughter, Julia S., and has three chil- dren: Harriet, John B., with Blair & Co., bankers. New York; and Harry Ray. The firm of Bartlett, Dennis & Co. for three years in- cluded George N. Johnson and S. N. Maxcy. Mr. Dennis' father, John, from Ipswich, Mass., settled in Litchfield in 1789, where he married Harriet, daughter of Joseph Sawyer, and for more than thirty years ■was treasurer of the town. Fuller Dingley is the son of Parker Dingley, a farmer of Bowdoin- ham, who married Ruth Bates of the same town, where they had chil- dren— William, died young; Betsey; second William; Fuller, born in 1832; James B., and Alvin, who was lost at .sea. At the age of seven- teen Fuller came to Gardiner and learned the carpenter's trade. Later, while living in Newport, R. I., he enlisted and served under Burnside; was taken prisoner at Jackson, Miss., in July, 1863, and confined in Libby, Macon, Charleston and Columbia rebel prisons; was sick; ex- changed December, 1864, and came to Gardiner in 1865, where he has been engaged ever since with his brother, James B., in the hardware trade, under the firm name of Dingley Brothers. Fuller Dingley married Mary J. Parkinson, and has two children: Fred B. and Emily G. THE CITY OF GARDINER. 646a The firm of Dingley Brothers represents the longest established and the largest coal trade in Gardiner and one of the oldest hardware houses. James Bates Dingley, its founder, whose portrait appears on the following page, was born in Bowdoinham August 27, 1834, and remained on the home farm till the age of seventeen. The next two years he taught school winters and during summers attended the then famous Litchfield Liberal Institute. At the age of twenty he came to Gardiner and entering Seth Wood's hardware store as a clerk he took up what has proved to be the pursuit of his life. After an experience of three years in Gardiner, his employer sent him to manage a store in the same line of trade in Haverhill, Mass., where he remained two years, when Mr. Wood retired from business. Returning to Gardiner in 1859, James B. rented the Wood store and embarked in the hard- ware trade for himself. In 1865 his brother. Fuller Dingley, returned from the war and joined in the co-partnership that still exists. Closely observant of the needs of the community, James B. had decided that the coal trade, although new, was an inviting field of enterprise. There was no regular dealer. People who used hard coal joined together and bought from 200 to 300 tons per year. The new firm bought a stock and sold about 500 tons the first year. The increase to thirty times that quantity, which this firm alone now sells yearly, is a surprising exhibit. Dingley Brothers, in 1868, established the Gardiner Spring Com- pany, which they sold in 1870 to the Wentworth Spring Company. They are now the chief owners of the Gardiner Tool Company, which makes axes and ice tools. In 1889 the Dingley Hardware Company was organized, which has charge of that branch of the business, Dingley Brothers still retaining the coal trade. They own a large block of real estate, on which stand their store and the extensive coal sheds that cover the most of what used to be the Grant and the Bradstreet wharves. From 1873 to 1878, inclusive, J. B. Dingley was a member of the city government, the first three years as an alderman and the last three as mayor. It was during this period that the memorable con- tests over the paving of Main street and the building of the present grammar school were fought and won by the friends of improvement. At that time there was but one good school house in the city, and the condition of Main street in bad weather cannot be depicted. Mr. Dingley has always been a republican in politics and a Uni- versalist in religious belief. His mother died in 1847 and his father in 1858. He has two grandchildren: Helen O., daughter of John and Emma (Dingley) Bradley, and James R., son of Sidney and Mabel (Dingley) Decker. THE CITY OF GARDINER. 647 James B. Dingley, ex-nia3'orof Gardiner, a son of Parker and Ruth (Batesi Dingley.of Bowdoinham, was born in 1834, the fifth in a family of six children. He came to Gardiner in 1854, entering Seth Wood's hardware store as a clerk. In 1839 Mr. Dingley established in the same store the hardware trade which he and his brother, Fuller, who became a partner in 1865, still conduct. For over twenty-five years they have also been coal dealers. In 1858 James B. married Maria McKenny, of Greene. Their children are: Emma (Mrs. J. A. Bradley, of Worcester, Mass.), Mabel (Mrs. Sidney Decker), Clara (Mrs. Dr. Ben. Turner), and Etta, all except the first now residing in Gardiner. Martin Esmond was born in Ireland, came to Gardiner from Boston in 1810, and was a merchant on Water street. His wife, Jane, was a daughter of Richard and Margret (Lowry) Stuart. The children of Martin Esmond were: John, born in 1818, died at Montreal in 1834, and Bernard, born in 1820, kept store on Water street until he went to California in 1850. During the war he was sutler to the 16th Maine Volunteers. He was married in 1839 to Mary O'Brien. Their children were: George, Joseph, Elizabeth and John. Elizabeth was married in 1885, to Charles E. Fuller, of Hallowell, and has two children: Tom Scott and Mary E. William D. Haley, son of Woodbridge Haley, was born in 1852 at Pittston. He has been superintendent of the Haley Ice House since 1873; they were at South Gardiner until 1885, since which time they have owned buildings situated in the town of Richmond. Mr. Haley has a farm of fifty acres at South Gardiner, where he devotes some attention to breeding horses. He married Lucinda Lizette, daughter of James D. Moore. Their two children are: Harry D. and Jose- phine T. Frederick D. Harmon, son of Humphrey and Sarah (Murry) Har- mon, was born in 1838 at Boston, Mass. He came with his parents to Gardiner in 1841, and settled on the farm where he now lives. He is a farmer, as was his father. He married Hannah K., daughter of Michael and Patience (Knox) Hildreth. Their three sons are: Amasa E., Richard F. and Frederick H. Andrew J. Hooker, city liquor agent of Gardiner, is a son of Riverius and Hannah (Chaddock) Hooker, of Gardiner, and grandson of Riverius Hooker, of Litchfield, Me., who was a descendant of Rev. Thomas Hooker, the first minister in Hartford, Conn. Andrew J. Hooker, the fourth of thirteen children, was born in vSouth Lee, Mass., in 1837, came to Gardiner in 1849, and married Harriet Knox, of Bow- doin, in 1859. Their children are: Harry, Fred, Calvin, who died in 1888, at the age of twenty-one, and Gracie. Mr. Hooker served in the civil war as sergeant of Company I, 24th Maine Volunteers. He was chief engineer of the Gardiner Fire Department from 1883 to 1888; 648 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. has been in the city council two years, and is now alderman from the Fourth ward and city liquor agent. Myrick Hopkins (1800-1891).— For sixty-eight years preceding his death on the 7th of April, 1891, Myrick Hopkins had been a resi- dent of Gardiner, and as a business man had been intimately identi- fied with the material and moral growth of the city. He was of the seventh generation in direct line of descent from Stephen Hopkins', the Pilgrim, who came in the Mayflower in 1620. Stephen's son, Giles', married Catherine Wheldon in 1639, and their son, Stephen', born in 1642, resided in Harwich, Ma.ss., where he married Mary Myrick, and thus the name Myrick came into the Hopkins family, and frequently recurs as a Christian name. Joseph Hopkins^ was born in 1684; 'n 1707 he married Mercy Mayo, and their son, Prince Hopkins', born in 1729, married Patience Snow in 1752 or 1753, and raised seven chil- dren: Seth, Thomas, Sarah, Joseph, Nathaniel, Prince and Elizabeth. This Prince Hopkins", father of the subject of this sketch, was born in Harwich, Cape Cod, where four generations of his ancestors had lived, September 23, 1769, and married Phebe Morse. He followed the sea as a whaleman until 1804, when, with his wife and five chil- dren, he came up the Kennebec to Hallowell in a sailing packet, whence he made his way by the primitive forest road to New Sharon, and settled on a farm on which they lived— he until his death, July 4, 1864, and she until her death. May 2, 1856. Their ten children— the generation to which Myrick Hopkins belonged — were: Sally (1794- 1869); Joshua (1797-1879); Myrick; Phebe (1803-1875); Eliza, 1806; Lewis, 1808; Prince (1810-1882); Seth (1813-1884); George, 1815; and Betsey, 1818. Myrick', the fourth of the ten, was born in Brewster, Mass., Sep- tember 24, 1800; thus he was four years old when with his mother and younger sister on a single horse, they found their way from the Ken- nebec to the New Sharon home, thirty miles distant, where in a log hou.se the next fifteen years of his life were passed. In 1819 he went to Readfield, Me., and in a shoe shop learned the trade upon which he depended to get his start in life. In 1823 he came to Gardiner in the employ of Nutting & Cook, tanners. They did a large business in green hides and wool, in which the good judgment of jSIr. Hopkins as their clerk proved very valuable to them. The habits of economy which he had formed on the farm proved valuable to him, and he soon found the firm was his debtor to a considerable amount. The firm be- came insolvent, and in partial settlement with Mr. Hopkins he took the little office and store which they had built in 1826, and in it he continued the business on his own account as long as he lived. As a buyer and shipper of hides and wool he became known to half the farmers of Kennebec county, and by his undeviating honesty he set a worthy example, and enjoyed to the close of his life in an un- E 5 THE CITY OF GARDINER. 649 usual degree the confidence of the business public. Candor, upright- ness and fairness were foundation principles with him, yet his acquisi- tions confirm the adage that honesty is the best policy as well as the best principle; for in the quiet, almost uneventful life he lived he reached a substantial material result. Nor did he allow his private business to absorb his whole force. When the city government was organized, in 1850, he took a seat as alderman; he served as warden of Christ's Church for many years, and at his death had been a director of the Oakland Bank for more than twenty years. In securing a rail- road for Gardiner he was active and useful; he had been a stockholder in the steamboat line and a director of the Gardiner Bridge Company; and to the end of his days filled up the full measure of the upright citizen and useful man. He was twice married; first to Harriet Mason, whose surviving son is Augustus Hopkins, and second to Abigail Dodge Alason, who died in 1888, leaving two daughters — Sophronia M. (Mrs. William Woodward) and Henrietta M., now the widow of James O. Barnard. Mrs. Barnard was married in 1869. Her husband died in 1874, leaving one son, Leonard Myrick Barnard, born August 26, 1870, and now a promising student in the Boston School of Technology. Mr. Hopkins was strongly attached to his home, and prized very highly his home life. He erected his pleasant residence, the Hopkins Homestead, on Highland avenue, now the home of Mrs. Barnard, in 1859, and here he enjoyed his .serene old age. William C. Jack is the great-grandson of Andrew Jack, who settled in Litchfield about 1790, married Fannie Merriman, and had sons: Sam- uel, Joseph, Andrew and Walter. Samuel had thirteen children. Bar- zillai, the eldest, married Hannah Denslow, by whom he had one son, William C, and four daughters. William C, the eldest child, born in Litchfield in 1882, married Pheba Ann, daughter of John Clay, of Pier- mont, N. H. They have two children: Flora G., now Mrs. Churchill, of Newburyport, Mass., and Phillip C, now attending Gardiner school. Dr. Clarence S. Jackson, born in 1849, is the only son of Elijah and Elizabeth (Lord) Jackson, and grandson of Elijah Jackson, whose father, Thomas — a revolutionary soldier — settled in Pittston and mar- ried Rachel Colburn in 1782. Doctor Jackson married Alice M. Dins- more, and has one daughter, Gertrude M. He pursued dental studies and graduated in Lewiston, Me. His first professional work was in Richmond, 1874 to 1878, when he began in Gardiner his present dental practice. William Jewell, born in 1821, is a son of Henry and Nancy (True) Jewell, and grandson of Captain Henry Jewell. Mr. Jewell's father was born in Litchfield in 178G, and died there in 1859. He was a lum- ber merchant and manufacturer in Gardiner and other places for many THE CITY OF GARDINER. 649 usual degree the confidence of the business ptiblic. Candor, upright- ness and fairness were foundation principles with him, yet his acquisi- tions confirm the adage that honesty is the best policy as well as the best principle; for in the quiet, almost uneventful life he lived he reached a substantial material result. Nor did he allow his private business to absorb his whole force. When the city government was organized, in 1850, he took a seat as alderman; he served as warden of Christ's Church for many years, and at his death had been a director of the Oakland Bank for more than twenty years. In securing a rail- road for Gardiner he was active and useful; he had been a stockholder in the steamboat line and a director of the Gardiner Bridge Company; and to the end of his days filled up the full measure of the upright citizen and useful man. He was twice married; first to Harriet Mason, whose surviving son is Augustus Hopkins, and second to Abigail Dodge Mason, who died in ISSS, leaving two daughters — Sophronia M. (Mrs. William Woodward) and Henrietta M., now the widow of James O. Barnard. Mrs. Barnard was married in 1869. Her husband died in 1874, leaving one son, Leonard Myrick Barnard, born August 26, 1870, and now a promising student in the Boston School of Technology. Mr. Hopkins was strongly attached to his home, and prized very highly his home life. He erected his pleasant residence, the Hopkins Homestead, on Highland avenue, now the home of Mrs. Barnard, in 1859, and here he enjoyed his serene old age. William C. Jack is the great-grandson of Andrew Jack, who settled in Litchfield about 1790, married Fannie Merriman, and had sons: Sam- uel, Joseph, Andrew and Walter. Samuel had thirteen children. Bar- zillai, the eldest, married Hannah Denslow, by whom he had one son, William C, and four daughters. William C, the eldest child, born in Litchfield in 1832, married Pheba Ann, daughter of John Clay, of Pier- mont, N. H. They have two children: Flora G., now Mrs. Churchill, of Newburyport, Mass., and Phillip C, now attending Gardiner school. Dr. Clarence S. Jackson, born in 1849, is the only son of Elijah and Elizabeth (Lord) Jackson, and grandson of Elijah Jackson, whose father, Thomas — a revolutionary soldier — settled in Pittston and mar- ried Rachel Colburn in 1782. Doctor Jackson married Alice M. Dins- more, and has one daughter, Gertrude M. He pursued dental studies and graduated in Lewiston, Me. His first professional work was in Richmond, 1874 to 1878, when he began in Gardiner his present dental practice. William Jewell, born in 1821, is a son of Henry and Nancy (True) Jewell, and grandson of Captain Henry Jewell. Mr. Jewell's father was born in Litchfield in 1786, and died there in 1859. He was a lum- ber merchant and manufacturer in Gardiner and other places for many 42 650 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. years. Mr. Jewell was for several years engaged in teaming in Gardi- ner, and since 1882 he has kept a livery stable. He married Elmira, daughter of Captain John Landerkin. Their children are: Clara, Lenora, Frank (deceased), and Draper C. Benjamin Johnson is the son of Daniel Johnson, of South Gardi- ner, whose father, Andrew Johnson, came from New Hampshire. Daniel married Eliza Waitt and raised a family of ten children. Ben- jamin went to sea at the age of nineteen, to California in 1850, and back to Gardiner in 1856, and the same year married Mary A. Harris, of Winthrop, who died in 1861. They had one child, who died in February, 1858. In 1881 he married Henrietta Loring, of Gardiner. In 1857 Mr. Johnson bought the Cobbossee House, and kept it as the Johnson House for thirty-one years. It is now called Young's Hotel, after its present proprietor. Mr. Johnson opened the Johnson Hall in 1864, and in 1888 enlarged and refitted it, changing its name to the Johnson Opera House. Freeman A. Johnson, born in 1838, is a son of Benjamin and Han- nah (Robinson) Johnson, and grandson of Andrew Johnson. He served in the army one year in Company I, 24th Maine Volunteers. He was then in a variety store in Gardiner until 1873, when he opened his present ice cream and confectionery store. He married Sarah Farris. Their children are: Hattie E. and Ben. F. (deceased). Thompson S. Keenan's father. Luther, and his grandfather, James, were born in Wales, Me., and his great-grandfather, James Keenan, was born in Dublin, Ireland, and came to America during the revolu- tionary war, and settled one of the first farms in the town of Wales. Luther married Louisa Gray, of Monmouth. vShe died May 15, 1892, aged 101 years and 21 days. Their children were two boys and three girls. Thompson S., the second child and first boy, was born in Brunswick, Me., in 1826, and came to Gardiner in 1844, where he married Mary E., daughter of Stephen Pallard. Their children were: Addie, Ida May and Mary Etta. Mr. Keenan was a seafaring man till 1861, when he enlisted in the navy and served in the gulf squadron. William J. Landers, manager of the Komcbec Reporter, was born in Gardiner, Me., October 24, 1849, the youngest son of David and Mar- garet Landers. His early years were spent in Gardiner, attending the city schools. Leaving the high school in 1864, he attended Augusta Commercial College, graduating in 1865. After three years' service as bookkeeper in the P. C. Holmes Company's office, he went South. He returned in 1876, in October, 1877, entered the office of the Kenne- bec Reporter, and has been connected with that publication ever since. January 3, 1880, he was married to Ella F. Drake, and they have two children. Mr. Landers has been grand chancellor of the Grand Juris- diction of Maine, Knights of Pythias, and district deputy grand mas- THE CITV OF GARDINER. 651 ter of the 11 th Maine Masonic District; he is at present grand general- issimo of the Grand Commandery of Maine, Knights Templar, presi- dent of the Kennebec Valley Press Club, recording secretary of the Maine Press Association, a director of the Gardiner High School and a director of the Gardiner Public Library. James M. Larrabee' (Daniel", born 1805: John", born 1769: Philip', born 1744; John"; Thomas', killed by Indians in Scarboro, 1723; Wil- liam' married in Maiden, Mass., 1655) was born in Wales, Me., in 1833. He has served in both branches of the Gardiner city council as president, and since July 28, 1885, has been judge of the police court of the city. John' settled in Wales before 1794 and raised eleven chil- dren. Daniel' married Sabrina Ricker, represented Wales in the legis- lature in 1845 and 1848, and removed to Gardiner in 1856, where they both died. J. W. Lash, contractor and builder, was born in Waldoboro in 1845, but before locating in Gardiner in 1878 he had been largely and suc- cessfully engaged in building in Massachusetts — residing in Somer- ville. He has built some of the finest structures in Gardiner, including the savings bank building, completed in 1891. Llewellyn Lennan, son of James and Lucy (Hildreth) Lennan, and grandson of David Lennan, was born in 1836 in Richmond, Me., and came to Gardiner in 1863, where he is a farmer and wholesale meat merchant. He married Emeline, daughter of Daniel and Elmira (Smith) Hildreth. Their children are: James D., Charles H. and two that died in infancy. Edwin E. Lewis, son of Horatio N. Lewis, of Cornish, N. H., was born in 1846. He went into the army in 1865 and fought under General Sheridan in the Shenandoah valley. He came to Gardiner in 1875 and became a contractor and builder. For the past fifteen years Mr. Lewis has given his attention entirely to plans and specifications, and is the recognized authority on architecture in Gardiner. He married Augusta C. Jackins in 1866. They have one child, Arthur E. Weston Lewis, president of the Maine Trust & Banking Company of Gardiner since 1889, was born December 26, 185U, in what is now Randolph, where his father, Warren R. Lewis, was a farmer and lum- berman. The latter was a son of Rev. Stephen Lewis, of Jefferson, Me., who was born at Booth Bay, Me., where the family name fre- quently occurs. By teaching a portion of the time Weston Lewis com- pleted the collegiate course of Bowdoin, graduating with the class of '72. He then taught in the Gardiner High School until the close of the fall term of 1874. At about this time he became a clerk in the Gardiner Savings Institution, and from that may be dated his rela- tions to the banking interests of Gardiner, by which, and through the presidency of 'the city water company, he is best known locally. His 652 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. home is in Gardiner, where in 1876 he married Eleanor W., daughter of Charles H. Partridge. Their children are: Carleton, born in 1878, and Henry, born in 1881. His relation to the Kennebec Central Rail- road Company and the Maine Water Company, in both of which he is president, is noticed in another chapter. Samuel C. McKenney was born in Woolwich, Me., in 1819, and re- moved in 1823 to Kingfield, Me. He came to Gardiner in 1846 and engaged in the jewelry business, which he continued until 1864, when he closed it up for about eighteen months while he was in the army in Company F, 7th Maine Volunteers. The business was resumed in 1886, and since 1890 the firm has been S. C. McKenney & Son; George L., who has worked in the business several years, being now the junior partner. Baxter Marr, son of Alexander and Keziah E. (Trafton) Marr, was born in 1826, at Georgetown, Me. He was engaged in the fish busi- ness in his native town until 1862, when he went to Lewiston. where he was eight years in mercantile trade, after which he was in busi- ness in various places until 1888, when he caine to Gardiner and built his residence on Highland avenue, which was burned in 1891. He married Emily D., daughter of James Potter. They have one daugh- ter, Lena L. (Mrs. Fred Littlefield). Henry E. Merriam was born in Grafton, Mass., in 1838, where his father, Joseph, and his grandfather, Joseph, were both farmers. Joseph Merriam, jun., married Mary C. Warren, of Grafton, a sister of S. D. Warren, the paper manufacturer. Henry E., their youngest child, left home in 1857 and went into a dry goods store in Boston. In 1861 he enlisted for nine months and went to New Berne, N. C, and served under General Foster; then returned home, and in the fall of 1863 came to Gardiner, where he has been, with the exception of two years, the agent of S. D. Warren & Co.'s Copsecook paper mill. In 1868 he married Octave A., daughter of Caleb Hunt, of Chelsea. Stephen T. Merrill, son of Franklin B. Merrill, was born in Lewis- ton in 1833. He was a farmer and carpenter in West Gardiner until 1874, since which time he has been superintendent of the Gardiner farm at the Oaklands. He married Harriet Augusta, daughter of James Hodgkins. They have two children: vSolon W. and Annie L. Fred E. Milliken, postmaster, is the grandson of Allison and Jane (Libby) Milliken, of Scarboro, Me., who came to Gardiner in 1833, and raised a family of nine children. Their son, William, married Mary Ann Lyon, by whom he had two children: Fred E., born in 1850, and Fanny E. In 1858 Mr. Milliken engaged in his present business, and is the oldest boot and shoe dealer in the city. Fred E. was educated in the public schools of Gardiner, and became, and still is, a partner with his father in the shoe business. THE CITY OF GARDINER. 653 Arch Morrell and his Descendants. — John Morrell, the com- mon ancestor of most of the Morrills and Morrells in Kennebec county, received from the town of Kittery two grants of land in 1668. These lands, together with a third adjacent grant, made in 1669, were bounded in part by Birch Point brook. Nicholas Hodgdon, whose lands were south of these, deeded in 1674 to John Morrell, who had married his daughter Sarah, seven acres of adjoining land, upon which Morrell had erected buildings and where he had then resided for some years. In 1676 John traded all of these lands with Abraham Conley "" for a farm at " Coole Harbor," and subsequently bought other tracts and became a large landed proprietor. His dates — birth, marriage and death— have not been preserved and our knowledge of his antecedents is purely negative. He may have been a son of Abra- ham Morrell, who came from England to Cambridge in 1632, but is not mentioned as such in Savage s Genealogical Dictionary of the Found- ers of Neiv England. He may have come direct from England as did many of the early settlers of Kittery and Portsmouth. Whether he married Sarah Hodgdon before settling in Kittery is uncertain, but from the first he was prominent in its town affairs, often in town office and on the jury of inquest. He was a mason by trade, and in deeds of conveyance was variously called " bricklayer," " mason " and " plasterer." Dr. William B. Lapham, of Augusta, the genealogist and historian, records for him children: Nicholas, who luarried in 1695 Sarah Frye, of Kittery; Sarah, who married August 4, 1701, George Huntress; John;' Edah, married April 27, 1702, Jonathan Na- son; Hannah, who married John Tidy, and Abraham, f Of these, John Morrel? was born in 1675, and married, December 16, 1701, Hannah, daughter of Peter Dixon, of Kittery, whence the name Peter first came into the family. He was a planter and owned large estates, including areas of Kittery Commons, now North Ber- wick. His will, dated 1756, was proved May 16, 1763, making his widow Hannah sole executrix. This will names as his children: John, born July 30, 1702; Peter, September 16, 1709; Jedediah,' Keziah and Mary. His sons, Thomas, born August 20, 1705, and Richard, born September 23, 1713, are not mentioned in the will. His lands in Kit- tery and Berwick were bequeathed to his three sons, John, Peter and Jedediah, after providing for his widow and daughter. He beqeathed his negro Joe to his wife during her life time, then to the son whom Joe should select as his master. His negro Tobey was given his free- dom after twenty-four years of age, but should serve the widow while she lived. These two slaves were buried side by side on the Morrell homestead at North Berwick. * See York Deeds, t Abraham Morrell, called "blacksmith." was of Kit- tery in ITll, when his father deeded him three acres of land, and nothing later is known of him. 654 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Jedediah Morrell," born August 29, 1711, was thrice married; first, December 5, 1734, to Elizabeth, daughter of Ronald Jenkins, of Kit- tery; in 1737 to Anna Dow, of Hampton, N. H., and January 28, 1762, to Sarah Gould. His first marriage was in the manner of the Friends, the certificate of which— a quaint and instructive document belonging now to Morrill Sherbourne, of North Berwick — bears the signatures of five Morrells among the witnesses, and they each spelled the family name with an " e." Jedediah's three sons by his second marriage were: Abraham," born December 26, 1738, married first Elizabeth Lewis, and second Hannah Nichols; Josiah,' who married Hannah Webber; and Winthrop,' born December 20, 1744, married Susannah Lewis. Jedediah's third wife bore two children: John,* who married Sarah Varney in 1787 and died in 1789; and Peace, named only in her father's will. Jedediah MorrelP spent his early married life in Kittery, where is recorded the birth of his first child. He received by deed from his father, John, lands in North Berwick now owned in part by his de- scendant, Morrill Sherbourne,' and built, four miles from North Ber- wick village, at the mouth of Bonny Beag pond, mills near where his great-grandson still resides. He practiced with herbs the healing art, and while operating as farmer, lumberman and trader, he was also well known as Doctor Morrell, as the curious account book he kept still shows. His will, made March 18, 1775, was proved the following year. It bequeathed one-third of his real estate to his wife, Sarah, during her widowhood, and gave lands and mill property at Doughty's falls and at Bonny Beag pond to his sons, Abraham and Josiah. To Winthrop he gave a farm, his " largest fowling piece and my Silver Watch;" while John was to have the " small fowling piece " and the '• great pasture " when he was twenty-one. To his daughter, Peace, he gave his household goods at the death of his wife, Sarah, who was sole executrix of the will. His son, Abraham, occupied the lands be- queathed to him until his death and was succeeded by his son, Nahum. Winthrop operated the mill at Bonny Beag pond when he died, pass- ing the property to his son, Ephraim. "Peter Morrell, brother and neighbor of Jedediah," was father of the Sarah Morrell who was killed and .scalped by Indians within the limits of North Berwick village. We have thus particularly sketched the first three generations of this old family to rescue from oblivion a few of those threads not com- monly within the knowledge or the written records of the present generations. Josiah Morrell' married Hannah Webber October 25, 1764, and had one or more daughters and three sons: Ebenezer, Aaron and Josiah, and perhaps others. His wife probably died before 1797, for in that year, without her joining in the deed, he sold the lands he had inherited from his father, the blacksmith shop and tools and " all THE CITY OF GARDINER. 655 the movables both indoor and out " to his son, Josiab". He died in Litchfield, at the residence of his grandson, Hiram ^^lorreH", and was buried in the graveyard at Litchfield Corner, where his grave stone says he died September IS, 1832, aged 95 years. When they came to Litchfield in 1824 Josiah' was the head of the family and the man of affairs. He was born at North Berwick, Sep- tember 22, 1775, and on April 9, 1798 — the year after his father deeded him the homestead — he married Sarah Quint, of Berwick, who was four years his junior. They sold out there in January. 1825, to Nathaniel Walker, and on June 13, 1825, purchased of William Rob- inson a farm in Litchfield where Job F. Morrell now lives. They sub- sequently resided with their son, Hiram, but when their younger son, Ebenezer, bought the Isaac Shurtleff farm, north of Barnabas Springer's, they made their home there until Josiah's death, December 29, 1852*. His widow, after living alone for several years, resided until her death, November 23, 1868, with her daughter, Mrs. Barnabas Springer. The five children of Josiah and Sarah Q. Morrell were born at the ancestral home in North Berwick, and excepting the oldest son. Arch, who was previously married, came with them to Litchfield, where they all became heads of substantial families, as noticed in the four suc- ceeding paragraphs. Hiram Morrell", a blacksmith and farmer, was born September 22, 1802, and in 1830 married Eleanor Springer, of Litchfield, and had ten children. He died at Litchfield, January 30, 1885. Sarah Jane Morrell", born February 13, 1804, married Barnabas Springer, of Litchfield, and had one son and died March 9, 1874. Mr. Springer was one of the original abolitionists, and in that movement and in other reforms of his time was a substantial power for good. He died August 17, 1880. Barnabas Springer, an early settler of Litchfield, who was killed while felling a tree, was his father. Ebenezer Morrell", born March 27, 1808, married Elizabeth Smith Rogers, of Litchfield, in 1835. She had six children and died in San Francisco March 16, 1856. He was one of the early pioneers of Cali- fornia, and now resides in Gilroy, Cal, Rev. Alexander Hatch Morrell" was born October 10, 1818. He was general manager of Storer College, Harpers Ferry, Va., and died at Irvington, N. J., in 1885. His wife, Eliza, was daughter of Thomas B. Seavey. They had three children. It is not our purpose in this chapter to trace farther these four younger children of Josiah and Sarah (Quint) Morrell and their nu- merous descendants, but to notice somewhat the oldest son. Arch ISIor- reir, whose business career forms no inconsiderable factor in the local history of this city. We have noticed his marriage while his parents still resided at North Berwick. Probably he never resided in Litch- field, where the others of his father's family were. *His grave stone at Litchfield Corner says 1853, but the stone is wrong. 656 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Fie was born April 10, 1800, and with an independent spirit which he probably inherited and which he certainly has transmitted, he started out to find a place for himself in the world. With five dollars in hispocket, he walked from South Berwick to Salem, Mass. — seventy miles — making fifty of the miles in twelve hours, and finally found employment in a brick yard at ten dollars per month, and after six months' work there returned home with $62.50. His first employer, a Mr. Gardiner, had a milk farm, and young Arch had sixteen cows to milk for his morning and evening diversion. Brick making, as then done by hand, was very laborious, but he learned the business, and in later life this knowledge served him a purpose. He went with the Salem Light Infantry to the reception of General La Fayette in Boston, in August, 1824, and was always proud of having done so. He was married in 1822, to Statira Andrews, who was born in Essex, Mass., December 3, 1797. Working a few summers at brickmaking for Mr. Stone in Salem, he came in 1827 to Gardiner, where David Flagg and Jesse Lambard were brick makers of that day, and with them Mr. Morrell found em- ployment until he went into business for himself. His son, Henry A. Morrell, of Pittsfield, in a series of articles on brick making, written while his father was living, said: " My father did this same business for more than fifty years in succession, but the excessive labor has not brought him to an untimely grave — not yet, and he is eighty-five years old, and he brought up his three boys to the same trade; the one for- sook it and for thirty years has been an editor and publisher; but the other two have, with short alternations as lumbermen, printers and merchants, settled down to the old business." In 1840, when there were more than a dozen brick yards in Gardi- ner, Arch Morrell and Randall Robinson were in company and made the bricks for the city hall. Arch and his brother, Ebenezer Morrell, made the bricks for Colonel Stone's building, corner Brunswick and Water streets. In 1858 he and his son, H. K. ^Morrell, made the bricks for the Gardiner Gas Works. In 1845 Arch :Morrell made the bricks for the Holmes & Robbins foundry, and in 184G for their machine shop— in fact he made fully seven-eighths of all the brick used m Gardiner prior to his death. He first lived in a house where now stands the Freewill Baptist church, on Summer street, and here his son, Hiram Kelly, was born; but his most permanent home in Gardiner was at the foot of Spring street, where Michael Hickey's house now stands; until he, in 1837, built a house on the lot now occupied by his grandson. Herbert A. Harriman, on vSpring street, and lived in it until it was destroyed in the great fire of August 4, 1882. He and his wife then boarded until their deaths with George W. Viney, and were kindly cared for by Mrs. Viney, who had been an intimate friend of theirs from her childhood. Mrs. Morrell died February 28, 1888, and Mr. Morrell February 15, 1885, each having attained the age of 85 years. li Ay^T^^'^^l^-^- THE CITY OF GARDINER. 657 Arch Morrell lived in a time when rum drinking was less depre- cated than now and though he sometimes drank he was not a drunk- ard. Before the Washingtonian movement, however, he became con- verted and joined the Freewill Baptist church, and ever after was a thorough going temperance man. He was a kind hearted, gentle, loving man. His children all say they never heard him use a cross word, and he was liberal to a fault. He never accumulated property to any amount. His father, once when asked by a grandson; " Did you ever know a rich Morrell?" re- plied: " No; they always had too much company." Arch Morrell was no exception. His house was always a free hotel, for every minister, temperance or abolitionist lecturer, any man who ever worked for him — in fact for every countryman who came to haul him wood, buy bricks or for any other purpose. There were no restaurants in those days, and if there had been it would probably have been the same, for his latch string was always on the outside. This is no poetical figure, for in the old house where he first lived in Gardiner, there was actually a wooden latch and a leather latch string. The same old house had un- burned bricks in the chimney and white oak beams six by eight in the garret, and pine timber as much as fifteen inches square in the second floor. He was careless about collecting and literally followed the injunc- tion: " Give to him that asketh of thee, and of him that would borrow of thee turn not thou away." He trusted anybody, and they paid him, or let it alone, as best pleased them: and he often lost by .signing notes for others. All the treasures he ever laid up were those laid up in heaven; and none of his children ever complained that he left no others. His good name is a better inheritance to them than great riches. " Full many a poor man's blessing went AVith him beneath the low green tent, Whose curtain never outward swings." His ancestors were Quakers, and the peaceful instincts of that sect always actuated him. His heart was as soft as a woman's, and every one's sorrows were made his own. He never held office except as a councilman, and as surveyor of brick and wood, and never wanted any; for he shrank from publicity. Physically he was a model man. Few men could do more work in a day, and still fewer could work more days and nights in succession. He and his brother, Ebenezer Morrell, once made 40,000 bricks in six days and put as many more in the kiln — a good week's work for four men. Not only morally but literally " his works live after him," for the fabrics of his make will last while the world stands. They were char- acteristic of the man — solid, durable and useful rather than gaudy and 658 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. attractive. He did no great deed.s, though he was capable of it, if circumstances demanded, and he did no mean nor ignoble one. He and his wife sleep in Oak Grove Cemetery, v.'here some of their grandchildren sleep beside them. His first born son lies in the High street bm-ying ground, but his six other children are all living. These six children of Arch and Statira (Andrews) Morrell, repre- senting the seventh generation from John of Kittery, are: Mary Jane, born in Salem June 30, 1823; Hiram Kelly, born in Gardiner Septem- ber 25, 1827; Henry Albert, born January 23, 1830; Elizabeth An- drews, born April 26, 1833; William, born January 4, 1836; and Eleanor Ellen Morrell, born January 20, 1839. Mary J." married Andrew Jack Harriman in 1843. Their children, all born in Gardiner, are: George A., December 4, 1844; Francis W., February 9, 1846, died November 13, 1863; Helen and Frederick, who died in infancy; Herbert A., November 27, 1850; Ida Florence, August 24,1852; Alice Marion,October21, 1853, died September 23,1889; Walter C, October 31 , 1855; Willis E. and Arthur, died young; CharlesW., April 24, 1861; Edward L., May 14, 1863; and Bertha Mabel, October 9, 1866. Hiram K.' married Lucinda P. Hinkley, daughter of Alanson and Salome (Hinds) Hinkley, who died in 1861. Their children were: Ernest W. Morrell,' editor of the Home Journal, who was born Decem- ber 3, 1851, married Abigail Whitcomb and has four children— Edith Whitcomb," Benjamin Dodge, Henry Arch and Florence; Dora May, a successful teacher, author and editor, born May 19, 1855; Florence A., born in 1857, died in 1864; and Charles A., born May 27, 1861. H. K. Morrell's second marriage was with Asenath Washburn Haskell, who died June 15, 1889, leaving one daughter. Lute Blanche, born August 16, 1866. who in October, 1887, married George Dexter Libby, of Gardiner, and has one daughter, Blanche Asenath Libby. Henry Albert Morrell' is a brick maker at Pittsfield. He is a man of good literary attainments, well known by his nom de plume " Juni- per." His first wife was Sarah Jane Springer, of Gardiner, his second wife Marada Jane Mills. Each had three children: Fonetta Augusta (Mrs. Charles O. Morrell); Mary Everett,who died young; Nellie F. (Mrs. Nathaniel L. Perkins); Clarence Henry, Effie and Ethel Belle Morrell.* Elizabeth A. Morrell' married William Henry Wrenn, now fore- man in the Waltham watch factory, and has had no children. William Morrell', the brick maker of Gardiner, learned the printer's trade at thirteen years of age and for twenty years worked at it win- ters. In 1869 he married Mary O. Ring, of Gardiner, daughter of Joseph and Sarah (Goodridge) Ring, and had one son, Harry Mellen Morrell,* who was born February 9, 1869, and died April 25, 1881. Eleanor Ellen Morrell' married in 1862 Lorenzo Noble, now a fore- man in the Waltham watch factory. Their children are: Annie F., Burton Andrews and Arch Edward. THE CITY OF GARDINER. 659 William H. and Gustavus Moore are the sons of John Moore, who was born in Vassalboro in ]796, one of thirteen children, and came to Gardiner in 1811 and learned the millwright trade of his brother, Ebenezer Moore. He married in 1826, Charity, daughter of Ichabod Plaisted. Of their eight children five were boys, four of whom — John S., William H., George R. and Gustavus— enlisted and fought in the war of the rebellion. George R. died in the hospital at Vicksburgh. The other three came home, William H. with a bullet wound through his right lung that disabled him for over a year. John S. was sent to the legislature in 1864, and the next year went West and died at Des Moines, la. William H. became a manufacturer, and married in 1873, Luella J. Wakefield. They have one child, George Roscoe. Gustavus engaged in the hardware business and for two years has been superintendent of the Gardiner Water Company. He was commissioned lieutenant, was several years president of common council, and was in the legislatures of 1885 and 1887. In 1867 he mar- ried Adelaide Wiley, of Pittston. Their children are: Gustavus E., E. Mabel, Mary I. and Pearl. Horace K. Newbert, the fourth of the six sons of Andrew and Lydia (Clark) Newbert, and grand.son of Philip Newbert, whose father came from Germany and settled in W^aldoboro, Me., was born in Washington, Me., in 1836. Horace married Elmira A. Lukeforth, of Washington. The older of their two sons, Fred S., is now in busi- ness with his father in Gardiner. Willie A. died young. For his second wife Mr. Newbert married Lucy M. Brown, of Gardiner. In 1866 he brought his family to Pittston, and was a commercial traveler for over twenty years. From 1875 to 1878 he had a boot and shoe store in Gardiner; soon after he became for five years a manufacturer of boots and shoes in Biddeford, Me. He bought of Frank Cox in 1889, the boot and shoe business in which he is now engaged in Gardiner. Joseph E. Newell, son of George and Lydia (Edgcomb) Newell, was born in West Gardiner in 1844. He has been a paper maker by trade. He married Martha T., daughter of Elbridge and Sabrina (Smith) Hooker. They have one daughter, Laura A. Mr. Hooker was for several years a paper maker at Gardiner, and his home was where Mr. Newell now lives. Appleton D. Nickerson, son of Daniel N. and Louisa (Gilbert) Nickerson, was born in Litchfield in 1826, the youngest of seven chil- dren. In 1855 he came to Gardiner and engaged in the grain, seed and grocery business, firm of Bartlett, Barstow & Co. In 1S69 the firm name was changed to Barstow & Nickerson. This is the oldest grocery house in the city. In 1857 Mr. Nickerson married Clara H. Barstow, and their only child, Carrie L., is now Mrs. Ben W. Part- ridge, of Gardiner. 660 HISTORY OF KEXNEBEC COUNTY. Fred M. Noyes is a son of Manthano Noyesrwho was born in Brunswick, Me., one of the older of nine children, and married Lydia Stewart, of China, by whom he had twelve children. He came with his family to Gardiner, where he died in 1876— seventy years old. His son Fred M., the tenth child, was born in 1848, and became a drug- gist, which has been his business in Gardiner for the past twenty-five years. He married in 1889, Sarah J., daughter of Dexter Whitmore. Daniel C. Palmer is the son of Elisha Palmer, of Hallowell, for- merly of Alna, Me., whose father, Simon Palmer, was a revolutionary soldier from New Hampshire. Elisha married Mary Perkins, of Alna, where Daniel C, the eldest of their seven children, was born in 1820. In 1846 he came to Gardiner and worked at his trade as millwright. He has been a surveyor of lumber over thirty years, and since 1S63 clerk of the Kennebec Log Driving Company. Besides holding almost every minor city office, Mr. Palmer was elected mayor of Gar- diner in 1873, and was reelected four times, serving his last term in 1880. He was also a member of the last state board of valuation. Mr. Palmer's first wife was Elizabeth J. Hanscon, of Hartland. Their children were: Georgie A., Frederick and Mary E., now Mrs. Albion G. Bradstreet, of Brooklyn, N. Y. His second wife was Ellen, daugh- ter of James B. Sawyer, of Gardiner. Millard F. Payne is a direct descendant from Thomas Payne, who came with his father, Thomas, from England to Eastham, Mass., and married Mary Snow about 1652. Their son, Samuel, married Pa- tience Freeman, whose son, Joshua, had a son, Timothy D., who moved from Eastham to Waldoboro, Me. His son, Samuel Payne, of Richmond, was the father of Samuel Payne, of Litchfield, who mar- ried Ellen M. Jack. Of their six children Millard F., the only boy, was born in 1854 and in 1881 married Belle Gould, of Gardiner. Their children are: Harold Gould and Catharine Bartlett. Captain Joseph Perry, a retired machinist of Gardiner, son of Joseph M. and grandson of Jonathan Perry, of Scituate, Mass., who later lived in Topsham, Me., was born in Topsham May 4, 1811. He married Olive Gilpatrick, who died leaving children: Clara E. (Mrs. Plarry A. Leslie) and Anna J. The captain's second wife was Mrs. Ann M. (Felker) Peterson, of Wiscasset, Me., who left one son — Fred A. Perry. Captain Perry's military title comes from the bloodless fields of the Aroostook war, where he commanded the Kennebec guards. Robert Pope, of Gardiner, flour and commission merchant, son of Robert Pope, of Hallowell, is the grandson of Joseph Pope, who was born in Boston in 1750, and was a watchmaker; he constructed an ■orrery of such merit that Governor Bowdoin, John Hancock and others procured an act of the legislature granting the right to raise five hundred pounds by lottery to buy the astronomical curiosity for THE CITY OF GARDINER. bbl Harvard College, which was done, and the college still preserves it. Joseph Pope received £4:S0 3s. for this instrument. Mr. Pope has now in his house a clock with thirty-one hands, indicating the time in twenty-four different longitudes, the places of the sun in the zodiac and the phases of the moon, made by Joseph Pope, who came to Hal- lowell in 1818 and died there in 1826. Robert Pope was also a watch- maker. He married Julia C, daughter of James Wingate, postmaster at Portland, Me. Robert, jun., was born in 1835, went to school in Hallowell Academy, came to Gardiner and became a machinist. He married Julia A. Ellis, of Medfield, Mass. Their children are: Robert W., associated with his father in business, and Seth E.. the latter no\v in Bowdoin College. Amos H. Potter, born in 1836, is the only surviving son of Amos and Hannah (Clark) Potter, of " Pottertown," Litchfield. He married Adelia E., daughter of Lewis Gowell, of Litchfield, in 1861, and came to Gardiner in 1868. Their children are: Alphonzo H., Frederick E. and George E., all living in Gardiner. Maxcy Brothers, in 1878, started a coal business on Berry's wharf, which two years later they sold to the Citizens' Coal Company. In 1885 Amos H. Potter bought the entire interests of this stock concern, and added the coal trade to a wood business that he had been doing for some years. At the same time, for the purpose of getting deeper water, he changed from Berry's to Atkins' wharf, which used to be called the old Gay wharf. William G. Preble, merchant and undertaker, is the son of A. F. Preble and the grandson of Abraham Preble, both of Bowdoinham. The latter, besides being a farmer, was a school teacher, going as far from home as Brooklyn, N. Y., where he taught several terms. He was born in 1800 and lived on the home farm to be eighty years old. A. F. Preble, who was one of nine children, married Almira, daughter of James W. Grant, of Richmond, Me. Of their four children, Wil- liam G., the only boy, was born in 1853, and came with his widowed mother to Gardiner in 1863, where at the age of twelve he went to work for Uriah Morrison at cabinet making. In 1882 he bought of James Nash the preinises he now occupies, and three years later an adjoining house and lot to make room for the wants of his furniture, carpet and crockery business. In 1887 he married Alice, daughter of William C. Keene, of Pittston. They have one child, Ethel. Albert A. Robbins, the machinist, is the only surviving sDn of Charles A. Robbins, who was born in Winthrop in 1807 and died in Gardiner in 1884. Charles A. came to Gardiner in 1825, and was one of the firm of P. C. Holmes & Co. until 1861. After eight years in Bangor he, with his two sons, E. Everett and Albert A., formed the firm of C. A. Robbins & Sons. Since the death of Everett, in 1892, the business continues under Albert A., only surviving member. 662 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Edward Robinson, born in Alna, Me., in 1818, was a ship carpenter when a young man, and was several j-ears in business in Boston and New York prior to 1850, when he returned to Alna, where he was en- gaged in the lumber business and other mercantile trade until 1870, when he came to Gardiner, where he now lives. He was first select- man seventeen years, representative from Alna one term, and has held various city offices in Gardiner. He married Mary E., daughter of Edward and Mary (Woodbridge) Palmer. Their children are: H. Dean, Herman E. and Edwin A. Greenleaf S. Rogers, son of Levi Rogers, of Vassalboro, is in the sixth generation from Thomas Rogers, who in 1657 planted in Saco probably the first orchard in Maine. Old Orchard Beach was named after it. Levi Rogers married Phebe Clark, of China. Greenleaf, born in 1812, was the oldest of their seven children. Levi went to Augusta in 1827, and kept the Spencer House, then a house that stood just north of the present Allen Block; next the Mansion House; and lastly the Augusta House, where he died. Greenleaf T. Rogers mar- ried Sarah B., daughter of Elkanah McLellan, of Gardiner. Their children have been Ellen and George L. Greenleaf came to Gardiner in 1837 and kept the Cobbossee House eight years, and from 1856 to 1889 was the senior member of the jewelry firm of G. S. & G. L. Rogers. Henry R. Sawyer is the son of Ezekiel Sawyer, who was born in Portland, Me., in 1798, and the grandson of Isaac Sawyer, who was born in England. Ezekiel came to Gardiner in 1819, and was in the employ of R. H. Gardiner for twenty years, investing all his earnings in real estate, till he became one of the largest landholders in town. He and Rufus K. Page were pioneers in the ice business on the Ken- nebec. He married Sarah Atkins, by whom he had five children. Henry R. and his sister, Mrs. Mary A. Moore, both live in South Gardiner, where Henry R. was born in 1833. He attended the Hobart High School at Richmond and the Gardiner Academy. He married Philena W. S. Hathorn. Their children are: Ida L., Hattie C, Ezekiel J., Harry H. and Jeff S. Mr. Sawyer has been a dealer in wood, hay and ice, a merchant, a contractor, and an operator in real estate, active and successful. Benjamin S. .Smith, second son of Amasa and Eliza M. (Steward) Smitli, of Moscow, Me., and grandson of Samuel Smith, of Litchfield, was born in Moscow in 1846. The next year they moved to Gardiner. In 1864 Benjamin S. enlisted in Stevens' Battery, 5th Maine, and fought under Grant and then under " Phil " Sheridan. On his return home he learned the cabinet maker's trade, and five years later began work in the door, sash and blind business. He has been engaged in this business for himself for the past nine years. January 2, 1868, he married Martha, daughter of Dow Clark, of Gardiner. THE CITY OF GARDINER. 66:^ John D. Stephenson in 1879 bought the school house on Winter street and remodeled it and started a grocery business in the same room where he received his primary education, and has continued the business in the building since that time. Later he bought the inter- mediate school house lot on Highland avenue, where he built a sub- stantial residence. Now both his place of business and his home are on the ground where he received much of the school training that fitted him for his present success. Charles Swift, youngest of four children of Lemuel Swift, of Cape Cod, who came to Brunswick, Me., in 1790, and married Sarah Lufkin, of Freeport, was born in 1818, and came to Gardiner in 1845. He married Sarah Jane Rockwood, of Augusta, in 1847, and had two chil- dren: Mary H. and Charles F. Swift, now of Gardiner. Mr. Swift was a jeweler, which trade he followed twelve years, and about 1860 con- ceived and executed the plan of making a line of boxes adapted to jewelers' and druggists' uses, and successfully carried on the business for over twenty years. Free.man Trott. — A man's life is largely an exhibition of the re- sults that follow an adherence to certain lines of action. While exact shades of character are difficult to define or depict, individual acts have a trend toward well defined objects, and in obedience to, or in disobedience of, established precepts and principles. These reflections are suggested by a brief review of the life of Freeman Trott, who for over iifty years was a conspicuous and well known citizen and business man of Gardiner. A glimpse at a man's ancestry throws wonderful light on his intellectual and moral features. In this man's case we are fortunately able to turn back .six leaves in the book of his family genealogy — each leaf a generation. Thomas Trott, the ancestor, came from England to Dorchester, Mass., in 1635, where he turned his attention to farming. Nine years later he joined the church, which act, by virtue of the peculiar civil and ecclesiastical polity of the Puritans, gave him the right to vote, and invested him with all the privileges of full citizenship — that ex- alted condition being then expressed by the noble term, freeman. That same year he became an actor and a partner in the greatest event in life — he married Sarah Proctor. Any one of these acts would indicate a laudable effort to get on in the world, but to compass them all in one year must be accepted as evidence of substantial progress. We know there was then a searching ordeal through which a candidate must pass before the gateway to church membership was thrown open. The balance of our acquaintance with Thomas Trott is that he raised a .son Samuel, and died in Dorchester at the age of eighty-six, leaving a good farm and what was then called a large estate. Samuel, who was born in 1660, married Mary Beal, and they had two boys: Benjamin, born in 1712, who married Joanna Payson, of 664 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Roxbury, and his brother, name not g-iven, who married Waitstill Payson. The Paysonsseem to have enjoyed a reputation for superior intellectual attainments which justifies the presumption that the win- ners of these daughters were young men of good parts. By a request in his father's will, Benjamin learned a trade, and was a blacksmith in Boston, where he owned a house. About 1744 he moved to Wool- wich, Me., with his wife and three sons, Lemuel, Thomas and Ben- jamin. Lemuel married the daughter of Colonel Thomas Motherell. His father and mother, Benjamin and Joanna, are buried in the old South burying ground at Nequasset. Lemuel left a son, Lemuel, who married Fanny Reed. They had four sons: Lemuel, Converse, Free- man and Alfred. Freeman, the subject of this sketch, was born at Woolwich in Jan- uary, 1810. His father died when about forty years old, leaving a widow in the responsible and difficult position of looking after the education and guidance of her sons. This task she performed with a mother's love and wisdom. Freeman was educated at Kents Hill, teaching school winters. He came to Gardiner about 1836, and ob- tained a place in the post office under Judge Palmer. In 1840, at the age of thirty, he took up the business of his choice, that of a grocery merchant. Locating on Water street, in Gardiner, he gave his time, his energies and a mature judgment to the work that was to engross the activities of a long life. For the next forty-five years, until his death, May 9, 1885, although the store was rebuilt, the site remained the same. His career was prosperous and profitable, for it was char- acterized by honesty and fair dealing. Successful management of personal affairs is sure of public appre- ciation. When the city of Gardiner was incorporated in 1850, Mr. Trott was chosen its first treasurer, and served two years. He also served as a member of the city council, and was a director in the Cob- bossee National Bank. He was a supporter of the Methodist church in Gardiner, of which he was for years a trustee. Lemuel Trott, a brother of his, was a clergyman in the ^lethodist denomination. December 17, 1844, Freeman Trott married Julia S., daughter of Nathaniel and Julia (Springer) Kenniston. Of the two children of Freeman and Julia Trott, the elder, Charles F., who was born in 1845, and died in 1877 at Gardiner, was fond of the sea and became first mate of a vessel that was lost during an earthquake at St. Thomas in 1877. The other child, Lizzie J., is Mrs. O. B. Clason of Gardiner, and has four children: Julia T., Bertha S., Freeman P. and Charles R. Clason. Isaac G. Vannah. the ninth of eleven children, whose parents were Henry and Betsey (Keene) Vannah, of Nobleboro. Me., was born in 1823. He came to Gardiner in 1846 and engaged in the hardware trade in 1848 on Bridge street. After two or three changes of loca- (y^A-t>c^pn^'t^»^^ y^-t^-^^ THE CITY OF GARDINER. 665 tion he bought, in 1863, the block he still occnpies, and next to Amasa Ring has been continuously in business the longest of any man on Water street. A curious and significant fact in the hardware trade is this: when Mr. Vannah began the only tool he sold of American manufacture was one kind of plane irons, and it now happens that every article he sells is made in this country except one English make of the same article — plane irons. Isaac G. Vannah, in 1849, married Eliza C. Rafter, of Jefferson, Me. They have one child, Letetia Kate. Charles O. Wadsworth, born in 1839 in Gardiner, is a son of Moses S. and grandson of the Quaker preacher, Moses Wadsworth, of West Gardiner. He enlisted in 1862 and lost a leg in front of Petersburg. After the war he was salesman and bookkeeper at times, and in 1878 was elected city clerk and librarian of the public library of Gardiner, and was commissioned justice of the peace the same year, which posi- tions Ije has since continuously held. He married Angie M. Baldwin, of New Hampshire, and has two children: Mildred B. and Frank C. Captain James Walker, born in 1834, is the grandson of Captain Lemuel Walker, a seafaring man born in Kennebunkport, Me., and the son of Joshua Walker 2d, the youngest of twelve children, who was born in Litchfield, and Married Hannah S., daughter of Jeremiah Potter, of Litchfield, and moved to Richmond, Me., in 1850. James enlisted from Aroostook county in Company E, 15th Maine, served under General Butler, was at New Orleans and in the Red River cam- paign, and then under General Sheridan in the Shenandoah valley. He came home at the close of the war and married Julia, daughter of Annis Douglas, of Gardiner. They have two children: Charles F. and Clara E. Hon. Charles A. White is the son of Eben White, who came from Winthrop to Hallowell. where he was for years senior member in the grocery firm of White & Warren, and whose father was Major Benja- min White — war of 1812. Eben White brought his family to Gardiner in 1829. being then in government employ under General Jackson. Charles A. White, born in 1828 in Hallowell, was appointed postmaster at Gardiner under President Pierce in 1855 and reappointed under Buchanan; was state treasurer in 1878 and 1879; was again postmaster in Gardiner under Grover Cleveland, and has served in both branches of the city government. In 1860 he married Elizabeth R., daughter of Hon. Thomas Robinson, of Ellsworth, Me. Their children are: Mary D.,now Mrs. Doctor Dike, of Melrose, Mass.; Bessie F., died 1865: and Charles R., Harry Eben and Anna E., of Gardiner. Captain Franklin D. Whitmore is the son of William and Phebe ( Hayden) Whitmore, of Arrowsic, Me., where he was born in 1839. His father was a teacher and afterward a Congregational minister. Captain Whitmore has followed the sea since the age of seventeen, 43 666 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. becoming master of the Mary Russell in 1870. He has commanded several ships, all engaged in the California trade. His present vessel is the Berlin, of which he is part owner. He came to Gardiner in 1869, and in 1871 married Mary N., daughter of Judge Palmer, of Gardiner. Their children are: Mary L., Frank H. and Morton P. Fred W. Willey was born in Litchfield, Me., June 19, 1857. When six years of age his parents moved to South Gardiner, Me., where he has since resided. He received his education in the city schools of Gardiner and the Commercial College of Augusta, of which he was a graduate. The most of his life has been spent in the lumber busi- ness; in the woods in winter and in the lumber yard in summer as surveyor. He was married to Fannie Foster Crocker, of'Machias, Me., Tune 3, 1885. One son is the fruit of their union. His father, J. O. Willey, was born January 8, 1821, in Durham, N. H., married Mary H. Johnson, of Gardiner, Me., and had three children: Ida M., Fred W. and Abbie P. Willey. His father was a connection of the Willey family that was buried in the slide of the White mountains. Robert Williamson was born in Chesterfield county, Va., in 1803, and in 1829, with his wife, Mary Hunt, of Boston, came to Gardiner, where they raised their family and where, until his death in 1874, he was successfully engaged in the clothing business. Their surviving children are: Mary E. (Mrs. John D. Lovett, of Boston) and Virginia Williamson, of Gardiner. Albion E. Wing, son of Leonard Wing, of Wayne, and grandson of Allen Wing, who came from Cape Cod, was born in 1822. Leonard Wing married Betsey Ellis, of Wayne, by whom he had six boys and three girls, Albion E. being the fourth. The latter came to Gardiner in 1843 and married Mary Jane, daughter of Joshua Burgess, in 1846. Their only child is Mrs. Augustus W. McCausland. Mr. Wing was a self-taught mechanic and turned his attention to wagon making when he first came to Gardiner, working for William H. Lord as a journey- man. After a partnership in the same business with J. D. Gardiner of some six years, he built a shop on Church street, now a marble shop, where he manufactured carriages and sleighs for nearly forty years, and then sold the business to J. B. Libby. Mr. Wing has been member of the city council and president of that body, also assessor and overseer of the poor. Philip H. Winslow' descended from Kenelin Winslow', who was born in Drotwich, Eng., in 1599, and came to Salem, Mass., the line of descent being: Nathaniel', Gilbert', Barnabas', Barnabas', Philip", whose wife was a Rideout; Philip', who, born in New Gloucester in 1818— the third of nine children — came to Gardiner in 1841, married Emily Hawks, of Windham, Me., in 1842, had a family of three boys and two girls, and died in 1888. Philip H. Winslow', born in 1852, was the youngest of the three boys, only two of whom and one girl THE CITY OF GARDINER. 667 are living. He married Luella A., daughter of Harvey Scribner, of Gardiner, in 1873. They have one child, Harvey Philip. Mr. Wins- low has been in the grocery trade at Gardiner twenty-one j'ears, making his the oldest grocery house but two in this city. Frank C. Wise, born in Canton, 1858, is the son of George W. Wise, who was born in Hallowell, and whose father, Martin W. Wise, was also a Hallowell man. George W. removed from Hallow^ell to Auburn and thence to Canton. He was one of four children, and is probably the only one now living. His brother went to sea and was never heard from, and the two sisters are dead. George W. Wise married, first, Eleanor Keith, of Auburn, by whom he had two boys and one girl, and, second, Orvilla Rolfe, who bore him two sons. Frank C. Wise came from Norway, Me., to Gardiner, where he bought the clothing business of Bicknell & Neal, which he still follows. He married Mary E., daughter of Thomas Berry. Their children are Ellen M. and Hattie M. Captain Andrew T. Wyman, born in 1836, is the son of Percy and grandson of William Wyman, of Phippsburg, whose ancestors came from .Scotland. Percy Wyman married Mary Tibbetts, of Woolwich. Captain Wyman married, in 1858, Emily F. Witherspoon (a great- granddaughter of John Witherspoon, born in Scotland, who was one of the signers of the declaration of independence), and has one child, Nellie. They came to Gardiner in 1870 and two years later he became captain of the steam tug /. T. Hoffman, which he ran for five years and then took command of the A. F. Kappclla, of which he is part owner. CHAPTER XXV. TOWN OF WEST GARDINER. Incorporation. — Civil Lists. — Settlers. — Map. — Collins Mills. — Business Enter- prises.— Stores. — Post Offices. — Lodges. — Schools. — Churches. — Cemeteries. — Personal Paragraphs. THE territory which forms the town of West Gardiner formerly belonged to Gardiner and Litchfield. The larger portion of the town was within the old Gardinerston plantation, and thus be- came in 1779 a part of the original Pittston, and was also included in the town of Gardiner, incorporated in 1803, and comprised the Seventh ward of Gardiner city in 1850. The part belonging to Gardiner was 10,400 acres, set off and incorporated as West Gardiner August 8, 1850, the parent city taking no active part in opposing the separation. In 1859 the northern part of Litchfield was annexed, thus somewhat increasing its area. The town lies west of the city of Gardiner and south of Augusta; and it is bounded in part, on the south and east, by the Cobbosseecontee, a considerable stream, which is fed by ponds in Mt. Vernon. Wayne and Winthrop, and flows into the Ken- nebec within the limits of the city of Gardiner. On the northeast the town joins Gardiner, while on the north it joins Farmingdale and Manchester, and on the west Winthrop, the line passing through the east side of the great pond that lies between the towns. Litchfield lies south of the town, and is divided from it in part by the Cobbossee- contee. Civil Lists. — The names and years of service of the selectmen of the town have been as follows: Aaron Haskell, 1850; Abram Milliken, 1850, '51; David Marston, 1850, died during the year, and Daniel Tall- man filled the vacancy; Thaddeus Spear, 1851, '52, '55, '56, '57, '58; Dan- iel Fuller, 1851, '59, '60, "61, '65; vSamuel H. Parsons, 1852; Thomas M. Clark, 1852; Oliver S. Edwards, 1853, '54, '62; Eliakim Norton, 1853, '54, '59; Cyrus Brann, 1854; Hermon Stinson, 1855, '56, '57; Isaac Farr, 1855, '56; Noah Farr, 1857; Jefferson Brann, 1858; John Hodgkins, 1858; William Farr, 1859, '60, '61, '65; William H. Merrill, 1860, '61, '62, '63, '64, '70; William Morse, 1862, '63, '64; Samuel P. Stinson, 1863, '64, resigned, succeeded by Alvin Merrill, 1864; Thomas H. Dow, 1865, '66; George W. Blanchard, 1866, '67; John W. Herrick, 1866, '67, '71, '72, '76; Phineas S. Hodgdon, 1867, '68, "69, '73, '74; David TOWN OF WEST GARDINER. Tucker, 1868, '69, 74; Ezekiel Ware, 1868, '69; Elisha P. Seavey, 1870; Jacob Emerson, 1870; Eleazer C. Douglass, 1871, '72, '73, '79; Thomas H. Dow, 1871, '72; Daniel E. Merrill, 1873 to 1879 inclusive; Jerry H. Pinkham, 1875; Josiah W. Sprague, 1875; John A. Spear, 1876, '77, '78, 1880 to 1885 inclusive, and 1892; Elijah Farr, 1877 to 1883 inclusive; Nathan J. Knox, 1880 to 1883 inclusive; Alvin W. Brann, 1884 to 1891 inclusive; Samuel M. Pinkham, 1884; William P. Haskell, 1885 to 1888 inclusive; Hubbard Goldsmith, jun., 1886 to 1891 inclusive; John Pinkham, 1889 to 1892 inclusive; George E. Lancaster, The moderators of the annual town meetings, with the date of first election and number of times each has presided, are as follows: 1850, Daniel Fuller, 6; 1851, Samuel H. Parsons, 4; 1855, John Knox, 2; 1858, Moses T. Wadsworth, 4; 1866, Cyrus Brann, 8; 1871, Phineas S. Hodgdon; 1874, John W. Herrick, 2; 1877, Charles Hinkley; 1878, Eleazer C. Douglass; 1880, vSamuel M. Pinkham to 1891, except Daniel W. Robinson in 1882; John A. Spear, 1892. The succession of treasurers, with the year of election, includes: Merrill Hunt, 1850; Cyrus Brann, 1852: Robert H. Douglass, 1855; 670 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Cyrus Brann, 1857; J. L. Spear, ISoD; Samuel P. Stinson, 1862; John Knox, 1864; William P. Haskell, 1865; Stephen Weston, 1868; George H. Pope, 1874; Alpheus Spear, 1880; George H. Pope, 1883; Stephen Weston, 1886; and Baxter M. Small, since 1889. The service of seven different men as town clerks covers the forty- two years of the town's history: Oliver S. Edwar.d served until 1862, excepting 1858, when Lyman K. Littlefield was chosen; George D. Wakefield was elected in 1862 and 186.3, and iM. W. Farr in 1864; Wil- liam P. Haskell's long period of uninterrupted service began m 1865. Settlers.— Preliminary to the sale of lands to the settlers, the en- tire Cobbosseecontee tract was surveyed and divided into lots, the numbers of which appear on the original deeds. A plan of these lots, projected from Solomon Adams' survey of 1808, appears on the pre- ceding page. Enoch and Sarah (Libbey) French came in 1811 from Seabrook, N. H., and settled where their son, George W. French, now lives, at the Corner, which was named after his father. A part of the old house is still well preserved. Nathaniel Leighton,- Joseph Roberts and Nahum Merrill, a brother of Daniel Merrill, all came from Gorham, Me., about 1810. Mr. Roberts settled at Nudd's Corner, where Clarence Curtis now lives, and Mr. Leighton settled where Frank vSherburn lives. Joseph Haskell came to West Gardiner in 1818, from Gloucester, Mass. He was a sea captain and followed his calling for several years after he .settled here. Peter Clark came from Hallowell and located where his grandson, George Clark, lives. James Lord came from Ipswich, Mass., and spent the balance of his life on the place where his grandson, Charles McCausland, lives. His death was tragic — his house was burned in 1847, and he perished in the flames. Abel French settled on the cross road from North to High streets, about 1812. Aaron Wadsworth came from Massachusetts between 1790 and 1800, and settled where Isaac Wentworth lives. Elias and Benjamin Howard, from Massachusetts, also lived on land now owned by Mr. AVentworth. Caleb Towle lived where his son, Orrin, now resides. Aaron Haskell lived where Miss Irene Collins lives. Daniel Herrick and John W. Herrick lived on the next farm to Joseph Haskell, where John W.'s daughter, Mrs. Helen A. Fuller, now resides. The old house in which Joseph Haskell lived was burned. It stood on the place now owned by Albert W. De Fratus. Ezekiel Robinson came in 1802 from Gloucester, Mass., and settled on the farm now owned by Lambert Perkins, on which his son, Benjamin B. Robinson, lived till he was eighty years old. Ezekiel was a brother to the widely known almanac maker, Daniel R. Robinson. Nathaniel Currier was born in Southampton, N. H., and moved to Sedgwick, Me., from whence he came to West Gardiner in 1816— that memorable cold summer when the ground froze and corn and pota- TOWN OF WEST GARDINER. 671 toes were killed in June and were hoed the first time in July, and again killed by frost in August. Mrs. Harriet B. Sampson, Mr. Cur- rier's daughter, now living at the age of 84 with her daughter, Mrs. Doctor Whitmore, in Gardiner, remembers that a few potatoes were all the crop her father was able to raise that year. Mrs. Sampson has vivid recollections of the old times, some of which are as follows. William Morse came from Bath, Me., and built a house west of the church on the Hallowell road. William Stevens, father of Moses and John Stevens, came from up the Kennebec river and settled where Reuben L. Snow lives. Captain Chapin Sampson, who came from Boston to West Gardi- ner about 1800, had some strange adventures in his day. About 1786 he commanded a big ship that was captured on the Mediterranean sea by an Algerine corsair. He and his crew were stripped of their clothing and driven through the streets of Algiers as a show, being the first Americans ever seen there. They were treated with all man- ner of indignities, thrown in loathsome dungeons, and at the end of ten days they were sent into the country to labor as slaves. Captain Chapin and his master soon discovered that they were brother Masons, and at the risk of his life the overseer proved his loyalty to the order by helping his slave to escape. Captain Thomas B. Sampson, son of Captain Chapin, came from Boston in 1826, in which year he was mar- ried to Harriet B. Currier. He followed the sea as long as his health would permit. Job Sampson came from Boston to Hallowell and from thence to West Gardiner. He was a blacksmith and his shop stood in the hollow west of the Baptist church. Reuel Rice, son of John Rice, lived where Mrs. Seavey now lives. The Rices were very early settlers. Joseph Neal was an early settler and lived in a house sold to Elisha Seavey. Thomas and Julius Neal were his sons. Thomas lived in the first house beyond the red school house. Israel Hutchinson lived where Joseph Spear lives. Thomas Brann, son of Captain John Brann, an old settler, lived where James W. Small does. Edward Austin lived near where Jonathan Good- rich lives. C. J. Edwards lived where his son, Ezekiel, lives. Abra- ham Bachelor came from New Hamp.shire before 1815, and lived on what is now the George Carter place. He was buried in a vault with a granite front, which he built on his own farm. Ebenezer Bailey, from Durham, settled in 1800 near where the Friends' meeting house stands. He was killed by a falling limb while chopping in the woods. Moses Wadsworth, who came from Winthrop in 1809, was a carpenter and the Friend minister. He lived west of the meeting house, near the pond. Paul Hildreth, the first settler in Lewiston, came here and settled in early times near Horseshoe pond, and had sons, Robert and Thad- deus Hildreth. Hugh Potter, father of Hugh Potter, was an old set- 672 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. tier near Spear's Corner; also the Marstons. I.ittlefields and Annis Spear, from whom the " Corner " took its name. Jerry Wakefield set- tled on High street, below Nudd's Corner, and John Knox, Chester Rhoades and John Libby lived near Merrill's Corner. Collins Mills. — This locality was originally called Cram's Mills. About 1815 Jacob Cram owned the land on one side of the Cobbossee- contee and R. H. Gardiner owned that on the other side, the dividing line being in the center of the stream. Mr. Cram built a wooden dam and a mill which he operated for a time with such success that Mr. Gardiner wanted control of the whole. So he objected to the dam where it rested on his land, and compelled Mr. Cram to remove it. After a long quarrel the matter was settled by Cram selling his land and his part of the water right at a low figure to Gardiner — exactly as the latter had intended from the start. Mr. Gardiner, in 1830, built a dam and afterward mills, which he sold in 1854 to John Collins, the present owner. The stone dam is a most substantial structure, and it has withstood for over half a century the assaults of heavy floods, with accompanying drift ice. The bridge below the dam was built by Mr. Collins in 1843. Paul Collins, father of John Collins, was a native of Ware, N. H., from whence he came to Durham, Me., at the age of fourteen, and then to Manchester, in 1803, where he lived and died. He and his wife, Mary (Winslow) Collins, were both Quakers and are buried in the Friends' burial ground. John Collins, Paul's son, came to his present location and bought for $6,500 one hundred acres of land, on which were a grist mill, a saw mill and a carding machine. The card- ing mill was used to make cotton batting and employed four hands. Mr. Collins operated all three of the mills. In 1860 the saw mill and the carding mill were burned. The former was at once rebuilt by Mr. Collins, who also, in 1870, built for George Cowee and Edwin Morse a furniture manufactory, 40 by 80 feet and five stories high. Thirty hands were employed in the summer and forty in the winter, making bedsteads as a specialty. The owners, Cowee & Morse, lived in Augusta. After a short time Morse sold his interest to Joseph Miller, of Augusta. vS. S. Brooks, of Augusta, and John Collins then bought the furniture mill and operated it two years, when Collins sold to Prentiss M. Fogler, the firm being P. M. Fogler & Co., who operated it till 1878, when it was burned, together with the new saw mill and the grist mill. The grist mill had two runs of stone and did a fine custom business. Joseph L. Spear built an early store at Collins Mills, and ran it three or four years, when he sold it to Enoch Dill, who sold it two years later to Joseph Adams, who ran it two years and changed it into a dwelling house. Jesse Falls was an early blacksmith, whose shop .£>^'^z y'Cj'Cr^^/^'/, Note. — Paul Collins, of Irish descent, was born in Weare, N. H., in 1772, and died in Manchester, Me., in 1864 — his wife in 1858. Their children were: Ruth, born in 1801; George H., 1803; Isaac, 1805; Samuel, 1807; Levi, 1809; Ann W., 1811; Cyrus B., 1814; John, April 17, 1816; and Irene in 1819. John Collins and Emily Winslow were married in 1851. Frank S. , their eldest child, now a house builder, living in Boston, was born in 1854 and married Minnie Leavitt, who died in 1885. His second wife was Nellie Perkins, of West Gardiner. Their two children are: John L. and Carl R. The second child of John, Alice M., born in 1857, married in 1882, J. W. Larrabee, of Boston, a shirt manufacturer. They have two children: Emilie H. and John. Ferdie A., the third child of John, was bom in 1868 and died when seventeen months old. Jacob Cram built, before 1795, the first mill on the valuable Cobbosseecontee water privilege, which has so long borne Mr. Collins' name. It is a historic spot. Mr. Collins is a life-long ■democrat and has taken the Portland Argus over fifty years. TOWN OF WEST GARDINER. 673 stood near the bridge at Collins Mills. Aloses Hawks was a stone- cutter and fanner and had a blacksmith shop. As early as 1810 to 1820 bricks were made in a small way in various parts of Gardiner. Nicholas Pinkham, who came from Durham in 1805, and settled where his son, Jeremiah Pinkham. lives, made the bricks on his place to build his chimneys. Noah Farr came before 1800 from Harpswell, Me., and settled where Benjamin Hopkins now lives. He was originally a fisherman. Elijah Goddard came about 1805 and settled where John M. Gove lives. About 1874 Joseph L. Spear built a saw mill on the Gardiner estate a mile above the mill dam, and runs it yet. Business Enterprises. — About 1815 Daniel Winslow built the first tannery at Cram's Mills, and operated it for twenty-five years. This was torn down and a larger one built by Archibald Horn, who bought Mr. Winslow out. The old works were entirely devoted to tanning leather. Mr. Horn ran the business for thirty years, making a specialty of tanning sheep-skins. Isaiah Hawks purchased the plant and in two years sold to Moses Stephens, who ran it nine 3'ears, and sold to William Horn, a nephew of Archibald Horn, about 1870. He ran it several years, till he died, when his brothers, Archibald and Eben, succeeded him, and .still continue the business, under the firm name of Horn Brothers. In ISSl they erected two buildings, each forty feet square, and put in a steam boiler and engine, with all the equip- ments necessary to do a large business. They are tanning about 7,500 dozen sheep-skins a year, using two hundred cords of bark and the services of four men. Clarence E. Getchell built a tannery in 1885, 34 by 62, on the ea.st side of the stream, on land leased of John Collins. His machinery is run by water, and his works contain all modern appliances for the most successful operation. His business is confined exclusively to sheep-skins, of which 120,000, many of them foreign skins, are tanned annually, requiring the labor of four men and the consumption of 150 cords of bark. The total earnings are $6,000 per year. George H. Pope began raising corn for Hallowell canning works in 1886. In 1889 he put in the necessary fixtures and machinery at his home on Highland avenue, and put up 20,000 cans of corn. In 189(» he put up 28,000 cans of corn and 1,700 cans of pumpkin, which sold for $2,600. He raises from one-third to one-half of all the corn he cans on his own farm. Mr. Pope makes his own cans, gives work to thirty people during the active season, and is the pioneer in the can- ning business in West Gardiner . Stores. — The first to engage in the store business at Spear's Cor- ner was Frank W. Brann, about 1850. After a short time he was suc- ceeded by Joseph L. Spear, who sold his business to Gardiner Spear and George D. Wakefield. Their successors have been: Samuel P. 674 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Stinson, J. L. Spear, Josiah F. Marr, Alpheus vSpear. John A. Spear, Edwin Fairbanks, Wallace O. Spear, A. K. P. Edwards, Charles Cut- ting, Simon R. Cutting, John C. Babcock and F. W. Brann. The last store at Spear's Corner was bv W. C. Whitney, who closed the business in ]890. Joseph A. Brown, jun., opened the first store in Rip's District about 1876. He retired and was succeeded in 1877 by Charles S. Greene, who is still engaged in the grocery business. Mr. Greene is a native of Gardiner, and was born in 1836. His father was drowned off the mouth of the Kennebec in 1844. The first store at French's Corner was built and opened by William P. Haskell in 1865, in which business he still continues, living in a dwelling house attached to his store. The next store was established by the Cobbosseecontee Grange in the house of George W. French in 1876, and the last by Frank Towle in 1889, who is located in Grange Hall. Post Offices. — The first post office in town was established April 11, 1828, at the house of Aaron Haskell, who was the first postmaster. His son. Aaron, jun., was appointed March 29, 1832, and held the office until September 5, 1835, when he was succeeded by Daniel Marston. The next incumbent was George W. French, appointed March 13, 1844, and succeeded by Daniel Marston, February 2, 1846. John W. Herrick was appointed September 3,1849, at which time the name was changed to French's Corner. Francis W. Brann was appointed March 31, 1854, and the name was changed to West Gardiner again. He was followed by William P. Haskell, May 2, 1854; William D. Marston, May 14, 1857; William P. Haskell, September 14, 1861; John W. Her- rick, January 26, 1864; William P. Haskell, November 29, 1865; Albert W. De Fratus, September 23, 1885; and Frank E. Towle, the present incumbent. May 13, 1889. This office is on the old post route from Augusta to Freeport and had a tri-weekly mail until about 1875, when the mail route was reorganized and a daily mail established from Augusta to South Litchfield. Prior to 1857 there was a post office at West Gardiner Center, on the Gardiner and Lewiston route, with Joseph L. Spear as postmaster. He held the position for three or four years, and was succeeded by Moses Rogers, who was appointed by Buchanan. Party feeling ran high in the neighborhood and it was not long until there appeared to be no use for a post office or a Democratic postmaster at the Center. Societies. — The Cobbos.seecontee Grange, P. of H., was organized February 8, 1875. Jeremiah Pinkham was the first master. In Feb- ruary, 1876, the Grange established a store in the house of George W. French, where it was kept eight years, when the profits were found to be sufficient to build the present Grange Hall, which cost over $1,200. The store was operated for the Grange by Albert De Fratus till 1888, TOWN OF WEST GARDINER. 675 then by Lizzie French till the stock was sold to Frank Towle, who rents the lower floor of the hall. Elijah Farr is the present master of the Grange, and Mrs. Celia J. Davis is secretary, with thirty-seven members The Gardiner Lodge of Good Templars was organized in 1871, numbering one hundred members, with Herbert Small chief templar. The Ladies' Library Association at French's Corner was organized in 1886, through the efforts of Mrs. Lizzie W. Buck and Miss Flora Goodwin. Fundswere first raised by a ladies' fair, and have been since maintained by entertainments and quarterly dues. The association has a circulating library of over one thou.sand volumes, kept at George W. French's hou.se. The first president of this useful and commend- able enterprise was Miss Flora Goodwin; and Mrs. Lizzie W. Buck is now president and secretary. ■ Schools. — West Gardiner contains nine school districts, each hav- ing two sessions of school per year that average from ten to twelve weeks each session. The town school committee for 1891 were Al- pheus Spear, Reuben L. Snow and John A. Spear, and the amount raised by the town for common schools was $1,500, and $200 for part support of a high school. The first high school in town was organized in the town hall in August, 1891, with Roscoe B. Parsons as teacher. The tuition is free to residents of the town, and the first session with about thirty pupils, promised well for the future. Ecclesiastical. — The first church organized within what are now the limits of West Gardiner held its initial meeting in the school house at Brown's Corner, December 14, 1815. Elder Levi Young, Wil- liam Nash,Sewall Brown, Ezekiel Robinson, James Lord. Joseph Rob- inson and seven others signed articles of agreement under the cor- porate title of " The First Baptist Church in Gardiner." For the next twenty years their meetings were held in the Brown's Corner school house, and in a school house standing near the location of the present church. At a meeting held February 4, 1835, at the house of Nathaniel Currier, preliminary steps were taken to build a meeting house. Abra- ham Beedle was chosen moderator, and Julius Neal, clerk. An ad- journed meeting was held only four days later, at which Nathaniel Currier, Nicholas Hinkley, George Nash, Julius Neal and Benjamin B. Brown were chosen as building committee. A subscription paper was circulated and the followiug pledges were given: Nathaniel Cur- rier, $100; William Morse and James Lord, $60 each; Thomas B. Sampson, $50; Nathaniel M. Currier, Job Sampson, Braddock Hatha- way and R. H. Gardiner, $30 each; Reuel Rice, Thomas J. Neal, Ben- jamin Grover, Nicholas Hinkley, Alden Rice, Lsrael Hutchinson, Thomas Brann and Edwin Austin, $25 each; Thomas B. Seavey, Abel French, Abraham Bachelor, Rufus Rice, Moses Stephens, Julius Neal, 676 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Joseph Neal, Benjamin B. Robinson, C. L. Edwards and George Nash each subscribed " one pew." How much the cash value of " one pew " was we are not informed, but the same meeting voted " to locate the said house " on the line between Captain Chapin vSampson and Wil- liam Morse, sen., on the road leading from Brown's Corner to Hallowell village, and •' to accept the proposal made by Nicholas Hinkley to build and complete said hou.se according to the plan before the society, furnish all of the materials, for the sum of nine hundred dol- lars." The house was finished'and dedicated in July, 1S36. Benjamin B. Robinson was chosen clerk and held the office many years. The pastors have been: Rev. Abraham Beedle, Elder Eliab Cox, Rev. A. M. Piper, Elder Rufus Chase, Rev. W. O. Grant, Rev. H. Pierce, Charles Cook, Rev. Asa Gould and Rev. Mr. Chapman. The church is so much reduced in members and resources that it has become a mission church and has no regular preaching. William K. Wharffis the only deacon. The First Freewill Baptist Church of West Gardiner was organized October 26, 1826, by Elders Samuel Hathorn and Josiah Farwell, with fifteen members. Services were held in school houses till 1840, when a church was built, at a cost of $1,100, on the Litchfield road near Samuel Grover's. Elder Josiah Keene preached the dedication ser- mon, and Eldei's Nathaniel Purrington, Mark Getchell and Isaac Frost took part in the services. In 1842 fifteen members left this church to join the Second church on High street. About 1887 the White House, as it was called, was moved to Spear's Corner — a location nearer the center of the society, where the congregation has grown till it is the largest in town. The records are kept by Ezekiel Ware. The Second Freewill Baptist Church of West Gardiner, formerly called the Center Church, built in 1841, of brick, a house of worship costing $1,300. It was dedicated November 9th of the same year by Elders John Stevens, Thomas S. Tyler, Samuel Bush, Barnard Good- rich, Mark Getchell and Nathaniel Purrington. The society was for- mally organized January 24, 1842, with sixteen members. The Meth- odists assisted in building the house, participated in the exercises, and have always had equal rights in it to hold meetings of theirown, which they did as long as any members of that faith were left in that vicinity. Not only the Methodists, but the Baptists have died out, till Rhoda Sherburn is the only living member of the old church, whose roll used to contain such names as Deacon John Blanchard, Joseph Cole, Hiram Pope, Robert C. Towle and Jeremiah Blaisdell, and whose preachers were Elders Thomas S.Tyler, Samuel Bush, Hiram Sleeper, Cleveland B. Glidden and others. Rev. Monroe, of the Freewill Baptist faith, preaches regularly there at present. September 1, 1876, the Christian denomination organized a society in this church, with Hiram Pope, George H. Pope and five females as TOWN OF WKST GARDINER. 677 members. Frank Ward, A. J. Abbott and others have been the preachers. Ezekiel Ware says the Second Calvanist Baptist Church was organ- ized about 1830. The church and society, which had no house, held meetings in a school house near .Spear's Corner. It has been extinct for many years. Among the early preachers were Reverends Bedel, Hooper and Mitchel. Among the teachers were Elias Fairbanks and James Littlefield. No records of the church are extant. Grave Yards. — Early there was a burying place — now unmarked —at Spear's Corner, where some of the first residents were buried. A few years since the yard was disturbed and the remains of the interred persons were removed to the yard near Joseph Fairbanks'. The cemetery on the road from High street to Spear's Corner is in charge of Sexton John Curtis, who also has charge of the town hearse, which is free for public use. In case his services are required to go with it, a proper charge is made. The grave yard on the Hallowell road west of French's Corner, was given by R. H. Gardiner. The town has enlarged it and has charge of it. Lots are free. The burying ground on High street has been long in use. The town has had to enlarge it to meet the wants of the public. The Friends have an ancient grave yard near their meeting house. On the corner opposite, Cyrus Howard about forty-five years ago took from his farm a half acre of land and fenced the two front sides with pickets and the two back sides with stone. The lots— free to such as wished to bury there — have been largely used. Mr. Howard's re- mains are there. There is a burying ground near Merrill's Corner, that has been in use since the fir.st settlement of the town. The Tucker family have a private burying ground just in the rear of the homestead buildings. It was first used in 1846 to bury the re- mains of Jesse Tucker, sen. The lot, which is small, is surrounded by a cast iron fence, and the grounds are duly recorded in the county clerk's office at Augusta. For half a century the Clough family have deposited their dead in a private burying ground on a farm now owned by C. O. Clough. It has a sub.stantial vault and is fenced with stone and iron. personal paragraphs. Joseph E. Babb, son of Joseph and Margaret (Davis) Babb, both of Litchfield, was born in 1839, and is a farmer. He married Armina, daughter of Joseph Roberts. She died leaving two children: Flora E. and Annie M. His present wife was Mrs. Martha E. Allen, daughter of William Grover. Mr. Babb enlisted August 15, 1861, in Company D, 7th Maine Volunteers, and reenlisted at Brandy Station, Va., in 678 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTV. December, 1863. He served in the 7th Regiment until September, 1863, when the 5th, 6th and 7th were consolidated as the 1st Maine Veterans and he was transferred to Company I of the latter regiment. He was discharged at Washington, D. C, June 28, 1865. John C. Babcock, son of John Babcock, was born in 1824, at New- castle. Me. He followed the sea fourteen years, and after farming fourteen years in Mexico, Me., he came to West Gardiner in 1865 and bought the Annis Spear place, where he now lives. He married Harriet, daughter of John Brookins, of Pittston. They have eight children. Alvin W. Brann is the ninth child of Moses and Susan (Thompson) Brann, who came from Berwick, Me., to West Gardiner. Mr. Brann is a farmer. He was collector of taxes two years and is now (1891) serving his eighth year as selectman. He married Lovisa J., daugh- ter of Zebulon Wright, of Lewiston, Me. Their two daughters are: Nellie F. (Mrs. H. H. Hunt) and Ida Belle. James H. Buck, only son of Ira and Mary (Na.sh) Buck, was born in 1837, and is a farmer and wholesale and retail produce dealer. He married Martha, daughter of Ephraim Wadsworth, granddaughter of Moses and great-granddaughter of John Wadsworth. She died and he married her sister, Lizzie Wadsworth. Charles O. Clough, son of Isaiah and Mary (Haskell) Clough, and grandson of Josiah Clough, was born in 1820, and is a carpenter and farmer. He married Vesta A., daughter of David Dyer, of Fall River, Mass. They have four children: Anna, Hartwell, Willis and Lillian. Captain John Collins, born in 1816, is a son of Paul and Mary (Winslow) Collins, grandson of Samuel and Hannah (Dow) Collins, and great-grandson of Tristram Collins, of Ware, N. H. Paul Collins settled in Litchfield (now Manchester) in 1803 and John Collins lived there until 1854, when he removed to his present home in West Gar- diner, where he has since been a farmer and manufacturer. When Paul Collins came from New Hampshire, he brought, on horseback, two hundred apple trees, and set an orchard which is still standing. John Collins married Emily, daughter of Major Adam Winslow and granddaughter of Hezekiah Winslow, of West Falmouth, Me. Their children are: Frank S., Alice M. (Mrs J. W. Larrabee) and one son that died in infancy. William H. Curtis, born in 1836, was a .son of John Curtis, who came from England when twenty years old and settled in Hallowell. Mr. Curtis was a farmer and speculator; the farm of one hundred acres where he lived for several years, and where his widow and youngest son now live, was originally the John Merrill farm. Mr. Curtis died in 1891. His wife was Marantha A., daughter of John and Mary (Sawyer) Fogg. Their three children were: Flora (Mrs. William Parkhurst), J. Frank and Charles T. TOWN OF WEST GARDINER. 678a J. Frank Curtis, son of William H. Curtis, was born April 6, 1863. At the age of fourteen he began to work at the meat business with his father, and he has made it his principal business since that time. In 1884 he married Isabell Benner, of West Gardiner. Thomas M. De Fratis, born in 1843, is a son of Captain De Fratis. He married Nellie M., daughter of N. J. Benner, of West Gardiner. He was in the drug business in Monmouth for a time, three years in confectionery business in Boston, and since 1882 he has been em- ployed in a soda manufactory in Boston. Elijah Farr is the son of William and the grandson of Noah Farr, who came to Harpswell, Me., before 1800, from Cape Cod. William Farr, an early settler in West Gardiner, was widely known as a prom- inent member of the Society of Friends. His first wife was Eunice Briggs, of Winthrop, and their two children were Christina and Eunice. Eunice Wadsworth, his second wife, was a relative of General James S. Wadsworth, of Livingston county, who was killed in the battle of the Wilderness. Their children were: Lydia Ann, William H., Elijah, Daniel and Sibyl. William Farr was born in 1798 and died in 1880. Mrs. Farr, born in 1809, now lives with her son, Elijah. He was born in West Gardiner in 1840, and married Carrie Wilson, of Lewiston, in 1869. Mrs. Farr died in 1888. Mr. Farr has, like his father and his grandfather, always been a farmer. He was one of the selectmen of his town for seven years. Seward Merrill, born in West Gardiner in 1828, is a son of Daniel and Lydia (Godfrey) Merrill. He .served in the late war in Company B, 7th Maine, as teamster for three years. He was a teamster in Boston for a number of years, and for the last fifteen years he has been watchman in Hallett, Davis & Co.'s piano manufactory, Boston. His wife, Angeline, was a daughter of Charles and Catherine Hinck- ley. She died in 1891. Daniel Robinson, born April 8, 1777, in Gloucester, Mass., was a son of Ezekiel Robinson, born November 16, 1738, at Gloucester, Mass., and died at Halifax, N. S., a prisoner of war, in 1777. His wife was Abigail Tarbox, of Gloucester, Mass. Their children were: Polly, Ezekiel, jun., William T. and Daniel. At the age of four years Daniel, the youngest child, was adopted by his uncle, of Newbury- port, whose name he bore. His uncle's wife became his early pre- ceptress, and from her tuition he attended the public school, high school, and various seminaries. At the age of twenty he began teaching school, and continued 'in that vocation until about 1830. His literary work after that date is noticed at page 265. In 1798 he married Rebecca, daughter of Major Benjamin Bodge. Of their five children three are now living: Eunice B., widow of Emerson Tit- comb; Daniel, now of Boston, and Pamelia G., the widow of Johnson K. Allen. Mr. Robinson died December 7, 1854. 678b HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Captain ThOiMas B. Sampson was a son of Captain Chapin Samp- son mentioned at page 671, who commanded vessels in the merchant service until he retired from the sea and settled on the farm where he died December 29, 1853, at the ripe age of eighty-six. He married Sarah Smith, of Boston, and that union was blessed with nine children. The fourth child and third son of this family was Thomas B., whose por- trait appears on the opposite page. He was born February 6, 1797, at Waldoboro, Me. He received the advantages of the common schools of those times, and at an early age began an apprenticeship to a spar maker in Boston, where he remained until the beginning of the war of 1812. Circumstances transpired in 1813 that fired the patriotism of the young mechanic, and he abandoned the tools of his craft and at once enlisted in the navy, where he served his country for two years. Here a taste for a seafaring life was acquired. On being discharged from the navy he decided to enter the merchant service, and shipped "before the mast." It was not long, however, before he became a chief officer, and in 1824 he became master of a vessel. Skillful sea- manship, good judgment, and superior executive ability character- ized his career in the European trade, where he operated successfully as master of vessels for 34 years. In 1858 he sold his vessel property and retired to his farm to enjoy his well earned and ample competency. His marriage May 15, 1826, was with Harriet B., the eldest daugh- ter of Deacon Nathaniel and Sarah (Abbott) Currier. Their four children, who are all dead, were: Harriet E., the wife of Dr. Chad- bourn W. Whitmore: Adelia B., William C. and Thomas C, who was a druggist in Bath, Me., where he died in 1859, leaving a widow, Charlotte M. (Jackson) Sampson. In 1826 Captain Sampson bought a farm place in West Gardiner, Avhich was his home for the remainder of his life, which terminated August 31, 1873. In the family lot a few rods south of the house rest his honored ashes, near those of his parents. His widow, who survives him, still owns the farm, though she has resided in Auburn,, Me., since the death of her daughter, Mrs. Whitmore, with whom she lived after her husband's death. Captain Sampson was much beloved in the community in which he lived, for his uprightness of character, and was respected by all who knew him for his firm, just and reliable dealings. His rec- ord is one of honor, a record of honest labor and duties conscien- tiously performed. Politically, he was a democrat of the Jeffersonian type, though the quiet retirement of his home was more congenial to his tastes than political office or activity in social organizations^ But his heart was too large to embrace his own kin only, and his o-en- erosity opened his home to the homeless and his purse to the needy. In his life journey of more than three quarters of a century he left many a footprint on the sands of time for the benefit of future generations.. WX OF WEST GARlllNKK. Dorn in 1825, is a son of Cyprai ^ and grandson of Joshua and Maiy iSievt„:; cd seven years in the revolutionary war. }^t lo Maine. Mr. Edwards is a farmer on the ved and near where his grandfather •settled liardiner. He married Lydia A., daughter of •■ two daughters are: Inez J. (,Mrs. Geof^e J n in 1828, is a son of Deacon Daniel Fuller. .rried Charlotte Augusta, daughter of Ebenezer had three children: Alberton G., Edith H. and born in 1842, is a son of Deacon Daniel Fv-.' the homestead of John W. Herrick. He ii" laughter of John W. and Susan A. (Freiu • child: Blanche M. Daniel Herrick and m 1 Gloucester, Mass., to Gardiner and boi; resides, in the year 1802. He was a cn> : at work at his trade he was engaged i tting together materials with which ' > commenced in 1807 and finish. ' 1 repair and owned and occupi- !errick died in 1841, aged Gc 7 years. They had eight iged 3o years: Captain 1 ' i)teraber 15, 1837, aged 'ii < -o >rham, November o, 1832, age. :, aged 18; Mary, October, 1867, . 67. After the death of Danic farm and lived there until h:'' •'■ rister, and held the ofiict- ; in 1861 and served unt .im P. Haskell. He was sc of selectmen and collector • r 'a ...n A. French, and they hi' :I I.S46; Florence I., b' ' '., born February 1' 28. 1855, died V I March 20, 1 8' : mu: to time. nek his In 184S He wa.s lid re n: ITelc n in 184'..). i..- the \' iiie (Lord) Fulle! .and Lucy (Hodgkins) Fuller. Mr. Fuller is a farmer on the farm 680 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. where his grandfather settled in 1806. when he came from Ipswich, Mass. He married Mary, daughter of Moses Rogers, and their chil- dren are: Lewis W. and Marion, and one son that died in infancy. Hugh Getchell, father of Asa Getchell, came frorn Durham, Mass., about 1815 and settled where Thomas Goodwin now lives. Clarence E. Getchell, son of Asa, married, first, Kate Gordon, by whom he had three children: Hugh, Fuller J. and Forrest. Hugh was drowned when seventeen years old, while bathing in the Cobbosseecontee. In 1883 Clarence E. married his second wife, Isabel Bachelor. They have one child, Lucy. Hubbard Goldsmith, born in Litchfield in 1814, is a son of Isaac and Mary (Johnson) Goldsmith. He lived several years in Richmond, and in 1867 came to Gardiner, where he was a farmer (with the excep- tion of one year in the livery business) until 1875, when he came to West Gardiner, where he now resides. He married Helen S., daugh- ter of Elijah Robinson. She is deceased. Of their twelve children, eight are living: Hubbard, jun., Charles B., Aarabine, Hettie, William, Mary M., Wilbur and J. Fred. Charles S. Greene, son of Levi B. and EleanorS. (Ware) Greene and grandson of Isaac Greene, was born in 1836, and is a farmer. Since 1877 he has kept a grocery and feed store. He married Judith W., daughter of Otis Perry, and their children are: Mary E., Samuel O. and Hattie L. William P. Ha.skell, the only surviving child of Joseph and Mary Haskell, was born in 1828, and has been a merchant at West Gardiner since 1865. He has been town clerk since 1863 with the exception of one year, was postmaster twenty years, and has held every office of the town except school committee. He represented the district in the legislature in 1877. He married Helen M., daughter of Daniel Burns. Their children are: Mary F., Clara G., Abbie L. and William P. (de- ceased). Samuel Horn, father of Archibald and Eben Horn, was a tanner by trade. He came from Hallowell and lived in West Gardiner for about fifty-five years, dying in 1890. Archibald was born in West Gardiner in 1853, and married Christina Willis in 1883. Eben was born in West Gardiner in 1855. February 14, 1877, he married Maggie A. Hayward. They have three children: Erving Hayward, born June 8, 1878; Harry Cliford, and Hallise Leon, born June 20, 1881. Elijah Jackson, born in Pittston in 1821, is a son of Elijah and Abigail (Cutts) Jackson, and grandson of Thomas Jackson. Mr. Jack- son followed the sea from 1839 until 1868, when he came to West Gardiner, where he is a farmer. He married Elizabeth, daughter of Rufus and Judith (Lapham) Lord. Their children are: Clarence S., of Gardiner; Nellie M. and Ettie F. TOWN OF WEST GARDINER. CSl Thomas Litnt, born in Gardiner in 1834, is the eldest of nine cliil- dren of Joseph W. and Mary (Brann) Lunt, grandson of Joseph and Lydia (Wharf) Lunt, and great-grandson of Captain William Lunt. Mr. Lunt served in the late war in Company C, 1st Maine Cavalry, from December, 1861, to December, 1864. Before the war he was a paper maker, and since then has been a farmer. He married Frances A., daughter of Jonathan B. Allard. They have two children: Joseph W. and Percy Thomas. James McCausland, son of Jerry and Olive (Cram) McCausland, and grandson of James and Mary (Berry) McCausland, was born in 1821, and carries on the farm where his father settled in 1814. He is one of ten children, five of whom are living: Olive C, James, Thomas C, Nancy H. and Julia A. William D. Marston is a son of Daniel and Nancy (Freeman) Mars- ton, and grandson of Nathaniel and Eleanor (Watson) Marston, the latter of Litchfield, Me. Nathaniel Marston came from New Hamp- shire to Winthrop, and in 1806 settled in W^est Gardiner. Nancy W. Freeman, wife of Daniel Marston, was from Westbrook, Me. William D. is a farmer on the farm where his father lived. He is one of nine children, seven of whom are living: Gustavus A. (deceased), married Catharine F. Burr, of Litchfield, Me.; Mary Isabella, married Charles R. Gilman, of Monmouth, Me.; Eleanor M., married Oliver S. Edwards, of W>st Gardiner; Charlotte W., married Duncan M. Ross., of Port- land, Me.; William D., married Olive F. Allen, of Boston, Mass.; Daniel E., married Ellen E. Merserve, of Richmond, Me.; Ann E., married James B. Grossman, of Durham, Me.; Emma F., married Nathaniel J. Benner, of Monmouth, Me.; Abbie T. (deceased), married Daniel Bean, of Mt. Vernon, Me. Daniel E. Merrill, son of Daniel and Lydia (Godfrey) Merrill, who came from Gorham, Me., in 1810, was born in 1833, and lives in the brick hou.se built by his father in 1850. He was mining in California from 1857 until March, 1863, when he enlisted in the army, serving until July, 1865, when he was discharged as sergeant of Company E., 2d Mass. Cavalry, and has since been a farmer on the old homestead. He married Ellen S., daughter of Rev. Jairus and Sophia (Cargill) Fuller, and has two children: Evelyn M. and Alfred R. Edward S. Norton, the youngest and only survivor of nine chil- dren of William and Sarah (Bradstreet) Norton, was born in 1818. He was fifteen years employed as a paper maker, and in 1841 bought the farm in West Gardiner where he now lives. He married Caroline, daughter of Solomon Hatch. She died in 1860, leaving three daugh- ters: Sarah B. (Mrs. James Brann), Julia (Mrs. Eugene Collins), and Mary (Mrs. M. Roach). Their eldest child, George E., was born Sep- 44 682 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. tember 21, 1841, and died October 2, 1845. His second marriage was with Frances Libby, by whom he has one son, Edward L. Elijah Pope and Susanna (Capen), his wife, came, in 1816, from Stoughton, Mass., and settled the farm on which his grandson, George H. Pope, now lives. From his cellar he dug the clay and made all the bricks for his large, fine house, which is still in excellent condition. This has probably never been done in West Gardiner before nor since. Elijah died in 1864: his wife died in 1881, aged 92. His son, Hiram, married Dorcas Ann Blanchard, of West Gardiner, and died on the old homestead in 1886. His son, George Hiram Pope, married Abbie Issabel Brann, December 24,1874. They have three children: Hiram F., Clara Belle and Forrest G. Mr. Pope is a farmer and inanufac- turer, and has been town treasurer twelve years. Robert D. Rhoades, born in 1829, is a son of Chester and Mercy (Douglass) Rhoades. Chester Rhoadescame from New Hampshire to Maine in 1814, and in 1824 .settled in West Gardiner, where he died in 1882, aged 83 years. Robert D. was railroading seven years and since 1855 has been a farmer. He married Almira M., daughter of Joseph Fuller. Their daughters are: Lizzie A. (Mrs. James F. Booker) and Myra B. (Mrs. John Cragan.) James Spear, born in 1800, was a son of Annis and Sarah (Hil- dreth) Spear. He was a farmer, and until his death in 1871 his home was where his two youngest children now live. He married Mary Ann Merrill, and of their twelve children six are now living: Mary Elizabeth (Mrs. Wright), Melissa (Mrs. Gilman), Leander, Alonzo, James Abbott and Annette M. John Spear, 2d, son of John and Mary (Potter) Spear, and grandson of Israel Spear, was born in 1826. His father was a pensioner of the war of 1812. Mr. Spear served in the late war from March, 1864, to July, 1865, in Company I, Blst Maine Volunteers. He married Re- becca, daughter of David and Sarah (Smith) Bassett, and granddaugh- ter of David Bassett. Their children are: Flora E., Millard F., Phi- lossa A., and S. Emeline. Alpheus Spear, born in 1838, is a .son of Richard and Priscilla(Lunt) Spear and grandson of Israel Spear. He is a teacher and farmer, and is now a member of the school committee. He married Elura L., daughter of Orlando F. D. Blake and granddaughter of John S. Blake. John A. Spear, son of Richard and Priscilla (Lunt) Spear, was born in 1844. He was in his country's service during the civil war. He is a school teacher and farmer. He served nine years on the board of selectmen, three years as supervisor of schools and several years as member of the school committee. He married Lizzie, daughter of Samuel P. Stinson. Their children are: Bertha and Edward. Joseph Trafton, the youngest of ten children of Thomas and Jerusha (Oliver) Trafton and grandson of Jotham Trafton, was born TOWN OF WEST GARDINER. 683 in 1838, and is a farmer. He served in the late war in Company I, 24th Maine Volunteers. He married Mary E., daughter of Hiram Haines. Their children are: Fred P., Alice M., Charles E. and Willie L. Jesse Tucker, a native of Canton, Mass., and his wife Rebecca (Fisher) Tucker, came to West Gardiner in 1806 and bought of Julius Morton, who then kept a store near by, part of the farm where his grandson, Edgar D. Tucker, now lives. Their ten children were born here and three daughters are still living. The children were: Lucy (Mrs. Woodman True), John, Rebecca (Mrs. Daniel Bartlett), Miss Hannah, Ann (Mrs. Moses True). Miss Jane M., Jesse, jun., David, Elizabeth (Mrs. Thomas Barber) and Mary (Mrs. George H. Billings). David Tucker, who died in 1887, married Abigail W. Fuller, who died in 1861. His second marriage was with Susan Tappan. He was a farmer on the homestead. He left two children, Angelia and Edgar D., who married Annie E. Cram, and has two daughters, Florence E., and Jessie E. He is a farmer and occupies the homestead with his sister and two aunts, Hannah and Jane M. Jesse Tucker's parents were Benjamin and Jane (Babcock) Tucker. Ezekiel Ware, born in Webster in 1822, is a son of James and Lydia (Staples) Ware, and grandson of John Ware. Mr. Ware came to West Gardiner in 1836, where he is a farmer. He married Jane S., daugh- ter of Charles Smith. Their children are: John A., Georgia A., Martha L., Fred J., Jessie M., Frank E. and Irving L. William H. Williams, son of James and Bethiah (Sparks) Williams, was born in 1824. His mother was born in Bowdoinham, Me. Mr. Williams is a farmer. His parents came from Saccarappa to West ■Gardiner in 1806. He married Eliza A., daughter of Samuel Butler. -She died, leaving two children, James E. and Kate M. CHAPTER XXVI. TOWN OF LITCHFIELD. BV H. D. KINGSHUKV. Location and Natural Features.— Thrift of the Inhabitants.— The Settlers.— Civil History.— Purgatory.— Litchfield Plains.— Litchfield Corners.- South Litch- field.—Saw and Grist Mills. — Brick and Lime. — Cider Mills.— Asheries.— So- cieties.— Schools. — Churches. — Cemeteries. — Personal Paragraphs. THE town of Litchfield — many sided and many angled— coa.stitutes the southwestern extremity of Kennebec county. Its appear- ance on the map is that of some unfortunate object whose head lies submerged in Cobbosseecontee pond and whose neck is still being uncomfortably squeezed between Monmouth on the left and West Gardiner on the right, which towns, with a touch of Wales on its lower left flank, form its northern boundary. On the east lie West Gardiner and Richmond, the latter being separated by the Cobbossee- contee and its ponds; on the south it rests on the towns of Richmond and Bowdoin in Sagadahoc, and Wales in Androscoggin county, and its western neighbors are Wales and Monmouth. The eastern part of Litchfield is somewhat uneven, the central is comparatively level, and the western portion is hilly. Oak and Neal hills are its highest elevations. Its soil has all the varieties of south- ern and central Maine, from the thin sprinkle of sand and gravel that in many spots try in vain to conceal its rocky anatomy, to the rich clay loam and alluvial deposits of its productive plowlands and mead- ows. The records of nearly a score of once active, but now generally defunct, saw mills attest the variety and abundance of its primitive forests. The number and size and the tasteful and durable structure of its farm houses and barns, every one created from the prodticts of its for- ests and its fields, are unmistakable proofs of the sterling qualities and high character of its permanent settlers and their descendants. Hundreds of miles of stone walls, made from the scattering and over plentiful deposits of old, snail paced glaziers, before their farms could be leveled and cultivated, are the time enduring monuments of their heroic will and work. Well does the present generation retain the characteristics of its noble fathers and mothers ! The first proof is TOWN OF LITCHFIELD. 685 their continued vigor and thrift — the persistent power of compelling the oft-times reluctant soil to yield a living income, and then that ad- mirable, anti-failure habit of living within it. The next proof is the fact that they keep in step with modern progress. Underneath and besides the Litchfield Institute, which was organized forty-six years ago, and had been preceded by a high school for several years, lie the common schools, which have always been kept in an efficient condi- tion in Litchfield, for without them no demand would have existed for a school that begins where they leave off. Then, when the high- est of all tests is applied — the moral test — the present is encouraging, the churches and Sabbath schools being generally well attended and supported. Settlers. — The first comers were hunters, one of the most promi- nent being a man named Wilson. They made selections, built cabins, marked trees, hunted and fished and awaited the advent of any pros- pecting settlers to buy their claims. A survey made in 1776, by John Merrill, of six lots of eighty acres each, is the earliest definite proof ■we have of names, dates and location of settlers. Benjamin Hinckley had lot No. 1; Eliphalet Smith, 2; Barnabus Baker, 3; Thomas Smith, 4: Benjamin Smith, 5; and Barnabus Baker, jun., had lot No. 6. Ben- jamin Hinckley and Eliphalet Smith were here in 1774, and Thomas Smith, on whose lot his great-grandson, David Thurston Smith, now lives, did not settle here till 1780. Thomas and Benjamin Smith bought claims of hunters, and it is believed that many other first comers did the same. When the pro- prietors of the land, who lived mostly in New York, learned of what was being done, they sent surveyors to establish lines and boundaries and make maps of their possessions. The hardy pioneers did not take kindly to this. Disguised as Indians, they attacked the survey- ors, drove them from place to place, and made it impossible for them to do accurate work. But they were determined and plucky, and managed to take observations from one elevated point to another, computed distances they were not allowed to measure, established some land-marks, recorded their work on a map, and returned to their employers with the story of their hazardous and arduous undertaking. Then commenced correspondence and negotiations between the proprietors and the pioneers, partly of a peaceful and partly of a threatening character. After a time a conference was effected be- tween the parties and in most cases the differences were adjusted by the settlers surrendering one-third of their claims and receiving quit- claim deeds of the remaining two-thirds. Sumner Clark lives on the farm owned by his father, Samuel Clark, and by his grandfather, Samuel Clark, who settled and built there before 1800. Some of the old names in the Ferren school di.strict, in the southwest part of the town, were: Richard Ferren, John Thurlow, 586 HISTORY OK KENNEBEC COUNTY. John Lydston, Alexander Gray, Isaac Randall, James Williams, John Gatchell and Simeon S. Higgins. On the Earle school house road were: Thomas Alexander, from- Topsham, Me.; Edward Gove, Eben and Robert Dunlap, from Bruns- wick, Me.; Joseph Potter, and a brother of his; Jabez Robinson, David vSpringer, and his two sons, Thomas and David; Adonis Johnson, and Andrew Springer, and Elisha Nickerson, on a cross road. On Oak hill were: George Potter, James Marr, Enoch, Isaac and James Dan- forth, .sons of Isaac Danforth; Joshua and Joseph Mitchell, Solomon Dennison, James Hutchinson, Levi Day, Isaac and Nathaniel Frost,. Peleg Campbell, Deacon Moss, Thomas Burke, Thomas Bucher, Es- quire Shirtliff, Elisha Smith, Samuel K. Smith and Stephen Lemont. On the Plains road were Cornelius and John Toothaker. John Potter and James Libby, Jerry and William Potter, lived on the Mill road; also Joseph and James Williams, Samuel Cook, Robert Stinson, John Smith and James Adams. In the Waterman school district, in the southeast part of the town, some of the early settlers were: Samuel Patten, Sylvanus Waterman, John Robinson, James Brown, Nathaniel Smith, Timothy Blanchard, who came in 1791 from Mas.sachusetts; Deacon Morgridge, John Brown, Samuel Jack and Elisha Hopkins. Barney, Smith and Judah Baker all lived near the Corners, and all came before 1800; also Moses Smith, father of Nathan, Samuel, Elisha and Josiah Smith. James Earl was a large land owner. Captain Joshua Walker had fourteen children, all alive when the youngest was forty years old. Jabez Robinson, David Potter and Andrew Springer, three old settlers, were each killed by falling trees while chopping in the woods. Civil History.— Litchfield was organized as a town in 1795, be- fore which it was known as Smithfield Plantation. Town meetings were held in Daniel Nickerson's house until 1813, then in the North Litchfield Baptist meeting house until 1840, and in the Free Baptist meeting house in 1841. The town purchased the site and built the present town house in 1840, at a cost of $1,100. In 1860 a town farm of 112 acres was bought, on which to support the town poor, who had been boarded by the lowest bidder up to this time. Rev. Isaac Frost was particularly active in this humane move, which met strong opposition. At present there are but five inmates of this house. The total annual expense for town poor is $250 more than the proceeds of the farm. Reuel W. Cunningham is employed by the town to manage the concern at a yearly salary of $250. The original area of Litchfield has been reduced three times since its organization by additions to other towns. November 4, 1816, the town voted to set off the entire neck lying east of the Cobbosseecontee pond. In 1827, when the town of Wales was erected, a detachment TOWN OF LflCllFIELn. 687 was taken from Litchfield, and in 1859 all that part of West Gardiner lying west of the Cobbosseecontee was also taken from Litchfield. The affairs of the town have been well managed by a board con- sisting, from the first, of three selectmen, chosen annually. For the most part those chosen have been the otherwise prominent men of th3ir time. The following have served the number of years, not always consecutive, indicated after their respective names, the date of first election being given:* 1795, James Shirtliff and Thomas Morg- ridge, each 2, and John Neal 29; 1796, John Dennis 3, and Nathaniel Berry 1; 1797, Abijah Richardson 2; 1798, John Smith, jun., 25; 1800, Thomas Smith 8; 1806, Sewall Brown 2; 1808, Sylvanus Waterman 7; 1809, Edward Gower 5; 1812, John Pike 3; 1813, William Robinson 23; 1816, David C. Burr 11; 1827, Samuel Hyde 2; 1829, John Robinson 2; 1829, Hiram Shorey 7; 1830, Martin Metcalf 2, and Elias Plimpton 4; 1833, Ephraim Wadsworth; 1834, William Farr 2; 1835, Asa Bachelder 4; 1837, L. Y. Daley 3; 1838. Thomas Springer 3, and Joseph Williams 3; 1844, Josiah True 11; 1845, James Alexander 2, and Hugh Wood- bury; 1847, Samuel Patten 2, and John Woodbury 8; 1849, Smith Baker 3: 1850, David True; 1851, William Buker; 1852, True Woodbury 5, and Daniel Adams; 1853, Isaac Frost 6; 1856, Isaac Starbird 4; 1858, Nathaniel Dennis 7; 1859, Charles H. Robinson 4: 1861, John Hancock 2; 1862, Thomas Holmes 12, and Samuel W. Libby; 1864, James Colby 3; 1867, David S. Springer 8; 1868, Benjamin W. Berry 3; 1870, William G. Williams 2; 1872, John Patten 2, and John L. Allen; 1874, Samuel Smith 9, and Melvin Tibbitts 4; 1878, M. S. H. Rogers 7, and William G. Webber 5; 1880, William S. Snow; 1881, Charles A. Metcalf; 1882, Elisha N. Baker and Charles B. Preble, each 2; 1884, Reuel W. Cun- ningham 2, and George A. Emerson 4; 1886, John Purington 4; 1887, Samuel Williams 2; 1888, Stillman H. Ring; 1890, E. P. Springer 3 years; and in 1892, Samuel Smith and Frank N. Adams. The town clerks in succession, with year of election, have been: John Neal, jun., 1795; James Shirtliff, 1802; John Neal, 1803; John Smith, 1808; John Neal, 1809; John Smith, 1810; Sylvanus Waterman, 1812; John Smith, 1814; John Neal, 1815; David C. Burr, 1817; John Neal, 1824; David C. Burr, 1825; Asa Bachelder, 1826; Elias Plimpton, 1832; Asa Bachelder, 1833; Elias Plimpton, 1834; Asa Bachelder, 1837; William O. Grant, 1839: Constant Quinnam, 1847; William O. Grant, 1849: Isaac W. Springer, 1852; William G. Williams, 1860; G. C. Waterman, 1863; Isaac W. Springer, 1870; William G. Williams, 1874; Charles A. Metcalf, 1876;- Gardiner Roberts, jun., 1880; and William F. Adams, since 1885. The succe.ssive treasurers have been: John Dennis, elected in 1795; Abijah Richardson, 1797; Jabez Robin.son, 1806; Thomas Morg- * The names in these lists are from the records, by William F. Adams, town clerk. b«8 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. ridge, 1810; John Neal, 1811; John Dennis, jun.. 1815; William Bart- lett, 1831; John Smith, 1835; John Dennis, 184 ); C. Toothaker, 1844; John Neal, 1845; John Dennis, 1846; Nathaniel Dennis, 1857; John Hancock, 1864; N. Dennis, 1865; Thomas Holmes, 1873; N. Dennis, 1875, and David S. Springer, since 1882. Purgatory.— That early settled locality, so long called Purgatory, seems to have received its name from a humorous incident that oc- curred in August, 1776, when William Gardiner and a party of his friends came to this locality to inspect the old dam, timbers and plank from which are still to be seen a rod above the present dam. The next day, on their return to Gardiner, some one asked where they had spent the previous, night, and Mr. Gardiner replied, "in pergatory — the mosquitoes and black flies were so thick we couldn't get a wink of sleep." The reply was repeated and laughed over by the people of the surrounding country, till they refused to call it by any name but Purgatory. Preachers and map makers have tried Pleasant A^alley, North Litchfield and Litchfield P. O., but the old name is indelible. General Dearborn gave the water rights to the first settlers; but who built the first grist mill and saw mill, and when, is not known. Simeon Goodwin came before 1800, and the property was known as "Goodwin's Mills" for the next three-quarters of a century. William Gay, of Gardiner, told Warren Plimpton that his father. Esquire Seth Gay, owned an" interest in the old grist mill, and that in 1805, when he was a small boy, he often came from Gardiner on horseback, when the road was by marked trees, after a two bushel bag of toll grain. There is a report that an early settler by the name of West once owned the mills. Simeon Goodwin was succeeded by his son, Andrew Goodwin, Daniel Bartlett and Deacon Dennis, as mill proprietors. Andrew Goodwin's interest descended to his son, Andrew J., who bought his partners' interests, and ran the mills till about 1870, when he sold the property to Jesse Bartlett and Merrill True. The latter now owns the grist mill, and Andrew Bartlett owns the saw mill. The grist mill has one run of stones taken from a granite boulder near the Colby bridge by Simeon Goodwin, over one hundred years ago. Elias Plimpton came in 1820 from Walpole, Mass., to this noted water privilege, bought property, built shops, put in a triphammer, and began making hoes and axes, and doing general blacksmithing. He drew his manufactured goods by wagon to Portland and Bangor. In 1845 he began making forks, and since then potato diggers have been made in large quantities. Upon his death he was succeeded by his sons, A.Warren and George Plimpton, who had been his partners, and they continue the business under the old firm name, E. Plimpton & Sons, giving work to twenty-five men. Their tools have such a sterling reputation that they have never been able to make as many goods as they could sell. This manufactory is the largest in Litch- TOWN OF LITCHFIELD. 689 field. Durinof war times this firm bought of John Robey his landed rights at the upper dam, which they have just rebuilt and raised, ad- ding greatly to the reservoir capacity of the pond, which includes the Purgatory ponds for a distance of over six miles. The water com- pany at Gardiner joins with them in this wise provision against a scarcity of water. David Sawyer built before 1800 a tannery where Asa Getchell's stable stands. It was torn down in 1834 by Doctor Pidgeon. Esquire Burr owned it at one time. A fulling mill and carding machine were built in 1814, by a company which intended to start a woolen factor}'. Mr. Adams operated it for a while as a carding mill. It was sold and moved to Monmouth over forty years ago, and made into part of the present Ames shovel factory. Moses Glass ran the ashery and made potash there in 1820. About fifty years ago the shingle factory now run by Alfred D. Bartlett was started by Jesse Tucker, and com- pleted by Daniel Bartlett, who made shingles several years and sold out to Andrew Goodwin. Alfred D. Bartlett bought the mill in 1888, and has run it since that time. He had operated the mill sometime previous to 1888 in company with another young man. Captain David C. Burr was the first storekeeper at Purgatory and was located in a building near the grist mill. He was followed by Benjamin Babb and he by Rufus Blake. Mr. Blake was burned out and he went into Freeman's hat shop, where he sold goods till he builc a new store. This was also burned after he had occupied it a few years, and he left the place. Other storekeepers have been: Pease & True, Ebenezer Kelley, Rufus Howard, Hiram Allen, Daniel Bartlett, Mr. Hyde, John Arnold, Granville Baker, Eli Merriman and Safford Brothers. In 1890 Mr. Merriman was burned out with a heavy stock of goods and suffered a large loss. He immediately moved to his present location, which he owned and where he is still in business. Loring G. Dunn built the store he now occupies in 1882, where he keeps a large variety of goods. Up to about the time Mr. Blake went out of business the merchants all kept and sold large quantities of liquors. Since then Purgatory has been strictly a temperance place. The Union Hall Association at Purgatory was formed about 1875. The Reform Club had brought more people together than any build- ing in the place could accommodate. Such crowds were a damage to the school house and larger quarters became a necessity. A subscrip- tion paper for funds to build a public hall was circulated, and almost every citizen pledged money, work or material. In a few weeks the building was up and finished on the outside, and a floor laid. Then a series of entertainments to raise further funds were held, which were generally successful, over two hundred dollars being col- lected in a single night. So the present fine, commodious hall was .soon completed at a total cost of about $1,500. A stock company was byO HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. formed, each member being- credited with the amount he or she had contributed. The hall is free to meeting.s of public interest, but a charge is made in all uses for individual benefit, and its earnings keep it in good repair. Frank Adams, Fred Baker and Augustus Goodwin are the present managing officers, and Doctor Adams is secretary and treasurer. John Glass, father of Moses Glass and grandfather of Sewell S. Glass, came to Goodwin's Mills when there were no roads and blazed trees were the only guides. He was a revolutionary soldier and lived on a road now abandoned. Moses Glass lived back of Plimpton's shop. Thomas True, father of the twins, Thomas and David, and of Benja- jamin True, lived where David Grain resides. David Tappan's home was where the Plimptons live. He came here befoi-e 1800, and so did David Sawyer, shoemaker and tanner, who lived near the present mill. David C. Burr was a prominent man in early times. He was a farmer, ran the ashery, bought the first wagon owned in town, and was a member of the legislature. He died about 1825. James Jewell was a harness maker; George R. Freeman was a farmer and a hatter, and William Parks was a wool carder and cloth dresser. They all lived near the mill. David Getchell lived where Augustus Goodwin does. James Parker, farmer, lived where Charles Goodwin does. He was a zealous Baptist. He went west about 1835. Richard Davis lived where his grandson, David Wilson, now resides. Mr. Davis, in addition to farming, often loaded and unloaded boats, and sometimes engaged in the coasting trade. Elijah Galusha lived on the Woodbury road, where John Goodwin does. Elijah was a great trapper, which paid very well in those days when wild game was plenty. True Woodbury, father of David and Joseph, was the pioneer from whom the road took its name. He took his farm in its wild state and was noted as a large landholder. The old homestead was where Simeon Goodwin lives, and is still in the possession of his descendants, tlugh Woodbury was another original settler, who cleared up the farm where his son, Benjamin Woodbury,. lives. Simeon Goodwin also lived on the Woodbury road where his son, Simeon, jun., now lives. Nathaniel Nevins lived where Milbert Woodbury now resides. Litchfield post office, the oldest in town, was established October 1, 1805, at the house of Jonathan Clark, the first postmaster. He was succeeded by William Cleaves October 1, 1810, who kept the office in the house where W. F. Adams, the town clerk, now lives. He was succeeded by Newcomb W. Stevens July 1, 1813; Asa Bachelder Feb- ruary 11, 1831; Augustus Bachelder September 18, 1846: Thomas J. Foster October 28, 1846. and December 5, 1 853, by Moses True; Freeman P. Crowell, 1865; Curtis L. Irving March, 1868; Granville W. Baker^ TOWN OF LITCHFIELD. 691 April, 1868: and Eli Merriman, the present postmaster, in March, 1873. Froin 1813 to 1846 the ofBce was kept at True's Corners, when through the efforts of Elias Plimpton and others, it was removed tO' Purg-atory, where it still remains. Litchfield Plains. — The central part of the town, called Litch- field Plains, from its comparatively level surface, also known as Pot- tertown, has a sandy soil, easily worked and well adapted to garden- ing and fruit culture, particularly apple orchards. It has been settled over one hundred years. In 1802 Saul Cook, Noah Powers, James Springer, Moses Smith and Captain Jewell were living on the plains. In 1832 the school districts now known as numbers 12 and 15 were one, and the school house standing where the present Baptist church stands, was burned. At that time Jerry and Harvey Springer, Daniel Nickerson and Andrew Baker lived at the west end. On the north road were Deacon Bartlett and Walter Merriman, and on the Corners road Gould Jewell and Robert Ashford. Who built what is known as the old Libby grist mill, no one seems to know. James Libby, who came in 1823, bought it of Esdras Nick- erson, and ran it till the freshet of 1825 destroyed it. The next year James Libby, Moses Dennet and James Earl rebuilt it. After oper- ating it many years, they sold it to Joseph Williams, who a few years later sold it to Jeremiah Varney. Varney & Son ran it till the dam was washed away, which they rebuilt. The mill has not been in opera- tion since about 1880. Irving Varney still owns the water privilege. About 1827 William Small built a fulling mill below the bridge. A carding mill above the bridge, owned by Esquire John Neal, and run by Joseph Clifford, had been carried away by the freshet of 1825. Another had been built by Potter & Ashford on Spring brook, which Mr. Small bought of them and ran in connection with his fulling mill, coloring and dressing cloth for several years. This mill came back into Potter & Ashford's hands, and was bought by Joseph Williams in 1840. In 1850 W. G. Williams built a new mill on Spring brook, and put in carding and fulling machinery. After three or four years they dropped the fulling business, but continued the carding works till 1886. The old Small building was used for- a time for a tannery by a Mr. Heath, who had sons, Charles, John and Edward. He had a bark mill run by horse power. Ezra H. Daws, afterward a preacher, built a dam and shop where the old original carding machine had stood, made shingles, had a trip- hammer and did blacksmithing. He sold to Abiel Daily, who con- verted it into a pill box and match factory, and about 1860 vSamuel Libby owned it, then Joseph Williams, and afterward David Potter, who made shingles there. Then Jonathan Rideout bought it, built a two story building, moved the dam down stream and sold to Henry Bosworth. He sold to William Knight, who put in a grist mill, oper- 692 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUN'l V. ated it a short time and sold to James Bartlett, who ran it till 1866, ■when its active career closed. Jeremiah Potter built, about 1810, a saw mill which he used sev- eral years, and then allowed to stand idle till 1853, when Daniel W. Perry purchased the property and rebuilt the mill. After that Uriah Gray, John Whitten, Deacon William Chase, George H. Jack, Abiel L. Small, Lorin J. Ayer and John Hutchinson owned interests in the property at different times, till Ayer bought all claims and is now the owner. The mill stands back of Deacon Chase's residence, and is leased and operated by George M. Rogers. Jeremiah and Amos Potter were among the earliest business men on the Plains. The settlement was named after them. They built more than half the houses still standing there, and the stream that drove so many mills bids fair to carry their names far into the future, for it is only known as Potter's brook. William Potter owned a grist mill that was carried away by the great freshet of 1825. The original builder and owner is not known. Amos Potter, son of William, rebuilt the grist mill and ran it twenty or thirty years, and his sons, William and Henry, continued the busi- ness till about 1870. This mill and the Libby mill each had a separ- ate run of stone, and the requisite bolts to make wheat flour, as the farmers then raised wheat for home consumption. Below the Potter grist mill stood a saw mill owned by William Spear. Frank C. Wy- man has a wood shop and a blacksmith shop on his farm, in which he makes from six to ten new wagons, sleds and carts during the winter time each year. At Litchfield Plains the storekeepers have traded as follows: Jerry Potter, Lendall Adams, Purinton & Berry, Jesse Hatch, Conforth, John Perry, William F. Adams, Jonathan Hunt, Wilson M. Hatten, William Chase, Alden B. Jack, A. E. Brown and James A. Chase. Nearly all these men traded in an old store built by Jerry Potter north of the saw mill. Joseph Williams kept a store between 1850 and 1860 in a building opposite W. Gee William's present residence on the corners. Litchfield Plains post office was established in 1871. Eben Tooth- aker was appointed postmaster, and opened the office at iiis house, where he has retained the position ever since, with the exception of during a part of President Cleveland's administration, when, in 1887, James A. Chase was appointed. Mr. Toothaker again received the appointment in 1889. Litchfield Corners is, in many respects, one of the most attrac- tive portions of the town. The surface is agreeable and rolling, and possesses productive mixtures of soil. The fact that the skirmish line of civilization, the capricious but discerning hunters, paid this section such decided attentions, and that their judgment was confirmed by the TOWN OF LITCHFIELD. by.:? intelli^^ent men bearing the name with which common usage so soon christened the entire plantation, is indisputable evidence of its primitive superiority. These earnest men and women came to stay, and their descendants have honored their memory by perpetuating their virtues. By the character and permanence of its moral, educational and secular institutions and associations, it enjoyed many intellectual and social privileges. These varied attractions have made it a central resort for business and trade, and a desirable place of residence. Litchfield Corners has had one, and sometimes two, hotels since about 1850. Their proprietors have been: Smith Baker, Alden Baker,' James Chase, David Billings, Dexter Smith (1861 to 18G4), William Metcalf, Daniel Campbell, George W. Earle, for eleven years, Elisha Baker, and Dexter Smith, who is at present engaged in the business. The storekeepers at Litchfield Corners, as near as the succession can be traced, have been: Reuben Lowell, Joseph Williams, James Walker, Lorenzo Dailey, David Billings, Isaac Starbird, Solomon Brown, Smith Baker & Sons, Union store, Earle & Holmes, William & Thomas Babb, J. H. &T. Holmes, Alden B. Jack, James E. Chase, Syl- vester Stewart and James W. Starbird, whose store is in the oldest store building at the Corners. It used to-be in old times the headquarters of the liquor traffic. Litchfield Corners post office was established in January, 1842. Its postmasters, with dates of appointment, have been: William Rob- inson, 1842; Isaac Starbird, 1856; Thomas Holmes, 1856; Alden Jack, 1857; Isaac Starbird, 1861; James E. Chase, 1873; Thomas Holmes, 1885, and James E. Chase again, in 1889. South Litchfield post office was established October 23, 1856, with Augustus L. Bachelder first postmaster. Moses True was ap- pointed in 1863, and Charles A. Metcalf in 1889. Saw and Grist Mills. — About the year 1815 Andrew Jack, Rob- ert Patten and Charles Robinson built a saw mill in the southeast part of the town. Since that time the following men have had proprietary interests in it: Nathan Rogers, William Perry, Warren Smith, Samuel Jack, Charles H. Robinson, Samuel Patten, Samuel Odiorne, James Briery, Joseph S. Hatch, David W. Perry, Daniel W. Perry and Bar- net Thorn. Shingles have been made in the mill for about thirty years, and a grist mill which has not been used for fifty yeai-s was once in the same building. A. D. Cornish bought the mill recently of the Robinson estate, and runs it now. About 1790 Samuel Clark built and ran a grist mill on his farm. Before his death, in 1843, his son, Samuel Clark, tore the old mill down and built a larger one, putting in two run of .stones and bolts for mak- ing flour, and operated it during his life. The second Samuel was suc- ceeded by his son, Sumner Clark, who in turn operated the mill for a time and is still on the old farm. A little below the grist mill Dennis '694 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. G. Getchell and Richard F. Ferren built a shingle mill, which they operated a few years. A half mile still further down the stream John Thurlow and David Ware made a dam and a saw mill on land now owned by James Carville. About 1835 this mill was destroyed by fire. Much interest and mystery have been associated with this mill and its surroundings. It was here that one William Wilkins, a cooper, was employed at his trade, and when he disappeared one spring night cir- •cumstances pointed strongly to two men, who were generally believed to have murdered him, and later burned the mill to effectually cover their crime. Brick and Lime. — The bricks of which chimneys and the many substantial, well preserved brick houses in Litchfield have been made were mostly of home manufacture. From 1810 to 1820 bricks were made on the Hatch farm, on Robert Ashford's farm, and the John Toothaker farm. The Libbys made bricks near the Potter saw mill, and about 1840 bricks were made on Asa Spear's farm, also by Hiram Morrell, on Gideon White's farm. About 1832 bricks were made at Purgatory, on the west bank of the creek, by Moses Glass, John Neal and John Bolden. Simeon Goodwin also established a brick kiln at Purgatory, the only one in town still in operation. Lime was also burned a little before war times on the old David Ware farm, where there is a ledge of lime rock. Rufus Godfrey now owns the place, Cider Mills and Asheries.— Among the cider mill men were: William Payne, Captain Henry Jewell, Aaron and Woodman True, Thomas True, Captain Samuel Patten, Amos Potter, David Ware and Benjamin Sanborn, who had mills in town. Amaziah Goggins oper- ates a mill built and run by Levi Herriman, forty years ago, and Frank C. Wyman has recently put steam power in his cider mill, where for • each of the past fourteen years he has ground from seven to eight thousand bushels of apples, making a total of over ten thousand bar- rels of cider. He has two large tanks for vinegar, holding together fifteen thousand gallons. Not many years ago the " ash peddler " was a familiar personage. He drove a stout pair of horses on a wagon with a big box, and car- ried a limited assortment of groceries and notions, with which he paid ,for any ashes he might buy, at the rate of from eight to twelve cents per bu.shel. These were taken to asheries and made into potash, for which there was always a cash market. Jerry Potter, Isaac -Starbird, Josiah Nickerson, Smith Baker & Sons and Hatherton Earl each made potash, and there was another ashery on the George Ricker farm. Societies. — The history of Ma.sonry in Litchfield begins with Morning Star Lodge, No. 41, chartered July 13, 1822. The first officers -of the Lodge — John Neal, W. M.; Captain John Dennis, S. W.; David ■C. Burr, J, W.; John Smith, secretary; J. W. Watson, treasurer, and TOWN OF LITCHFIELD. 695 Edward Gove, tjder— were publicly installed in the Baptist church. About 1830 meetings were discontinued and the charter was surren- dered. At a meeting held November 14, 1867, over Isaac Starbird's ■store, the old charter of Morning Star Lodge was restored and officers were duly installed. The four living members of the old Lodge — William O. Grant, John Randall, Andrew Goodwin and Joseph C. Barstow — joined in the new movement. Since then the Lodge has been prosperous, now owning their Masonic Hall, which cost $2,000, and having a membership of 112. A Lodge of Good Templars was chartered here October 17, 1887, with fifteen members. Meetings were held for two years in Stuart's Hall, since then in lower Masonic Hall. The present membership is about one hundred. Samuel Clark is W. C. T. Litchfield Grange, No. 127, was organized in 1875, with fifteen members. It became quite prosperous, numbering as high as 150 members. A store was kept in Moses True's house, managed by the Grange, with Lucy A. True as selling agent. After about ten years it w;is discontinued. John Woodbury was the first master of the organ- ization, Daniel M. Emerson was the next, and Samuel Smith was the third. The present membership is one hundred, with E. M. Pinkham, master, and A. C. True, secretary. The agricultural fairs, noticed in Chapter VIII, that have for the past quarter of a century given Litchfield such a wide celebrity, grew from the Town Farmers' Club, which was formed in 1857 by a general movement of the most active farmers of that time, among whom were Thomas H. Springer, John and Benjamin Woodbury, Woodman and Aaron True. John Patten and Josiah True. The first annual exhi- bitions were held in the yard about the town house. The Litchfield Fire Insurance Company was incorporated in 1873, with Isaac Smith, president; Daniel L. Smith, secretary, and Dr. Cyrus Kindrick, treasurer. The first policy was issued in 1874, and the num- ber now in force is 204, representing a total insurance of $200,000. The losses incurred have been less than $5,000. The present officers are: Thomas Holmes, president; Dr. Cyrus Kindrick, treasurer, and James W. Starbird, secretary. Education. — There had been a high school established by Isaac Smith, Smith Baker, Solomon Brown and David Billings (of which Benjamin Smith was the first teacher) at Litchfield Corners for seven years previous to 1845, when, by act of the legislature, Litchfield Academy was incorporated. The high school had been located over Starbird's store, but the new school was opened in the upper story of the Congregational meeting house, and there continued till the present academy was built, in 1852, costing about $2,000. The summer ses- sion of the legislature of 1849 passed the following: " Resolved that the Land agent of this State is hereby authorized and directed to con- oyO HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. vey to the trustees of the Litchfield Academy, one half township of land situated in the county of Aroostook, " etc. The land was not lo- cated, but was sold by the trustees for $5,650. A part of this money was used in building and for necessary expenses. In 1891 the leg- islature granted this school an annual appropriation of $500, for ten years. The first teacher was Joseph Stacy. Timothy Davis was the first president, and David Billings, secretary. The present officers are: M. S. H. Rogers, president; Asa P. Smith, secretary, and David S. Springer, treasurer. When the Litchfield Academy was established, some of the sup- porters of the old high school were so much displeased because it was not located north of the Corners, that they withdrew from the new school, and organized the Liberal Institute, which held its sessions over the Starbird store till funds were raised by stibscription and a building was erected in 1851 for its use. The Liberal In.stitute was kept in existence till about 1870. William Robinson, David Billings and George Potter were prominent in its inception and support. The school building was finally sold. to the Masonic fraternity, and is now known as Masonic Hall. There are fifteen school districts in Litchfield. The schools are in good condition, and are doing good work. Churches.— The following is an extract from the venerable records, now in possession of Charles A. Metcalf, of the Baptist church at what was then known as Litchfield, now South Litchfield: " Being requested by the brethren of the branch of the first Church of Christ in Litchfield in order to assist them into a separate church, — Met with them on Thursday the 19th of July A. D. 1798 at Brother James Pierce's, in said Litchfield, examined each particular member of those who were to be embodyed, and found them sound in the Faith of the Gospel and gave them fellowship as one branch of the Baptist Church. Signed Job Macomber, of Bowdoinham." "The members embodyed are as follows: John Neal, Joshua Rich- ardson, Joel Richardson, John Waymouth, Joshua Waymouth, James Pierce, Nathan Stevens, Andrew Tibbets, Bartholomew Taylor, Ebeneezer Moon, Betsey Harrimon, Polly Waymouth and Polly Hutchinson." Prior to the opening of the records above quoted, a Baptist church was organized in 1791, with twenty-one members, with William Stin- son as pastor, who continued as a pastor in Litchfield for thirty years. This primitive preacher was ordained in a barn in the northern part of the town. After 1822, this older church had no pastor, and ten years later it disappears from the records of the association.* The Congregational Church of Litchfield Corners was organized June 6, 1811, in the small Congregational meeting house that was afterward moved to Bowdoin for a school house. These are the names * Joshua Millet's Baptists of Maine, 184.5. TOWN OF LITCHFIELD. tU 7 of the eleven original members: Benjamin Smith, Thomas Smith, Elkana'h Baker, Samuel Smith, Mehitable Baker, Hannah Smith, Elizabeth Smith, Desire Springer, Elizabeth Smith, jun., Rebecca Hutchinson and Mary Smith. Benjamin and Thomas Smith were the first deacons. The society built a meeting house across the road from the one now in use, and worshiped there till 1845, when it was moved to the present .site, remodeled into a two story building — the lower part for church purposes, the upper part for the Litchfield Academy — and so used till 1862, when the building was taken down and the pres- ent church built on the same foundation, at a cost of $2,000. Rev. David Thurston preached the dedication sermon. The pastors have been : Reverends D. Lovejoy ; David Starret, 1828 ; Thomas N. Lord, 1836; Timothy Davis, 1837; Benjamin Smith, 1852, died 1858; David Thurston, died 1865, 86 years old; Josiah Taylor Hawes, now 94 years old, probably the oldest Congregational minister in Maine. It appears from the records of the Freewill Baptist Church at Litchfield Plains, that it was organized by Rev. Josiah Farewell and Rev. Samuel Hathorn, a committee appointed by the Bowdoin quar- terly conference for that purpose, October 11, 1826, with the following members: Samuel Cook, Andrew Baker, Daniel Nickerson, Dea. Cor- nelius Toothaker, Robert Ash ford, Robert Stinson, Sally Ashford, Hannah Toothaker, Andrew Baker, jun., Mary Cleaves, Lydia Smith, Mary Knight, and Robert Patten, jun., as clerk. Meetings were held in the barns of C. Toothaker and Robert Ashford, and in the Hall school house until their meeting house was built in 1837. The names of the ministers of this church are: Reverends Samuel Hathorn, Hale Sweet, Barnard Goodrich, Nathaniel Purinton, Homer Gatchell, Robert Stin.son, Constant Quinnan, Mark Gatchell, Stephen Purinton, Nehe- miah Preble, Ezekiel G, Page and since 1883 Edwin Marson. Deacon William Chase has held his office since 1840. The West Litchfield Freewill Baptist Church was organized in 1875, with forty members, some of whom were: Sumner Clark, Deacon William Varney, Deacon Ferdinand Tracy, Elder William Cunning- ham, Ensign Danforth and William Frost and their wives. In 1877 the society built the present church, at a cost of $1,000. Elders Wil- liam Cunningham, Mark Gatchell, Bowie and Joseph Nicker- son have been the preachers. At present the church has twenty members. The Calvinistic Baptist Church at Litchfield Corners was organ- ized some years before the war. and held meetings in the Liberal Institute building. Prominent among the leading members were: Isaac Starbird, David Billings and Benjamin Jackson, with their wives. Elders Lawrence, and John Jackson were preachers. At a meeting held September 5, 1863, it was voted to dissolve the church 45 698 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. organization by giving eacii member a letter of recommendation to any sister church of the same faith. Cemeteries. — The cemetery at Litchfield Plains, the largest in town, was used to some extent as a burying ground previous to 1800. Early in the present century Cornelius Toothaker and others bought land of Daniel Nickerson, making the first enlargement of the old plot. A few years after, Robert Ashford and Esquire Joseph Barstow made another addition. About 1860 Dea. William Chase bought ad- joining ground of Cornelius Toothaker and James Hopkins did the same. M. Toothaker's daughter afterward sold some lots from her fath- er's estate. Steps were soon after taken, in obedience to public senti- ment, to organize a burial association to take charge of these grounds. The Litchfield Plains Cemetery Association was incorporated August 1. 1871. Purchases of land for enlargement were made in 1874 and in 1883. John Purinton is president of the association; M. S. H. Rogers, secretary and treasurer, and William F. Adams, sexton. The cemetery lying between Purgatory and the South Litchfield post office contains the venerable dust of such persons as Aaron True, born in 1758; Hon. John Neal, born in 1790; Andrew Goodwin, born in 1793; John Magoon, born 1781: William Bartlett, born 1775, and Elias Plimpton, born in 1794. Esquire David C. Burr and Elias Plimpton in 1826 built a receiving tomb, that it still in po.ssession of the Plimp- ton family. The burying ground at Litchfield Corners is probably still older, as in its sacred bosom were deposited the honored remains of Benja- min Smith, who was born in 1754; Deacon Thomas Smith, born 1744; Deacon Isaac Smith, born 1795; David Springer, born 1763; Josiah Morrell and his son Josiah; Smith Baker, born 1760, and Rev. Thomas Ayer, born 1797. The Grant burying ground, near John A. Lapham's, contains the remains of many original settlers and their families. A few of them are: Captain John Dennis and wife, Woodman Watson and wife, Joseph Lord and wife, Arthur Neal and wife. Major David Neal, Smith Emerson and wife, Edward Smith and wife, Levi Harriman and his son, Levi, and their wives. Many have been buried there with noth- ing to designate the lots. In 1839 Isaac Randall and Richard Ferren gave the land for the burying ground on the Sabattus road. Isaac and .Harvey Randall, sons of Isaac Randall, both of whom died of an epidemic the same day, in early manhood, were the first interments in the new ground. personal paragraphs. Rev. Smith Baker, whose father, grandfather and gi'eat-grandfather were all residents and all but the latter natives of Litchfield, was a student in the old Litchfield Academy, then graduated at Bangor, TOWN OF LITCHFIELD. W^ from whence he went forth to face the trying duties of manhood. He is now one of the most powerful Congregational preachers in the great West, standing at the head of his denomination in Minneapolis, a city where only the most capable men can be leaders in any busi- ness or profession. Granville W. Baker, son of Andrew and Betsey (Damon") Baker, was born in 1825. He kept a store at Purgatory several years pre- vious to 1866, when he sold it to Eli Merriman. He was a mason by trade, but after the war was several years employed in the Plimpton handle shop. He was postmaster from 1868 until 1873. He was bugler in the army from January, 1864, to June, 1865. He enlisted in the 1st D. C. Cavalry and was later transferred to the 1st Maine Cavalry, Company M. He married Ann M., daughter of James and Abigail (Davis) Hutchinson and granddaughter of Nehemiah Hutchinson. His wife and two sons survive him: Fred E. and Everett B. William Bartlett was born in Haverhill, Mass., in 1775, removed to Durham, Me., and in 1810 came to Gardiner. In 1821 he bought the Bowman farm of one hundred acres and came to Litchfield, where he died in 1860. He married Dorothea M., daughter of Roger Merrill, died in 1880. Of their fifteen children there are five now living: Daniel, Priscilla (Mrs. M. B. Gilman), James, Alice and Dorothea (Mrs. George Stockham). Alice now occupies the homestead, and has charge of the farm. Her sister, Elizabeth M., died in December, 1891. James A. Chase, son of Deacon William, grandson of Nathaniel, and great-grandson of Judah Chase, was born in 1842. Nathaniel •Chase was born in Brunswick in 1770. William was born in Bruns- wick in 1807 and married, first, Mary J. Alexander, of Litchfield, in 1834. Their children were: Alonzo M., Sarah A., William E., Nancy J., James A., Llewellyn and Olivia H. Mr. Chase married Mrs. Eliza- beth Maxwell, of Litchfield, for his second wife, in 1886. He has been a deacon of the Baptist church for over fifty years. James A. Chase was first married to Lizzie J. Parsons, who died in 1877. His present wife was Mary E. Small, of Bowdoinham. James E. Chase, born in Bowdoin in 1838, is a son of James and Louisa (White) Chase, grandson of James and great-grandson of Isaac Chase. He was a farmer and school teacher until November 19, 1863, when he succeeded George Sawyer in the store at Litchfield Corners, where he has since remained. He has been postmaster since Septem- ber 2, 1873, except from March 19, 1888, until August, 1889. He mar- ried Junietta M., daughter of Enoch and Lydia (Shurburn) Miller. George F. Chick is a son of Charles and Eliza A. (Mathews) Chick, grandson of Jotham, and great-grandson of John Chick, who came from Kennebunk to Litchfield and settled on the farm where Mr. ■Chick now lives with his mother. 700 rilSTORV OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Melville A. Cochrane was born and studied in Litchfield, gradu- ated at Bowdoin, and is now colonel of the 6th Infantry, in the regu- lar army. Ebenezer D. Crane, born in 1799 and died in 1886, was a hoe and fork maker. He learned the trade in Walpole, Mass., and came to Litchfield in 1820, where he worked for the Plimpton Company for the remainder of his active life. His wife was Joanna B., daughter of Thomas True. They had seven children, four of whom are living: Henry, Laura M., Susan and Amanda (Mrs. G. W. Horton). The three that died were: George W., Julia T. and an infant. Reiiel W. Cunningham, son of Daniel, jun., and grandson of Rev. Daniel Cunningham, who came from Wiscasset, Me., was born in Litchfield. Daniel Cunningham, jun., married for his second wife, Martha Neal, by whom he had seven children, Reuel and William being the only ones now living. Reuel W. Cunningham and Emma F. Williams were married in 1863, and have two children— Mattie A. and Willie E. Mr. Cunningham's grandfather and his great-grand- father were both preachers in the denomination of Calvinistic Bap- tists. The former preached many years ago at South Litchfield and the latter in Bowdoin, Me. Mr. Cunningham has for three years past been in charge of the Litchfield town farm. Arington Douglas, born in 1836, is a son of Zebulon and Hannah C. (Johnson) Douglas, grandson of Francis and great-grandson of Zebu- lon Douglas. Mr. Douglas is a farmer. His only brother, Clement H., served in the late war and died at Andersonville. Mr. Douglas married Melvina, daughter of Warren and Mary (Nickerson) Smith. Their children are: Clement W. and Nellie (Mrs. G. A. Hamlin). Edmund Dow, born in Bowdoin in 1826, is a son of Edmund and Nellie (Clark) Dow. Edmund Dow, sen., came from Concord, N. H., and practiced medicine for several years in Bowdoin and Litchfield, and died in Bowdoin in 1834. Mr. Dow is the youngest of eleven chil- dren, two of whom are now living. He came in 1875 to the farm where he now lives, which was the Doctor Waterman farm of ninety acres. He married Sarah, daughter of Joseph Tarr, and has two sons: Edmund F. and Frank G. Mr. Dow has kept the town farms of Litchfield, Richmond and Gardiner for one, five and eight years, re- spectively. Loring F. Dunn, born in 1860, was one of fourteen children of Charles F. and Mary (Goodwin) Dunn, and grandson of William Dunn, who was a druggist and apothecary in Boston, and in 1799 received a commission from John Adams as surgeon in the U. S. Navy. This document is still preserved in the family. Charles F. was a graduate of Harvard, and after going to sea four years, came to Litchfield in 1841, where he was a farmer until his death in 1883. Loring F. has been a merchant at Litchfield since 1883. TOWN OF LITCHFIELD. 701 Hartley W. Glidden was born in 1811, in Somerville, Me. He was a farmer and speculator for several years in Cornville, Me., and in 1877 came to Litchfield and bought the Goodwin farm, near the mills at Purgatory, where he died in 1888. His first wife was Lydia Smith: his second, Lydia Ney. and his third wife, who survives him, was Helen M., daughter of Benjamin and Ruth (Ballard) Johnston, and grand- daughter of Benjamin Johnston, sen. They have four children: Edith M., Estelle F., Homer C. and Ruth H. John Godfrey and his wife, Lydia (Simmons) Godfrey, came to this country from England in 1831. David, one of their sons, born in 1824, came from Nashua, N. H., to Litchfield, in 1875, where he has since been a farmer. His wife is Hepzibah, daughter of William Seaman. Their living children are: Eliza, May, Emma, William Rufus, George and Hepzibah. Nellie and Lottie J. are deceased. William Rufus is a farmer near his father; he married Hattie E., daughter of Simeon Higgins, and has one son, Harold E. George married Sarah E. Mur- ry and has three sons: Frank G., Elmo A. and Eddie. William F. Haines, born in Ripley, Me., in 1844, is a son of Hiram and Eliza (Dill) Haines. He removed to West Gardiner in 1855, with his parents. In September, 1861, he enlisted in Company A, 9th Maine volunteers, serving until July, 1865. From that time until 1890 he lived in Gardiner, and excepting seven years, when he worked at paper making, he was engaged in teaming and trucking. He sold his business there in July, 1890, and bought the George A. Emmerson farm in Litchfield, where he now resides. He married Mary E., daughter of Henry and Mary F. (Stone) Meader, and granddaughter of Henry Meader. Their children are: Mary L., Eliza A., Cora E., Edward F., Almira A., Edwin A., Aura E. and Walter E. Charles T. Hall, born in 1830, is a son of Luther and Eliza (Greeley) Hall, and grandson of Timothy and Abby (Springer) Hall. Timothy came to Litchfield when a young man and settled near where Charles T. now lives. Mr. Hall worked in the ship-yard at Bath, Me., for fif- teen years, then moved to Litchfield in May, 1867. From there he went to Massachusetts to work on the Old Colony railroad. In June, 1873, he bought the farm on which his father lived, and has since re- sided there. He married Rachel P., daughter of Samuel Coombs, of Brunswick, Me. Their children are: W^illiam L., Frank A., Henry T. and an adopted daughter, Mary E. Merrill. Frank A. died at Fox- borough, Mass., May 28, 1873, aged eighteen years. Wilson M. Hatten, born in 1823 in Stafford, Conn., is a son of Wil- liam M. and Thankful (Mitchell) Hatten, and grandson of Benjamin Hatten. He came to Litchfield in 1854, where he is a farmer. In 1873 he bought the Potter farm, where he now lives. He served in the late war from February to September, 1865, in Company K, 14th 702 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Maine volunteers. His first wife, Achsah Holden, left one son at her death. His second wife was Marcia Crawford. Henry Huntington, born in Monmouth in 1824, is a son of Timothy and Abigail (Hall) Huntington, and grandson of Benjamin and Judith (Collin.s) Huntington, whose father was among the first settlers of Litchfield. Mr. Huntington is a farmer. He .spent twenty years in California prior to 1871. He married Mrs. Martha A. Davis, daughter of David and Eleanor (Marston) True, and granddaughter of Aaron True. Her first husband was John Davis, a son of John Davis. He died in 1872, leaving four children: William E., Fred W., J. Frank (de- ceased), and Nellie M. Joseph E. Jack, born in Plymouth, Me., in 1844, is the only son of Joseph and Jane (Libby) Jack, grandson of Joseph and Mary (Gray) Jack, and great-grandson of Andrew Jack. He came to Litchfield in 1850, where he has been a carpenter and farmer. He served in the late war one year in Company F, 24th Maine volunteers. His first marriage was with Alice, daughter of vSamuel Mitchell. His present wife was Fannie E. Sprague. Isaac F. Lapham, son of John A. Lapham, was burn in Bethel in 1833, and married Eliza R., daughter of Rev. David Ricker, of Wood- stock, Me. Their children are: Addie L. and Ernest M. Addie L. married E. T. Packard, son of Marlboro and Mary A. Packard, and they have three children. Ernest married Effie B., daughter of James True. Mr. Lapham came from Augusta to Litchfield in 1876, and in company with his son-in-law bought the Jacob Emmerson farm, where they carry on the farming, nursery and market gardening business. Ernest M., with Mr. Packard, now runs the farm. Nathaniel B. Merchant, son of Captain Jabez and Juda (Bennett) Merchant, was born in 1823 at New Gloucester, Me., came to Gardiner in 1860, and five years later to Litchfield, where he is a farmer. He married Angle C. Stowell, who died in 1886, leaving no issue. Eli Merriman, son of Robert and Clarisa (Douglas) Merriman, and grandson of Walter Merriman, was born in Bowdoin in 1834. He is a carpenter by trade. He served in Company F, 24th Maine volun- teers, from August, 1862, one year. In January, 1864, he went to New Hampshire, where he was engaged in the clothing business until August, 1866, when he came to Litchfield, where he has since been a merchant. He has been postmaster since April, 1873. He married Almeda, daughter of Daniel Gilman, and their children are: Viola,. James D., Clara D. and Abbie. Charles A. Metcalf, born in 1848, is the eldest of three children of Lorenzo and Mary J. (Weston) Metcalf, and a grandson of Martin and Eliza (Walker) Metcalf, who came from Berry, Mass., to Litch- field, where Martin died in 1868, aged 71 years. Mr. Metcalf has filled the offices of selectman, town clerk and justice; and May 4, 1889^ TOWN OF LITCHFIELD. 7Urf was appointed postmaster at South Litchfield to succeed Moses True, who was the successor of Augustus Batchelder, the first incumbent of that office. Mr. Metcalf is a farmer on the land which John True cleared from the forest. He was married in 1885 to Lucy A., daugh- ter of Moses and Ann (Tucker) True, and granddaughter of John and Sally (West) True. Walden Otis, born in Fairfield in 1827, is a son of Abram W. and Lydia (Hussey) Otis, and grandson of Hezekiah Otis. He came to Litchfield in 1871 from Lewiston, and bought the Rev. William O. Grant farm of one Ijundred acres, where he has since lived. He mar- ried Lucinda, daughter of John Rowe. vShe died in 1887, leaving one son, Albion P., who married Margaret E. Butler, and has one daugh- ter, Edith M. Eliphalet Palmer, born in 1807 and died in 1879, was one of nine children of Marlbury and Martha (Smith) Palmer, who came from Scituate, Mass., to Litchfield in 1790. Mr. Palmer's wife was Lucy P., daughter of Thomas and Mary (Knowlton) Lord, and granddaughter of James Lord. Their children were: Emily P., Thomas M. (de- ceased), Frederick E., Granville H. and Lewis M., M. D., who was a graduate of Harvard in 1881. Granville H. was born in 1841, and is a farmer on the farm where Marlbury settled in 1790. He mar- ried Eliza, daughter of Erastus B. and Sarah H. (Goddard) Delano. Their children are: Lewis E. and Mary O. Captain Ezekiel Drummond Percy, descended from the Earl of Northumberland, England, was born at Phippsburgh, Me., August IB, 1830. He went to sea when twelve years old, and became master of the ship Co2iraiii. in 1851— Cuba to Hamburg. During the war he was attached to Admiral Farragut's squadron, and was first lieutenant of the ship Huntsvillc, that took Daniel Sickle to Aspinwall. In 1868 Captain Percy went to Japan, where he was attached to the navy de- partment of that nation, as teacher of gunnery and navigation. He was in Japan thirteen years. In 1888 he bought the LTnion Hotel at Cundy's Harbor, Me., and changed the name to Cliff House, which he still keeps. He married, June 16, 1864, L. O., daughter of Doctor William Cochran. They have one child, S. Lettie. A. Warren Plimpton', born in 1825, is the eldest of four children of Elias' and Nancy (Billings) Plimpton, whose ancestors were: Asa ', James", John', John", Sergeant John", John Plimpton'. Air. Plimpton has two brothers and one sister: Dr. Albert, of Gardiner, George and Maria. Mr. Plimpton is the senior member of the firm of E. Plimpton & Sons, which was established in 1820, when Elias Plimp- ton came to Litchfield from Walpole, Mass. He was first married to Harriet E., daughter of Daniel Fuller. She died, leaving one son, Warren O. His present wife was Abbie, daughter of Daniel Oilman. Warren O. Plimpton graduated from Bowdoin College in 1882, and 704 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. from the College of Physicians and Surgeons. N:ew York, in 1888. He is now practicing medicine and lecturing in sui^^cry in the University College of Medicine, New York city. John Purinton, born in 1841 in Bowdoin,is a son of Abel and Mary (Raymond) Purinton, grandson of Abiezer, and great-grandson of Rev. Humphrey Purinton. He was educated in the schools of Bowdoin and at the Litchfield Academy. He taught school eight winters, was thirteen years in the mercantile trade in Richmond, and since 1876 has been a farmer in Litchfield, on a part of the Captain Robert Pat- ten farm. He served five years as a justice and four years as select- man, two of which helwas chairman of that board. He married Mary, daughter of John and Caroline Patten, and granddaughter of Captain Robert Patten. Their children are: Eugene E., John Elmer and Frank W. They lost one, Ernest H.- Asa P. Smith lives on the old homestead where his father, Zacha- riah B. Smith, who was born on the next farm north, lived and died. Thomas Smith, Asa's grandfather, came to Litchfield from Nova Scotia, v/hither his father, Thomas, son of John Smith, removed from Cape Cod. Asa P.Smith was married first, to Nancy Shorey, of Litch- field, in 1855. She died in 1866. Their only child, Lillian L., gradu- ated at Hallowell Classical Institute, and is now teaching in Bismarck, North Dakota. Mr. vSmith's second marriage was in 1868, with Anna P. Sylvester, of Bowdoin. They have one child, Warren R. Smith, a graduate of Bowdoin College at the age of twenty, with the highest honors of his class; who is now pursuing a scientific course of study at Clark's University, Worcester, Mass. David Thurston Smith is in the fourth generation from one of several pioneers by the same name, for whom the area of the present town of Litchfield was first called vSmithfield. His farm was settled by his great-grandfather, Thomas Smith, who was born in Chatham, Mass., and lived in Nova Scotia before coming to Maine. The earliest record we have of him in Smithfield is on a survey of six adjacent lots, made by John Merrill, " at the request of Benjamin Hinckley, Eliphalet Smith and others," on which Thomas Smith had lot No. 4. Here he brought his family in 1780, one of whom was his son, Thomas, then ten years old, whose son, David, was the father of David Thurston Smith. Both the Thomases were deacons in the church in their day, and were men of genuine qualities. The second Thomas was a man of genial nature, made friends of all, especially the children, was physically robust and active, was a great hunter, killed two bears, en- joyed relating his experiences, and in his later years was familiarly and affectionately known as " Uncle Tom." David Smith was born in " Uncle Tom's Cabin " in 1805, grew up a farmer, and married, first, Susan Springer. Their children were: Daniel L , Alden B., Sophronia A., David Thurston and Benjamin F. Cj^a^c^^. TOWN OF LITCHFIELD. 70S His second wife's name was Martha J. White, and their children were: Susan S., Bertha A., Mary E. and Thomas F. His third wife was Mrs. Sarah Owen, his fourth was Miss Elizabeth Smith, and his last and still surviving wife was Mrs. Mary Baker. David Thurston Smith, the fourth child by his father's first mar- riage, was born in 1836, and grew up on the old homestead. At the age of fifteen he was converted, and united with the church six years later. When seventeen years old he joined the Watchman's Club, a temperance order, whose object was to procure the passage of prohib- itory laws, and signed the pledge which he has never broken. At the age of twenty-two he went to Massachusetts, where he worked mostly in or near Boston, part of the time in a store, and then as an officer in the House of Correction. In 1863 he was drafted and entered the army in Company K, 11th Maine, which fought under General Butler at the battle of Bermuda Hundred, where he received a gun shot in his right leg, from which he has never recovered. Mr. Smith re- ceived his discharge June 1, 1865, returned to Litchfield and resumed farming. Just before going into the army he mar- ried Annie M. Kent, of Fa- yette, Me., who died in 1872. In 1877 he mar- ried his present wife, Ladora J. Malcolm, of Phipp.sburgh, Me. Mr. Smith was superin- tendent of the Sabbath school of the Congre- gational church at Litchfield twelve consecutive years, and has long been a deacon in the same church. He is a charter member of the G. A. R. Post, and in politics has always acted with the republican party. The accompanying cut represents the old house built by the pioneer Thomas in 1782, in which all the Smiths named in this sketch have spent part of their lives. It is unoccupied, but its owner considers it a privilege and a pleasure to preserve the walls within which he was born, and to keep renewed the roof that covers a spot radiant with so many precious memories. Three representatives of the Smiths of Litchfield became. eminent UNCLE TOM S CABIN 706 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. as ministers: Rev. Thomas Smith, who died in 1861, at Brewer. Me.; Rev. Benjamin Smith, who died while pastor of the Litchfield Congre- gational Church, and Rev. Charles B. Smith, now living in Maiden, Mass. George W. Smith is a son of Isaac Smith, whose father, Benjamin Smith, probably came from Cape Cod. Isaac Smith, who died in 1877, at the age of eighty-two, had twelve children, of whom the following are living: Jane, wife of David S. Springer: Mary, widow of David Smith: Almira, now Mrs. \V. H. Smith; Lydia, now Mrs. L. S. Larra- bee; Hannah D. and George W. All of the persons named, except Benjamin Smith, were born in Litchfield. George W. was brought up on the old homestead as a farmer, but as a matter of preference became a wood worker and carver, in Lewiston, and has done some- thing in sculpture. He made some years ago a marble bust of Mo- zart, a plaster bust of his father, Isaac Smith, that is the admiration of all who knew the original; a medallion of Rev. J. T. Hawes; and he carved in wood a strikingly correct bust of Charles Sumner, and one of Doctor Hill, of Lewiston. The clay of which his father's bust is modeled was taken from the clay bed that furnished the brick of which the house he owns in Litchfield was built. Oramandel Smith, born December 2, 1842, in Aroostook county, Me., is a son of Daniel D. and Lucy (Williams) Smith, and grandson of John, whose father, Eliphalet Smith, was among the early settlers of Litchfield. Mr. Smith came to Litchfield in 1852, where he was educated in the common schools and Litchfield Academy, and at the Classical Institute of Waterville, leaving there at the age of twenty. He began teaching at the age of seventeen and continued twelve winters. He was eleven years sxipervisor or a member of the school committee. He represented his district in the legislature in 1870 and in June of that year received the appointment of Deputy U. S. Mar- shall to take the census in Litchfield. He was assistant clerk of the House in 1874 and. 1875, and was promoted to clerk in 1876, which position he held until 1885, except 1879. In April, 1883, he was ap- pointed state insurance commissioner, which office he resigned in September of the following year. He was elected secretary of state in 1885, which position he filled with credit to himself for six years. In January, 1891, he was chosen a member of the governor's coun- cil. He was married in May, 1875, to Jennie R., daughter of William C. Smith. David S. Springer.— The thorough New England quality of the stock from which David Smith Springer comes is seen by a single glance at his ancestry. His grandfather, David Springer, came from Cape Cod, Mass., to Bowdoinham, Me., and from thence settled in Litchfield. Thomas vSpringer, David's son, the father of David S.. Springer, married Elizabeth, daughter of the second Thomas Smith, TOWN OF LITCHFIELD. 707 of Litchfield, whose ancestors were also natives of Cape Cod. The children of Thomas and Elizabeth Springer were: George W., David S. and Sophronia, who died young. David S. was born December 3, 1822, in Litchfield, where he passed his boyhood days on his father's farm, treading the familiar old path, monotonous at times, but always invigorating and safe, as it alternates from the winter school, with the inevitable morning and evening chores, to the tiresome routine of the summer's farm work. After the district school came several terms at the Litchfield Academy, and then David S., in 1844, found a wife in the person of Jane M., daughter of Isaac Smith, whose father, Benjamin Smith, came to Litch- field in 1781, and was a brother of the first Thomas Smith, who was the grandfather of David S. Springer's mother. David and Jane have had one child, Isaac T. Mr. Springer has not been permitted to pass the whole of his time or to devote the whole of his energies to agricultural pursuits, although farming has been his life-long avocation. He was chosen one of the selectmen of Litchfield in 1867 and was reelected each of •the following two years. In 1871 he was again elected a selectmen, also in 1872, '73, '75 and '76. For a long term of years he held some one of the minor offices of the town. In 1882 he was elected town treasurer, in which office he is now serving his eleventh year. In 1879 he was elected to the legislature and belonged to the famous and never-to-be-forgotten "count out" session. In t'ne course of his duties Mr. Springer served on the agricultural and the leave of ab- sence committees. Now, at the well rounded age of three score and ten, he is in the enjoyment of good health, the society of his excel- lent wife in a pleasant and happy home, and has the priceless con- sciousness of having passed an honorable and useful life. Thomas Harvey Springer, born in 1808, was a son of James and Bet- sey (Collins) vSpringer and grandson of David Springer, who came from Bowdoinham and was one of the first settlers in Litchfield. Mr. Springer was a farmer and died in 1880. He married Sarah Hunting- ton, sister of Henry Huntington. She survives him. Of their eight children three are living: Luetta A., James P. and Emlem P., who, with his mother, occupies the farm of his father and grandfather. Isaac Starbird, born in Bowdoin in 1799, was a son of Moses Star- bird, who was for many years a merchant at Bowdoin. Mr. Starbird came to Litchfield Corners in 1837 and bought the store of Lorenzo Dailey, who was the successor of William Robinson, Esq. He con- tinued in mercantile trade from November of that year until his death in 1883. His son, James W., who had been a partner in the business since 1867, has continued the business since that time in the same firm name— Isaac Starbird & Son. Isaac Starbird was postmaster from 1861 to 1873. He married Sarah, daughter of Moses Dennett. His 708 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. children were: Charles D., deceased: Isaac W., M.D., who graduated at Bowdoin College, went into the late war as captain, was promoted to the rank of colonel, and is now practicing medicine in Boston: James Wilbur, Herbert M. and Margaret E. (Mrs. Samuel Woodard); and Eugene C, by second wife. James W. married Barbara E., daughter of Melvin P. and granddaughter of Esquire William Robin- son. They have one daughter, Angle S. Herbert M. Starbird, son of Isaac and Sarah (Dennett) Starbird, was born October 2, 1847. He served in the late war in Company M, D. C. Cavalry, from March to September of 1864, when he was trans- ferred to Company D, 1st Maine Cavalry, serving until August, 1865, when he was discharged as sergeant. He married Annie F., only daughter of Melvin Harri.son and Betsey M. (Adams) True, and grand- daughter of Daniel True, who married Sally (West), widow of John True. Mr. Starbird is a farmer and with his father-in-law owns and occupies the Batchelder tavern, which Mr. True bought in 1867, when he returned from Massachusetts, where he had lived since 1831. Henry Taylor, who has for the last twenty years been identified with the schools of Litchfield and vicinity both as an officer and a teacher, is a native of Virginia and was two years in the Union army before coming to Maine. He was a pupil in the schools of Gardiner and Richmond prior to 1867 and a student at Yarmouth Academy prior to 1872, when he began teaching. His wife, Maryetta T., is a daughter of Samuel and Maryetta (Thompson) Goodwin. Their chil- dren are: Henry W., Carleton L., Amy I., and Walter G., deceased. George Nelson Thurlow, born in 1834, is the eighth child of John and Sally (Flagg) Thurlow and a grandson of John Thurlow, who came from Berwick, Me., to Litchfield about 1804, and settled near where Mr. Thurlow now lives. His father was Stephen Thurlow. George N. is a farmer, as were his father and grandfather. He served the last two years of the civil war, first in Company F, 7th Maine Volunteers, and later in the 1st Maine Veterans. His wife, Emma W., is a daughter of James and Julia A. (Aldrich) Morse, and granddaugh- ter of James Morse. Their children are: George A. and Harry H. Eben Toothakerwas brought by his parents, Cornelius and Hannah (Gray) Toothaker, when less than six months old, to Litchfield, from Harpswell, Me., in 1817, he being the third of eleven children. When grown he learned the ship carpenter's trade and worked in Richmond and Bowdoinham. In 1844 he married Martha O. Williams, of Bow- doinham, by whom he had three boys and one girl, Mary, now the wife of John Hutchinson. His son, Fonzo J. Toothaker, married Mary Schroder, of Chicago. Eben Toothaker built in ISoO, the house in which he has since lived. He has always been an active republican, and has been postmaster twenty-one years, keeping the office in his house at Litchfield Plains. TOWN OF LITCHFIELD. Tn9 Jesse T. True is a son of Woodman True, who died in 1867, and grandson of Aaron True, who came to Litchfield from Massachusetts. Woodman True married Lucy Tucker in 1831. They had two chil- dren— Jesse T. and Helen, who married Jabez Plummer. Jesse T. was born in Litchfield in 1832, and has always been a farmer. In 1860 he married Elizabeth Cushing, of Freeport, born in 1836. Their chil- dren are: Fannie W., now a school teacher at Litchfield Corners; Ed- ward M., who lives in Massachusetts, and Nathan C, at home. Merrill True, born in 1832, is one of three children of Aaron and Mary ( Merrill j True, grandson of Aaron and Martha (Woodman) True, and great-grandson of Thomas True, who lived and died in Salisbury, Mass., and had five sons and two daughters, who came to Litchfield. Mr. True is a farmer on the south half of the three hundred acre farm where his grandfather settled when he came to the town. He married M. Ellen, daughter of Horace Moore. Their children are: Stanley M. and Sally H. Thomas True, son of Thomas and Parmelia (Parker) True, married Mariam Eaton. Their children were: Bradbury E., Almira, Emery P. and Albert C. The youngest of these was born in 1843. He served one year in the late war in Company E, 23d Maine volunteers. He has taught thirty-four terms of school, has been a member of the school committee several years, and two years school supervisor. He is a farmer, and occupies the farm of.'his^father, with his elder brother and sister, Emery P. and Almira. He married M. Viola, daughter of Joel Card, of Bowdoinham, Me. John W. Tucker, born in 1854, is the youngest of three children of John and Rhoda J. (Jack) Tucker, and grandson of Jesse and Rebecca (Fisher) Tucker. Mrs. Rhoda J. Tucker died in January, 1886. Mr. Tucker carries on the farm where his father lived from 1840 until his death, in 1885. He married Carrie M., daughter of William H. Wood- bury. Their children are: George, Sarah W., Dexter B., Ralph, Lucena M., John R., Fred W. and Estelle. George Webber, a son of George and grandson of Richard Web- ber, was born in Richmond, Me., in 1811. His father served seven years in the revolutionary war. His wife, Rebecca (married in 1836), is a daughter of Benjamin and Margaret (Curtis) Merriman, and grand- daughter of Walter Merriman, of Harpswell, Me. Their children are: Reuel S., Adaline C, Rebecca A., Mary E., Sophronia H., Arista, Thirza E., George F., Pauline S., Nellie E. and Charles H., who mar- ried Lillian M. Maxwell, and now lives with his parents on the home- stead farm. He has one son, Milton E. David G. Wilson, one of four children of Nehemiah and Alice (Davis) Wilson, was born in 1826. He is a farmer and mechanic. He married Martha A., daughter of Andrew, and granddaughter of Simeon ■710 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Goodwin, who came from Pittston to Litchfield in 1795. Her mother ■was Margaret Clifford. Charles H. Waldron. son of Charles D. and Julia A. (Allen) Wal- ■dron, was born in 1841. He has been employed by the E. Plimpton & Sons Manufacturing Company since 1863, with the exception of the years 1867, '68 and '69. His wife, Margaret A. Goodwin, is a sister of Mrs. Wilson, above. John Woodbury was born in Litchfield, Me., August 10, 1818, and died on the 25th of February, 1882. Through nearly all his life he was an influential and useful citizen, always interested for the best interests of his native town, which he served many years in official capacity, as appears from the preceding records. His parents were Hugh Woodbury, born in Danville, Me., in 1780, and Elizabeth (Plum- mer) Woodbury, born in 1788. They came from Danville to Litchfield in 1806, and bought 225 acres on the south line of the Sawyer Tract, where Thomas Davis, a " squatter," had built a log habitation. Here their ten children were born: William, the eldest, was born in 1812 and died in 1820; Susan, born 1814, died 1886; Abigail, born 1816, died 1825; Hannah, born 1821, died 1851; Mary Ann, born 1824, married Jesse Davis, of Lisbon, and has two children — Emma and Louisa Davis; Hugh, born 1822, died 1825: Benjamin, born December 29, 1826; Sarah, born 1829, died 1856; Horatio, the youngest of the ten, was born in 1831. He read law with Samuel Titcomb, practiced in Hallowell. Me., also in Kentucky and in Leavenworth, Indiana. He was a soldier — lieutenant colonel of the 35th Indiana Cavalry — and died in 1881. Thus Benjamin Woodbury, of Litchfield, and Mrs. Davis, of Lisbon, are the only survivors of this large family. The name originated in Cheshire county, England, but the family records only extend to Hugh Woodbury's father. True Woodbury, who was born in Massachusetts January 15, 1756, and died in Danville, Me., April 28, 1828. As a family, by industry and economy, they acquired a good property on their farm in Litchfield. John Woodbury, perhaps the best known of his generation, gave more careful attention to books. He became a practical surveyor, was representative from Litchfield in 1854, '57 and '75, and in 1876 was elected to the state .senate. During his active life no man in Litch- field was more frequently consulted upon business matters, and such men as Doctor Kindrick and David Springer say that no man's in- fluence was more widely felt in the political affairs of the town. He was never married, and when his usefulness was ended and death fol- lowed, Litchfield found that men were very scarce who could fill the place which was once so ably filled by John Woodbury.* William Wyman, born in South China, May 15, 1823, is a son of *The fine engraving accompanying this sketch is a fitting tribute to his mem- ory by his only surviving brother. TOWN OF LITCHFIELD. 711 Ezekiel and Mary (Libby) Wyman, grandson of Ezekiel and Mary (Bran) Wyman, and great-grandson of Francis Wyman. Mr. Wyman was for several years prior to 1860 engaged in the business of tanner and currier. He came to Litchfield in 1860 from Troy, Me., and has since been a farmer, excepting one year, during which he served in the late war with Company F, 24th Maine volunteers. His wife is Catherine, daughter of Jesse and Esther B. (Work) Young, and grand- daughter of Solomon Young. Their children are: George A., Mary E. (deceased), Frank C, Clara E. (deceased), Flora A. (Mrs. S. L. Gowell), and Etta M. . Frank C. Wyman, son of William Wyman, was born in the town of Troy m 1853. In addition to operating his farm, Mr. Wyman is a wagon maker, at which he works in his own shops in the cold part of the year. In 1882 he married Thirsa E., daughter of George and Re- becca Webber. Their children are: Alice E., Jesse L. and Herbert S. CHAPTER XXVII. TOWN OF PITTSTON. Erection of Old Pittston. — Settlement. — Pioneers. — Development. — Villages. — Chief Localities. — Civil History. — Town Officers. — Churches. — Schools. — Cemeteries. — Personal Paragraphs. THE original town of Pittston included Gardiner and West Gar- diner on the west side of the Kennebec, and Pittston and Ran- dolph on the east side. In 1670 Alexander Brown settled in old Pittston, but was killed by Indians in 1676. In 1751 Captain John North laid out the town in lots, and in 1754 a few settlers made their appearance. Settlements were made on both sides of the river as early as 1760, and the entire territory of the four towns was comprised in the plantation of Gardinerston, so named in honor of Dr. Sylvester Gardiner, who in 1754 received large tracts within the domain and later was instrumental in inducing settlers to emigrate thither. In February, 1779, the territory mentioned, with the exception of lots 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10, on the south edge of the west side, which were joined to Bowdoinham, was incorporated into a town called Pittston. It was at first proposed to call the new town Gardiner, but the attitude of Doctor Gardiner during the revolution debarred him from this honor, and it was natned for the Pitt family — Hon. John Pitt having, in 1779, introduced the bill for its incorporation in the legislature. The first town meeting was held in the inn of Henry Smith, on the east side of the river (known as Smithtown in the present Pittston), from which the ferry was run for many years. For twenty-four years the territory as first incorporated remained a single town, but in 1803 all the tract west of the river was set off to form the then new town of Gardiner. The region comprised in the present town of Pittston is the most southern of Kennebec county, east of the river. It is bounded by the town of Dresden on the south; Alna and Whitefield on the east; Chelsea and Randolph, the new town more recently erected from Pittston, on the north; and Kennebec river on the west. Settlers. — The first settlers made their clearings along the river. Henry .Smith located in 1764 on the west side of the river, and Au- gust 5, 1772, he moved to the east side and settled above Agry's point, opening the first inn of the town. Thomas Agry came to the point which still bears his name — where the ice houses of the Independent TOWN OF PITTSTON. 71" Ice Company stand — in 1774. Here were built the first vessels above Bath. Seth Soper settled, in 1779, next to Agry, and William and Moses Springer took up land near Agry's point about the same time. In 1761, four brothers, Reuben, Jeremiah, Oliver and Benjamin Col- burn, settled above Agry's, and formed a settlement then known as Colburntown. Here they built vessels, and where the late Gustavus A. Colburn resided, Major Colburn, his grandfather, constructed the bateaux for the Arnold expedition to Quebec, the beautiful growth of white oaks that covered the bank of the river making it a most suitable spot for the work. He was assisted in his labors by the Agrys, Edward Fuller and others, all settlers on the river. William Barker settled in 1780 and opened an early store near Wil- liam B. Grant's. He sold four settlers' lots, in 1781, to Eleazar Tar- box, who, fifty-one years afterward, was buried on the land. Edward Fuller, about 1760, settled on the farm now occupied by his grandson, Benjamin F. Fuller. Next north of this Nathaniel Bailey settled in 1762; and later, next north of his lot, Frederick Jackins settled. In 1787 David Mooers settled on the lands of George A. Yeaton. Next south of Edward Fuller was the clearing of Abner Marson, made in 1768. Marson was subsequently captured and carried away by the Indians. Henry Bodge settled early next below Marson's; and below Bodge lived Dea. Elijah Jackson, who settled in 1781. Hubbard Eastman settled below, next to Jackson's. On this lot are the Pebble hills, where a hole eighty feet deep was made in digging for gold. Search for the precious metal was prosecuted nearly every summer for many years, but without substantial results. In 1763 Martin Haley bought one hundred acres ne.xt below East- man, in the southwestern corner of the town, and here was raised the first English hay of the town. Up the river Samuel Oakman, a ship- builder, settled in 1772, and near Smith's Hotel John and Henry No- ble settled. John Taggart bought a farm, in 1773, of Major Reuben Colburn; and after the revolutionary war Levi Shepherd settled where John F. Bragden lives. The west side of the town, along the Kennebec river, was of the most importance in those early days. Shipbuilding was carried on at every available place along the river; a ferry was run from near Smith's tavern, to the opposite side of the river; and the tavern itself was the central gathering place for town meetings well into the present century. On the uplands the early settlers found an abundance of oak, and in the intervales, pine, from which vessels were made, and of which large quantities were rafted to other localities. The first saw mill and the fir.st grist mill stood at the mouth of Nehumkeag creek. They were owned and run by Edward Lawrence and Franklin Flitner. 714 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. The service of these important mills was continued into and during the first quarter of the present century. After the separation, in 1803, the present Pittston increased rapidly in business and population. The tax list of 1808 will show the resi- dents of that date, many of them being the descendants of pioneers. The list included Thomas Freeman, Dennis Gould, Charles Glidden, Arnold Glidden, Joseph Green, Freeborn Groves, Susannah Hunt, Betsey Haley, Martin Haley, Nathaniel Haley, Nathaniel Hall, Wil- liam Hanover, William Hanover, jun., Silas Hunt, Ephraim Hatch, Jedediah Jewett, Charles Osgood, Samuel Oakman, Esq., Samuel Oak- man, jun., Robert McKnight, Samuel Marson, Samuel Marson, jun., William Moody, Scribner Moody, David Moore, George Marson, Ste- phen Marson, Abner Marson, Abner Marson, jun., Trustam Mores, John Law, Jacob Loud, Peleg Loud, Elihu Loud, Samuel Little. James Laplane, Roger Lapham, Abiathar Kendall, Jonathan Jewett, Daniel Jewett, Enoch Jewett, Samuel Jones. Benjamin Jackson, Thomas Jack- son, Christopher Jackins and his son of the same name, James Jack- ins, Andrew Johnson, James and Levi Johnson, Samuel Cutts, Wil- liain Stevens, Leonard Cooper, Joseph Colman, Richard Cookson, Isaac Clark, Burnham Clark, Eldred Crowell, Reuben Colburn, Benjamin and Joseph Colburn, William Church, Samuel Clark, Richard Calvert, Thomas Coss, Widow Margaret Colburn, Captain Oliver Colburn, Jacob Daniells, Ezra Davis, Samuel Davis, James Dudley, Alvan Dim- mick, Hobart Eastman, Judah Eldred, Micah Eldred, Francis Flitner, Joseph and Benjamin Flitner, Benjamin Follensbie, Edward Fuller, Edward Palmer, Samuel Palmer, Jeremiah and James Pickard, Benja- min Pulsifer, Joseph Pulsifer, jun., Jo.seph, James and David Rawlings, Stephen Rowe, Obadiah Read, Lsaac Read, Henry Smith, George Standley, John Stephens, Levi Shepherd, Henry Smith, jun., John, James and Jeremiah Smith, Seth Soper's heirs, Caleb Stephens and son Caleb, Daniel Scott, Alexander Troop, John and Robert Taggard, Sam- uel Thomas, Simeon Town, Benjamin Trask, Jonathan Winslow, David Young and his son David, Hannah Agry, a widow. Captain David Agry, Widow Hannah Bailey, Nathaniel Bailey and son Nathaniel, David Bailey, Henry Bodge, John Barker, Jonathan and William Blanchard, John Bailey, Nathan Bailey, jun., Peter Benner and Joseph Blodgett. In 1803 the poll list bore the names of Henry Adams, Ebenezer Blodgett, Bisbee Boulton, Rufus Cushman, Daniel Davis, Samuel Dud- ley, Oliver Foster, John Follensbie, Samuel Follensbie, Daniel Fol- lensbie, Jedediah Cowin, Simeon Cunningham, John C. Gookin, Wil- liam Hatch, Seth Hunt, Paul Home, Thomas Mead, Benjamin Mar- son, David Philbrooks, Samuel Tarbox, Joseph Trask, David and John White, John Robertson and Mr. Nowal. These old men, young men and widows of old settlers were scat- TOWN OF PITTSTON. 715 tered among the hills and valleys of Pittston in 1803, and their de- scendants occupy many of the lands then assessed. The community lived near to nature's heart in those bygone days, and obtained the larger share of their food supply from the virgin soil of the clearings, from the forests abounding with game, and from waters teeming with fish. Indeed, fish were so plentiful, especially alewives, in the brook running from Nehumkeag pond, and in the Togus stream, that fcr domestic use it was only necessary to shove them out into dishes. Nehumkeag pond, lying nearly in the center of the town, covers 175 acres, and this, with Joy's pond, in the northeast corner, are the only ponds of considerable extent in the town. Besides the streams already mentioned there are Eastman, Bailey, Blair and Follensbie creeks. These empty into the Kennebec, and were named from the settlers on their banks, who could not have selected a better site, the soil being a rich, clayey loam, and well watered. Besides the streams mentioned, the Eastern river, entering from Whitefield, pa.s.ses through the eastern part of the town, southerly, and empties into the Kennebec at Dresden. At the point where this river leaves Pittston it measures twenty-three rods from bank to bank, and the tides from the Kennebec set up into Pittston three miles. The early increase in the wealth of the town was phenomenal. In 1820 the statistics for Pittston showed 446 acres under cultivation, 1,747 of meadow, 1,613 acres of pasture, 2,061 bushels of corn, 870 of wheat, 222 of oats, 101 of barley, 86 of peas, and 1,511 tons of hay; the statistics also showed 176 barns. 478 cows, 278 oxen, 116 horses and 251 swine. There were then 633 tons of shipping owned in the town. Town meetings had been held at the inn of Henry Smith for sev- eral years, but when the old Congregational church was sold to the town, in 1820, religious and town meetings were held in that build- ing. This old church, which stood where the hearse house now stands, on G. A. Colburn's farm, was begun by Major Colburn and others in 1788, but the society was unable to finish it, and it was used by the town as above stated until 1846, when it was again sold, and tradition says it is now in part doing service as a barn for Mrs. E. H. Lapham, near Grange Hall. Subsequent to 1846 a town house was erected at Beech hill, and was used until a few years ago, when it was sold to George Stanley, upon whose land it stood. In 1884 the town rented, for one year, the lower part of Grange Hall for a town hall, and in 1886 the use of Grange Hall for town meetings and selectmen's office was resumed. The first few years after Gardiner was separated from Pittston the latter town maintained its pound in various farm barn-yards. In 1815 it was " voted to use Abiathar Kendall's barn-yard for a pound, and he be the pound master." In 1818 not only Kendall, but Obadiah Reed and William Stevens were appointed pound masters, and the 716 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. barn-yards of these men were the legal pounds. Later a pound, sur- rounded by a .stone fence, was erected, but it has been abandoned for years. The peculiarities of the Pittston settlers may be inferred from the vote of the town in 1791, when forty-five votes against and five for making Maine an independent state were cast. In the same year a like peculiarity was displayed when, the small pox having broken out seriously, the town voted that " It was not expedient to inoculate for the disease." In 1807 the town was again opposed to erecting Maine into a separate state; and in 1808 the town meeting refused to peti- tion the president to remove the embargo, but passed resolutions to uphold the government and the president. The assistance of the general court was asked, in 1811, to place in order a bridge over Togus creek, and a township of land was granted for the purpose. The bridge was repaired and placed in use at an expense of $18,000. Active measures were taken relative to the sale of liquor in 1833, no licenses being granted, and a committee appointed to prosecute all violations. The poor of the town have never been numerous and are perhaps less than in many others of the same population. In 1819 only one — a poor woman — was the care of the town, and her keeping for a year was bid off at forty-six cents per week by a farmer. For years the poor were bid off in like manner; but prior to 1860 the town pur- chased a farm of sixty-five or seventy acres, of the heirs of Alexander Troop, on Beech hill, where these unfortunates have been since kept. North Pittston.— The post-village of North Pittston is beauti- fully situated in the northeast corner of the town, and was early a central location for that portion of the community. It was usually called Colburn's Corners, having been settled by George Colburn, on the land where James Crowell now resides. Reuben Freeman was another settler, where John McGlugen lives. John Barker settled next below, on the land now owned by John Dunn. An old settler was a Mr. Crowell, where Washington Lawrence recently lived. Cap- tain Micah Eldredge .settled where Jo.seph Kenny dwells; Dennis Gould made his clearing on the spot now occupied by Frederick Gould, and Joseph Kidder settled where George Putman resides. In olden time Colburn's Corners was a lively center. In the school house ministers discoursed and singing schools were held. There was a potash factory where Isaac Green lives, and John Barker had a saw mill upon a stream there; but nothing is left of either building now. George Colburn's shoe shop was the first store established, and Gor- ham Jewett opened the next store. About 1860 Joseph G. Colburn started a store which, during the war, he disposed of; then Fred P. Morrill, who had been burned out of a small store in 1888, built and opened his present store in 1889, in which he keeps the post office. TOWN OF PITTSTON. 717 Of the Other old enterprises here were the inn of James Crowell, an early settler, and the shoe shop of Daniel Kelly, another early settler where James Ware lives. North and East Pittston possessed shipping advantages that were in themselves modest and laborious; but the lumber, hay, shingles and other products found their way to the outside world by hauling them to the Eastern river, one mile south of East Pittston, where the tide enabled boats to land and load with goods to be conveyed to the schooners at the Dresden landing. This carry-way is still used for the shipment of heavy goods down and up the stream. April 15, 1850, a post office was established at North Pittston and Jesse Gould was appointed postmaster. He was succeeded October 18, 1883, by Benjamin B. Hanson, and he, September 25, 1885, by Fred P. Morrill, who still keeps it in his store. East Pittston.— In the eastern part of the town is East Pittston, a considerable post-village. It is pleasantly situated in the valley of the Eastern river, and enjoys in itself all the comforts of a New Eng- land village. It was early settled, on account of the fertility of the soil and superior mill advantages. Among the first dwellers there were the Dudleys and Burnham Clark, and just below, at the landing, was the Call family. Harrison Hunt owns the Call's landing farm now; it is the head of navigation on the Eastern river. The stream furnished power for mills, and very early the Dudleys had a saw mill near where the road from Beech hill crosses the stream. This was called the upper mill, while just below was the middle mill, to which, on the south side, was added a grist mill by James Cunningham. Another saw mill, further down, and owned by Obadiah Reed, was known as the lower mill; and a pail factory, owned by Eliakim Scam- mon, was on the north side. A box factory, run by Jonathan Young, was near the middle mill. These mills were in their day run con- stantly, a ready sale being found for their products; but the bare rocks in the bed of the stream, and the suggestive sites for power, are all that remain of the busy past. Stores sprang up, the first within the remembrance of the oldest of the present denizens being that of Jonathan Young, built about 1835. After a few years James Norris purchased the business, took Isaac Reed as partner, and three years later sold out to Henry Dearborn, whodis-^ posed of the store to the firm of Cate & Alley. Five years later this firm sold out to Lorenzo S. Clark, who took George W. Mansir as partner. At the death of Mansir, a score of years after, the business was con- ducted by Lorenzo S. Clark, until 1889, when he sold to Henry A. Clark, his son. About 1830 Henry Trundy kept a store where Henry Knight lives. Thomas Eldredge was an old trader in a building where now stands the barn of the Rundlett estate. David Crowell became a partner after a few years. The stores of three-fourths of a 718 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. century ago sold rum, then an important item of trade, and this firm sold in one winter over fifty hogsheads. The lumbermen of the time were the principal purchasers. Isaac Reed started a store where Alonzo McDonald lives, and his "dry goods" was also rum. Just prior to 1840 strenuous measures were taken by the town to stop the retail of liquor within its borders, since which time fortunes have not been made by its sale. Other branches of business naturally sprang up here, prominent among which was the manufacture of carriages by Howard Lampson, in 1850. He was the successor of John Boynton. Lampson sold to Frederick W. Mansir, in 1870. The factory was then where the store of E. E. Hanley was later; but in 1875 Mansir erected the present fac- tory and moved thereto. He has added other buildings as needed, and all the branches of the sleigh and carriage business find room here. Another and new feature of business — the creamery— was insti- tuted here in 1890, by over one hundred of the farming community. It was successfully conducted during the season of 1890, and in April, 1891, Edward E. Hanley took the entire control of the business. The creamery is on Solomon Hopkins' land, and is run by steam power. William S. Cleaves keeps a general store. He bought the build- ing now in use as a store in 1871, and put in a stock, which he subse- quently sold to Edward E. Hanley, who remained in the same store for two years, and then fitted a building a few rods to the south, into which he moved. In 1890 he sold the balance of his stock to Cleaves and went out of the mercantile business. Mr. Cleaves stocked this store, and continuing also in his former store. December 9, 1820, a post office was established here, with Jonathan Young as postmaster. James Norris, jun., succeeded him, April 22, 1832, and William Kendall was appointed in the following March. Cyrus Rundlett was postmaster from June, 1836, to April, 1846, when Joel Johnson served until his death, six months later, whereupon Eliakim Scammon was appointed, keeping the office at his residence, where Frank Leonard now lives. He was succeeded, April 10, 1855, by Dr. Harrison vSmall, in the Cyrus Rundlett house, and he, on Au- gust 7, 1861, by George W. Mansir, jun., who held the office 16* years. Lorenzo S. Clark was the next postmaster, keeping the office at his store. Thomas Hanley was appointed January 20, 1886, and the pres- ent incumbent, Henry A. Clark, was appointed April 4, 1889, and keeps the office at his store. The meeting house of the East Parish, Methodist church, is located here. Beech Hill is a so-called locality just north of the center of the town, where the town house one stood, and the old stone pound is yet to be seen, though in a dilapidated condition. Doors and TOWN OF PITTSTON. Hi) even hinges may be removed by the lapse of three-score years; but the stone fence, four feet thick at the base and tapering up seven feet, may yet remain for many years to show the characteristics of the an- cestors of present generations. Jonathan Jewett was one of the first to start his clearing on Beech hill, and the settlement was contemporaneous with that of Ebenezer Byram and Major Seth Gay, who cleared the first farm of the town. on Togus stream, on the road to the meadows. Other Localities. — The river road running the length of the town, is a beautiful drive through a rich, thickly settled district, with many historic spots on either side. Here was Colburntown, above Smith's tavern, where Jeremiah, Reuben (who was such an earnest Congrega- tionalist), Oliver and Benjamin Colburn settled in 1761, also their four sisters— Lucy, Sarah Elizabeth, Hannah and Rachel Colburn. Below was Henry Smith's tavern, early and opportune built, where the town meetings of Old Pittston were held for so many years. The hogs- heads of rum dealt out there have not been lost in tradition. Still further below was Agry's point, where Arnold's bateaux were built for transporting troops and stores up the river; and down along the street, winding with the river, cluster many other spots of early interest. After Randolph was erected another post office, named Pittston, was established, April 16, 1887, and Edward A. Lapham was appointed postmaster. He now keeps it at his store, having been reappointed July 15, 1889. Edward M. Morton was made postmaster in August, 1887, and kept the office nearly two years in his store lower down the road. Mr. Morton built and started his store in 1883, which he still continues; and Edward A. Lapham's store is the outgrowth of the Grange store, the stock of which he purchased in 1887, and removed to his present building. On the Nehumkeag stream, besides the grist mill and saw mill mentioned, James La Plane, an early setter, had a tannery. A ferry was kept up just below Smith's tavern for many years, and the water front, over seven miles along the Kennebec, was an important part of the town. Shipbuilding was extensively carried on at the points where are now immense ice houses, as more fully appears in a previous chapter. In this part of the town is a very flourishing Grange — Pittston, No. 214 — organized March 3, 1876. Meetings were held at East Pittston for three years, when a suitable hall was erected near J. B. Ripley's place. Soon after the organization was effected the Grange opened a store, keeping goods at two places; but v/hen the hall was built, in 1880, a store was established there. The Grange, seventy-six in num- ber, meets in the hall on the second floor of their building, the town using the first floor. The presiding officers have been: E. H. Lapham, 720 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTV. J. M. Carpenter, J. B. Ripley, M. J. Donnell, J. A. Kenney and John Scott. Civil Lists. — The first pages of the original town records have been lost or destroyed. The oldest volume contains the record of the town meeting of 1782, which was held at the " Dwelling house of Cap'n Henry Smith, Innholder, June 6th, at 5 o'clock in the after- noon." Reuben Colburn was the moderator at that and the two fol- lowing meetings. From then until 1803 six other men, at various times, were moderators: Samuel Oakman, first in 1784, served 10 times; Henry Dearborn, 1785, served 9 times; Jedediah Jewett, 1791, 12 times; Jeremiah Dudley, 1792, twice; Thomas Agry, in 1794, and B. Gannett, from 1797 until the separation, in 1803. Let the reader understand that Pittston then also comprised Randolph, Gardiner and West Gardiner, and that from 1803 until 1887 Randolph was included in Pittston, and no confusion need arise from the localities in which the officers resided. For the management of its civil affairs three selectmen were annu- ally elected by the town, and much was left to their discretion. Roads were laid out and accepted until, in a town five miles by less than eight in extent there were over fifty miles of public thoroughfares. Two parishes were formed of the town in 1810, called East parish and West parish. The best men have been kept in the proper offices, and Pittston has steadily grown from its primitive condition to a town of wealth and power. The Selectmen* and their number of years of service, seldom con- secutive, have been: Nathaniel Berry, 1781; Henry Smith, 1781; Benjamin Colburn, 1781; Thomas Agry, 1783; Seth Soper, 1783, 2 years; Samuel Berry, 1783; David Lawrence, 1784; Henry Dearborn, 178o, 4; Samuel Oakman, 1784, 14; Silas Clark, 1785, 3; William Bar- ker, 1786, 2; Samuel Dudley, 1788, 7; Jedediah Jewett, 1790, 9; David Young, 1790, 3; Barzillai Gannett, 1793, 7: Peter Grant, 1795; Reuben Colburn, 1798; John Agry, Reuben Moor and Isaac Clark, 1799, 1800; Caleb Stevens, jun., 1801, 11; Oliver Currier, 1801; Abiathar Kendall, 1802, 8; David Crowell, 1803, 3; David Agry, 1804, 3; Thomas Eldred, 1806, 4; Thomas Coss, 1808, 13; Eli Young, 1812, 22; Noah Loud, 1815, 1816; Joseph Blish, jun., 1818, 6; George Williamson, 1820, 12; Henry Dearborn, 1825, 3; Samuel Clark, 1826; William vStevens and John Blanchard, 1827, 1828; George Jewett, 1829, 11; Charles Loud, 1829, 6; William Troop and James Harris, 1832; John A. Colburn, 1833; Gideon Barker, 1836, 3; Benjamin Flitner, 1836, 7; George W. Mansir, 1836,2; Dudley Young and Moses B. Bliss, 1839, 1840; Moses Harris, 1842; *Not only are the first pages of the original records lost, but for several years between 1860 and 1870 there appears to be no official record with the offi- cers of the town, showing who the selectmen and treasurers were. With that exception the succeeding lists are complete. TOWN OF PITTSTON. 721 "Cyrus Rundlett, 1843, 6; John Y. Kendall and Eliakim Scammon, 1844; John E. Merrill and Joel Johnson, 1845; John Coss, 1846, 9; Benjamin F. Fuller, 1848, o; Augustus L. Call, 18,^0, 2; Jonathan Clark, 1852, 2; Georg-e Williamson, 1851, 2; Amos Merrill, 1853; David M. Cunning- ham, 1853, 2; Benjamin Flitner, 1854, 2; Luther Thomas, 1856; James M. Merrill, 1856, 2; George W. Mansir, jun., 1856, 2; Abiel V. Good- win, 1857, 4; Robert Hanley, 1858, 5; Wesley Young, 1859; Alphonso H. Clark. 1860, 8; Samuel S. Ayer, 1860; Seth Palmer, 1861; Asbury Young, 1862, 4; James M. Carpenter, 1866; E. H. Lapham, 1871; Wil- liam Grant, 1871, 2; Eben Day, 1872; John Frost, 1873, 2; John Scott, 1873, 4; Cyrus Rundlett, 1873; Lorenzo S. Clark, 1874, 2; B. Flitner, 1875, 2; C^ H. Dunton. 1876, 3; Daniel Glidden, 1877, 8; D. H. Moody. 1877, 6; A. Williams, 1879; S. A. Jewett. 1880, 4; H. H. Cary, 1883, 3; Benjamin F. Fuller. 1883, 6; J. R. Goodwin. 1885; Moses J. Donnell, 1885. 4: F. H. Mooers. 1885; J. B. Ripley. 1886, 2; F. G. Sherman, 1886; Francis Nash, 1887; George W. Palmer, 1888, 2; E. E. Hanley, 1890, 2. The Treasurers of Pittston, each serving until his successor's elec- tion, have been: Samuel Oakman, 1783; Henry Smith, 1788; William Barker, 1789;- Jedediah Jewett, 1797; Seth Gay, 1798; Rufus Gay, 1802; Samuel Oakman, 1803; David Agry, 1804; Samuel Oakman, 1807; Daniel Jewett, 1809; Abiathar Kendall, 1812; Eli Young, 1814; Rufus Gay, 1822; Henry Dearborn, 1830; Stephen Young, 1832; Henry Dear- born, 1834; Gideon Barker, 1835; William Stevens, 2d. 1836; Alphonso H. Clark, 1840; Eliakim Scammon. 1844; Benjamin F. Jones, 1847; A. V. Goodwin, 1860; Gideon Barker. 1866; William Grant, 1867; F. G. Sherman, 1872; L. W. Goodspeed, 1873; J. R. Goodwin, 1877; L. W. Goodspeed. 1879; J. R. Goodwin. 1880; John F. Brookings, 1882; L. W. Goodspeed. 1885; G. P. Jewett, 1886; and H. A. Clark since 1887. The succession of Clerks begins with William Wilkins, in 1782, followed by William Barker, in 1783; Thomas Philbrook and Jedediah Jewett, 1788; William Barker, 1789; Seth Gay, 1791; Barzillai Gan- nett, 1794; Seth Gay, 1795; Nathaniel Hall, 1803; Benjamin Jackson, 1809; Noah Loud, 1814; Eli Young, 1816; Henry Dearborn, 1825; Daniel Sewall, 1829; Hiram Stevens, 1833; John Dow, 1838; Lorenzo S. Clark, 1843; Alphonso H. Clark, 1846; Benjamin S. Jones, 1858; Lorenzo S. Clark, 1866; B. A. Cox. 1872; William H. Dudley, 1876; L. S. Clark, 1887; J. B. Ripley, 1889; and Frank M. Lapham since 1891. Ecclesiastical.— The religion of the Puritans was not deep- rooted in Pittston. Those of that faith attended at Hallowell, there being but a few here in 1786. It is said that Major Reuben Colburn would on Saturdays, if the weather were suitable, take his family in a •canoe and paddle them down the river to Georgetown, thirty-five miles away, attending church Sunday and returning Monday. The ■church building of 1788 was allowed to stand after the town finished it, and was used for meetings. The eastern part of the town did not 723 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. favor any faith except Methodism, and in 1810 the town was divided by a central line creating two parishes— West and East. A Congregational society was formed November 12, 1812, in the East parish, at the house of Major Reuben Colburn, by Isaac Noyes, Ephraim Hunt, Thomas Jackson, Francis Flitner, Mrs. Jackson, Mrs. Jackins, Mary Oakman and Sally Oakman. Daniel Kendrick was ordained the minister, and regular preaching was enjoyed for many years. About 18B6 the present neat edifice was erected on the Cap- tain David B. Bailey farm. In 1841 Rev. James McCoUum was ordained, and continued as pastor till the autumn of 1845. In 1846- Rev. J. H. Stratton was ordained, remaining until 1849, succeeded by Rev. Sumner Clarke for two years. Rev. Joshua Gray assumed the pastorate in the fall of 1851. In 1883 C. S. Wilder filled the desk. In 1884 it was vacant. Jacob Horton and W. H. McBride officiated in 1885; Rev. Mr. Thygeson in 1886 and 1887; Daniel Evans completed the season of 1887 and that of 1888; William H. McBride returned in 1890, succeeding Lyman Meservis, of 1889. In 1891, during the summer, Rev. Mr. Ferguson officiated. The Methodist Episcopal Society of East Pittston was instituted in 1797, by the efforts of Aaron Humphrey, and included members from Whitefield. The first Methodist preaching in the town was by the pioneer Jesse Lee, about 1794. He was succeeded by Philip Wager, Enoch Mudge, Elias Hull and Roger Searls, before the society was organized. This church, which included David Young, James Norris, Benjamin Flitner and Burnham Clark among its most efficient early members, has always been joined in circuit with others in neighbor- ing towns. Four efficient ministers have been raised from this society — David Young, jun., John Young, and Eliakim and Cyrus Scammon. From the organization until 1810 the other ministers were: John Finegan, Comfort C. Smith, Timothy Merritt, Reuben Hubbard, Joseph Baker, Daniel Ricker, Samuel Hillman, Allen H. Cobb, David Carr, James Young, Joel Steele and William Frost. The ministers to 1820 were: Daniel Wentworth, David Stimpson. Caleb Fogg, Samuel Hillman, Joshua Nye, Ebenezer F. Newell, John Wilkinson, John Lewis, Jeremiah Marsh, Henry True, John Briggs„ William McGray and Benjamin Ayer. Ministers to 1830 were: John Atwell, Philip Ayer, Daniel Wentworth, E. F. Newell, B. Jones, Peter Burgess, Caleb Fogg, Francis' Drew, William S. Douglass and John Libby. Those to 1840 were: John Young, Samuel Jewett, James Thwing, R. J. Ayer and Josiah Higgins. The next decade brought Reverends Daniel Fuller, S. P. Blake, Sullivan Bray, David Hutchin- .son, George D. Strout, Mace R. Clough and Daniel Clark. During the next decade the pastors were: P. P. Morrill, John S. Pingree, Ben- jamin F. Sprague, R. T. Dixon, Oran Strout and J. D. Brown. During: TOWN OF PITTSTON. 726' the sixties the pastors were: Otis F. Jenkins, R. R. Richards, P. Hig- gins, P. Rowell, C. E. Libbey, John C. Prescott and Albert Prescott. In the seventies: John Bean, J. W. Perry, M. G. Prescott, Moses D. Miller, E. H. Boynton and E. H. Tunnicliff. During the eighties: Orren Tyler, Jacob T.Crosby, Joseph H. Beale, B. B. Byrnes; and, in 1888, Orren Tyler for four years. In 1871 the church edifice was repaired, and in 1878 the parsonage was renovated and painted. A Sunday school was organized in 1832. This society is now joined in circuit with Whitefield. In 1809 a small church building was erected by subscription, and in 1838 the present and better one was built by the society, assisted by citizens. The cost was $2,400, and the building is free to all other denominations when not in nse.by the Methodists. In 1846 the first church bell of the town was placed in its tower. Schools. — Early attention was given to this branch of civilization, and the town of 1803, when Gardiner was set off, contained nineteen school houses. As early as 1785 the selectmen were instructed " to hire a schoolmaster and fix the wards." In 1787 it was voted to raise ^30 for schooling, to be paid in lumber or anything the .schoolmaster would take. In 1791 i^80 were raised in the old town, of which iJ20 belonged in the Eastern River district. In 1825 the present territory of Pittston contained eleven districts, which were increased in num- ber gradually. Ten of these were given limit in 1815, by a committee appointed for the purpose. The first three districts were on the river front, running back one and a half miles; the fourth comprised the territory north of Togus stream; the iifth was where North Pittston now is; and the others were east of the first three, extending to the Whitefield line. In 1823 the eleventh district was formed in the northwest part of the town. Through these years each district elected its own committee, and all were under a town superintendent, elected at the annual meetings. In 1850 an academy was incorporated. Thirty-one enterprising citizens were the incorporators and subscribers. Dr. H. Small was the first president and Albert N. Clark first secretary. Tuition began in the fall of 1850, under G. F. Jackson, A.M., teacher. This institu- tion flourished until superseded by the free, advanced schools of later years. The academy building is now used as a high school in the town system of the last few years. From the $400 school appropriation of 1803, the amount has in- creased to five times that sum. Cemeteries. — Few towns of like area show more cemeteries than Pittston. This is not to be wondered at when it is known that many of the first permanent settlers were buried on their own lots, and these lots have been held by descendants, who have used the same burial places. 724 HISTORY OF KKN'XEBPX COUNTY. On the river road, the Cutts burial ground is the most important. This is held and controlled b}- incorporation. It is well fenced and kept. The Coss cemetery was oi-iginally a private ground, but land has been added and deeded in lots until it is an important, well situ- ated, pretty ground, and is substantially fenced. Near where stood the old Congregational church is an antiquated and neglected place of sepulture, overgrown with quite large trees. Tradition cannot fix the occupants of this ancient ground. There are several private grounds along the river road. One is on the Benjamin F. Fuller farm; one on George A. Yeaton's land, formerly the Mooersfarm; one on Eben Day's farm; and another on the E. M. Morton farm, called the LaPlane ground. The Haley family were buried on their own ground, now owned by Frederick Meserve. On Beech hill is an old ground, surrounded by a stone wall, situated in the forks of the roads. It and its surroundings are fast growing up to the bush. On the Seth Soper homestead is an iron-fenced family ground. A slab indicates that Seth Soper died May 4, 1799, aged 69 years. The cemetery at East Pittston traces its beauty to an incorporation which existed in its earlier days; it is near the Methodist church, and presents a pretty appearance. At North Pittston is a well-kept old town burying ground, having a stone fence on three sides and an iron one in front. The individual or family grounds are generally fenced, and sacredly revered by descendants and by subsequent holders of the land. PERSONAL PARAGRAPHS. Captain George W. Bailey, born in 1826, is a son of Jacob and Elizabeth (Barker) Bailey, and grandson of Jacob Bailey. He began going to sea in 1841, and from ISSS until he retired in 1886, he was in command of vessels. He married Philena, daughter of William Brown, and their children are: Sarah H. (Mrs. Charles Lawrence), Augusta (Mrs. A. E. Lewis), and George W., jun., who married Caddie R. Small. Captain William O. Basford, born in 1838, in Augusta, is a son of William P. and Emeline (Colburn) Basford, and grandson of Jacob Basford, who came from New Hampshire to Augusta. Mr. Basford has lived in Pittston since 1839. In ISSf) he began a seafaring life in the foreign trade. He was master of vessels from 1873 until 1886, since which time he has remained at home. James K. Bickford, born in Smithfield, Me., in 1844, is the only child of Isaac and Lucretia (Downs) Bickford, and grandson of Moses Bickford. He came to Pittston with his parents in 1851, and settled on a part of the Jackins farm, where he now lives. He married Annie L., daughter of John Price, and their children, all deceased, were: Lucy L., Gertrude and an infant son. TOWN OF PiTTSTON. 725 Harrison D. Blodgett, born in 1855, is a son of Jasper and Mary E. ffyler) Blodgett, grandson of David and Nancy (Marson) Blodgett, and great-grandson of Joseph Blodgett. Mr. Blodgett is a farmer, and is the fourth generation of his family to occupy the home farm. He married Flora, daughter of John and Maria (Mitchell) Marson. Their children are: Jessie E., Florence M., Harrison S. and Fred D. John Blodgett, born in 1833, is a son of Nathaniel and Jane (Choate) Blodgett, and grandson of Joseph, who, with his brother, Ebenezer, came from Lexington, Mass., to Pittston. Mr. Blodgett is a farmer. He married Henrietta, daughter of Daniel Thompson. Their chil- dren are: Henry, Almeda, Arthur, Chester, Elmer, Walter, Gertrude and Annie. Charles E. Bradstreet is one of the nine children of Joseph and Ruth (Moore) Bradsteet, and grandson of Andrew Bradstreet, who came to Maine from England. Mr. Bradstreet has been a farmer on the homestead where his father settled. He died April 3, 1892. He married Abigail Smith, who died leaving eight children: Charles E., jun., George W., Delia A., Orlando W., Caroline A., Frederick G., Maria A. and Mary E. Orlando W. Bradstreet, born in 1845, is a son of Charles E. Brad- street. He followed the sea for twelve j'ears, since which time he has been a farmer. He married S. Lettie, daughter of Cavalier and Julia (Alexander) Hondlette, and granddaughter of Lewis Hondlette. Frederick G. Brad.street, born in 1847, is a son of Charles E. Brad- street. He is a farmer and is also employed in the ice business. He married Annie M., daughter of Alexander and Maria (Newell) Atkins. They have one daughter, Eva M., and lost one son in infancy, Eugene. John F. Bragden, born in 1836, is a son of John D. and Elmira (Shepard) Bragden, and grandson of John Daniel Bragden. Mr. Bragden followed the sea for fourteen years, and is now a farmer. He married Mary Sullivan. His children are: John, Susan, Raynold and Mary. Eben N. Brande, whose father was captain of militia in 1812, was in the late war one year in Company I, 24th Maine. He married El- vira M., daughter of Daniel Butland; her mother was Eliza, daughter of Abnerand Margaret (Corney) Marson, and granddaughter of Abner Marson. They have one son, W. Wirt, and lost one, Roscoe W. Mrs. Brande keeps a small variety store in a part of her residence. Ebenezer Brookings, son of John and Harriet (Moore) Brookings, was born in Wiscasset in 1831. John Brookings was a sea captain. Ebenezer came to Pittston in 1847, where he was engaged in the mer- cantile business until July, 1863, when he entered the army and served in Company F, 11th Maine volunteers, until February, 1865. In 1866 he settled where he now lives and engaged in farming and the meat 726 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. business. In 1888 his son, Everett E., succeeded him in the meat business. He first married Huldah Preble, who died leaving three •children: Mrs. Augustus Moody, Everett E. and Winfield S. His present wife was Mrs. Hannah Roberts, daughter of Alexander and Maria (Newell) Atkins, and granddaughter of Joseph and Jane (Blair) Atkins. Samuel J. Brookings, son of Samuel and Fannie (Reed) Brookings, and grandson of James Brookings, was born in Whitefield in 1843. He served in the war of the rebellion from September, 1862, to August, 1863, in Company F, 21st Maine. He is now a farmer in Pittston, where he has lived since 1871. He married Jennie, daughter of Ira and Betsey (Richardson) Elkins, and granddaughter of Jonathan Elkins. They have one daughter, Jessie L. James M. Carpenter, born in 1813 in Massachusetts, came to Pitts- ton in 1844. His father, Joseph, was a son of Colonel Thomas Car- penter, a revolutionary soldier. Before coming to Pittston Mr Car- penter had been clerk for Brown & Ives, at Lonsdale, R. I., for eleven years, and made out the first pay roll on the Blackstone river. His wife, Martha J. R., was a daughter of Henry Bodge, late of Pittston. Mr. Carpenter bought a farm in the south part of Pittston in 1844, which he carried on until his death, March 22, 1892. His wife died the same day. Mr. Carpenter was one of Pittston's most worthy and well known citizens. He was always interested in town affairs, and held various town offices for many years. He was county commis- sioner for several years, and was chairman of the republican town committee. He served several years on the state board of agricul- ture, and was prominently connected with local agricultural organi- zations. From 1836 until his death he represented different insur- ance companies. Hosea H. Cary, son of Seth S. and Susanna (Hildreth) Cary, was born at Topsham, Me., in 1847. He came to East Pittston in 1878 from Gardiner, where he had lived seven years. He carries on a wholesale meat business at Ea.s't Pittston, having abandoned the retail part of the business after the first five years. He married Harriet A. Pray, and has four children: Susan A., Mary H., Eliphalet P. knd Gilbert G. Mr. Cary has been selectman of Pittston three years. C. Wallace Church, son of Charles B. Church, was born in Wash- ington, D. C, in 1849. In March, 1880, he was appointed paymaster and agent of the Independent Ice Company, of which his father is president, and since that time he has lived at Pittston. He married Laura F., daughter of Franklin Powers. Their children are: Lewis M. and Charles B. Lorenzo S. Clark, the only surviving child of Samuel and Mary .(Clark) Clark, and grand.son of Isaac Clark, was born in 1818. He was a merchant at East Pittston from 1836 until 1889, when he was sue- TOWN OF PITTSTON. 727 ceeded by his son, Henry A. He has been four times elected select- man, and nine times town clerk. His wife is Sarah, daughter of Henry Dearborn. Their children are: Warren D., Samuel, Henry A., Flor- ence, Permelia and H. Augustus, who died. William S. Cleaves, son of Samuel and Eliza (Kies) Cleaves, and grandson of Samuel Cleaves, was born in 1843. He followed the mer- cantile business six years at Windsor, and since 1871, with the excep- tion of two years, has been a merchant at East Pittston. He has lost two wives, who were sisters — Nellie and Delia Smith. His present wife was Mrs. Jane Hovey. Richard H. Colburn is a son of Gustavus and Alzina (Knight) Col- burn, grandson of David and Hannah (Averill) Colburn, and great- grandson of Reuben and Elizabeth (Lewis) Colburn. Gustavus Colburn died in 1886, aged sixty-four years. Richard H. married Idell S., daugh- ter of Fred S Blackman. July 5, 1763, Jeremiah and Hannah (Varnum) Colburn came to Pittston and bought 800 acres of land on the eastern side of the Kennebec river. On May 6, 1765, he sold to his son, Reuben, 107 acres, on which the latter built the homestead now stand- ing. About the time of this purchase Reuben married Elizabeth Lewis. Richard H. now occupies a part of this tract. The house he lives in is the oldest in Pittston. Captain James S. Cooper, born in Pittston in 1825, was a son of Henry and Eleanor (Bailey) Cooper, and grandson of Leonard Cooper. Captain Cooper followed the sea from 1841 until 1872, after 1851 as master of vessels. He married Mary G., daughter of Captain George Carr, of Hallowell. From 1872 until his death. May 5, 1892, Captain Cooper was engaged in farming and horse breeding. Washington Cutts, born in 1817, is the youngest son of Samuel and Catherine (Woodward) Cutts, and grandson of Samuel and Sarah (Hill) Cutts. Mr. Cutts' father came to Pittston about 1800 and was a black- smith by trade. Mr. Cutts is a farmer. He married Lettice, daughter of Nathaniel and Hannah Tibbetts, and granddaughter of Abiather Tibbetts. Their two sons are Samuel W. and Alvin; they lost one daughter, Alice. Moses J. Donnell, son of Rev. Moses and Martha (Cunningham) Donnell, was born at Wiscasset September 27, 1833. He moved to Windsor with his parents November 30, 1839, and moved to Pittston November 24, 1864. He married Ann E., daughter of David and Susan Bryant, of Windsor. Henry Dow, born in Wiscasset in 1801, is the oldest man in Pitts- ton. His father. Thomas, son of Henry Dow, of Haverhill, Mass., a revolutionary soldier, came to Pittston in 1813, where he died in 1814, leaving six children. The support of this family fell on this boy of thirteen years. With heroic will and ceaseless toil Henry and his noble mother guided the family boat between the awful rocks of r^b HISTORY OF KKNNEIIPX COUNTY. Starvation and the almshouse. " One morning, in 1817, with an empty stomach — not a mouthful in the house for breakfast— I brought with the ox team a half cord of hemlock bark to the river bank, bor- rowed a boat, ferried my bark to Gardiner, and sold it to William Bradstreet for $1.25— just enough to buy a half bushel of corn of Mc- Clellan, who kept the Great House Tavern— got my little grist ground at the old wooden mill — hurried back, every step quickened by pangs of hunger and the thoughts of a famishing family." In 1825 he mar- ried Hannah Jewett. Their children were: Hannah E., Thomas H., Anna D., Ellen A. and George W. The second and last two are still living. Captain Andrew J. Erskins, born in 1834, is a son of David and Betsey (Waltz) Erskins, grandson of Alexander and Bet.sey (Boland) Erskins, and great-grandson of Captain Robert Erskins, who settled at Bristol, Me., and took up one thousand acres of land, giving each of his nine sons a farm from it. Alexander was captain of a company in the revolutionary war, and in 1812 he had charge of the fort at Bristol, Me. Captain Erskins began going to sea in 1846 and attained to master in 1855, which position he continued to hold until 1881, when he retired. He married Margaret, daughter of George King, of White- field. They have one daughter, Ella (Mrs. Everett E. Brookings). On Captain Erskins' lot in Pittston is a mineral spring which Gen- eral Dearborn used. He walled it as it now is, with curved brick burnt for the purpose, and over it still stands the spring house which the general built. James Farreil, born in 1834, is a son of Thomas and Catherine (Finity) Farreil, who came from Ireland to Boston, and in 1830 came to Pittston and settled on the farm where Mr. Farreil now lives. He married Mary Jane, daughter of Patrick Gilson. Their children are: Mamie E., Eugene J. and two that died. Mr. Farreil was several years in the lumber business in California, but since 187(» has been a farmer at East Pittston. William O. Foye, son of James and Harriet (Stickney) Foye, and grandson of Joseph and Polly (Chase) Foye, was born in Pittston in 1865, and is a farmer and milkman. He married Georgia, daughter of S. Willis Dunton, of Whitefield. Jonathan Gilman, born in Whitefield in 1815, died March 26, 1892, was a son of Jonathan and grandson of Peter Gilman. He was a farmer in Pittston for fifty years; the farm where he lived was owned for many years prior to his purchase of it by Asa Averill. Mr. Gil- man married Abigail, daughter of Asa and Abigail (Bickford) Averill, and granddaughter of David Averill. Charles C. Goodwin, born in 1838, is a son of Abial and Susan (Small) Goodwin, and grandson of Samuel Goodwin. Mr. Goodwin was in the late war in Company C, 19th Maine, from August, 1862, TOWN OF riTTSTON. 729 until July, 1865. He married Alwilda, daughter of William T. Blair, and has one daughter, Charlena F. Fred B. Gould, born in 1853, is the only surviving child of William and Lydia A. (Moore) Gould, grandson of Dennis and Elizabeth (War- ren) Gould, and great-grandson of Joseph and Ruth (Renwick) Gould (or Goold, as then spelled). Mr. Gould now owns the homestead and occupies the house built by Dennis Gould. He has been a farmer since 1879, and prior to that he was in business in Gardiner. William Gould was a tinsmith and tin-ware merchant at Gardiner several years prior to 1845. Mr. Gould's wife is M. Avesta, daughter of Van Buren Hathorne. James Gould, 2d, born in 1833, is the eldest son of James and Rachel (Rollins) Gould, grandson of Dennis, and great-grandson of Joseph and Ruth (Renwick) Gould. He drove a team for twelve years in granite quarries. He is now a farmer. His first wife was Lucie Moody and his present wife was Cora B. Cunningham. They have one child, Jennette A. Edward E. Hanley is a son of Franklin and Catherine (Doyle) Han- ley. He has had charge of the East Pittston creamery since April, 1891, and previous to that he was a merchant four years. He was town auditor in 1888 and 1889, and selectman in 1890, '91 and '92. He has been secretary of the East Pittston Agricultural and Trotting Association. George R. Hanley, born in 1833, is a son of Michael and Eftie Han- ley, and grandson of Patrick Hanley. He is a farmer and carpenter, and lives on the farm where his father settled when he came to Pitts- ton. He married Margaret, daughter of Patrick Gilson. They have two children: George A. and Mary E. Alfred Hanley, .son of Michael and Effie (Howard) Hanley, was born in 1836. He is a farmer on the farm formerly owned by Patrick Gilson. He married Catherine, daughter of Patrick Gilson. They have two daughters: Gertrude M. and Tesa I. Van Buren Hathorne, born in 1835 in Dre.sden, is a son of War- ren and Mary(Bickford) Hathorne, and grandson of John Hawthorne. He has been a farmer in Pittston since 1868. He married Joanna L., daughter of Hiram Pottle, and their children are: Maria Avesta (Mrs. F. B. Gould), Jenette M., Jefferson W. and Herman F. Thomas B. Heath, son of John Heath, married Miriam C. Pottle, and of their eight children only two sons are living. Rufus E., born in 1846, is a farmer, and married Hattie L., daughter of Franklin and Sarah (Smith) Colburn. Their children are: Charles, Ella, Maud, Maria, Amy B., Eugene R. and Clarence. The other son is George P., born in 1856, married to Nellie, daughter of Joseph E. and Abbie 47 730 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. (Marson) Soper, and granddaughter of Joseph and Susan (Woodward) Soper. Their children are: Rena M. and Harold R. Henry W. Hunt, son of Winslow and Mahala (Clark) Hunt, was born in 1851. He is a blacksmith; he worked six years at East Pitts- ton, two years at Sagamore, Mass., and is now with the P. C. Holmes Company, Gardiner. He married Emma L., daughter of Daniel Thompson. They have three children: Ralph L., Clarence C. and Florence M. Samuel A. Jewett, born in 1831, is the eldest .son of Samuel H. and Mary (Pottle) Jewett, and grandson of Jonathan Jewett, who came from Londonderry, N. H., to Pittston in 1798, with his five children, all of whom lived to be over seventy years of age. Mr. Jewett was in California from 1853 to 1858, engaged in mining. Since that time he has been a farmer. He is now (1892) serving his fifth term as select- man. He married Lovina, daughter of Freeman Cooper. Their chil- dren are: William B. and Carrie A., living, and three daughters de- ceased— Mary S., Hattie L. and Georgia. Benjamin H. Knight is a son of Daniel and Elizabeth (Hodgden) Knight, and grandson of John Knight. Mr. Knight came to Pittston in 1864 and settled on a part of the Rev. David Young farm, where he has since been a farmer. The farm and its duties he has now intrusted to his son, Alden. Mr. Knight married Sarah, daughter of John Decker. They have had nine children: Warren R. (died in May, 1892), Benjamin F., Joseph A., Adoniram J., Fred W., Dummer C, Clara E., Allen and Alden, who married Abbie E., daughter of D. C. Little, and is now at the home farm caring for his aged parents. He has one son, Wallace L., born March 31. 1892. Henry Knight, born in 1829 m Pittston, is a son of Robert and Mary (Pratt) Knight, grandson of Robert and Betsey (Davis) Knight, and great-grandson of Robert Knight, of New Hampshire, who was killed by the Indians about 1780. Mr. Knight is a house and ship car- penter. He has lived at East Pittston since 1859, where he has been a farmer and kept a mill; from 1864 until 1887 it was a water mill and smce the latter date it has been a steam mill. Mr. Knight is a dispenser of viands and his residence is the nearest approach to a hotel that East Pittston affords. He married Rose B., daughter of David H. and Polly (Knight) Howe, the latter a daughter of Robert and Betsey (Davis) Knight, as above. Their only daughter, Lydia A., is now Mrs. Daniel Moore. William Alonzo Knight, son of William and A.senath (Thompson) Knight, and grandson of Amos Knight, was born in 1834. He is a lumberman and lives where his father settled when he came to Pitts- ton from North Wayne in 1834. He married Sarah J., daughter of Abner P. McFadden. Their two sons are William W. and Harry C. /Uifj- ^ 'Xa^i 't,A2^ TOWN OF riTTSTON. 731 Edward Augustus Laphatn, born in 1835, is the youngest son of Isaac and Dorcas (Cutts) Lapham, and grandson of Rogers Lapham. Mr. Lapham is a farmer. He served several years as buying and sell- ing agent for the Pittston Grange, P. of H., but since 1886 has run a store of his own. He has been postmaster at Pittston since 1889. He married Myra &, daughter of James Beedle. Their children are: Addie L., Frank M. and Isaac N. They lost two: Ivane V. and Alice I. Frank M. has been town clerk since 1890, and is timekeeper and pay- master for the Great Falls Ice Company. Eliphalet H. Lapham, son of James and Hannah (Troupe) Lap- ham, and grandson of Rogers and Mary (White) Lapham, was born in 1820 on the old farm south of Smithtown, where lived and died the three generations mentioned. From the Lapham Family Register we learn that the parent stock came from England, and that the Pittston branch has descended from Thomas Lapham, of Massachusetts. Eliphalet's early life was without incident. He enjoyed the usual winter schooling only to the age of fourteen. From that time to the ■day of his death farming was the occupation to which he gave exclu- sively the attention and energies of a vigorous life. He loved and clung to his calling with such a single purpose that none of the attrac- tions of public affairs or speculative ventures allured his fancy, or swerved his feet from the soil his fathers had tilled. Unlike many farmers, who know and care for little beyond their immediate neigh- borhood, he was well informed and took an active interest in affairs of general importance. He early became a life member of the Maine Agricultural Society, attended its fairs, frequently taking the products of his farm for exhibition, particularly his cattle, for the excellent ■quality of which he was noted. He took great delight in raising and training oxen, and derived his principal income from the sales of live stock. The productive condition of his farm of two hundred acres bore ample proof of his constant care and hard work. He was an ac- tive member of the Pittston tGrange, giving the land on which their hall was built. In politics he was always a democrat and a staunch temperance man. With his family he attended the Congregational ■church, though not a member. The termination of his useful life was unusually sad. On the morn- ing of February 27, 1889, he hitched several yoke of cattle to a heavy load of logs and started north on the road to Randolph. He was found an hour later in the road near Smithtown, lying in a dying condition under the bob-sleds. He was an excellent teamster, and how he fell under the crushing load must always remain a mystery. Mr. Lapham, in 1853, married Emeline R. Follansbee, daughter of Benjamin and Betsey (Kenney) Follansbee. Benjamin Follansbee and his father, who was also Benjamin, came from Salisbury, Mass., to Pittston in 1806, and were shipbuilders at Smithtown. An ice house 732 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. now Stands where their j^ard was located, and the Knickerbocker Ice Company of Philadelphia owns the old Follansbee house, using it for a boarding house. Mrs. Lapham, who has no children, still lives in the old home where for thirty-six years she enjoyed the society and affection of a worthy man and a devoted husband. Roger M. Lapham, born in 1838, is a son of Roger and Lucinda (Brown) Lapham, and grandson of Rogers and Mary (White) Lapham, who settled where Roger M. now lives. Mr. Lapham is a farmer. He married Ruth Ella, daughter of Hiram and Elizabeth ( Peasley) Pottle. Their children are: Sophia M., Elmer W., Roger H. and Elsie. Washington Lawrence, born in 1812, was a son of Edward and Abigail (Wells) Lawrence. Mr. Lawrence was a farmer. He died in 1890, since which time the farm (which was formerly owned by Cap- tain William Crowell) has been carried on by David and Charles, his .sons. He married in 1837, Hertilla, daughter of Captain William and Mercy (Parker) Crowell. Their children were: Henry C, David A. and Charles W., and three that died— George W., Lucy E. and Hertilla. Frank M. Little', born in 1855, is a son of Eli' and Mary (Bailey) Little (Samuer, Joshua', Samuer, David', Joseph' and George Little"). Mr. Little has been employed for several years as a cotton mill opera- tive; the last three years he was an overseer. He married Belle, daughter of William and Lizzie (Stilphin) Cheney. They have one daughter, Eulela M., and lost one, Lela M. F. Willis Mansir, sou of George W. and Margaret (Brown) Mansir, and grandson of George W. Mansir, was born in 1852, and has been a wagon manufacturer at East Pittston since 1871. He married Ida, daughter of William Reade. George R. Mansir, son of Charles B. and Martha A. (Murphy) Man- sir, and grandson of George W. Mansir, was born in 1855. Mr. Mansir is a farmer and owns the Blair homestead. He was tax collector one term and is now (1892) filling his fourth term as supervisor of schools. He has taught five terms of school. He married Hattie E., daughter of Benjamin Elkins. They have two children: George L. and Mat- tie L. Henry S. Marson, born in 1846, is the youngest of four children of Jacob and Harriet fGlidden) Marson, grand,son of Samuel and Rachel (Fountain) Marson, and great-grandson of Samuel and Janette (Miller) Marson, who were among the first settlers of Pittston. Mr. Marson is a farmer on the farm where his grandfather settled. He married Fau.stina Houdlett. Mr. Marson has two brothers and one sister: Isaac R., Amanda PI. and George W. Isaac R. Marson was born in 1833. He was a carpenter twenty years, eight years superintendent of the Cedar Grove ice houses, and since 1885 has been a farmer. He TOWN OF PITTSTON. 733 married Helen J., daughter of James P. Wheeler. Their children are: Henry F., Alpheus M., Mary L. and one that died, Alice, the eldest. Captain Joseph A. Marson, born in 1838, is a son of Captain Hiram and Ann G. (Waitt) Marson, grandson of Stephen, and great-grandson of Abner Marson. Captain Marson has followed the sea since 1852, and since 1862 has been in command of vessels. He married R. Augusta, daughter of George W. Nickels. They have two daughters: Adelle B. and Annie A. They lost one, Nettie L. George E. Moody, born in 1840, is one of eleven children of Royal and Eliza (Nickerson) Moody, and grandson of William and Polly (Hunt) Moody. Mr. Moody's mother was a daughter of Salathial Nickerson, of Chatham, Mass. Mr. Moody is a farmer, and since 1887 he has kept a store opposite his house. He married Luetta, daughter of Eli Little. They have two sons: George A. and Arthur B. Fred P. Morrell, son of Samuel and Eliza J. (Dorr) Morrell, was born in 1848, and was a farmer until 1881, since which time he has been a merchant at North Pittston. Since 1886 he has been post- master at North Pittston. His first wife, Lucy L. Gould, died, leaving one son, Walter F. His present wife was Carrie M. Blodgett. S. Winter Moulton, born in 1843, is a son of Samuel H. and Ellen (Winter) Moulton, and grandson of Oliver Moulton. He is a farmer; his house faces Lake Nehumkeag, and he devotes some attention to summer boarders. He married Abbie, daughter of Gideon Meserve, and they have two sons: Burton M. and F. Guy. Francis Nash, born November 20, 1824, is a son of Peter and Mehet- abel (Blodgett) Nash, and grandson of Peter Nash. He is a farmer, having bought the farm where he now lives in 1846. He married Mary E., daughter of Dennit Waymouth. She died leaving four chil- dren: Fannie W. (Mrs. Charles Bliss), Helen W. (Mrs. Herbert Thomp- son), Alfred H. and Frank H., deceased. His present wife is Anna, daughter of William Lamson. Henry Nash, brother of Francis Nash, was born in 1813, and is a farmer. His first marriage was with Mrs. Charlotte McMillen, daughter of Archibald Stuart. She died leaving one daughter, Octavia, now Mrs. William Rundlett. His present wife was Mary E. Lamson. John Nash, born in 1828, is a brother of Francis Nash, and like his two brothers, is a farmer. He married Hannah Jane, daughter of Jo- seph Ware, and they have two sons: William W. and Orrington W. George W. Palmer, son of Lewis and Eliza (Laforce) Palmer, was born in 1835, and is a blacksmith and farmer. He spent eight years in Massachusetts, a part of that time being employed as shipsmith for the government. He married Hannah J., daughter of Reuben Mes- 734 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. erve.and their children are: Hattie E., Reuben L., Georgia M., Arthur B. and Ernest C. Seth Palmer is the only survivor of eleven children of Samuel and Abigail (Pratt) Palmer, and grandson of Samuel Palmer, who was a son of Samuel Palmer, and came from Rowley, Mass., to Maine. Mr. Palmer is a farmer on the farm where his father settled in 1800. He married Lydia A., daughter of Edward and Mary (Woodbridge) Palmer, grand- daughter of Thomas, and great-granddaughter of Samuel Palmer, as above. She died October 20, 1891. Their children are: Oscar A., died June, 1874; Clara E.; Orrie C, died October, 1891; Irwin W., died March, 1872; Fred W., settled in New Bedford, Masi., and Oakes M. Franklin Powers, son of Luther, was born at Georgetown, Me., in 1825. He is a ship carpenter by trade, having worked in Maine sev- eral years, and in Cincinnati, O., for a number of years prior to 1866, when he came to Pittston and bought a farm of 140 acres. He was foreman for the Independent Ice Company from 1876 to 1888, and dur- ing that time all the buildings now owned by the company were built. His first wife, Sarah B. Pinkham, died, leaving one daughter, Annie. His second marriage was with Elmira P. Plummer. Their children are: Melville J., Asbury M., of Boothbav Harbor, and Laura F. (Mrs. C. W. Church). Melville J. Powers, son of Franklin and Elmira (Plummer) Powers, was born in 1857. He has been employed since 1874 by the Independ- ent Ice Company, and in 1883 he succeeded his father as superintend- ent of the business. He married Laura E. Goud, of Dresden. They have had one daughter, Alice F., who died February 28, 1892. William S. Pulsifer, son of Alfred and Ruby (Moody) Pulsifer, was born in 1844, and is a farmer. He married Amanda, daughter of Madison and Martha (Bailey) Balcom. They have one son, Eddie D. John B. Ripley, son of Joseph and Betsey (Barker) Ripley, was born in 1831, at Rumford, Me. Mr. Ripley came to Pittston in 1864, where he has been engaged in farming and carpentering. He was selectman in 1886, town clerk in 1889 and 1890, and chairman of board of selectmen in 1891. He married Mary F., daughter of John Went- worth. They have three children: Arthur C, Ellen F. and George H. John C. Rollins, born in 1853, is a son of Oliver C. and Sarah Ann Rollins. He has been employed by the Knickerbocker Ice Company since 1872. He married Maria F., daughter of J. Warren Vaughn. They have one son living, Oliver H., and lost one, Arthur. William Rollins, son of Oliver C. and Sarah Ann (Cutts) Rollins, and grandson of Joseph Rollins, was born in 1838. He spent six }'ears in California prior to 1867, and since 1885 has been superintendent of the Knickerbocker Ice House at Smithtown. He married Sophia J., daughter of Roger Lapham, and has one son, George R. TOWN OF PITTSTON. 735 Alfred L. Stilphin, born in 1848, is a son of Alfred and Mary (Call) Stilphin, grandson of George and Betsey (McCan) Stilphin, and great- grandson of George, whose father, Michael Stilphin, came to America from France at the time the edict of Nantes was revoked. Mr. Stil- phin followed the sea for two years, spent two years in Boston, and since then has been a farmer in Pittston. He married Georgia A., daughter of Thomas Hayland. Their three sons are: George Fred, Harry L. and Everett C. C. C. Stilphin, son of William and Sarah (Pushard) Stilphin, was- born at Dresden, Me., in 1832. His grandfather was Francis Stilphin. He was in California from 1855 until 1858. In 1860 he came to Pittston, where he was a farmer for five years. Since that time he has been a carriage maker at East Pittston. His first wife, Eveline M. Crie, died leaving two children: Edgar D. and Ada I. He married for his second wife, Mrs. Sarah T. Linscott, daughter of Eli Little. Captain Joseph B. Thomas.— An important and interesting topic for consideration in the history of Pittston is the eminent career of those who, natives of the town, have been best known by their achievements beyond her borders. Among those men, if not the fore- most of them, was Captain Joseph Brown Thomas, the facts of whose life are worthy of statement and of study. He came of Welsh stock, a people of strong, manly traits. His father, Samuel, and his grand- father, Samuel, were natives of Biddeford, Me. The former came in 1799 to the Kennebec valley and became a farmer in Pittston, where Joseph B. Thomas was born June 23, 1811. Here was his home dur- ing the years of his early manhood. At the age of fourteen he went to sea, where he was rapidly promoted. While still a young man he became master of a ship and visited the principal ports of the world. When the gold excitement of 1849 swept over the country Captain Thomas saw a great opportunity and seized it. In command of the ship Thomas Watson, which a dozen years later became a rebel privateer, he took a cargo to California, the profits on which were the first of a series of remarkable successes. San Francisco was booming, and his keen judgment led him to quit the sea, still retaining an interest in its commerce, and establish a large shipping and commercial house. From the age of forty, in the meridian of a vigorous manhood, the next seventeen years were filled with great undertakings and crowned with gratifying re- wards. He was a man of public spirit, never shrinking public duties. He belonged to the law and order party, and was chairman of the vigi- lance committee of San Francisco in one of the bitter struggles with outlaws. During the great civil war he was a co-worker with T. Star 736 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. King in the difficult work of holding- California true to the Union, and his purse was ever open in aid of the sanitary commission and other agencies that needed large sums of money. He was prominent in the board of trade, a bank director, a real estate owner, and be- longed emphatically to the stalwart band of strong, true men who gave a right direction to the life of San Francisco at the formative period of its growth. In 1866, having satisfied the ideals of a reasonable ambition, Cap- tain Thomas most suitably laid down business cares and with his family traveled two years in Europe. Returning to America he pur- chased the John Wade Damon mansion, in Charlestown, Mass., where the remaining years of his life were enjoyed. But he did not retire from business. His mastery and love of ex- act methods and his wonderful ability in guiding great enterprises belonged to a nature that must have occupation. He purchased the Standard Sugar Refinery, of Boston. When the famous sugar trust was formed he was elected director, and when it was reorganized, in January, 1891, he was elected its vice-president. It was in returning from this meeting that he took a cold, resulting in a fatal attack of pneumonia. He was married November 5, 1841, to Martha T. Seran, of Phila- delphia, who still survives him. They had two children, who are his business successors: Joseph B. Thomas, who was born in 1849, and Washington B. Thomas, born in 1857. Captain Thomas' mother was Betsey Brown, one of the family mentioned at page 756. Captain Thomas was a hearty supporter of the Methodist Episcopal church and society, whose parsonage on High street, Charlestown, was the gift of Mr. and Mrs. Thomas. The shock of .sorrow and the words in which it found expres- sion when the tidings went forth, January 13, 1891, that Captain Joseph B. Thomas was dead, made it plain that the great public heart was deeply touched. With singular accord these words bore one prominent thought— that not only a rich man, but a good man had gone. It was something to have amassed so princely a fortune, but a greater thing to have built up such a character. He loved business methods, hated shams, was a devoted friend, helpful to the poor, and was guided by a conscientious love of right. His upright life and Christian character stand a shining example before the world, over- shadowing all his other successes. George P. Thompson was born in 1852, in Pittston, where he now resides, and is a farmer. His marriage was with Ella A., daughter of Philip T. Pierce. Their five children are: William F., Ada A., Charles P., Harvey and Fannie O. TOWN OF PIT'ISTON. 737 John Scott, born in 1828, is the only son of John and Thankful (Eastman) Scott, and grandson of Daniel and Elizabeth (Nelson) Scott, who came from Rowley, Mass., to Wiscasset, and in 1803 came to Pittston. Mr. Scott operates the farm which his father and grand- father both carried on before him. He married Mary C, daughter of Jonas Emory, of Buxton. Their children are: Eva E. (Mrs. Alvin Cutts), Fred E., Walter C. and Bert W. Edward Soper, born in 1825, is a son of Seth and Abigail (Billings) Soper. He followed the sea from 1840 until 1877, with the exception of the time he spent in California. Since 1877 he has occupied the homestead of his father. Henry N. Soper, youngest son of John and Evaline (Smith) Soper, and grandson of Seth and Prudy (White) Soper, was born in 1845. He was for ten years engaged in the machinist trade, and has since been a farmer. He married Almatia, daughter of Jacob W. Nelson. They have one daughter, Efhe G. Sanford Stevens, born in 1814, is a son of John and Elizabeth (Han- over) Stevens, grandson of Caleb and Elizabeth (Wilson) Stevens, and great-grandson of John Stevens. Mr. Stevens married Catherine, daughter of Samuel Jewett, and their children were: Maria (Mrs. J. H. Scammell), Mary (Mrs. F. W. Pitcher), Walter (married Mary Baker), John S., Kate W. and Edward D., who died. Mr. Stevens is a farmer. Daniel Thompson, son of Hugh and Mary (Lawrence) Thompson, and grandson of James Thompson, was born in 1818, and is a farmer, owning and occupying the farm where he was born. He married Nancy, daughter of William and Mary (Hunt) Moody. Their children are: Daniel A., Henry, Henrietta (Mrs. John Blodgett), Emma L. (Mrs. Henry Hunt), and Herbert L. Henry Thompson, son of Daniel Thompson, was born in 1842. He is a carpenter by trade. He was in Nevada from 1878 to 1885, where he worked at his trade. He .served in the civil war 11^ months in the 21st Maine. He married Abiah F., daughter of Royal and Eliza (Nickerson) Moody. They have four children: Henry B., Ernest C, Mabel A. and Jessie S. CHAPTER XXVIII. TOWN OF RANDOLPH. Incorporation. — First Town Meeting.— Early Inhabitants. — Industrial Interests. — Post Office.— Civil History. — Education.— Religious Interests.— Ceme- teries.— Personal Paragraphs. THIS town was formerly part of Pittston, but a few years ago the inhabitants expressed the desire to become an independent municipal body. A destructive fire occurred near the river, above the bridge, in what was known as the village of Pittston, which circumstance awakened the citizens of the village to the subject of being prepared for such occurrences; but the town, outside of the village, voted against incurring the necessary expense of an extension of the Gardiner water works across the river for the protection of the village. This led to petitioning for a separate corporation, which re- sulted in an act of separation from Pittston. A strip of land fifty rods wide had been annexed to Pittston from the town of Chelsea ; but with this exception — embracing lands of Rufus White, John Dow and George Lyon — the territory incorporated was part of the original Pittston of 1779. The act provided that all that part of Pittston lying north of the south line of Worromontogus streain be incorporated into a separate town by the name of West Pittston, and that the care and current ex- penses of the Gardiner and Pittston bridge were to be borne by the town of West Pittston; but in case of total or partial destrttction, the liability for rebuilding the bridge was to remain as if no division had been made. On the 14th of March, 1887, at the first annual town meeting, the usual town officers were elected. March 17th, by an act of legislature, the name West Pittston was changed to Randolph. The body politic has taken up the burden of self government in every branch; the Gardiner water works have been extended to Randolph, providing the village with water for fire and domestic purposes; electric lights adorn the principal streets; and in many similar respects the village vies with the neighboring cities across the river. This was the principal village of Pittston before the separation, and is now the only one of the town of Randolph. The town is small TOWN OF RANDOLPH. 739 and uneven, but contains some good farms, of which hay is the prin- cipal product. The town — practically a rambling village — is remark- ably picturesque, with its long rows of old elms, well cultivated lawns and attractive residences. Of the old settlers of Pittston it is very difficult now to determine who was first on the soil of Randolph: but Daniel Sewall and George Williamson were here at an early day. Captain James Bailey, Gideon Barker and John Jewett were old men on this territory within the memory of the oldest now living. Promi- nent among those of past generations were Caleb Stevens, James and Alexander Stevens, and Daniel Jewett, who, while employed by the •Gardiner estate, transplanted the large elms, at present the pride of the village. Industries. — This portion of old Pittston, now Randolph, was prominent in the business life of the past. Shipbuilding was an early industry, the particulars of which are found in Chapter VII. Frank- lin and William Stevens, of the later generations, began building ves- sels in 1840 where the shoe factory now stands, having four on the stocks at a time; and as late as 1847 they built ships of 1,400 tons bur- then. Notable was the White Falcon, which was one of the first ves- sels sent to the Crimea, as a transport for the- French, during the war there. Of the later firms were James & Alexander Cooper and Ste- phen Young. Their yards were near and below the bridge. About 1850 Franklin vStevens erected a saw mill on the Little Togus, about where the Kennebec Central railroad strikes the street. It was built for Door BuUen, who ran it several years, and then sold the business to Franklin Stevens. When the civil war began Mr. Stevens sold the machinery at a large price, and the business was dis- continued. Near where Putnam & Closson's extensive lumber mills are, Jo.seph W. Bradbury, Henry Bowman and John Blanchard built, in 1835, a steam saw mill. After them, Arthur and John Berry, and Clay, Frost & Co. operated it. In 1860 it was taken down, having stood idle for .some years. In 1869 Ira D. Sturges, of Augusta, bought the Williamson farm of over one hundred acres, including the old mill site, and the Kennebec Land & Lumber Company, which was then formed, built the present mill, which, after being operated by Bod- well, Allen & Bodwell, was purchased in 1881 by Lawrence, Putnam & Co., and in 1882 by the present owners, Putnam & Closson. It is now a plant of much importance, running a rotary and gang of saws for long lumber, two lath machines, a shingle machine, and a clap- board machine, besides the smaller saws and requisite machinery. It is run by an engine of 200 horse power, with boilers of still greater capacity. Below and near this large plant the firm of Putnam & Clos- son have another mill, in which three planers are placed, run by a sixty horse power engine. This firm employs eighty men in all 740 HISTORY OF KENNEKEC COUNTY. branches of the business, the logs* being sorted and hauled from the river near by. The capacity of the saw mill is 80,000 feet of long lumber daily. The later industries here are the ice buildings, which were com- menced about 1860, and. still later, the shoe factory, built in 1888 by a corporation of the citizens. Littlefield & Co., of Lynn, ran it about one year and closed; then Qaldwell & Libby, of Lynn, carried it on one year and discontinued. On the Togus stream was an old carding and fulling mill, on what is now Samuel Stevens' farm. It had disappeared before the recollec- tion of the present generation. There was a saw mill built in 1808, on the Togus stream, called the Cooper mill; it stood just above the present mill of Oliver Moulton. A portion of the dam only remains. Oliver Moulton built a .saw mill in 1864, on the Togus stream, a short distance above the river road, but it was burned ten years after- ward. Another mill was at once erected, a little lower down the stream, and is now leased and run by Henry & Warren Moulton, sons of Oliver. It contains a rotary saw for long lumber, planers, lath and shingle mills, and employs twenty-five hands. This mill controls the stream up to the reservoir at Togus. L. W. Goodspeed had a store here, which he ran for several years; and the post office was kept in it the last year of his term. David Mooers & John Frost were in a store, years ago, where A. E. Lewis now is. After a few years they dissolved partnership and Mooers continued the business alone, moving across the street, to where Goodwin & Drake are. The business was closed out after a few years. James R. Goodwin, in 1876, started a store where A. E. Lewis is, and after two years moved to his present site. After air and water, articles of food rank next as necessities of life. For this reason the grocery, the market and the feed store always pre- cede establishments where dry goods, clothing and boots and shoes are sold. Randolph's inhabitants can much more easily go for the latter articles to Gardiner or Augusta, than for supplies to meet the primal, constantly recurring demands for food. It is for such reasons that the sagacious dealers like Allen E. Lewis bring as varied and as abundant stocks of eatables to Randolph as can be found in much larger places. Mr. Lewis is a son of Captain Alpheus Lewis, who came with his father. Captain Stephen Lewis, who came from Boothbay to White- field, Me. Stephen Lewis had six children: Alpheus, Jason, Francis, Louisa, Osborn and Mary A.— all now dead but Francis and Mary A. The Lewises were a seafaring family as far back as known. Cap- tain Alpheus Lewis commanded a vessel, after coming to Whitefield, till about 1840, when he quit the ocean and became a farmer. He married Hannah S. Little', daughter of Samuel Little", of Pittston TOWN OF RANDOLPH. 741 (Joshua', Samuel', Daniel', Joseph', George Little', of England, who settled in Newbury, Mass, in 1640). The Little family have produced in America in each generation men eminent in public and private life. The children of Alpheus and Hannah S. Lewis were: Maria Louisa, born 1842; Francina A., 1844; Vira E. and Vesta (twins), 1850; Allen E., February 2, 1853; and Lizzie M., now Mrs. William E. Bailey. The two eldest sisters are dead. Allen E. Lewis grew to years of maturity on his father's farm in Whitefield. Always active in body and mind, he became a butcher as well as farmer, and was an expert judge of live stock and a thorough master of all the details of the trade. At the age of twenty-seven he came to the Kennebec valley in search of a locality that offered free scope to the energy and desire for work that animated every pulsation of his blood. After looking the ground carefully over he selected Randolph (then Pitt.ston). with its river and railroad advantages, but more particularly because of the fine country lying back of it, from which our young tradesman saw must come much of the demand for the articles he proposed to sell. With characteristic good judgment he selected the corner of Windsor and Main streets, where he still re- mains, and offered the public a stock of groceries, flour, feed and meats. At the same time he became a buyer of grain and all kinds of farm produce, in which articles he has always been an extensive dealer. He early recognized the fact that honesty makes the most friends, and that fair dealing pays the large.st profit, and the high reputation his business methods enjoy, and the substantial compe- tence they have brought him, are the proofs of his wisdom. In political matters Mr. Lewis' opinions incline to the democratic side and in religious matters to the liberal side. The social side of his nature is strong, finding its highest delights in the society of his family and the sunny atmosphere of his happy home. In 1883 he married Augusta L., daughter of Captain George W. Bailey, of Pittston, and has three children: Bertha E., born in 1884; Grace W., 1888; and Alice M., 1891. In 1873 Richard C. Moody engaged in mercantile business in a building at the west end of the bridge, buying out the stock of William T. Searls. The business was sold to Orrison V. Row less than two years after; and he sold to John Campbell, who had become a partner. Mr. Campbell conducted the store until the building was burned. About 1876 Mr. Moody again engaged in the mercantile business with William F. Ladd, in the brick store on the corner, near his former place, occupying one-half of it. A year after he bought out Ladd, and also bought the building now the confec- tionery store of Mr. Towle, and in 1877 removed to it. In 1885 he erected his present store, in which his wife conducted a millinery and dry goods business. Five years afterward the health of his wife 742 HISTORY OF KEXNEBEC COUNTY. caused her to retire,' and Mr. Moody removed to the place, added gro- ceries to the stock, and has continued there since. Other merchants here are: A. C. Clark, grocer; J. F. & J. E. Kelly, hardware; Goodwin & Drake, grocers; J. A. Jackson, drugs; Labaree & Ryan, general mer- chandise; and Benjamin Lawrence, groceries. The railroad to Togus, with its several trains daily, thronged with excursionists, makes the village a busy railroad terminus. The neat new depot was erected in the autumn of 1890, just south of the west end of the river bridge. L. W. Goodspeed is agent. Coopering has been a prominent industry here for over two-score years. A man named Thompson was engaged in the business in the for- ties. In 1849 Fuller G. Sherman came to the village and engaged in the same business in a shop where the south lumber yard is. In 1868 he built and moved to his present place, where he is assisted by his son. The Gardiner & Pittston Bridge, opened as a toll bridge October 18, 1853, has no doubt assisted largely in building up the present vil- lage of Randolph; but since January 1, 1887, when the two towns con- nected purchased the shares of the bridge and made it free, it is claimed by some that business has declined. The business of William Grant was started in 1861 on Windsor street, where Henry S. Winslow now has a boot and shoe store. About 1864 he moved to the end of the bridge, in the building since burned. In 1866 he moved to Jewett Block, where, after five years, he closed up. He went up the street and engaged in the coopering business; but preferring mercantile life, he altered his shop into a store, and again put in a stock of groceries. After remaining there five years he removed to Jewett Block, where he remained five years more, and then came across the street to his present place of business, two years ago. Early in this century a tavern was established on the street opposite the shoe factory by Samuel Hodgedon, who was afterward succeeded by John E. Merrill. About forty years ago this hotel was kept by Asa C. Cross; but was burned during his administration. A long- period intervened, after which E. R. Marston fitted up a dwelling into a comfortable hotel, and opened it as the Pittston House. A few years ago Albert White purchased the property and continued the business under the name of the Randolph House. Post Office.— After the separation of Gardiner a post office was established at Pittston, of which Jacob Loud was appointed the first postmaster, May 7, 1804. His office was near Smith's Ferry. At the death of Loud, Henry Dearborn was appointed, July 17, 1820, and re- moved the office to Togus Bridge. Stephen Young was appointed, April 4, 18B1, and the office was removed to the village. He was suc- ceeded, August 19, 1841, by Alphonso H. Clark. Hiram T. Clark was appointed June 19, 1845; and Samuel S. Colburn June 6, 1849. No- TOWN OF RANDOLPH. 743 vember 16, 1850, Caleb Stevens was made postmaster, the office being in a brick store, since burned, near where the Randolph shoe factory now stands. March 30, 1853, Hiram T. Clark was again appointed. Stephen Young succeeded him May 16, 1857, keeping the office at the same place, and later moving to where Goodwin & Drake have a store. July 9, 1861, Alphonso H. Clark was again appointed and held the of- fice until January 14, 1878, when he was succeeded by A. C. Clark. April 19, 1881, Larry W. Goodspeed was appointed, and kept the office in the store where Labaree & Ryan are, until tie removed it across the street to its present place. J. R. Goodwin was made postmaster April 29, 1885. March 25, 1887, the name of the office was changed to Ran- dolph, with Mr. Goodwin still in charge; and June 15, 1889, Edwin W. Trask, the present postmaster, was appointed. Civil Hlstory.— Jewett Hall, in the block of that name, has been used for town meetings, especially the annual meetings, when the at- tendance is large. In it the first town meeting for the new town of Randolph was held, March 14, 1887, when G. P. H. Jewett, Charles E. Clark and Newton Mitchell were chosen selectmen; William H. Dud- ley, town clerk; and A. C. Clark, treasurer. B. A. Cox was chosen mod- erator of the meeting. In March. 1888, B. A. Cox was again chosen moderator, and the same .selectmen, clerk and treasurer were reelected. In 1889 B. A. Cox was a third time chosen moderator at the annual March meeting, and W. H. Dudley continued as clerk. B. A. Cox, Robert Barber and Newton Mitchell were elected selectmen, and J. R. Goodwin was elected treasurer. In 1890 Charles H. Dunton was cho.sen moderator, and the old clerk was reelected. The selectmen were Daniel Glidden, G. W. Howe and D. S. Tasker; J. R. Goodwin was continued as treasurer. In 1891 Charles H. Dunton was chosen moderator, the selectmen chosen were Daniel Glidden, D. S. Tasker and Charles H. Dunton. In 1892 the officers elected were: Selectmen, B. A. Cox, D. S. Ta.sker and C. H. Dunton; treasurer, J. R. Goodwin; clerk, W. H. Dudley. The selectmen have an office in Jewett Block, where the books are kept in a large, fire-proof safe. Thus far the new town has no poor house, but to the very few in need of temporary aid the proper relief is given. Schools.— In 1887, when Randolph was erected from Pittston, the territory contained two districts. The two schools were at once graded and placed under what is known as the town system, with a competent superintendent, so that at the present day the schools are not elsewhere excelled in standing and efficiency. There are in the system two primaries — one up out of the village — one intermediate, kept in the Engine Hall, and one grammar department, employing five competent teachers. High school instruction is obtained at Gar- diner, where, by a mutual arrangement, scholars are sent, securing 744 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. excellent advantages, for which Randolph votes and raises $175 yearly. The appropriation for the schools of the town is $1,000 yearly. ■Charles O. Turner has been the efficient school superintendent since the formation of the town. Church.— The Methodist Epi.scopal Society of Pittston village, now Randolph, became a distinct charge — separated from Augusta and Gardiner — in 1842. Occasional preaching was held, and the few Methodists had become greatly strengthened by the moving in of several strong families. In the spring of 1844 a powerful revival occurred, and the conference appointed Rev. P. P. Morrill as preacher in charge. A place for worship was the cherished project of the pas- tor. Freeman Yates, who had been appointed in 1846. After several meetings for the purpose, John Blanchard and Smith Cox, in 1847, undertook the erection of an edifice by their own individual efforts, and in December, 1847, the church was dedicated, with Rev. Francis -Soule, pastor. The church has been twice repaired and is kept in a good state of preservation. A bell was paid for by subscription in 1851 and placed in its belfry. This is the principal place of worship •of later years in Randolph. The pastors have been, besides those named: Marcus Wight, Zina H. Blair, Abia Foster, Phineas Higgins, Daniel Clark, Horace Bray, T. P. Adams, Freeman Chase, Ezra San- born, George Strout, C. A. Plummer, C. B. Besse, J. N. Marsh, G. A. Crawford, G. G. Winslow, C. E. Libby, J. W. Price, Howard Clifford, E. S. Gahan, G. B. Chadwick, J. T. Crosby; and in 1887, Rev. W. W. Ogier was appointed. Cemeteries. — The principal burial ground of the town is Maple Grove Cemetery, controlled by an association of citizens. The act •creating the association was passed in January, 1868, and the first officers chosen were: B. A. Cox, president; A. H. Clark, secretary; Benjamin Flitner, treasurer; Caleb Stevens, Benjamin Clark, William B. Winslow and E. D. Hardy, trustees or directors. B. A. Cox served • as president until 1888, when F. Stevens was elected for two years; then J. R. Goodwin was chosen, in 1890, and has served until the pres- ent time. A. C. Clark was elected secretary in 1873, and has served ■ since; and F. G. Sherman has been treasurer since 1875. F. Stevens has been chosen chairman of the directors since the year 1870. Land was purchased on the river road, a few minutes' walk to the north of the village, and the requisite expenditures made in beautifying and laying it out. Additions have been made from time to time, and it is now a large and beautiful burial place, containing a suitable vault. Here lies Nathaniel Berry, one of General George Washington's life guards. He died August 20, 1850, and was buried amid the tolling of bells and firing of minute guns, and was followed to his grave by a tnilitary escort and a large procession of military and civic bodies. Another very old burial place is on the old Blanchard farm, now TOWN OF RANDOLPH. 745 occupied by James Hayes, a short distance above the Maple Grove Cemetery, on the river road. It was the family ground of the Blanch- ards, but lots have been sold to others. PERSONAL PARAGRAPHS. Robert Barber, the youngest of nine children of James and Eliza- beth (Moore) Barber, was born in 1SB3, at the place where he now lives, his father having bought the farm in 1830 from William Moore. James Barber came from England in 1816 and lived in Hallowell and Gardiner until he bought the place where Robert now live.s. Mr. Barber married Eunice, daughter of Ezekiel Buzzell. Their children are: Edith R., Robert, Thomas W., Jesse, Fannie A., Grace M. and Lillie. Charles E. Bradstreet, jun., born in 1836, is the eldest son of Charles E. Bradstreet. He has been employed since 1867 on Gardiner and Bo.ston steamers, since 1869 as mate. He married Delia A , daugh- ter of Jonathan L. Reade, of Dresden. Their two sons are: Leslie W. and Harry W. The ell of his house was formerly the residence of General Dearborn, who at one time lived in Gardiner. George W. Eastman, youngest of eleven children of Samuel and Eliza (Luce) Eastman, and grandson of Hubbard and Sarah (Stevens) Eastman, was born in 1845. He was engaged in steamboating from 1868 to 1879, since which time he has run a steam tug boat, in which he is an owner, on the Kennebec. He has lived at Randolph since 1875. He married Mary E., daughter of Captain John Merrill. Their children are: Mildred E., Amy F. and Howard W., born June 29, 1891. Daniel Glidden, born in Whitefield in 1821, is a son of Charles and Ruth Ann (Plummer) Glidden, and grandson of Benjamin Glidden. Mr. Glidden came to Pittston in 1845. He is a vship carpenter. He was eight years chairman of the board of selectmen of Pittston and was selectman of Randolph in 1890 and 1891. His first wife, Joanna Dudley, died leaving four children: Mary E. and Walter S., living; and William R. and Warren C, deceased. His present wife was Lizzie A. Quimby. James R. Goodwin, born in 1840, is a son of Oliver, grandson of James and great-grandson of Andrew Goodwin, who came from Bidde- ford. Me., to Gardiner prior to the revolutionary war. His mother, Laura, was a daughter of Philip and granddaughter of Samuel Bullen. Mr. Goodwin was in California from 1860 to 1868, mining and lumber- ing; since 1876 he has been a merchant at Randolph, and was post- master from 1885 to 1889. He was chairman of board of selectmen one term and has been town treasurer of Randolph since 1889, and was treasurer in Pittston for several years before the town was divided. He married Octavia, daughter of Israel Hayward. Their children 746 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. are: Grace A.. Alice M. and Philip R. Andrew Goodwin, of Gardiners- town. Mass. (now Gardiner, Ale.), enlisted July 25, 1775. and served twenty days as corporal in " A " Company of minute men, under the command of Oliver Colburn, in Colonel Arnold's regiment. The original muster roll of this company is at the state house at Boston, in the office of the secretary of state, Vol. XII, p. 2. William Grant, born in 1834, is a son of Charles and Abigail (Rol- lins) Grant, and grandson of Thomas and Elizabeth (Babcock) Grant. Thomas was a native of Scotland Highlands. Mr. Grant began as a clerk in 1847 and has been in the mercantile business since that time, with the exception of two years, and since 1861 has been in trade for him.self. He was selectman two years and has held other town offices; he was representative one term. He married Ann Jane, daughter of Olivef Philbrick. John F. Gray, son of William and Mary (Farnham) Gray, was born in Windsor in 1829, and is a ship carpenter by trade. Since 1877 he has lived in Randolph. Of his ten brothers and sisters only one is. living — William, of Windsor. Fred A. Hathaway, son of Sylvanus Hathaway, of Gardiner, was. born in 1854. Sylvanus married Mary E. Jordan, of Bangor, Me. Their children were: George E., Sarah, Augusta and Fred A. The latter married Lillian Moody in 1880, and their children are: Ray M. and Harry G. L. W. Hunt, son of Elisha and Mercy M. (Jones) Hunt, and grand- son of Daniel Hunt, was born in Pittston in 1838. He was in Califor- nia from 1861 to 1867, and has since been engaged in river driving, and since 1871 has been a contractor and jobber. He married Hattie A., daughter of Studson Moore. Their children are: Arthur W., Alice M., Hattie M., Ethel A. and Lillian. Emulous F. Marson, born in 1813, is a son of Samuel and Rachel (Fountain) Marson, and grandson of Samuel Marson. He married Emily, daughter of Sampson Woods, of Mt. Vernon, Me., and their only son. Wilder, died in infancy August 1, 1855. Mr. Marson has been ship carpenter and spar maker since 1833. Captain Stephen B. Meady,born in 1828, is a son of Alexander and Charlotte (Brown) Meady, who came from Haverhill, Mass., to Hallo- well (now Chelsea), where he was a farmer. Mr. Meady began going- to sea at the age of seventeen, and retired in ISitO. He was master of vessels for thirty years. He married Susan A., daughter of Captain Jo.seph C. Bailey, of Pittston. Their children are: Frank H. and Wilbur S. Richard C. Moody, born in 1829, son of Richard and Mary (Cooper) Moody, and grandson of wScribner and Martha (Bailey) Moody, was a farmer in Whitefield, where he was born, until 1874, when he came to- Randolph. Since 1876 he has been a merchant here. He married TOWN OF RAXDOLPII. 747 Hannah F. Wellman, sister of Eben Welhnan, of Augusta. Their children are: Fred C, Ella F. (Mrs. W. F. Ladd), and M. Lillian, who married Fred A. Hathaway, and has two sons, Ray M. and H. Guy. Fred C. married Sophia N., the youngest of the eleven children of Isaac and Lydia (Home) Page. Their only child is Isa (Mrs. Maning S. Campbell). Isaac Page settled at Searls Mills, in Chelsea, about 1840. G. Wilbur Searls, son of Thomas and Malinda D. (Town) Searls, was born in 1852. He was a farmer on the homestead of his father in Chelsea until 1883, when he came to Randolph, where he was a mer- chant until 1889. He was census enumerator for Randolph in 1890. He married Julia A., daughter of James and Sophia (Davenport) Well- man, of Augusta. They have one son, Edwin E. Fuller G.Sherman, only son of Eleazer and Azubah G. ( Hodge) Sherman, and grandson of Aaron and Polly Sherman, was born in 1823. He came to Pittston in 1849, where he has carried on the cooper business since that time; he built the shop where he and his son now work, in 1863. He married Harriet L., datighter of John and Sophia (Trask) Bradbury, and granddaughter of John Bradbury. She died leaving three children: Clara A., Daniel H. and George B. Daniel H. married Caddie Z. Foss, and is a cooper with his father. Captain Reuben Stevens, born in 1803, was the eldest son of Cap- tain Reuben and Betsey (Stockley) Stevens, and grandson of Caleb, whose father, John Stevens, was a resident of Amesbury, Mass. Caleb Stevens married Elizabeth Wilson in 1768. Captain Reuben Stevens was master of vessels from 1824 until 1837, when he died of yellow fever while in port at New Orleans. He married Sarah H., daughter of William and Sarah (Cutts) Stevens, and granddaughter of Caleb and Elizabeth (Wilson) Stevens. Their children were: William R., who died in 1855, and Sarah E., who married Daniel McDuffie in 1862, and has one son, William S. Mrs. Stevens is still living with her daughter. Mrs. McDuffie. Daniel S. Tasker, born in Readfield in 1847, is a son of Benjamin and Mahala (Savage) Tasker. He has lived in Randolph since 1874. He married Delia, daughter of John Davenport, and their children are: Arthur R. and Lottie M. Albert White, born in 1841, is a son of George and Eliza (Stevens) White, and grandson of John White. Mr. White has been engaged m the livery business in Randolph since March 1, 1875, and is the proprietor of the Randolph House. He has for several years been superintendent of the Maple Grove Cemetery Association, and since April, 1885, he has owned a hearse, which is the only one owned in the town. Mr. White's wife was Miss Mary Dearing. Sumner Wallace Whitney, son of Phineas Whitney, was born in 48 748 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Jay, Me., in 1845. He served in the civil war from February, 1864, until June, 1865, with Company E, 32d Maine. He is a painter by trade, and since 1873 has lived in Randolph. He married Eliza S., daughter of Richard Medcalf. They have two children: Lillian E. (Mrs. Charles Blair), and Lester A. Nathaniel R. Winslow, born in 1825, at New Gloucester, Me., is a son of Philip and Bethiah (Ridout) Winslow, and grandson of Barna- bas Winslow, who was a soldier in the revolution. Mr. Winslow bought the Asa White farm in Chelsea in 1853. He .sold this farm in 1889, and came to Randolph to live. He was representative in 1873, seventeen terms selectman, and twenty-two years moderator of town meetings in Chelsea. He married Emily M., daughter of Wentworth and Olive (Kimball) Hayes. Their children were: Otis A., Cora A. (Mrs. J. H. Blunt), and Ella E. Dunton, who died. CHAPTER XXIX. TOWN OF CHELSEA. Incorporation.— Boundaries.— Town Records.— Old Mills.— Old Stores.— Growth. — Societies. — Civil History.— Officers. — Schools. — Ecclesiastical.— Cemeter- ies.— Personal Paragraphs. THE town of Chelsea was incorporated Augu.st 17, 1850, from the southern portion of the old town of Hallowell, on the eastern bank of the Kennebec river. It embraces the lots of the Wins- low survey shown on the sketch map on page 750, together with ad- ditional territory extending eastward to the town of Whitefield. The city of Augusta bounds it on the north and the towns of Randolph and Pittston bound it on the south. Though this tract of land was settled contemporaneously with the earliest settled territory along the river, the adjoining towns were foremost in carrying on lumbering, then the principal industry of the county. The act of incorporation was passed by the legislature of 1850, as Chapter 364 of the Laivs of Maine. It was, among other things, pro- vided in the act, that the town of Hallowell should pay to the town of Chelsea — probably in compensation for the loss of certain town prop- erty on the west side of the river— the sum of $850 annually for the next ten years; also that a meeting should be called by the selectmen at the town house in Hallowell on the first Monday of the following month (September) in order that the inhabitants on the west side of the river might give in their votes upon the acceptance of the terms and conditions of the .separation; also that no liabilities should be incurred by the town of Chelsea prior to March 1, 1851. At the town meeting referred to the act was adopted and Chelsea thus became a town. In February, 1851, the warrant was issued for the first town meeting, to be held March 4, 1851, at the school house in the Hankerson district. The meeting was called to order by Eben- ezer Freeman. He was chosen clerk of the town, and John Barker was cho-sen moderator. The selectmen chosen were F. A. Day, John M. Davenport and Thomas Searls. The town held its meetings for many years at the school house in District No. 2. In 1883, town meeting was held at Grange Hall, and since then in what is denominated Town Hall. A church had 750 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. been erected many years before on the river road, near J. H. Hi^nt's, and about 1865 had been removed to the Winslow road, on the east end of Mr. Hunt's farm. It was tendered to the town for public use, if the town would repair the building, of which it stood sadly in need. In 1SS3 the town received the property, and has since held its meetings there. The names of a few of the old settlers and proprietors of land in the territory now Chelsea will be found in the subjoined sketch map. The town possesses in fair degree all the resources that character- ize the other farming towns of the county. It is quite hilly, rocky ledges are frequent, and the northeast slopes are strewn with huge boulders. That lumbering here was of later date that in the towns north and south of it is shown by the appearance of the surface of the land, and by the fact that many of the early saw mills were in use within the remembrance of its living middle-aged people. The To- gus stream furnished power for most of the mills. Old Mills and Stores.— As Togus stream is ascended from the Randolph line, there was an old saw mill built and run by William and Robert Moore. Next above was the Searls mill, at the point where the stream crosses the road near the residence of William T. Searls; this was built by his father, Thomas Searls, in 1834. A portion of the wall remains to mark the spot, the mill having been taken down in 1862. Just above the Searls mill was the Douglass saw mill — erected TOWN OF CHELSEA. 751 by the Douglass ancestors earlier than the Searls mill, and abandoned when the latter was established. The Gardner mill was next above, and stood where the road crosses the stream above the present Baker mill. It was built by Joel Gardner, grandfather of A. P. Gardner; Am- brose Gardner, his father, ran it till about 1853, when it was sold to Orrin Emerson, who, after a few years, sold to Warren Lewis, of Pitts- ton. The mill and privilege were later sold to Oliver Moulton. The Roberts mill was still further above, and was the scene of much activ- ity in its day. The present mill, on the stream near H. W. Gaslin's store, is owned by John F. Baker, although reported as sold to the government for establishing an electric light plant for the lighting of the Soldiers' Home. It is an old building, originally a saw mill, then a grist mill and later a saw mill again. About 1850 Nathan O. Mitchell built the Jewett mill, so-called from the name of the person on whose land it stood. This was at Old Orchard, where the upper ice house, owned by the Knickerbocker Ice Company, now stands. A dam at the bridge furnished water for the overshot wheel. It ran two seasons, and was then taken down. James Brown, father of George Brown, farmer and lumberman, built a saw mill on Brown's brook, which flows through the Brown farm and empties into the Kennebec river opposite Brown's island. This mill was built in 1814, and in 1846 it was rebuilt by John Jewett. Just below the Brown brook, about twenty rods, is the old Indian landing used by the Indians as a stopping place in going up and down the river. Fifty rods above the Searls and Brown mill, on the Togus, a saw mill was built about 1799 by Black John Jones. It was burned about 1820 and was -rebuilt by John Jewett about 1843. John Jones, known as " Black John," the surveyor, was a tory. His adopted son took his full name and became heir to a good farm on the river road in Chelsea. In the northeastern part of the town were several old stores, patronized by lumbermen. For several years, while lumbering was at its height, Pickering & Frink, a firm from New Hampshire, con- ducted one of these stores on land owned by George Woodbury. They afterward retired from the business and left the town. The old building was moved down by the river, about 1856, and fitted up as the dwelling of Bradley Hall. On the corner opposite the school house, where H. W. Gaslin now is, Samuel Lawton opened a store, about 1856. After a few years he was succeeded by Benjamin Run- nell, and he in turn by James H. Covel. In 1885 Henry W. Gaslin bought the place, added a good dwelling to the store property, and still continues in general trade. Industries.— Some vessels were built along the river bank during the first half of this century, which fact appears among the industries 752 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. of the county. About 1850 a man named James Black built a fishing schooner in his door-yard on the river road, and hauled it to the Blanchard wharf — later Brown's wharf — where he launched his craft. Chelsea Heights, in the northwest part of the town, on the river, is thickly settled. Business began here briskly at an early day. A ferry was kept by Joseph Haskell, and on the point near by Daniel H. Weeks opened a general store. Ephraira Rolf has a ferry there now for foot passengers; it is at the Hallowell road, so called. In this part of the town Horace Weeks had a store; the site now belongs to John Bishop. Weeks was, for several years, succeeded by Alden Jackson. About 1836 a firm, Nute & Durban, built a store just east of the Jackson store. Durban died after a few years and Nute moved away. Then Frank A. Day and Alden Jackson formed a copartnership. The partnership was afterward dissolved, and Day continued the business for several years alone. The building was burned in 1858, after hav- ing been remodeled and occupied as a dwelling. A dock was built near here, in the thirties, by Doctor Brainard; but it soon fell into disuse. There are no villages within the limits of the town. The settle- ment in the eastern territory of the town is called Cooperstown, from the name of the early settlers of that part. Religious services are held in the school house of District No. 6. Togus is a very important center, being the site of the Eastern Home for D. V. S., of which particulars will be found at page 106. The Kennebec Central railway crosses the town, extending from Randolph to Togus, and affording the inhabitants of the town many facilities. The Hallowell and East Pittston post offices are .so near that the Chelseans have been generally well supplied with mail facilities. An office was opened in 1882 in the town, at Grange Hall, with Stephen Cobb as postmaster. He was succeeded in 1886 by Freeman Y. Barker. In 1889 Patrick Hayes, the present incumbent, was appointed. He also keeps the store. This Grange Hall was built in 1878 by a stock company. During the autumn of that year the store was run by the Grange, and in 1884 A. F. P. Collins and Otis Douglass purchased the stock in trade. Mr. Douglass sold to J. M. Richardson, and, later, Patrick Hayes purchased the interests of both. The hall over the store is the place of meeting of the Sons of Temperance and the Grange. Societies. — The Lodge of the Sons of Temperance, No. 5, was organized May 2, 1870, at Togus, by ten charter members. Rev. George B. Barber, chaplain at the home, was the first W. P. He was succeeded by G. D. D'Orsay; then by a Mr. Haney. After about three years the place of meeting was changed to its present neighborhood, and the successive worthy patriarchs have been: W. T. Searls, Thomas TOWN OF CHELSEA. 753 Searls, Patrick Hayes, Stephen Cobb, Mrs. Julia A. Farnliam, H. A. Farnham, E. H. Collins, A. F. P. Collins, Mrs. Minnie J. Libby, Willie O. Cobb, Edmund Searls, Mrs. Harriet E. Cobb, O. E. Farnham, Maria E. Collins, Mrs. Annie L. Hayes, Mrs. Julia Barker, Miss Lena Mc- Kay, Robert McKay, Arthur N. Douglass, Mrs. Nellie Collins, John E. Meader, Miss Eva Searls, Mrs. Frank Cobb, Miss Katie A. McKay, W. K. Thompson, Mrs. N. M. Heminway, Miss Florence E. Thomp- son and Thomas Searls. The Lodge now numbers eighty members. Chelsea Grange, No. 215, v.'hich meets in the hall, was organized March 4, 1876, by twenty-nine charter members. For two and a half years previous to this the society met in the school house. A store was kept around the neighborhood in different families until the hall was opened, when the stock was gathered there. The master overseers of the Grange have been: William T. Searls, A. N. Douglass, Stephen Cobb, F. Y. Barker, Eugene H. Collins, Hiram A. Farnham and Pat- rick Hayes. W. T. Searls has acted as presiding officer for much of the time, and was reelected in 1891 He and F. Y. Barker have been the acting secretaries most of the time since the organization. Fifty members now enjoy the social and business advantages of the order. The strong temperance element of the town is represented by Pleasant Lodge, No. 9, 1. O. of G. T. It assembles weekly at the school house in District No. 9, and contains over thirty active members. The chief templars since the organization, in 1887, have been: James E. Blanchard, Henry Clark, William B. Trask, James A. Clough, H. C. Stevens, John B. Aldrich, Mrs. A. A. Sampson, Frank Stevens, Martin Nelson and Frank Gilpatrick. The Lodge deputy is L F. Plummer. Civil History. — From the incorporation of Hallowell until the erection of Chelsea into a separate municipality the civil history is inseparable from that of Hallowell, of which the territory was a part. The citizens of the East side (now Chelsea) were chosen as officers, and in every way performed their share in the growth and advance- ment of the whole town. The roads were few and poorly worked in those early days. A strip of territory fifty rods on the river was allowed to be set off to Pittston (now Randolph). In 1851, the first municipal year of Chelsea, $200 was raised for the poor, and more especial care was given to the laying out of proper burial places. No pound had been built by the old town on this side of the river, and none was sufficiently needed to require the expense. For several years good men, who had suitable yards, were willing to be pound masters, using their own barn-yards and stables. In 1853 it was voted that William Littlefield, A. Griffin and Rufus Clark be pound keepers, and use their own yards and stables. In 1860 the entire eighteen field drivers were made pound keepers, using their own barn-yards for the purpose. 754 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. A house for the poor has not been necessary, although in 1867 it was voted to buy or rent a house, if tlie selectmen thought fit. That year $950 was voted for the poor, but the custom of letting the keep- ing to the lowest bidder has prevailed, and is yet in vogue, with satis- factory results to all concerned. The vote of the town has been for temperance, and in 1867, when called to vote on an amendment, it de- cided for the law of 1858, instead of that of 1856. In 1859 the vote was seven to one against aiding to build with Hallowell the bridge across the river; and by a consistent, conservative course the town long ago paid up its war debt, after promptly doing every duty, and is now in an excellent condition financially. Party politics is no hin- drance to the good management of town affairs, and the best men are elected as its officers. Since the organization of the town the following have been elected selectmen, the year of election and the number of years of service, although not always consecutive, being given: F. A. Day for 1851; John M. Davenport for 1851, and 5 years; Thomas Searls, 1851, 4 years; F. B. Davis, 1852, 3; Stephen Lawton, 1852; Josiah F. Morrill, 1853, 5; Alonzo Tenney, 1855, 3; Orrin Emerson, 1856, 6; Adoniram Griffin, 1856, 2; N. R. Winslow, 1857, 16; George Brown, 1858, 4: J. F. Morrill, 1859, 6; John Davis, 1860; H. D. Doe, 1861, 2; John Davenport, 1863, 2; Edwin H. Blanchard, 1865, 2; Charles H. Davenport, 1867, 2; Albert N. Douglass, 1867, 9; E. F. Longfellow, 1868; William T. Searls, 1869, 16; S. W. Barker, 1870; Alfred Davenport, 1872; William W. Hanker- son, 1872, 6; Stephen Cobb, 1873, 2; Almon Carson, 1873; Jonathan Laiton, 1876; J. B. Packard, 1877; James T. Brown, 1878; L. H. Trask, 1879; H. N. Laiton, 188L 2; James E. Blanchard, 1882, 2; J. S. Tenney, 1885, 2; William E. Trask, 1884; A. A. Sampson, 1886, 4; F. C. Header, 1888, 3; C. H. Blanchard, 1889, 2; O. W. Littlefield, 1890; O. F. Cooper, 1892. The successive Clerks of the town, with the dates of their election, have been: 1851, Ebenezer Freeman; 1863, Frank W. Barker; 1864, Stephen Cobb; 1869, Samuel W. Barker; 1871, J. C. Barker; 1876, Ben Tenney; 1879, J. E. Blanchard; 1880, J. B. Packard; 1884. S. A. Cobb— Stephen Cobb to fill vacancy; 1885, Otis Littlefield; 1889, Isaac F. Plummer; and since 1891, C. H. Watson. The Treasurers, in order of succession, have been: 1851, F. A. Day; 1852, Ebenezer Freeman; 1863, C. H. Davenport; 1864, Thomas Searls; 1867, Samuel W. Barker; 1871, William W. Hankerson; 1875, Stephen Cobb; 1878, J. L. Gray; 1880, William T. Searls; 1885, J. H. Hunt; 1886, James E. Blanchard; 1887, F. Y. Barker; and since 1890, John Hale Yeaton. Schools. — In 1787 one of the .school districts of old Hallowell em- braced all the territory now included in Chelsea. The growth of the community led to divisions and subdivisions of this district, and in TOWN OF CHELSEA. 755 1851 the town of Chelsea re-numbered the districts and appointed a committee in each. In 1852 divisions and alterations were made in district limits to better and more equally accommodate all the patrons. At this time $600 a year was voted for school purposes. In 1860 dis- tricts 4 and 7 were consolidated into No. 8. Ten years later, in 1870, the town voted $1,050 for its schools, each district having a competent officer whose duty it was to maintain the best possible school within the amount of money apportioned to that district. Since 1890 there have been nine divisions or districts. No regular high school is kept, as the few who desire the benefits of such an institution can obtain much better advantages in adjoining towns. The school houses are comfortable, and are so located as to best accommodate the pupils. Uniform text books are purchased by the town and used in the schools. Ecclesiastical. — The town contains no separate religious society. The majority of professed Christians are Meihodists, and are generally communicants of the church at Randolph. The pastor of the Ran- dolph church preaches here once in two weeks, and this people are considered within the Randolph charge. The few Baptists here also sustain services, and a large and profitable Union Sunday school has been organized by the two societies here, and regular services are held. The old church, now a town house, which stood on the river road when built, was of great importance in its earliest days. Forty years ago the audience room would be crowded with listeners at the stated preachings; but death and removals thinned the ranks. About 1866 the church was moved to its present site, it being hoped that this step would resuscitate its usefulness; but in 1883 it was given to the town, if that body would keep it in repair and allow preaching within its walls, as needed. Cemeteries. — There are several burying places in the town, four being in care of the town, and others m care of the families to whom they belong. One, a town ground, is at Togus, on the road to Ran- dolph, and is well kept. The government has one for the home, which is in its care. The Stickney ground is on the Augusta road, and is well fenced and cared for. The Goodwin yard, on the river road, is also in care of the town. It is well fenced, but is not used. An ancient burial place on the land of William Chase, near the river, indicates the condition into which a family cemetery can fall by neglect. No fence surrounds it, the brush and trees on its surface being its only protection from encroachment. The Davenport ground, on Alfred Davenport's land, contains the remains of the older mem- bers of the family. It is walled in, and not used by others. The Lit- tlefield ground, on Horace Littlefield's farm, is a well-kept family yard. The Trask ground, on the farm of James Trask, is not only a family 756 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. yard, but others have been buried there. It is surrounded by a sub- stantial wall. The father of George E. Morrill gave a small plot of ground to the town for a cemetery, which is in use on the Morrill farm. It is well cared for. Thomas Searls laid out a small ground on his farm, just be- yond the residence of W. T. Searls, where himself and deceased mrem- bers of the family rest. It is situated on a knoll surrounded by a neat picket fence. It is used by the family only. Across the road from this cemetery A. N. Douglass has opened a burying ground in whicb lots can be purchased. It is on high ground, and when fenced prop- erly will be a pleasant spot. At the annual town meetings for many years past a sexton, with care of the hearse, has been appointed. PERSONAL PARAGRAPHS. George H. Ames, born February 15, 1840, is a son of Asa and Bet- sey (Hunton) Ames. He was in the quartermaster's department in the United States army from 1864 until 1865. From 1869 until 1884 he was a marble cutter at Hallowell, and since 1884 has been deputy sheriff in Chelsea. He married Pamelia A., daughter of George- Evans, and they have one daughter, Carrie A. (Mrs. Fred A. Hinckley). Edwin H. Blanchard is one of Chelsea's enterprising and success- ful farmers. He married August 7, 1853, Charlotte A., daughter of James and Martha J. (Coss) Brown, and granddaughter of James and Hannah (Meady) Brown. Their only son, James E., is mentioned at page 94. Eugene A. Brown, born January 30, 1851, is a son of James F. and Olive (Wells) Brown, grandson of Nathaniel and Nancy (Lyon) Brown^ and great-grandson of Joseph and Charlotte (Tinges) Brown. Mr. Brown is a farmer in Chelsea, though he devotes some attention tc^ .shoemaking. He married June 18, 1870, Jennie L. Dunton, who is overseer of the stitching department of the Hallowell shoe factory. Their children are: Burton, Eugene and Carrie May. George Brown. — John Brown', born in England in 1715, emi- grated to America about 1750, and settled in Charlestown, Mass.. where he was a man of wealth and influence. He was loyal to the British at the beginning of the revolution, and refused to take any precaution for the protection of his property from the British invaders, declaring that the fact of his loyalty to the king would be sufficient protection. When Charlestown was attacked his house was the first to be de- stroyed, and with it the family silver and other valuables. He soon after removed to Nova Scotia, with those of his sons who favored the Crown, his wife and part of the children remaining in Massachusetts, but none of the large estate was ever secured to them. ^-iMl-^^ ^^^-^ TOWN OF CHELSEA. 75T Joseph Brown", one of the sons, was born in Charlestown, Mass., in 1754. He married Charlotte Tinges, of Massachusetts, in 1777, and soon after came to Maine, settling on the east bank of the Kennebec river, opposite the island that has since borne his name. He was a successful farmer and lumberman until his death, in 1825. James Brown^ one of his ten children, was born at the homestead April 14, 1782, where he died October 27,1858. His business and saw mill operations in Chelsea are noticed in the earlier pages of this chapter. His wife, Hannah Meady, bore him nine children: Hannah, Thomas, James, David, John, George, Lucy, Charlotte and Eliza. George Brown', the sixth of this family, was born September 30,- 1816, on the farm where he now lives, which has been in the family for more than a century. The common school education which he received served to stimulate rather than to satisfy his taste for knowl- edge. The foundation thus laid has been built upon by a thorough course of reading, which he has pursued regularly for the past fifty years. He is thoroughly conversant with the topics of the day, as well as sacred and profane history, of which he has been a close and criti- cal student for many years. Being a farmer, he has always been keenly interested in the im- provements of agriculture, and has been a prominent factor in various agricultural organizations. He was the first president of the South Kennebec Agricultural Society, and is now serving his fourth term in that position. He is a republican in politics, and though not a politician, he has been several times chosen to fill responsible offices in his native town.^ He has been a prominent member of the Methodist Episcopal church since 1843, and his habits and character are above reproach. His first marriage, May 13, 1841. was with Mary A. Thomas, a sister of Captain J. B. Thomas, mentioned in Chapter XXVH. She died August 6, 1875, leaving one daughter, Araminta T., now Mrs. Green- leaf W. Ward, of Vassalboro. Her two children are: Mary Brown and Josephine Thomas Ward. Mr. Brown's second marriage, which occurred March 14, 1877, was with Mrs. Abbie J. Clifford, widow of Captain Edwin W.Clifford. She is a daughter of Green and Sarah J. (Greeley) Longfellow, of Augusta. Mrs. Brown is a lady of genial bearing, a broad, well disciplined mind, and rare courage. She made several sea voyages with Captain Clifford, who commanded vessels in the merchant service. While on these voyages she studied navigation as a pastime, and when the ne- cessity came of putting her knowledge of chart and compass to the test, her courage was not wanting. During her last sea voyage, which was on the brig bearing her name, while south of the equator. Cap- tain Clifford, his mate, steward, and two of his seamen died of yellow fever. She, the only person left on board who understood navigation. 758 HISTORY OF KF.XNEBEC COUNTY. assumed command of the vessel on the 10th of April, 1872, and with the aid of her crew brought it with its valuable cargo, to New York, her port of destination, arriving on the 12th of May, 1872. Here, in Chelsea, on the shore of the beautiful Kennebec, Mr. Brown is passing in rural peace the evening time of an active day, enjoying with his estimable wife, the well-merited esteem of a wide circle of intelligent contemporaries. William S. Chase, born in 1846, son of John and Eliza (Maker) Chase, and grand,son of Samuel Chase, is a farmer, owning a farm of what is called the intervale of Chelsea. His first wife, Mary Hum- phreys, died leaving one daughter, Maud. His present wife was Abbie Winter. Their children are: Fred, vSamuel E. and William A. Henry M. Clark, youngest of three sons of Henry and Sarah (Stick- ney) Clark, and grandson of Thomas Clark, was born in 1854. His father died in 1859, aged forty-nine years. Mr. Clark is a farmer. He married Mildreth, daughter of Thomas J. Fitzgerald, and their chil- dren are: Arobene, Inza and William J. Mr. Clark has two brothers — George T., of California, and James W., who lives at the home- stead. Stephen Cobb, son of Benjamin Cobb, was born in 1830 in Pitts- field, and died in Chelsea in 1886. He came to Chelsea from his na- tive town, where he was teacher and farmer, and held various town offices. He served one year in the late war in Company K, 21.st Maine, enlisting as orderly sergeant. He married Harriet, sister of William T. Searls, of Chelsea. Their children were: Stephen A., Charles S., William O., George A., Hattie M., Florence E. and three that died. Alfred Davenport*, born September 22, 1807, is the only surviving child of Jonathan' and Joanna (Bradbury) Davenport (Jonathan' and Susanah White Davenport, Ebenezer' and Submit Howe Davenport, Ebenezer", and Thomas Davenport', who was at Dorchester, Mass., in 1640). Jonathan Davenport' came from Dorchester, Mass., to the farm where Alfred now lives in 1762, and was the fir.st town clerk of Hallowell. Mr. Davenport married Almira, daughter of Thomas and granddaughter of Thomas Kennedy. Her mother, Sally, was a daugh- ter of Joseph and granddaughter of John Weeks. They have one adopted daughter, Elizabeth S. (Mrs. F. E. Sager). Alonzo P. Gardner, born in 1838, is a son of Ambrose and Lucinda (Howe) Gardner, and grandson of Joel Gardner, who came from Vas- salboro to Chelsea, where he owned and operated a saw mill which was afterward owned and run by his son, Ambrose. Mr. Gardner spent five years in California. Since 1864 he has owned the home- stead where he now lives. He is a farmer and keeps a livery stable. He married Frances M., daughter of Jacob Pike, and has one son, John H. Henry W. Gaslin, born in 1830 in Vassalboro, is a son of Jacob and TOWN OF CHELSEA. 759 Ann (Palmer) Gaslin, and grandson of John Gaslin, who came from Ireland when two years old and was among- the early settlers of Vas- salboro. Mr. Gaslin was a saw mill operator and farmer until 1865, and from that time until 1881 he was at sea, mostly as engineer of a steamer between New York and Savannah. He was a farmer in Chelsea from 1881 until June, 1885, since which time he has kept a store at Togus. He married Emeline, daughter of Adam and Betsey (Bailey) Hutchin- son. Their children were: Josephine, and one that died, Hettie. John L. Gray, son of Benjamin and Alice (Withem) Gray, was born in Dresden, Me., August 22, 1807. He learned the blacksmith trade with his father and followed that trade in connection with farming and cattle driving until 1874. He lived in China from 1840 until 1863, when he came to Pittston, and in 1874 came to the farm where he now lives. He was selectman of China two terms, several terms juror at Augusta and one term juror in the United States circuit court at Port- land; and was twice chosen to represent his district in the house of representatives. His book learning was limited, but his practical knowledge has been demonstrated by the public positions he has held. His first marriage was with Elizabeth Francis. Their children were: John C, Lemuel (deceased^ Lydia, Harriet and Dora. John C. is a lawyer at Oroville, Cal., where he was made judge in 1890. Mr. Gray's present wife was Margaret Given. Daniel S. Heath, born in 1847, is a son of Shurbern and Hannah J. (Clifford) Heath, grandson of David and great-grandson of Asa Heath. vShurbern Heath was a cooper by trade and came from New Hamp- shire to Pittston in 1836. Daniel S. was engaged as toll gatherer and assistant tender on the Gardiner and Pittston bridge from 1865 until 1890. In 1889 he bought the N. R. Winslow farm, where he now lives. J. Howard Hunt, born November 28, 1840, is a son of Caleb, grand- son of Ephraim, and great-grandson of Daniel Hunt, of Wareham, Mass. His mother, Hannah, was a daughter of Philip Bullen, son of Samuel Bullen, who in 1763 came from Billerica, Mass., to what is now Chelsea, and the same year received a deed from the original Ken- nebec proprietors for the farm where Mr. Hunt now lives. Mr. Hunt was two years treasurer and collector of the town and has held other town offices. He married Ann M., daughter of Wentworth Hayes, and their children are: Millie M., Chauncey W., Marcia H:, Sadie E., Han- nah B. and Maurice, who died in infancy. Joseph E. Lewis, born in Bowdoin in 1843, is a son of Thomas S. Lewis and grandson of Captain Thomas M. Lewis. He served two years in the late war in Company B, 15th Maine; he enlisted as private and was discharged as quartermaster sergeant. He was a bookkeeper in Boston until 1870, and since that time has been a machinist and engineer. Since June 1, 1887, he has been chief engineer at the '760 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. National Home, at Togus. He married in Boston, in 1867, Marcella Rogers, of Windsor, who died June 22, 1892. They had three children: Ralph, J. Arthur and Byron. Otis W. Littlefield, born March 19, 1843, is a son of William and Sarah Louisa (Whitten) Littlefield, grandson of William B. and great- grandson of Seth Littlefield, who died in 1804, and was buried in the family cemetery on the farm where he settled when he came to the town. Mr. Littlefield is engaged in farming and the milk business, and owns and occupies the Major Stickney farm of 125 acres. He was one year selectman, four years town clerk and one year auditor of Chelsea. His wife, Emma J. Turner, died leaving eight children: Ella A., Louie F., A. Belle, Charles O., Fred W., Harry R., Clara L. and Lucy E. Palmer S. Moody, born in 1825, is a son of Richard and Polly (Cooper) Moody, and grandson of Scribner and Martha (Bailey) Moody. He is a farmer, and in 1850 settled on the farm where he now lives. He married Antoinette W., daughter of Benjamin and Eunice (Fountain) Hall. Lsaac F. Plummer, born in 1854, at Jefferson, is a son of Isaac and Lucinda Plummer, and grandson of Benjamin Plummer. He has lived in Chelsea since 1869, where he is a farmer. He has devoted some attention to local newspaper correspondence. He served as town clerk in 1889 and 1890. John Pope, born in 1823, in Windsor, was a son of Edward and Hannah (Tibbets) Pope. He was engaged in various kinds of busi- ness in Windsor, where he lived for several years. In 1883 he came to Chelsea, where he died in July, 1887. He married in 1846, Mary A., daughter of James and Betsey (Johnson) Given, and granddaughter of David Given. Their two children were: Algie M., who died, and Lizzie A. Mark L. Rollins, born in 1843, is one of three sons of Washington and Hannah (Little) Rollins, and grandson of Nathaniel Rollins, who was a soldier in the war of 1812. He has devoted his attention to various business enterprises, including the ice, milk and meat busi- ness. Since 1889 he has been constable of Chelsea. He was repre- sentative from his district in 1890 and was appointed deputy sheriff August 11, 1891. He married Etta S., daughter of Benjamin Flitner, of Pittston. Ashford A. Sampson, born in 1844 in Bowdoinham, is a son of •Cannon and Eleanor (Jack) Sampson. Mr. Sampson was employed from 1864 until 1884 at the insane hospital at Augusta, fourteen years of the time as head farmer. Since 1884 he has lived in Chelsea and is a farmer. He is now one of the board of selectmen. He married Mary Frazier, of Pictou, N. S. Their children are: Ella M., William A. and Donald F. TOWN OF CHELSEA. 761 William T. Searls, whose father's father and whose mother's father both came from Walpole, N. H., to Wilton, Me., was born Sep- tember 1, 1833, in Pittston. His father, Thomas Searls, born August 11, 1803, at Wilton, Me., was the second of twelve children. At the age of twelve years he lost his left leg from the effects of a fever sore. When he was fourteen years old he came from Wilton to Pittston, where he learned the tailor's trade, but not liking the business, he afterward learned shoemaking, and followed that business till 1833, when he came to what was then East Hallowell, now Chelsea. April 9, 1829, Thomas Searls married Mary A. Kidder, of Pittston, by whom he had three boys and three girls. Two boys, the younger of whom is the William T. of this sketch, and one girl were born in Pittston. The home of Thomas and his family, the first winter they spent in East Hallowell, was a camp near the Togus stream. One Sunday he found a good water power on that stream, and the next year (1834), in company with Philip Bullen and James Brown, he built a saw mill there, and each of the three men built a house near by, all of which are gone now. In 1850 Thomas Searls' first wife died and the same year he married Malintha D. Towns, by whom he had one boy and three girls. He was active, observing and intelligent. He paid considerable attention to Freemasonry, in which he was well advanced and well informed. He was a strong temperance man. Such a man usually has a taste for public affairs, and we accordingly find him a selectman in I8.0I, 1858 and 1860, and moderator of town meeting in 1857. He was also overseer of the poor in 1861, school committee in 1863, town collector and treasurer in 1863, 1864 and 1865, and in 1866 he was again a selectman. His active and useful life clo.sed in 1877. Such a father would train his children to habits of industry and mental growth. William T. went to .school wmters and learned dur- ing the balance of the year the routine of farm and mill work, till he was nineteen years of age. Two years later, in 1854, he bought fifty- four acres of land of his father, and went to work and paid for it. Later he purchased another farm, cut and sold a great deal of hay, bought a press and helped his neighbors get their hay ready for market. This kind of indu.stry and thrift soon paid for the second farm. Later on, a few years after the decease of his brother, David, which occurred in 1863, he purchased the farm he left, nearly all of which is in his possession now. November 29, I860,, he married Susan R. Tasker, daughter of Ben- jamin and Mahala (Savage) Tasker, of Readfield, now part of Man- chester. Their children have been: Susan E., born August 16, 1802, now a school teacher; Herbert W., born January 31, 1864, died March €, 1882; Edmund D., born April 13, 1869; Thomas, born July 31, 1871; -Mary A., born May 25, 1876; Sadie E., born December 13, 1878, and 702 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. died March 7, 1880: and Lettie B., born June 13, 1880. Edmund D., Thomas and Mary A. are all at the Kents Hill school. Successful management of private affairs is one good measure of ability for public service. In this case there was evidently an adapta- tion for both. In 1861 Mr. Searls was elected one of the constables of Chelsea, and held the office sixteen of the ensuing twenty years. Between 1868 and 1891 he served fifteen years as selectman, overseer of the poor and assessor, acting as chairman ten of those years. He was collector of taxes and treasurer for his town five years, and was chosen moderator from 1886 to 1891. He has been a member of the board of health since that law was passed and for a while was deputy sheriff. Mr. Searls was elected a member of the legislature, where he served on the insane hospital and on the public printing committees. He has always been a republican, and since he was twenty years old he has been an active member and for many years an officer in the Randolph Methodist Episcopal church. As soon as his age made him eligible he was made a Mason by Hermon Lodge, Gardiner, to which he still belongs. When the Chelsea Grange, P. of H., was organized he be- came its first master, and has been master or secretary nearly every year since. He has been identified for twenty years with the Sons of Temperance and was the first citizen of Chelsea to join Soldiers' Di- vision, No. 5. This is a partial record of the life of a faithful man, not yet sixty years old. Mr. and Mrs. Searls have a bright, promising family and a happy home — the greatest of earthly blessings. Alden W. vStevens, son of Reuben Stevens, was born in Northfield, Mass., in 1848. He was in the army three months in 1861, and from December, 1863, to August, 1866, was in the 57th Massachusetts, Com- pany F. In July, 1883, he came to the National Home at Togus, where he was an inmate until March, 1890, when he was discharged. While at the home he was employed in the treasurer's office one year and in the post office the balance of his stay there. Since 1890 he has kept an eating saloon and cigar store one mile north of Togus. He married in 1890, Harriet, daughter of John Smith, of England. She came to America in 1872. James S. Tenney, born in 1851, is a son of Enoch A. and Sarah O. (White) Tenney and grandson of Samuel Tenney. He is a farmer and owns the farm that was owned by his mother's father, James White, and was settled by his father, Benjamin White. Mr. Tenney was two years selectman of Chelsea. He married Ann Elizabeth Chapman. William E. Trask, born in 1837, is a son of Samuel and Alvira Trask and grandson of Edwin, whose father, Joseph, was a son of Samuel Trask. Mr. Trask is a farmer, and in 1870 he bought the farm TOWN OF CHELSEA. 763 of one hundred acres where he now lives. He married M. Ellen, daughter of James and Martha J. (Coss) Brown, and granddaughter of James and Hannah (Meady) Brown. Mrs. Trask died March 12, 1890, leaving three children: Etta A. (Mrs. Samuel Packard), William B. and Bessie A. Colonel Ezra C. vStevens, born in Gardiner in 1845, is a son of Ezra A. and Naomi Stevens. He was educated in the public schools and at Hallowell Academy. He served seventeen years as chief clerk in the railway mail service between Boston and Bangor, and four years as post office inspector, having charge of the First division, which includes Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and the northern section of New York. He was postmaster at Hallowell and was appointed by Gov- ernor Marble as municipal judge, but declined to serve ; was private secretary to Governors Bodwell, Marble and Burleigh; also commis- sioned by Governor Burleigh as aid-de-camp on his military staff, with rank of lieutenant colonel. Mr. Stevens has been a resident of Chel- sea for the past six years, where he is trial justice. He is a republican and has always taken an active part in politics. George Woodbury, son of William and Martha (Murry) Woodbury, was born in Wind.sor in 1824, and has lived in Chelsea since 1840, where he has been engaged in saw mill work and farming. He was several years employed by the government running a steam saw mill on the Togus Home property. He married in 1S50, Emelme, daugh- ter of John and Jane (Freeman) Dearborn, and granddaughter of Henry and Permelia (McKnight) Dearborn. John H. Yeaton, born in Chelsea in 1S2C, is a son of John and Abi- gail (Rollins) Yeaton, and grandson of Phineas and Pheba Yeaton, who came from Berwick to Chelsea in 1798. Mr. Yeaton went to Bos- ton in 1845, where he learned the carpenter's 'trade, and from May, 1859, until he bought the farm where he now lives in 1879, he was employed at the insane hospital and nearly all the time he had charge of the carpenter work there. He married Cynthia D. Howe, and their children are: Frank H., who is a farmer and contractor on the Pacific coast; George A., who was traveling salesman for several years, but is now at home helping to run the farm; and Sarah C, deceased. Joseph Young, born in 1827, is one of eleven children of Thomas and Rebecca (Kies) Young and grandson of Hezekiah Young, who was born in England and died in Wiscasset, Me. Mr. Young followed the sea for six years and from 1850 to 1866 he was gold mining in California. Since 1867 he has lived in Chelsea, a farmer on a part of the old Davis farm. He married Catherine, daughter of Joseph H. Ellis. Their children are: Allen J., Fannie P., William H., Katie M., Fred B. and George T. Thomas Young was a soldier in the war of 1812. He came from Damariscotta to Kennebec county in 1828. 49 CHAPTER XXX. TOWN OF MONMOUTH. By Harry H. Cochrane. Land Features. — Ponds. — Indian Names. — Area. — Boundaries.— Surface.— Soil. — Settlers. — Civil History. — Churches. — Schools. —Villages. — Post Offices. — Societies. — Military. — Industries. —Personal Paragraphs. WITH its breastwork of hills guarding every quarter, and its out- lying moat of ponds and streams, Monmouth, as it appears on the map, is a strong reminder of one of the baronial fast- nesses of the days of the Plantagenets. On the north, Mount Pisgah, catching afoothold on the boundary, springs far above all neighbor- ing hills, and descends with a long sweep along the Wayne line to the foot of Berry pond, in Winthrop, nearly four miles from its starting point. From the crown of this hill the range of view over-reaches everything in the north and east to Mount Desert, the Camden hills and Mars hill, and the Haystacks of Aroostook county, except the Dix- mont mountains. East from Pisgah, a short chain of low hills follows the northern boundary down to the shore of South pond, where it meets another range which passes through the center of the town, swelling up at a point about half its length, and again at its south- ern terminus, into two prominent hills which respectively bear the names of Stevens' and Sawyer's. A chain on the east, the highest points of which are known as Pease and Oak hills, follows the line to its southern extremity, where it throws off the shoot known as the Ridge, which, again, clings to the southern boundary. On the west a high range commanding a grand view of the Oxford hills and White mountains rises from the rim of the Cochnewagan, and, bearing a little east of north, gradually descends with a series of bounds until it falls at the foot of Mount Pi.sgah. From the northwest to southeast angles, five ponds with their tributaries form a complete water line; while the first of these, the Androscoggin, stretches out a long arm which cross-stitches the entire western boundary, and nearly meets the Jocmunyaw on the south. Before the days of dams and bridges, the native boatman could, by carrying his canoe over short portages, aggregating only about two miles, circumnavigate the town — a distance of more than TOWN OF MONMOUTH. 765 twenty miles. Of these ponds, the one lying next to the Androscog- gin received the name Wilson, from a white hunter who was drowned in it by Indians. The next two south are Anabessacook, generally called South Pond, and the Cobbosseecontee. Concerning the name of the Cochnewagan, a pond about one and a half miles long by one- half mile wide near the Center village, there is considerable contro- versy. Drake, who is considered good authority on questions relating to the aborigines, claims that the literal translation of the word is, " a place of praying Indians^' while the natives themselves cling to the inter- pretation, " a battle, or fight." From abundant evidence, both tra- ditional and circumstantial, we are led to believe that the celebrated Cochnewagas who, in 1690, destroyed the town of Schenectady, N. Y., once made the shores of this pond their camping ground. The Joc- munyaw received its name from John — or " Jock," as he was familiarly known — Munyaw, who made the banks of the stream his principal resort. The town of Monmouth embraces an area of nearly twenty-five square miles. It was originally a part of the Plymouth patent, and when incorporated as a plantation included the territory now the town of Wales. It is nearly square, with its northwest, southeast and southwest angles a trifle acute; although the comparatively recent sacrifice of a few acres on the north and south to the towns of Win- throp and Wales has broken the geometrical straightness of the lines. It is bounded on the north by Winthrop and Wayne, on the east by Litchfield and the Cobbosseecontee, south by Wales, and on the west by Greene and Leeds. The surface is generally broken, abounding in rich, gravelly loam, resting on a sparsely covered granite base, which crops out frequently in the northeastern part of the town. The soil is admirably adapted to farming and orcharding, and, in its primeval state, supported some of the heaviest timber ever grown in Maine. It is claimed that of all the lots into which the territory was subdi- vided, not one proved unproductive. Early Settlers. — Thomas Gray, an old hunter and trapper, liv- ing in that part of Brunswick known as New Meadows, while on a hunting expedition discovered the chain of lakes that encircles the town. He returned to his neighbors with glowing accounts of the wonderful section abounding in fine meadow grass — a product of con- siderable importance in those days — and so excited them that they determined to join him in forming a settlement on the newly discov- ered territory. In the summer or fall of 1774, Gray, accompanied by Reuben Ham, Joseph Allen, Philip Jenkins and Jonathan Thompson, all from New Meadows, came in to cut and stack a quantity of " blue- joint " and fell some trees. The following winter, as soon as the streams were frozen, Gray and his son, James, a lad of fourteen or fif- teen years, drove in the cattle belonging to these men and built a rude 766 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. log hut. This— the first cabin erected between Winthrop and Web- ster— stood somewhere on the meadow south of D. H. Deai'born's. All their provisions, as well as cooking- utensils and other necessary arti- cles, were brought in on their backs. The following spring Gray, Ham, Allen, Jenkins and Thompson moved in with their families. Gray settled on land now owned by D. H. Dearborn, and the others on adjacent lots farther south. The first few years a large portion of the provisions had to be pro- cured at Brunswick, Topsham and Bath. When the crops failed these men were often obliged to make their way through the tangled forest a distance of twenty-five miles to purcha.se corn, and then return with it on their backs. It was no uncommon thing for one of them to carry a bushel the entire distance in a day. Wild meat was abundant. Part- ridges could be shot from the door-way, and bears, moose and deer captured without difficulty. When Gray took up his lot, there was a family of beavers living in the meadow southeast of D. H. Dearborn's. They had a large dam, the remains of which may still be seen. He set a trap for them, but when, after a few days, he returned to carry away his beaver, he found neither game nor trap. After a long and unavailing search, he cut a hole in the dam, letting the water out, and found his trap on the bed of the brook with a stout beaver in its jaws. On the bog between Monmouth and Leeds beaver-dams were then abundant. The first two or three years after the Brunswick colony was established, bears and moose were killed in large numbers. The last moose killed in this vicinity was discovered by James Gray in Sabattis swamp. The intrepidity of these pioneers was remarkable. Thomas Gray carried to the grave a mangled and withered hand — the result of holding it in a bears throat while Reuben Ham despatched the animal from behind with an axe. At the end of two years six other families came from New Meadows. They were those of John Welch, Ichabod Baker, Alexander Thomp- son, Hugh Mulloy, John Austin, and Benjaoni Austin. Welch built his cabin a few rods west of M. L. Getchell's, and took up nearly two hundred acres of wild land having for its northern boundary the range- way on which Maple street was subsequently laid out, and extending as far south as the northern limit of the land appropriated by Ichabod Baker, who settled on the place now owned by Mrs. Ambrose Beal. Welch was the lineal ancestor of Prof. Rodney Welch, of the Chicago Tinies, and Lorettus S. Metcalf, founder and late editor of the Forum. Thompson settled on the lot now known as the "Widow Ann Blake place," on High street; Mulloy, on the farm now owned by R. G. Bickford, south of the Center; John Austin, on the Blossom place, which included all the land on the west side of Main street, between Maple street and the town house, and Benjaoni Austin on the "great bog," near the Leeds line. Benjaoni Austin was a man nearly sixty TOWN OF MONMOUTH. 767 years old. He asserted, with evident pride, that his grandfather was a brother of the Indian King Philip. Two years later, or about 1781, Peter Hopkins and Captain James Blossom came in. Hopkins was an Englishman. He came from Bos- ton, but probably stopped in Hallowell or Augusta before coming to this place. He made a clearing on the farm now known as the John- son place, at North Monmouth, near the Winthrop line. Captain Blossom came from Barnstable, Cape Cod. He bought John Austin's claim, and Austin went over to the " great bog '" and made a clearing on the farm now owned by John Plummer. Blossom's cabin did not, as many suppose, stand on the site of the "old Blossom house," now the ell of Brown's Hotel, but beyond the upper dam, north of Cochne- wagan pond. The Blossom farm embraced all the land now owned by the heirs of the late Jacob Shorey. In the course of a few months several other families moved from New Meadows and joined their old neighbors. They were those of James Weeks, Nathan Stanley, Zadoc Bishop, Christopher Stevens, Samuel Simmons, William Welch, Samuel Welch, Edward Welch, Oliver Hall, Timothy Wight and John Fish. Weeks settled on the J. W. Coding farm. His cabin stood about half way between High street and the residence of Miss Charlotte Harvey. He subsequently sold his claim and moved into the edge of Winthrop. From Winthrop he removed to Lewiston, and afterward exchanged places with Josiah Straw and came back to Monmouth. Stanley settled on the place where M. M. Richardson now lives. He sold his clearing to Joel Chandler and removed to Winthrop, where many of his descendants now reside. Zadoc Bishop built his cabin near the Wilson stream, about twenty rods .southeast of the south wing of Gorden's mill-dam. When General Dearborn built his mill at East Monmouth, he backed the water up until it covered Bishop's farm almost to the door-stone. He then removed to Bishop's hill, in Leeds. Christopher Stevens settled on the corner lot at the junction of the main road from Win- throp with the Academy road, a few rods north of the residence of Benjamin Ellis. The Welch brothers did not remain here long. One of them made a clearing at the head of Cochnewagan pond, near the smelt brook. Timothy Wight settled on the Bishop place, opposite J. P. Richard- son's, near the Winthrop line. A few years later he exchanged farms with Caleb Fogg who, in the meantime, had settled at the head of Cochnewagan pond. Fish settled on the place where Benjamin Ellis now lives. He was the first tavern keeper in the settlement. His house was a rendezvous for all the tipplers of the place. He purchased his liquors at Hallowell, and, as his pocket book never carried the equivalent of more than two or three quarts of the " ardent " at one 768 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. time, must have been a valuable assistant in leveling the highwa)' be- tween the settlement and Kennebec river. In selecting lots these pioneers almost invariably made choice of land in the vicinity of the meadows. When Gray and his companions were cutting grass on the intervales, the summer before they started the settlement, each man selected the land upon which he afterward built his cabin. Gray, Allen, Ham, Jenkins and Thompson selected the meadow east of D. H. Dearborn's; Austin, Welch, MuUoy. Blos- som and Baker afterward settled near the meadow east of tho Center, and Bishop and Hopkins near the lowlands irrigated by the Wilson stream. The Austins and James Labree, John Austin's son-in-law, who came through the woods from New Meadows soon after his wife's relatives, drawing on a hand-sled all his worldly possessions, pitched their tents near the Leeds bog. A terrible disappointment awaited these men. It was commonly reported that the land was once owned by one of the Vassals, a tory, of Boston, and had been confiscated during the revolution; so the early settlers called their new home Freetown. Those who came a little later supposed that the payment of a few pence per acre to the commonwealth, to which the estates would, by virtue of the confisca- tion act, belong, would satisfy all demands. Great was their conster- nation when the proprietor, who had returned to his estates as soon as the treaty of peace was signed, demanded excessive payments on ac- count of improvements that the .settlers themselves had made. They immediately took action against the unjust claims, and bound them- selves together by their " words, honors and the penal sum of one hundred pounds, lawful money," to resist any attempt to recover more than three shillings, lawful money, per acre for the land. Had they purchased their lots when they first settled on them, this sum would have been eagerly accepted by the proprietor; but after protracted litigation and considerable resistance on the part of the settlers who, in some instances, attempted to defend their rights by force of arms, they were forced to succumb to a payment of two or three dollars per acre. Soon after the close of the revolutionary war, General Henry Dear- born, whose renown as secretary of war and commander-in-chief of the United States army it is necessary to mention only to distinguish him from his nephew. General Dearborn, whom some of our older citizens distinctly remember, came to look after the 5,000 acres of wild land which he had taken in exchange for some property in New Hampshire. He found, " squatting " on his purchase, Hugh MuUoy, whom he ejected, after giving his note to the amount of " fifty Span- ish milled dollars " for the clearing he had made. In this clearing General Dearborn erected the first building in the settlement that could, with propriety, be termed a house. It was, like the abodes of TOWN OF MONMOUTH. 7by all the early inhabitants, built of logs; but the logs were hewed square, and, in all points, it was far superior to the rude cabins by which it was surrounded. This building was taken down at a date within the writer's recollection, and used in framing one of the outbuildings on the Bickford place. Not far from 1782, two of General Dearborn's brothers— Simon and Benjamin— and six neighbors— Caleb Fogg, James Norris, Josiah Brown, Daniel Oilman, Gilman Moody and John Chandler— came from Epping, N. H., and took up farms, principally on his land. At about the same time, Daniel Allen, Peter Lyon, Josiah Whittredge, Gorden Freas, Nathaniel Smith, Benjamin Stockin and Nathaniel Brainerd came. Simon Dearborn found John Fish, the tavern keeper, on his land. Fish refused to accept a reasonable compensation for his im- provements, and defied Dearborn's claim. After considerable con- test, in which Fish endeavored to gain by fraud what he could not by right, he was forcibly expelled. Benjamin Dearborn settled on the corner that bears his name, below the Center. He was a shoemaker, as was, also, Josiah Brown, who settled a few rods south of him, on the Wales road, where the ruins of the chimney he built may still be .seen. The house was destroyed by fire a few years ago. Caleb Fogg settled, first, at the head of Cochnewagan pond, and. later, on the farm now owned and occupied by B. M. Prescott, on High street. He served many years as an itinerant preacher of the Meth- odist connection. Of a large' number of descendants, Rev. John B. Fogg is the only one now living in the town who bears the name. Daniel Oilman, the progenitor of all of that name now residing in town, took up the farm now owned by Dea. Daniel Pierce, one mile south of the Center. The lot then included the land of Mr. Stewart on the opposite side of the road. Oilman, like many others, lost his farm, and, at an advanced age, started anew on land opposite E. K Prescott's, west of the academy, where he spent the remainder of his days. His house disappeared many years ago. Gilman Moody made a clearing at the head of Cochnewagan pond, which he exchanged,' shortly, with Timothy Wight, for the Bishop place at North Mon- mouth. Moody seems to have had a mania for making new clearings. In addition to tho.se already mentioned, he partially cleared the farms owned by George L. King, south of the Center, and that of Phineas Nichols, at East Monmouth, on both of which he lived for a time, and on the latter of which he died. He was a local preacher of the Meth- odist church. Daniel Allen settled at the outlet of South pond, Peter Lyon on the Oreenlief .Smith place, on the main road between North Monmouth and the Center, and Gorden Freas on the place owned by the late Mrs. Nancy K. Prescott, north of the academy. He sold his possessions to Captain Bewail Prescott and returned to New Hampshire. Nathaniel 770 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Brainerd and Thomas Stockin settled near the outlet of Wilson pond, and Nathaniel Smith on the M. M. Richardson place, near Ellis' Corner, which he purchased of Nathan Stanley. He subsequently sold out to Abraham Morrill and moved over beyond Norris hill, where he died. James Norris settled on the place where his grand- son, George W. Norris, now lives, on Norris hill. He was a commis- sioned officer in the revolutionary armj^ and married a niece of Gen- eral Henry Dearborn. Accompanied by his wife, who rode a horse and carried a small child, he walked the entire distance from Epping. John Chandler bought James Weeks' claim — the J. W. Coding farm of to-day — near the academy. It is generally supposed that Chandler built the first framed house in the settlement, and that it afterward became the ell of his mansion, which was destroyed by fire in 1880. It is a well authenticated fact, however, that the first framed house was built by Alexander Thompson, on or near the spot where the small yellow house now stands on the " Widow Ann Blake place," to which previous reference has been made. John Chandler lived in this build- ing the year after he came from New Hampshire, which gave rise to the supposition already mentioned. There are six different claimants to the honor of erecting the first framed house, and, indeed, the ones raised by Chandler, Josiah Brown. John Welch and Ichabod Baker came into existence so soon after that it is only fair to mention them. Welch's and Baker's were raised the same day. John Chandler's life was an eventful one. When he came into the settlement, he was not only distressingly poor, but illiterate in the ex- treme. From a traveling pedagogue he learned to read and write and, possibly, the rudiments of mathematics. All his spare hours he de- voted to study, being assisted by his wife, who worked with him in his blacksmith's shop, in the field clearing and piling smutty logs and in planting and harvesting. Wherever a dollar was to be found, there you would find Chandler. He was blacksmith, trader, tavern keeper and general jobber. In General Dearborn he had an influential friend, and it was probably as much his influence as Chandler's ability that placed him, in 1803, among the councillors and senators in the general court of Massachusetts. In 1815 he represented the Kennebec district in congress. Next he was appointed high sheriff. In 1812 he became a major general of the state militia, and, later, the same year, was ap- pointed brigadier general of the forces sent to the northern frontier. In 1819 he was a member of the general court, at Boston, and assisted in drafting the constitution of Maine. He was first president of the Maine senate, and was one of the two first United States senators from Maine. His last official appointment was that of collector of the port of Portland, under President Jackson. He was, unless we except General Dearborn, the most prominent man in Maine, and beside his TOWN OF MONMOUTH. 771 State and national appointments, he was more than fifty times elected to public office by the people. Joel Chandler, the general's brother, soon followed him from Epping. He was drowned only a few days after his arrival, while en- gaged in surveying near South pond. His son. Major General Joseph Chandler, spent the most of his boyhood in the family of his uncle John. He was fond of books, and spent a large portion of his time in reading, studying and assisting the general in his studies. He com- piled a reading book entitled " The Young Gentlemen's and Ladies' Museum," which was widely used in the public schools. Soon after General Dearborn built his mill at the outlet of South pond, young Chandler erected a store there and engaged in trade. Later, he re- ceived a captain's commission in the United States army and was sta- tioned at one of the forts in Portland harbor. After leaving the army he returned to Monmouth and built the house on High street, known many years as the " Newton Prescott stand," and a store a few rods farther north. The house was taken down about six years ago to make room for a modern dwelling. The store was removed to the Center. In 1811 he was appointed clerk of courts for Kennebec county and removed to Augusta. For many years a continual stream of immigration poured from Epping and adjacent towns. Somewhere near 1788 a trio composed of Captain Sewall Prescott and James and John Judkins came from this point. James Judkins had been here prior to that time working for General Dearborn. He returned to Epping in the fall and re- mained there until April, when, in company with his brother and Prescott, he started on foot, bearing on his back a pack of about thirty pounds weight, containing all his earthly possessions, as did, al.so, the others. Thus loaded, and hindered by the natural obstacles of the forest, they managed to cover about thirty miles a day. Prescott took up the claim of Gorden Freas. The latter, deluded by the free-land rumor, had cut a small opening near the spot where the old " gun house " used to stand. He was a poor man and had no prospect of paying for his farm. He returned to Epping, whence he came. Pres- cott was a blacksmith. The " Old Fort," which he erected in 1802 for a tavern, stands very near the spot where he built his first shelter. James Judkins made a clearing on the John Barrows place. They took the precaution of shipping a year's supply of provisions to Hal- lowell before starting from New Hampshire. After Captain Peter Hopkins and Zadoc Bishop, who, as has been stated, took up a residence near North Monmouth in 1781, the first settler in that region was John Morgan, who cleared the Dea. Peter Blaisdell farm, now the property of Henry Allen. He was followed by Jeremy Hall, who came from Winthrop, and Thomas Stockin, from Mt. Vernon. A little earlier than 1790, probably, three other 7/2 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. families came from Mt. Vernon and settled near Stockin at the outlet of Wilson pond. Nathaniel Brainerd came first, but was soon fol- lowed by Reuben Brainerd and Robert Hill. Thomas Stockin and his cat kept a bachelor's hall in a cabin that stood nearly opposite the upper dam. Hill settled a little farther south. The Brainerds did not remain in this part of the town more than a year or two. The eastern part of the town was the last to be settled. The first men who cut a way into the forest in this section came from Win- throp and settled on the " Neck." Although Gail Cole was there as early as 1776, many years passed before he had a successor. Daniel Allen, the grandfather of L. L. Allen, was the next to take up land. He was followed by Reuben Brainerd, whose wife was Allen's sister, as was also the wife of William Read, who settled on the George Ma- comber place. Nearly all the " Neck " pioneers were from Massachu- setts and Connecticut. Coming by way of Hallowell, they worked their way through into this town by degrees. The first few years they had very little to do with plantation affairs. Their interests were identical with those of their friends and relatives in Winthrop, and although they had c'rossed the line they were practically citizens of that town. It was not until Phineas Blake, sen., settled in East Mon- mouth that that portion of the town was united, socially, with the other settlements. He also came from Epping, and was related by marriage to General Dearborn. He and his sons settled adjacent lots, gaving rise to the appellation "Blaketown," which was for many years used to designate that community. John Blake, the ancestor of Rev. John Blake Fogg, who settled on Norris hill; Asahel Blake, who set- tled on the place now owned by Clarence Thompson, and Chase Blake, who took up the Chase Brown farm, in the Lyon district, all came from Epping, but were only distantly connected. John Torsey, the father of Henry P. Torsey, LL.D., D.D., settled a few rods east of Phineas Blake, and, about the same time. Captain William P. Kelly, the ances- tor of the Winthrop family of that name, settled on the crown of Stevens' hill. Pie came from Meredith, Conn., dragging his house- hold effects through the forest on a four-ox team. About 1810 serious troubles arose between these settlers and the proprietors of the Plymouth lands. Many of them, after expending years of hard toil on their lots, were forced to relinquish them to the lawful, if not rightful, owners, without remuneration for the improve- ments they had made. Others, who bought their lots of the " squat- ters " at a fair price, were called upon to pay exorbitant sums for the lands that were all but worthless before being cleared and cultivated. Among others, Alexander Thompson was a victim. Unable to pay the price that was demanded, he left everything — the result of years' of weary toil — and pushed his way into the forests of the eastern part of the state to begin life again. TOWN OF MONMOUTH. 773 Being on the border between the rival claims of the Plymouth patent and the Pejepscot purchase, those who lived in the western part of the town suffered more severely than the early settlers of other towns. ]\Iany who succeeded in raising enough to satisfy the greed of the robbers on one side, were called upon by the other claimants, after the boundary was established, for another slice, with no redress from the first party. Thus driven to the wall the poor wretches began to show their teeth, and the proprietors, after a time, became convinced that surveying land and expelling squatters was not healthful employ- ment. Judge Bridge, of Augusta, who with two others purchased the " Baker right," came to Monmouth to negotiate with his tenants. He came on a spirited horse and, after a remarkably brief visit, returned on a jaded pair of legs, his beast having been shot from an ambush. Civil* History. — A committee appointed by the general court of Massachusetts visited the settlement in 1780, to learn the condition of the people and take preparatory steps toward incorporating the terri- tory as a plantation. At this time between twenty and thirty families were scattered about on lands now included in the limits of the town, each of which was represented by one or more members qualified by the laws of the commonwealth to vote. Bloomingboro' — now Free- town no longer, since it had been discovered that the land was not to be appropriated at the " squatters' " option — entered the realm of offi- cial history in 1781. The following records call for no explanation: " By the desire of a number of inhabitants of Bloomingboro', the whole are hereby notified to meet at the house of Ichabod Bakers, on Friday, ye 24th day of August, 1781, at 12 of the clock, in order to act on the following articles. — First, to chuse a Moderator; 2dly, to chuse a Clark; 3dly, to see if the inhabitants will think proper to chuse one man to act as Capt. for the preasant year; 4thly, to see if the inhabi- tants will accept the proposals made to them by the committee of the general court; 5thly, to act on any other thing that shall be thought proper by said inhabitants — Signed — Peter Hopkins, Hugh Mulloy, Christopher Stevens, John Austin, Jeames Weeks, Oliver Hall, Tim- othy Wight, Nathan Stanley, James Blossom, William Welch, Edward Welch, Samuel Welch and John Fish." •' Wales, Aug. ye 24th, 1781. At the above said meeting, voted, as follows, viz: Istly that the Destrict wherein we now reside shall be known by the name of Wales, beginning at the South line of Win- throp, and running eight miles or thereabouts; 2dly, voted, that what- ever tax or taxes the Hon. Gen. Court shall think proper to lay on said Destrict we levy and raise within ourselves. " Wales, Aug. ye 24th, 1781. Hugh Mulloy, Clark." The plantation was incorporated under the name of Wales, as a mark of respect for John Welch, whose ancestors were natives of the country bearing that name. "O HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. work." The town had in charge at this time a large number of indi- viduals and families who were from year to year set up at public auc- tion and knocked off to the lowest bidder. Although the matter was brought up frequently for consideration, another generation held the reins of local government when the Jackman farm, near the Litchfield line, was purchased and stocked for that purpose. The following lists of town officials require no explanation. A moment's critical examination will reveal the plan of arrangement. Selectmen and Assessors.— 1122, John Chandler, served 2 years, Lieu- tenant Jonathan Thompson, Captain Levi Dearborn; 1793, James Nor- ris, 2 years, Matthias Blossom, 2; 1794, Dudley B. Hobart, 3; 1795, Ich abod Baker, John Chandler, 9: 1796,Simon Dearborn, 3; 1797, Nathan iel Norris; 1798, Captain Levi Dearborn; 1799, Robert Withington William P. Kelley; 1800, Simon Dearborn, 3, Abraham Morrill, 2; 1802 Matthias Blossom, 2, James F. Norris, 2; 1804, David Marston; 1805 Simon Dearborn, jun., 7, Abraham Morrill, Joseph Norris; 1806, Sam uel Cook, 2, Jotham Thompson, 2; 1808, Thomas Kimball, 4, John Torsey; 1809, Nathaniel Norris, 2; 1811, Jotham Thompson; 1812 Abraham Morrill, 2, Elijah Gove, Oilman Thurston, 3; 1813, Captain Jonathan Judkins, 2; 1814, Simon Dearborn, jun.; 1815, Abraham Morrill, 4, Ebenezer Freeman, 2, John Harvey, 6; 1817, Major Jona- than Marston, 3; 1819, Ebenezer Freeman, 4; 1820, Nehemiah Pierce, 3; 1821, Captain Thomas Kimball, 2; 1823, John S. Blake, 2, Otis Nor- ris, 2, Josiah Richardson, 3; 1825, Benjamin White, jun., 3, Ichabod B. Andrews, 3; 1826, John S. Blake, 2; 1828, John Harvey, Otis Nor- ris, Amasa Tinkham; 1830, Otis Andrews, Benjamin White. 2, John Harvey, 11; 1831, Ichabod B. Andrews, 3; 1832, Joseph Loomis, 2; 1834, Ebenezer Freeman, 6, Amasa Tinkham, 3; 1837, John S. Blake, 3; 1840, Levi Fairbanks, Joseph Loomis; 1841, Royal Fogg, 2, Otis Andrews, 2, David Thurston, 2; 1843, Ebenezer Freeman, John Har- vey, 2, Alanson Starks, 2; 1844, Joseph Loomis, 8; 1845, Ebenezer Freeman, 2, William G. Brown, 2; 1846, William H. Boynton; 1847, John S. Blake, Jonathan Folsom, 2; 1848, Royal Fogg; 1849, David Thurston, 7, William H. Boynton, 8; 1852, Benjamin Stockin, 3; 1855, John B. Fogg, Rufus Marston; 1856, Ebenezer Freeman, 3, George W. King, 5; 1858, George H. Andrews, 4; 1859, J. G. Smith,' 7; 1861, Andrew W. Tinkham; 1862, J. B. Fogg, 7, Ambrose Beal, 8; 1866, G. H. Andrews; 1867, J. G. Smith, 3; 1869, J. G. Blossom; 1870, G. H. Andrews, John O. Oilman, 2, S. R. Simpson, 2: 1871, J. 0. Smith, 3; 1872, O. S. Edwards, 5, H. O. Pierce, 3; 1874, S. O. King, 5; 1875, J. B. Fogg, 4; 1877, J. R. King; 1878, C. E. Frost, 3; 1879, J. G. Smith, J. O. Preble, 2; 1880, O. W. Andrews, 10; 1881, J. Cumston, 2, S. R. Simp- son, 2; 1883, C. E. Frost, 4, Howard Stetson, 4; 1887, D. P. Boynton, A. W. Tinkham; 1888. C. J. Bragdon, J. P. Richardson; 1889, J. L. Or- cutt, 3, D. H. Tillson, 3; 1890, H. C. Frost, 2. TOWX OF MONMOUTH. 777 Treasurers. — 1792, Captain Levi Dearborn; 1793, Ichabod Baker (?); 1794, Ichabod Baker: 1795, James Harvey, 5; 1800, Matthias Blossom, 3; 1803, Abraham Morrill, 2; 1805, Ichabod Baker, 3; 1808, Abraham Morrill, 4; 1812, Simon Dearborn, jun., 2; 1814, Abraham Mor- rill; 1815, Simon Dearborn; 1816, Jonathan Jenkins; 1817, Simon Dearborn, jun., 4; 1821, John Harvey, 2; 1823, Abraham Morrill, 4; 1827, Ebenezer Freeman, 7; 1834. Otis Norris, 6; 1840, Nehemiah Pierce; 1841, Charles T. Fox, 2; 1843, Joseph Loomis; 1844, Rufus Marston; 1845, Augustine Blake; 1846, Rufus Marston, 3; 1849, Henry V. Cumston, 5; 1854, Ebenezer Freeman; 1855, Joseph Basford; 1856, William K. Dudley, 4; 1860, Isaiah Donnell; 1861, William G. Brown; 1862, C. L. Owen, 2; 1864, William G. Brown, 14; 1878, D. E. Marston: 1879, H. A. Williams, 3; 1882, F. H. Beale, 4; 1886, E. A. Dudley. 5; 1891, F. H. Beale, Clerks.— 11^2, John Chandler; 1808, Simon Dearborn, jun.; 1810, James Cochran; 1818, Samuel F. Blossom; 1825, Isaac S. Small; 1831, Samuel F. Blossom; 1839, Alanson Starks; 1840, Jo.seph Stacy; 1841, Alanson Starks; 1842, John Arnold, jun.; 1843, Jonathan M. Heath; 1844, William G. Brown; 1845, Rufus A. Rice; 1846, Charles T. Fox; 1855, C. A. Cochrane; 1856, Charles T. Fox; 1858, George H. Andrews; 1874, Ambrose Beal; 1879, C. J. Bragdon. Churches.— At a plantation meeting held March 12, 1787, it was voted " to choose a committee to hire Mr. Smith three Sabbaths, and the same committee to see what conditions Mr. Smith will settle in the place upon, and consult Col. Dearborn to see on what conditions he will convey the land he will give to the minister." Four years earlier than this James Potter, of Litchfield, held a series of meetings in the set- tlement, but until 1793, when Jesse Lee began his evangelical work in Maine, nothing had been accomplished in the way of organizing a church or securing regular preaching. In 1794 Philip Wager, a sub- ordinate worker whom Mr. Lee had appointed to take charge of the field, organized here the first Methodist class formed in Maine. The class consisted of fifteen persons. Of this number history has pre- served the names of only five — Oilman Moody and wife, Daniel .Smith and wife, and Nancy Nichols. For many years Monmouth held the leading position in Maine Methodism. In 1795 the second Methodist chapel in the province of Maine was erected on a lot donated by Major Daniel Marston. It stood on the west side of the road leading from the Center to North Monmouth, near Ellis Corner. For want of funds the interior was left unfinished; but on the last'day of May, 1796, the rough shell was dedicated. The interior was completed in 1836. Seven years later the building was destroyed by fire. In 1844 a new church was built on the "heater piece," at the junction of Main and High streets, one-half mile north of the Center. The site is now covered by the dwelling house of 778 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Wesley Wheeler. In 1866 the building was removed to the Center. At this time a bell tower and spire were added, the high singers' gal- lery at the back of the auditorium removed, the long vestibule divided, and modem arrangements substituted. In 1802 the New England Conference convened, July 1st, at Cap- tain Sewall Prescott's tavern, the building on High street, now known as the "Old Fort." This was the second conference held east of Mas- sachusetts, and the estimated attendance comprised one-sixth of all the Methodists of New England. Prescott's tavern was chosen be- cause it was in the heart of the settlement, and nearer the boarding places of the ministers than was the "meeting house." The tavern was a new one, built only the year before. In the second story was an amu.sement hall running the entire length of the building and occu- pying one-half of its width. On three sides benches were built into the wall to accommodate spectators, and the main floor gave ample room for dancing and other entertainments. In this room was con- ducted the business of the New England Conference of 1802. On July 4th 3,000 people stood in front of the building and listened to the ser- mons delivered from the front hall. In 1809 the Conference again met in Monmouth, Bishop Asbury presiding. The first pastors were circuit riders, who visited the churches periodically. The names of many of these have become household words in Methodist families throughout the continent. Beginning with Philip Wager, in 1794, we have within the next six years Enoch Mudge, Asa Hull, Cyrus Stebbins, John Broadhead, Joshua Taylor, Robert Yallalee, Jesse Stone, and Nathan Emery. Epaphras Kibby and Comfort C. Smith came in 1800; Asa Heath and Oliver Beale, 1801; Joseph Snelling and Samuel Hillman, 1802; Joseph Snelling and Thomas Baker, 1803; Joseph Baker, 1804; Aaron Hum- phrey, William Goodhue and John Williamson, 1805; Dyer Burge and Benjamin F. Lambard, 1806; David Batchelder and Henry Martin, 1807; Ebenezer Fairbanks and James Spaulding, 1808; David Kilburn, 1809; Caleb Fogg and E. Hyde, 1810; Zacariah Gibson and T. F. Mor- ris, 1812; Cyrus Cummings and David Hutchinson, 1813; Samuel Hill- man, 1814; Daniel Wentworth and E. W. CofHn, 1815; Ebenezer Newell, 1816; Daniel Wentworth, 1817; Philip Munger, 1819, 1820 and 1822; Aaron Fuller, 1821; Oilman Moody, a.ssistant, 1822; Caleb Fogg, 1823-4; Eleazer Wells, 1825; Benjamin Burnham, 1826; Aaron Sander- son, 1827. In 1827 Readfield Circuit, of which this town was a factor, was di- vided and Monmouth Circuit established. The first settled preacher was Moses Sanderson. He was followed by O. Bent, 1828 and 1832; D. Crockett, 1829; D. Clark, 1830; M. Davis, 1831; Mr. Tripp, 1832; D. Stimpson, 1833; B. Bryant, 1834-5; E. Withey, 1836; John Allen, 1837; Obadiah Huse, 1838; S. S. Hunt, 1839 (Mr. Hunt was removed and I. TOWN OF MONMOUTH. 779 Downing- supplied the remainder of his term); Richard H. Ford, 1840; Ezekiel Robinson, 1841; David Hutchinson, 1842; Marcus Wight. 1843; J. Higgins, 1844-5; B. Foster, 1846-7; Rufus Day, 1848-9; S. P. Blake, 1850: I. Lord, 1851; R. H. Stinchfield, 1852; S. M. Emerson, 1853-4; J. Mitchell, 1855-6: Dudley B. Holt, 1857-8; E. Martin, 1859-60; W. B. Bartlett, 1861-2; N. Hobart, 1863-4; J. C. Perry, 1865-6; 'D. B. Randall, 1867; P. Hoyt, 1868-9 (Mr. Hoyt died in 1869, and J. O. Thompson supplied the balance of his term, and was returned in 1870); E. K. Colby, 1871-2; F. Grosvenor, 1873-4; D. Waterhouse, 1875-6; R. H. Kimball, 1877-8; True Whittier, 1879-80; O. S. Pillsbury, 1881-3; G. D. Holme.s, 18cS4-6; H. Hewett, 18.57-9; J. H. Roberts, 1890-1; F. W. vSmith, 1892. The year following the revival under Jes.se Lee an attempt was made to secure an appropriation from the town to build a church. Special meetings were called as often during the year 1794 as the laws of the commonwealth would allow, to consider the expediency of building a " meeting hou.se " near the center of the town. After a long .series of decisions the house, 50 by 40 feet, costing ;^200, was erected in 1795 near the spot now covered by the town house. Five years passed before it was completed. The "old yellow meeting house " was first used as a place of public gathering m 1799, when the town meeting was held in it. In 1800 the committee in charge awoke to the startling fact that they had built on land to which they had no title. They applied to the proprietor. Governor Bowdoin, of Boston, and from his daughter. Lady Temple, received a gift of the lot. The building was sold for a paltry sum, in 1844, to make room for the town house. The timbers furnished building material for a barn, and the pew doors were utilized in the manufacture of ornamental (?) lawn fences. The First Baptist Church was organized in the eastern part of the town in 1810. Eighteen members were reported to the Association that year. Rev. Elias Nelson originated in this church, and from it received a license to preach. He was ordained pastor in 1814, and continued in this relation three years. After the close of his pastorate the church gradually fell away, and in 1822 it was dropped from the Association as "having no existence," although it then numbered twenty-four members. In 1827 the Bapti.st church on the Ridge was organized as the First r;hurch. The membership numbered only fifteen. The year following they erected their house of worship. From this time to 1837 they secured preaching a large portion of the time and enjoyed a steady growth. Rev. S. Hinkley was ordained evangelist in 1836. In 1838 Rev. J. Ridley became pastor. He re- mained with the society four years. Other pastors who have officiated in this church, with dates of pastorate, as near as can be ascertained, are: William O. Grant, Noah Norton, William Day, Cyrus Case, 1842- 50 780 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. 7: John Upton, 1851; A. 11. Piper, 1852-7; Cyrus Case, 1858-61; G. D. Bailentine, 1861-3; O. B. Walker, 1863-7; H. Hawes, 1867; T. J. Sweet, 1868-72; T. J. Lyons, 1872-3; James Heath, 1875-7; S. Powers, 1878-81; Erwin Dennet, 1881-5: Robert Scott, 1888-91. The Freewill Baptist Society of South Monmouth was organized in the eastern part of the town prior to 1839, when, in connection with other denominations, it erected the Union church, which will be men- tioned on another page. The early records of this society are so loose and desultory that no accurate information can be gleaned from them. The first settled pastor, in 1853, was Rev. M. L. Getchell. His successors have been: C. B. Glidden, 1860; J. Fuller, J. Keene, Charles Bean, Mr. Andrews, Mr. Baird, M. L. Getchell. L. S. Williams, 1889. The church edifice was erected in or about 1859. An extensive revival in 1837 resulted in the formation of a new Baptist church at East ]\lonmouth, with a membership of seven, which in a few weeks increased to twenty-five. Rev. William Day received the pastoral charge, which he held until 1840, when he resigned. In 1839 a Union church edifice was erected, in which this society held a third interest, another third being taken by the Methodists, and the remaining third by the Freewill Baptists and Christian order in equal shares. Since the close of Mr. Day's term the church has been with- out a pastor, and the building, which by the conditions of the com- pact, was to fall to the .surviving denomination, has been re-dedicated by the Methodists. The Monmouth Center Baptist Church was organized in 1842, with Rev. S. Hinkley, pastor. It has long since ceased to exist. The Christian Church was organized May 20, 1817, with ten names enrolled. The pastor, Rev. Jedediah B. Prescott, was a dissenter from the Methodists, and formerly a class leader in that denomination. He received no salary, but supported himself and family by mending shoes from house to house. Quite an extensive revival resulted from his labors, and soon the Second Christian Church was, for the sake of convenience, organized in the eastern part of the town. In 1818 the members of the First church erected a house of worship on land do- nated by Robert Withington. It stood about where Fred. M. Richard- son's farm buildings now stand, near North Monmouth. The interior was not finished until 1825. In the meantime a joiner's bench served as a pulpit, and rough benches as pews. It was purchased in 1855 by Rev. Mr. Conant, and remodeled into the dwelling house now occu- pied by Albertus R. King, at North Monmouth. Mr. Prescott re- mained with the society, as pastor, until 1835. His dismissal was the death blow of the organization. Both societies ceased to exist many years ago. The Union Church at North Monmouth was built in 1852 by a cor- poration of twelve members. Under the provisions of the act of in- TOWN OF MONMOUTH. 781 corporation, no ecclesiastical body could assume supremacy of rule; but each pewholder, of whom there were fifty-two, was invested with the right to select, for one Sunday in the year, a preacher represent- ing his denominational tenets, whom he should secure at his own ex- pense. The pew-holders represented four distinct religious societies — Methodist, Universalist, Congregationalist and Christian. The "building was dedicated December 22. 1852, and was re-dedicated about 1860. The Congregational Church at the Center was organized through the efforts of Rev. Mr. Conant, in 1853. Services were held in the town house and Center school house for several months prior to the erection of the church, which was raised August 5, 1856. As the records were burned in 1885, it is impossible to secure accurate data. There have been few settled pastors, but preaching has been obtained by supply from theological institutions a large portion of the time. The first pastor was Rev. J. H. Conant. He remained but a short time after the dedication of the church, which occurred in February, 1857. Among the more prominent of those who supplied the pulpit for the following thirty years are: Reverends H. S. Loring, Mr. Gould, 1863-5; Mr. Waldron; Mr. Rogers, 1874; A. M. Wiswall, 1877; C. E. Andrews, 1879; J. B. Carruthers, 1881-3; R. H. Peacock, 1884-7; J. A. Anderson was installed pastor in 1889, and remained two years. The church is now supplied by Rev. Mr. Wade. Schools. — Very .soon after the advent of the first settlers itinerant pedagogues appeared. In Ichabod Baker's barn, in the chamber of John Welch's house and from cabin to cabin they taught the rudi- ments of an education. Some of the adults, as well as the children, grasped this opportunity to learn to read and write. The first of these " masters " were Smith and Lyford. Other early teachers were Crossman, Patch, Kinsley, Lowney and Magner. The last two were " sons of Erin " and dear lovers of " the ardent." In 1789 the general court granted the plantation a sum of money " to be laid out in school- ing and preaching and on roads." As the records have been lost, it is impossible to determine the exact date when the two districts — the North and the South — were formed and the first school house erected; but, undoubtedly, 179U would not deviate from it to the extent of one year. This house stood on the ledge, a few rods east of the residence of Benjamin Ellis, near North Monmouth. It was burned about the opening of the present century. The two districts had for a divisional line the Cochnewagan stream. In 1793 the Center district was formed by taking a section from each of the original districts. For several years after the North district boasted a school house, the scholars of the South and Center districts convened in private houses and barns. The first one erected in the Center stood on the corner now covered by the house of Rufus 782 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. G. King. It was moved to a point nearly opposite the gateway of the cemetery, about where stands the small brick building used for many years as the office of the Mutual Insurance Company. Subsequently it was removed to a spot between the residence of D. P. Boynton and the house owned by Mrs. Benner. It was purchased by R. G. King when the new school house was erected, attached to his buildings, and is now used as a stable. The first money raised by the town for the support of schools was £45 appropriated in 1794. Three years later, the town was divided into four districts — North, South, East and West — and the sum of $600 raised to be expended in building school hou.ses. The cost of these buildings exceeded the appropriation by about twenty dollars. A committee of one for each district was chosen to act as agent and local supervisor, whose prerogatives were sometimes encroached upon by the election of a general advisory committee of three. The next new district was formed at Dearborn's Corner, a mile south of the Center, in 1805. This infringed on the vSouth district numerically only, as the money appropriated for that district was not divided, a sum more than twice as large being privately raised by those who were interested, for the support of their independent school. After one year's trial this district was abandoned. Three years later, the Ridge was set off as a separate district, drawing its quota of money from the town treasury. This, too, was abandoned after a brief trial. In 1S03, the East district was practically divided. Although the entire eastern part of the town was still, nominally, the East district, the money apportioned to that section was drawn in two orders, one-half going for the support of a new school in Joseph Chandler's neighbor- hood. The Bishop district was set off in 1805. A fair conception of its size may be drawn from the fact that out of the town appropriation of above $400 its share was $4.65. In 1820, the selectmen, agreeably to " a vote of the town at the last annual meeting," numbered the districts as follows: " The district on Norris Hill, No. 1; the district where Lieut. Royal Fogg lives, No. 2; where Amasa Tinkham lives, 3; where Simon Dearborn lives, 4; where the Center meeting house stands, 5; where Peltiah Warren lives, 6; where Joseph Allen lives, 7; where Calvin Hall lives, 8; where Jona- than Stevens lives, 9; where Capt. William P. Kelly lives, 10; where Joseph Norris lives, 11; the di.strict of Arnold's Mills, 12; the district of Oak Hill, 13; the district of New Boston, 14." Aside from the change effected by dropping the High Street, Blaketown, New Boston and Oak Hill districts, these divisions remain practically unchanged. In 1801, a petition was presented to the general court by ten citizens of Monmouth calling for aid, in the form of a grant of unappropriated land, to establish a free grammar school. Subscriptions to the amount of above $1,500 had been secured for the object,'a large portion of TOWN OF MONMOUTH. 783 which came from the Plymouth Company, Lady Elizabeth Temple, John Chandler and General Henry Dearborn. The act of incorporation was passed in 1803, accompanied by a grant of 1,500 acres of wild land, which was increased to 10,020 acres. A building was erected at once. In 1809, a new act of incorporation was passed, by which the school assumed the dignity of an academy. The first principal of whom we have any knowledge was Ebenezer Herrick, who taught one term in 1810. In 1851, the building was burned under very suspicious cir- cumstances. A new building of brick soon arose on the ruins, and in 1855 the school was re-opened. As one of the oldest and best college preparatory schools in the state, it received for many years a liberal patronage. Members of congress, governors and men of national fame in the military and literary world have here received their edu- cation. For a period of several years following 1872 it struggled hard for an existence, and for a time was abandoned and suffered to go to decay. A change has been effected in the past three years, and it is once more in a flourishing state, although its primeval glory has, by reason of the nearness of denominational schools of greater magni- tude, forever departed. Villages. — The first settlement, as has been stated, was on the low lands near the Wales line. Gradually the center of population worked northward, until the opening of the present century found quite a vil- lage clustered about the crown of Academy hill. Here, on the south corner of the road that leads to Norris hill, was John Chandler's store. Nearly opposite were his blacksmith shop and tavern. A few rods north, on the site now covered by the residence of Dr. C. M. Cumston, stood the blacksmith shop of Jeremiah Chandler. Still faither north, between E. A. Prescott's and the " Old Fort," stood the square, hip- roofed store of Joseph Chandler. This building was, like the store of John Chandler already mentioned,moved to the Center and remodeled into a dwelling house. Not to mention the intervening dwellings, the next in order was Captain Prescott's blacksmith shop and tavern. Down through the hollow and all along the road as far as Ellis Cor- ner, where the school house stood, buildings were more numerous than at the present day. At the corner, a store was opened some time be- tween 1800 and 1802, by A. & J. Pierce. It stood in the field east of M. M. Richardson's and south of Rev. J. B. Fogg's. In 1804, the junior partner of the firm sold his share to his brother. A year later, we find it occupied by Samuel Cook. Then followed the firm of Strat- ton & Cook. Moses Randlet, the next occupant, gave way to the firm of Blake & Morrill. The building was moved to North Monmouth and is now a dwelling owned by Mrs. Lydia King. Another store was erected a few rods east by Major Marston, and occupied by his son, Lewis Marston. It was removed and attached to the buildings of Mr. Clarence Thompson. /^4 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. The first post office in town was established January 1, 1795, with John Chandler, postmaster. The mails were brought regularly by Matthias Blossom, who established the first mail route between Port- land and Augusta by way of Monmouth. John Chandler's term of office expired April 1, 1807, when Joseph Chandler became the incum- bent. The office returned to John Chandler July 1, 1809. Following him were: John A. Chandler, September 25, 1812; John Chandler, Oc- tober 7, 1818; John A. Chandler, July 24, 1820; Augustine Blake, Jan- uary 5, 1833; Isaac N. Prescott, July 30, 1841; Augustine Blake, De- cember 27, 1842. The office was then transferred to the Center. In 1807 Joseph Chandler opened a store near the outlet of South pond, at East Monmouth. The extensive lumber operations of Clark & Arnold had drawn the center of business to this point, and here it remained until the rise of industries at the north village. The bulk of trade has been confined to one store, which has passed through the hands of several proprietors, and is now occupied by S. H. Jones. A post office was established May 12, 1832, with Benjamin White, post- master. The office was discontinued May 30, 1834, and re-established June 21st of the same year, with David White, as postmaster. Charles vS. Norris was appointed September 11, 1839; James R. Norris, January 25, 1854; Charles P. Blake, November 11, 1857; Joseph H. Smith, Jan- uary 29, 1859; Silas Emerson, February 15, 1867; Mrs. Selena Gale, November 12, 1867; Mark L. Getchell, November 29, 1870; Charles W. Woodbury, October 8, 1873; vSamuel H. Jones, September 17, 1874. Not far from 1806 Joseph Chandler opened a store at North Mon- mouth, in a building that has been removed to the foot of Robinson's hill and is nov/ occupied as a dwelling by S. H. Folsom. Nearly twenty-five years later a Mr. Crowell erected and occupied for a short time as a store the house where R. M. Frost now lives. He was fol- lowed by a Mr. Gage, who built the house now occupied by Mr. With- ers. About 1834, Daniel Packard built a small store on what is now the door yard of George Robinson, in which he traded about seven years. Near 1845, J. A. Tinkham built the store now occupied by J. W. Foss. It was first occupied by Samuel King. Following him came Ezra Whitman, Bailey Jacobs, Jairus Manwell and Artemas Kimball. A little earlier than 1860 a firm composed of J. A. Tinkham, Seth Fogg, J. B. Fogg and T. L. Stanton, traded in a building which they erected for the purpose. At about the same time Sylvester King remodeled a building which was erected for a boarding house nearly twenty years before, into the store now occupied by W. F. Miller. It was first used as a store by Mr. King; subsequently by Benjamin Manwell and G. W. King, who occupied it about 7 and 24 years respectively, from 1858 to 1889. The store near the Union church, now occupied by Lindsay & Sanborn, was erected in 1886 by C. A. Libby. John B. Fogg was the first postmaster. The office was established December 20, TOWN OF MONMOUTH. 785 1849. Fogg was followed by John A. Tinkham, February 16, 1852; Benjamin Morrill, October 2, 1866; George W. King, May 6, 1865; John W. Foss, December 15, 1882; David I. Moody, January 18, 1886; Charles F. Brown, April 12, 1889. In 1815 the entire territory included in the Center village held but three dwelling houses, all of which are still standing. They are now occupied by A. M. Kyle, H. C. Frost and William B. Brown. On the spot now covered by Woodbury's store stood Daniel Witherell's black- smith shop. The old Arnold house, now occupied by Andrew B. Pink- ham, was built not far from 1820, by John Hawes, and half a dozen rods north, near the site of the moccasin shop, stood his blacksmith shop. Accompanying the erection of a few dwellings followed a tav- ern, built by Captain Judkins, near where the railway station now stands. This building was subsequently removed to the south end of the village, and is now occupied as a dwelling by D. C. Perry. A little west of the spot now covered by the freight depot, on the other side of the .stream, was a tannery built by Captain Judkins. The stream originally ran in a diagonal course from a point near the small house back of the Clough store to its point of emergence on the opposite side of the street. Captain Judkins, to accommodate his busi- ness, turned it from its course by means of a canal, carrying it south several rods and across the street at a right angle. Near the tavern was a potash factory built by General Chandler. This building was moved back toward the pond and used for a variety of purposes. It is now occupied by Simon Clough as a dwelling. A little farther down the .stream, near where Mr. Wadsworth's house now stands, was another tannery and bark mill, built by Ard Macomber about 1812. Between the tanneries was a brick yard owned by John Welch, jun. This covered the ground on which the Edwards & Flaherty store stood before the fire, and that covered by the new black.smith shop. The first store opened at the Center was built by Ard Macomber for Colonel Jesse Pierce. It stood on the corner of Main and Maple streets. For many years prior to the fire of 1888 it was used for a hotel. That much quoted individual, "the oldest inhabitant," is authority for the statement that, in its early days, a barrel of rum per day often passed out of its doors during the haying season. Among those who afterward traded in the building were Hiram Allen, Alan- son Starks, Samuel Brown and Leander Macomber. In or about 1840 Alanson Starks built a store on the now vacant lot. where the store of Edwards & Flaherty stood before the fire. vSubsequently it was moved across the railroad and sold to Eben Arnold, by whom it was occupied as a dry goods and grocery store. Since then it has passed through several hands and has served a variety of purpo.ses. It is now owned by Simon Clough. The upper story is used as a Grand Army hall; the lower is now occupied as a grocery by Plummer & Thompson. 786 HISTORY OF KEXXEBEC COUNTY. The house south of Brown's hotel, owned by G. W. Norris, was built for a store, and as such occupied by Josiah Richardson. On the school house lot a carpenter's shop built by William Frost, not far from 1840, was remodeled and first used as a store by Hiram Allen. Ebenezer Blake and a Mr. Elwell occupied it later. The build- ing was purchased by Daniel Boynton and William Welch and re- moved to a site near the railroad. Above was a hall used by the Good Templars and Sons of Temperance. Among those who traded there were Nelson P. Barker, James Blossom, Hendrick Judkins, Rev. S. O. Emerson and C. E. Richardson. A little more than twenty years ago it was again remodeled, and until the fire was used as a dwelling house by H. A. Williams. On the spot where W. W. Woodbury's store now stands Daniel Boynton erected a store a little later than 1850. It was for many years occupied by William G. Brown and others as a store and clothing manufactory, and at the time of the fire, by W. W. Woodbury. The same year Charles S. Norris erected the store in which Oilman & Beale traded in 1888. Some of the firms in trade there were Blake & Judkins, Judkins & Dudley, Daniel Lucas and C. D. Starbird. As a clothing manufactory it was controlled by several firms. A few years before the fire a story was added and fitted for a tenement, while the lower floor was used as a hardware store by George W., Luther O. & ^1. E. King, A. A. Fillebrown and Rowe & Morrill. Another old building was the Blossom & Judkins store, which stood a little .south of Dr. M. O. Edward's new drug store. Like nearly every other building in the village, it was remodeled and put to another use years ago. With one or two exceptions these buildings, with the Goodwin & Andrews store, which stood about where E. A. Dudley's new store now stands, and was long occupied by William Arnold, and more recently by Ambrose Beal and Dudley & Blake; the store that stood where the meat market now stands, used by Henry S. Blue as a harness shop, and by C. L. Owen and others as a boot and shoe store; the drug stores erected by Alpheus Huntington and Watts & Andrews, all were consumed in the terrible conflagration of April 19, 1888, and the less extensive one of September IS, 1885. William G. Brown was the first postmaster, after the Monmouth post office was removed to this village. His commission dates from June 16, 1849. He was succeeded by: James R. Norns, November 11, 1857; Henry A. Williams, February 24, 1859; John E. Cochrane, April 4, 1861; Henry A. Williams, January 15, 1863; Cyrus L. Owen, April 29, 1863; George H. Andrews, December 22, 1873: Ambrose Beal, March 9, 1874; Frank H. Bjale, August 5, 1831; Merton O. Eiwards, July 31, 1885; Edwin A. Dudley, April 9, 1889. The first trader at South Monmouth was John Meader, who opened a store in 1834. He was succeeded by Staple Chick, A. Huntington, TOWN OF MONMOUTH. 787 Mr. Smith, W. & B. Witherell, Levi Day in 18.'54, W. Potter, B.Walker, J. W. Jordan in 1877, Buker Brothers 1884, C. A. Buker 1885, A. F. Tinkham 1887. At " Hall's Mill," the corner where the residence of Joshua Stover now stands, was a store occupied by Robert Randall and others. The first postmaster at South Monmouth was Lafayette W. Witherell, whose commission bears date December 22, 1856; Bar- zillai Walker succeeded him April 22, 1858. The office was discon- tinued January 5, 1871, and reestablished May 8, 1871, with L. W. Witherell again postmaster. His successors were: Levi Day, April 15, 1872: John W. Jordan, February 7, 1878; Clarence A. Buker, January 16, 1884; L. W. Witherell, June 22, 1887; Algene F. Tinkham, Decem- ber 6, 1887. Societies.— The earliest society of which any authentic account lias been preserved, was a temperence organization which was founded prior to 188U, through the influence of Nehemiah Pierce. A division of the Sons of Temperance was organized in 1849. Nine years later •a society which admitted both sexes was established with a large ■membership. These, like the Good Templars chartered in 1879, were of comparatively brief duration. The most far-reaching institution in its influence on the morals of the town was the Reform Club, which was organized in 1875, and in ten years reached an aggregate mem- Ijership of above six hundred. A dispensation was granted Monmouth Lodge, No. 110, A. F. & A. M., May 21, 1861. The thirteen names that appear on the charter are: John A. Pettingill, W. M.; A. S. Kimball, S. W.; Richard C. Dodd, J. W.; Granville P. Cochrane, Greenleaf K. Norris, George H. Billings, John B. Fogg, Henry A. Williams, William G. Brown, Nathan Ran- dall, Joseph R. King, Rev. Jedediah B. Prescott and Jonathan Jud- kins. The annual meeting is held in September. The successive worthy masters have been: John A. Pettingill, 1861; A. S. Kimball, 1867; Nahum Spear, 1868; S. P. Bamford, 1870; Nahum Spear, 1872; Charles H. Berry, 1874; Nahum Spear, 1875; Jeremiah Gorden, 1876; Charles H. Foster, 1878; Daniel P. Boynton, 1882; John C. Kingsbury, 1884; Timothy F. Flaherty, 1886; Edward A. Prescott, 1887; Edwin A. Dudley, 1890. Monmouth Lodge, A. O. U. W., was organized April 13, 1885, with €. C. Richmond, master workman; H. S. Blue, recorder. Mr. Rich- mond's successors have been: George M. Clough, 1888-9; Fred C. Pike, 1890; J. H. Norris, 1891. A local division of the United Order of the Golden Cross was insti- tuted in 1888. The presiding officers have been: A. G. Smith, Henry Smith, George M. Clough, E. A. Dudley, and George O. Longfellow. The W. C. T. U. was organized in 1890. A mutual insurance association, which for a period of many years -conducted a large business in all parts of the state, was incorporated 788 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. about the middle *of this century as the Monmouth Mutual Fire In- surance Company. Military History.— The exact date of organization of the mili- tary company, whose officers, from the peculiarity of their dress, were known as Captain Tow-coat, Leftenant Bob-coat and Ensign No-coat^ is not known, but it is probable that it was formed in 1781, when the military law was passed. A time-stained paper in the hands of the writer, bearing the date July 4, 1806, shows that the cavalry at this time consisted of 144 members, with Captain Sewall Prescott, Lieu- tenants James McLellan and James F. Norris in command. Two foot companies, A and B, 8d Regiment, 1st Brigade, 2d Division, continued in regular drill until 1843. Company B, Monmouth Artillery, attached to the same regiment, was organized in 1795. This company sup- ported two brass field pieces, one of which was taken by the govern- ment at the opening of the civil war. The other, secreted for a long time under a barn, was brought from its hiding place as soon as peace was declared, to keep people from oversleeping on the great national holiday. It burst in 1884, in a premature attempt to ratify Blaine's election to the presidenc)'. The gun house stood a few rods south of Captain Prescott's tavern, on the opposite side of the street. After the " Fogg school house " was burned, in 1851, it was remodeled and used as a school house nearly twenty years. It is now, after a com- plete renovation, occupied as a dwelling house by L. S. Coding. Dur- ing the war of 1812 the companies called into service are noticed at page 116. In 1839 the few who were not suddenly stricken with sci- atica, heart disease and other disabilities were forced to the seat of the bloodless Madawaska war. Industries. — The first intimation of anything in the line of local manufactories that can be deduced from either authentic record or tradition begins with the establishment of a " potash " by Captain Peter Hopkins. About the same time the grist mill that now stands on the Cochnewagan stream, at the Center, was built by General Henry Dearborn, John Welch and Captain James Blossom. In recent years it has been increased in length and apparatus for bolting wheat added. A grist mill was built on Wilson stream by Jeremiah Hall not far from 1780. He sold it, after a short time, to Benjamin Stockin and Robert Hill, who, in the course of a few years, relinquished his claim to Stockin. Prior to 1794 a saw mill was built at the Center, by Wil- liam Allen and Ichabod Baker, one on Wilson stream by Robert Hill and one at the outlet of South pond by General Henry Dearborn, Na- thaniel Norris and others. In 1794 a saw mill on Wilson stream was. taxed to George Hopkins, Caleb Thurston, Dudley Thurston and Jonathan Thurston. The following year Jeremiah Hall was taxed for similar property on the same stream. In 1797 Phineas Blake, Phineas. TOWN OF MONMOUTH. 7Sy Blake, jun., and Dearborn Blake had a saw mill in operation at East Monmouth. Isaac Clark, jun., who settled in the eastern part of the town in 1804, was a man of much spirit and enterprise. He built mills on the Cobbosseecontee stream and started a plant which, but for his prema- ture death, would undoubtedly have developed into a large manufac- tory. He built and occupied the house now owned by J. Henry Norris. Through the enterprise of Captain John Arnold, who succeeded Mr. Clark as proprietor of the mills at the " East," business all through the town was accelerated to a pitch unknown either before or since. Mr. Arnold removed from Connecticut to Hallowell several years be- fore he came to this town. He drove into the settlement with the first carriage that ever crossed the town line. The roads were not built for fancy vehicles, and but for the assistance of farmers with ox-teams he could never have drawn his chaise through the bog holes. He en- larged and made extensive repairs on the saw mill, and established in connection with it a fulling mill and a mill for the manufacture of linseed oil. Raising flax to supply this mill became an industry of some importance, but by no means as considerable as the lumber trade which he built up. From his mill on the Cobbosseecontee he rafted lumber down to the pond and up to the point now known as Hammond's Grove, in Manchester, where it was landed and drawn with teams to Arnold's wharf on the Kennebec, and there loaded on his ships and carried to Boston and the West Indies. Timber cut on the banks of the Jocmunyaw was rafted down to the Cobbosseecon- tee and thence carried to Hallowell overland or through intervening streams to the Kennebec. His mill was furnished with a gang-saw arrangement that possessed great advantages over the ordinary saw then in use. A few years later Mr. Arnold built a mill on the Cochnewagan stream a few rods to the right of the bridge that spans it on the road leading from the Center to East Monmouth. This was not a very suc- cessful project, as a reservoir could not be constructed with sufficient head to carry a large wheel without flooding a large tract of valuable land near the Center. It was very appropriately dubbed " Mud Mill." This mill was set on fire in later years by men spearing pickerel be- neath it by torchlight and totally destroyed. A saw mill was built by Isaac Hall at South Monmouth early in this century. The location was poorly chosen and the mill was, from necessity, suffered to go to decay. In 1808 Major Elijah Wood and Nathan Howard, of Winthrop, built a fulling mill on the Tinkham brook at North Monmouth. Amasa Tinkham purchased it about three years later and converted it into a tannery. The business then estab- lished was conducted by his son, John A. Tinkham, until his decease 790 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. in 1860. Since then it has passed into the hands of Jeremiah Gorden, S. H. King and Moses Stevens, who now control it. The mill in this part of the town now used by Mr. Mcllroy in the manufacture of woolen goods, was erected in 1829. The dam was built by Levi Fairbanks four years earlier. In 1835 it was used as a peg factory. Sylvester Fairbanks, about this time, invented a machine for their manufacture. Prior to this they had been made by hand throughout the country. Later, Joseph Fairbanks occupied one half of the building in the manufacture of horse-powers, the other end be- ing used by Thomas L. Stanton for weaving tape. The tape industry was started on a small scale by Aaron Stanton. He, for many years, manufactured this article by hand in a small shop that has been moved and remodeled into the dwelling house now occupied by Ed. Donnell. Later, the Mcllroy mill was occupied by George S. Fair- banks as a heel-iron factory, and, subsequently, was supplied with machinery for spinning woolen and cotton yarn. The brick mill near by was built by William H. King, in 1846, for a starch factory. Ma- chinery for the manufacture of boot webbing was substituted by his father, Samuel King. The grist mill on Wilson stream, long known as " Moody's mill," now owned by Jeremiah Gorden, was built by David Moody in 1834, and for many years operated by him and his son, Rufus G. Moody. The axe and shovel factory now owned by Emery, Waterhouse & Co., was established by Spear & Billings about 1846. In 1841 the mills in this village were destroyed by fire. Catching accidently in a shingle mill owned by Tinkham, Blaisdell & Pettin- gill, it spread to a saw mill owned by the same parties, and a webbing mill owned by Thomas L. Stanton. Various manufactories have flourished for a brief period in the eastern part of the town. An oil cloth factory operated by Norris & Blake, subsequently purchased by the Baileys and moved to Winthrop, a moccasin boot manufactory established by Charles P. Blake, a bleachery, and a toy factory have all had their day. Tanneries of minor importance have existed at different periods in all parts of the town. At the Center, the only industries of importance that have ever existed are the moccasin boot and shoe manufactory established about 1870, by Blake, Judkins & Woodbury, and the one started a little later by Judkins, Dudley & Co., and now operated by M. L. Getchell & Co. Nearly half a century ago, a shovel and hoe factory operated by Mr. Earle was erected by Otis Welch on the Cochnewagan stream. Later, the building was used in the manufacture of knobs, and in comparatively recent years, as a sash and blind shop, by Spring- er, Owen & Co. and others. It was burned in 1880. A mill for grind- ing salt was built on the same power by the Labree Brothers a little earlier than 1870. The manufacture of coats for Boston and Provi- TOWN OF MONMOUTH. 791 dence firms has for twenty-five 3'ears furnished employment for a large number of women. The business was established by R. G. King. He was followed, on a larger scale, by the firms of Brown & Luce, Brown, Walker & Co., Starbird & Luce, Luce, King & Woodbury and others, and it is now conducted by W. W. Woodbury. The water power furnished by the numerous ponds is sufficient to run several large manufactories. There are nine powers, any one of which could, with little expense, be increased to double its present capacity. Two of these have been utterly abandoned. From the earliest days until 1860, when the maximum of 1,854 was reached, the population steadily increased. Since that date it has as steadily decreased to the present showing — 1,362*. PERSONAL PARAGRAPHS. Henry Allen, born in Monmouth in 1815, is a son of Woodard and Elsie (Alden) Allen, and the only one living of eleven children. He married in 1836, Diana, daughter of Aaron and Sabra (Howard) Wads- worth. They had seven children, now all deceased except Sabra and Dasia (Mrs. Henry Norris). Mr. Allen bought the farm where he now lives in 1875. His wife died in 1881, since which time Mr. and Mrs. Norris have lived with him. George H. Andrews, son of Ichabod B. and Margaret (Fogg) An- drews, was born in Monmouth, in 1826. He was for over thirty-five years engaged in mercantile business. He has filled various town offices, ably represented his town in the state legislature from 1856 to 1859 inclusive, and has been an efficient member of the board of county commissioners for thirteen consecutive years. He married Sarah H. Safford, and they have had six children. The three living are: Helen F. (Mrs. A. M. Spear, of Gardiner); Charles L., of the law firm of Spear & Andrews, Gardiner; and Lester M., bookkeeper for Emerson, Stevens & Co., Oakland. Otis Andrews, born in Wales, October 7, 1788, bought the farm in 1812 on which he lived till his death, March 13, 1873. He married Rachel Thompson, of Topsham, Me., February 11, 1813, coming di- rectly to the farm above mentioned, at which time there was only a bridle path. This section of the town has always been known as the " Ridge." There were born to them ten children, two of whom died in childhood. The others were: Harriet E., Sophia A., Olivia H., Maria C, Lydia A., Jane R., Otis W. and Leonard C. The following are living: Sophia A., now Mrs. Hooker, of Gardiner, Me.; Lydia A., now Mrs. Goodwin, of Monmouth; Otis W., who resides on the old homestead, and Leonard C, who lives on the adjoining farm. Jabez S. Ballard, born in Augusta, Me., in 1839, is a son of Eph- raim and Pheba (Sawyer) Ballard, and grandson of Jonathan Ballard. * Mr. Cochrane's responsibility for this chapter ends here.— [Ed. 792 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. He married Elizabeth, daughter of John O. and Harriet Oilman, and has one son, Orrin A. Mr. Ballard has been a hotel keeper in Win- throp and Augusta. He came to his present place in ]\Ionmouth in 1878, where he keeps summer boarders. Mathias A. Benner, born in Nobleboro, Me., in 1832, is a son of Nathaniel and Mary (Barstow) Benner. His first wife was Rebecca J., daughter of Rev. Mark Getchell. She died in 1879. They had three children: Delbert M., E. Merton and Winetta R., who died in 1878. His second wife was Amanda B., daughter of Benjamin Potter. ' They have two children: Percy G. and Winifred A. Mr. Benner came to Monmouth in 1852, to the farm where he now lives, where he has been a farmer and speculator. Ephraim S. Besse, born in Wayne in 1827, is a son of Jonathan and Acanath (Smith) Besse. He married in 1849, Julia A., daughter of Ebenezer and Sally (Raymond) Besse, of Wayne. She died in 1865, leaving eight children: Julia, Bethiah B., Sarah A., Emily A., Augu.sta A., Ephraim L., George W. and Charles E.; all deceased except Bethiah B., Emily A. and George W. He married for his second wife Mrs. Mary A. Williams. He is a hoe forger, and worked for twenty-two years for Plimpton, of Litchfield: five years for G. H. Billings, Mon- mouth, and one year for D. B. Lord, West Waterville. Since 1882 he has been a farmer on the farm where he has lived since 1864. Charles E. Brown, born in Monmouth in 1856, is one of two sons of Joseph and Lucinda (Bradford) Brown, and grandson of Abraham Brown, who came from Massachusetts and had three sons: Charles B., George W. and Joseph, who was born on the farm where Charles now lives, in 1822. Charles E. has one brother, William R. Their mother died in 1890. Charles F. Brown, born at Kennebunkport, Me., in January, 1836, is a son of Warren and Phebe (Hawkins) Brown. He graduated from commercial college in 1875, was for two years in Washington, D. C, for the government, and at the same time attended medical lectures. He was for two years in business at Kennebunkport, Me., and was one year in Minnesota as bookkeeper. He came to Monmouth in 1881, where he married Mary E., daughter of Seth Martin, and has one daughter, Lillian E. He collected taxes in 1888, '89 and '90, was super- visor of schools in 1889 and 1891, has been deputy .sherifT for three years, and postmaster since 1889 at North Monmouth. His father was a lawyer and doctor, but was in the government service in Washing- ton, D. C, from 1862 until 1877. Lewis M. Brown is the only son of Chase Brown and Rachel, who was a daughter of Jonathan Marston, who came from Deerfield, N. H., to Monmouth about 1770. Chase Brown came to the farm where Lewis now lives in 1859, dying there in 1888, since which time Lewis and his mother have conducted the farm. i /'Ui>^ ■ /^-Z, (^6^^-f^f-t^^c TOWN OF MONMOUTH. 793 Charles M. Cumston, LL.D., was born in vScarborough in 1824, being the son of Henry Van Schaick Cumston and Catharine Mc- Laughlin. His grandfather, Captain John Cumston, together with his twin brother, Henry, made the campaign of Quebec under Arnold. On his mother's side, he is descended from William McLaughlin, an Ulsterman, who settled in southwestern Maine in the early part of the last century, and founded a family which has been prominent in Maine for several generations. In 1834 Mr. Cumston's father moved to Monmouth, having bought a portion of the farm on which General John Chandler, the first Uni- ted States senator from Maine, had lived many years. It was chiefly through the influence of the general that Monmouth Academy was founded. In it Mr. Cumston began his classical studies, passing suc- cessively under the tuition of William V. Jordan, Nathaniel M. Whit- more, and Nathaniel T. True, three of the finest scholars and most thorough teachers in New England. From there he went to Water- ville Institute, and thence to Bowdoin College, where he graduated at the age of nineteen, in the same class with that distinguished scholar, the late Dr. John O. Means, his steadfast friend in after life. During the winters of his college career he taught school at Monmouth and Litchfield. After graduating, he taught in the towns of Turner and Gray, and was principal of Alfred Academy in the latter part of 1844 and in 1845. He then went to Massachusetts and taught successively and successfully at Reading, Woburn, and Salem. While master of the North Phillips School in Salem, he received a visit from Thomas Sherwin, who having thoroughly examined his school and made a careful estimate of his attainments, tendered him a place in the English High School of Boston, then ranking only second to West Point in the thoroughness of its instruction and disci- pline. Here Mr. Cumston passed through the grades of usher, sub- master and master to the head mastership, thus becoming the .succes- sor of his friend, Mr. Sherwin, who died in 1869. In 1874, after twenty- six years of .service in this one school, he withdrew to private life, to the great regret of its friends and with the highest encomiums from its committee, the chairman of which was the celebrated Dr. Samuel K. Lothrop. Mr. Cumston became noted in Boston for his great skill in teaching mathematics and French, although he was, besides, a fine scholar and an excellent instructor in other branches. During his head-master- ship, his administrative ability was displayed in a most signal manner in managing a school which was continually increasing in the num- bers of its pupils and instructors, but which was separated into sev- eral parts, located in buildings at wide distances from one another. It was his success in this respect that saved the school, in its identity and substantial organization, from the attacks of many influential 794 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. persons, who favored a new institution of learning which should lake the place both of it and the Boston Latin School. Both schools still exist, now as formerly under one roof, in a building which is one of the most elegant specimens of school architecture in the United States; a result which has proved a great consolation to the many hundreds of well educated Bostonians who have come under the discipline and in- struction of the one or the other school. Since his retirement Mr. Cumston has spent much of his time at his home in Monmouth, where he enjoys a scholarly and a well earned leisure. It was from his own Alma Mater, Bowdoin, in 1870, that he received his LL.D. Phineas Blake and hts Posterity.— Phineas Blake, a near rela- tive of General Henry Dearborn, mentioned at page 772 as having re- moved from Epping, N. H., settled in 1786 at East Monmouth, where he reared a large family. In 1795 his son, Phineas Blake, jun., erected the barn shown in the accompanying illustration, on the farm where his great-grandson, Fred K. Blake, now resides. Phineas Blake, jun., married, October, 1799, Betsey Kimball, by whom he had four sons— John K., Epaphras Kibby, Henry M. and Charles P., and three daughters— Amelia W., Almira D. and Betsey. Of the latter, the youngest died in infancy; Amelia married Rev. Stillman Norris. a member of the Methodist Episcopal Annual Con- ference of Iowa, and Almira, Charles S. Norris, one of the town's most influential citizens. Of the sons, John chose the vocation of a farmer; Henry M. entered the ministry and became one of the foremost of Maine's Methodist preachers. He was invariably appointed to city charges, the last of which was Portland, where he suddenly died, Jan- uary 16, 1865. Charles P. was connected with several manufacturing enterprises in Monmouth and Bangor, the most important of which was the mocassin boot and shoe industry, which he founded in the former town. Epaphras Kibby, the second son, to whom this article attaches pre- eminent consideration because he selected for a home the farm which has been held by so many successive generations of the family, was born April 4, 1804. At an early age he was secured by the Wayne and West Waterville Edge Tool Companies as a general agent. In this capacity he traveled extensively in the New England states and Canada. After serving the company about forty years as the nominal agent, but recognized executive of the corporation, of which Hon. R. B. Dunn was the strategist, he retired to his farm at East Monmouth, where he died in 1884, after a life of useful and prolonged activity. Mr. Blake was a man of great energy and force of character and a zealous Christian. He married Clarissa True, of Litchfield, by whom he had two sons: Washington W. and Henry M. The former, born December 31, 1831, was educated at Monmouth 796 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Academy and Kents Hill. He was a man of marked business ability and a very ingenious mechanic, and at an early age he engaged in the manufacture of oilcloth at East Monmouth. He married, December 28, 1859, Kate Sanderson, daughter of Rev. Aaron Sanderson, a promi- nent member of the Maine General Conference. The same year he purchased a half interest in a general store at Monmouth Center, and engaged in trade under the firm name of Norris & Blake. He was subsequently engaged in trade at Kents Hill, where he held the office of postmaster. In 1865, on account of failing health, he went to Florida, where he died February 7, 1866. His daughter, Hattie W., born February 16, 1864, married Dr. F. I. Given, a successful practi- tioner of Hillsborough, N. M. Dr. Henry M., the second son, a sketch of whose career may be found in Chapter XV, married, in 1863, Frances C. Pierce, grand- daughter of Hon. Nehemiah Pierce, a prominent character in Maine's early history. They have two children, Fred Kibby and Bertha. The latter was born May 25, 1879. The former, born October 17, 1868, married, December 20, 1890, Mabel C. Pierce, a fellow-graduate of Maine Wesleyan Seminary, class of '90, and daughter of Captain H. O. Pierce, of Monmouth. They have one child, Kenneth, born Oc- tober 12, 1891, who represents the fifth generation that has resided on the home place. George M. Clough, born in Monmouth in 1837, is the youngest son of Asa and Mary (Griffin) Clough. He was educated at the common school and Monmouth Academy. At the age of seventeen he left his father's farm and went to sea; after a whaling voyage of two and a half years he returned to settle on the old homestead, his present home, which his grandfather, Benjamin Clough, one of the first set- tlers, cleared from the wilderness. At the age of twenty-five Mr. Clough married Elizabeth Mary E. Coding, of Acton, Me. Their chil- dren were: Emery Augustus, Richard Griffin, Georgie Ella, Mary Elizabeth, Ruby Lenora and Grace Isabelle. James Roscoe Day, D. D., the eminent Methodist divine, is a native and summer resident of Monmouth, where he was born October, 1845. He was educated at Kents Hill and Bowdoin College, and belonged to the Maine Methodist Conference from 1871 to 1879. He was sub- sequently pastor at Nashua N. H.; at Grace church, Boston; St. Paul's M. E. church. New York; Newburg, N. Y., and is now pastor of the Calvary M. E. church, in New York city. Lorettus Sutton Metcalf was born in Monmouth October 17, 1837. He early became a contributor to periodicals, and at one time was editor and proprietor of five newspapers near Boston. In 1876 he became con- nected with The North American Revieiv, and from 1880 to 1885 he per- formed the editorial duties of that publication. In 1886, he issued the first number of The Forum, which he founded and several vears edited. TOWN OF MONMOUTH. 797 Levi Day, born in Litchfield in 1823, is a son of Levi and Rebecca •{Spear) Day, and grandson of Josiah Day, who came from England. Levi married, in 1853, Susan A., daughter of William and Mary (Hall) Randall, who died in 1877. Their children were: Elba C, Lizzie E., ■Cora C. and William E., who is the only survivor. Mr. Day was a merchant at South Monmouth for twenty-five years, and retired in 1877. Stilnian W. Donnell, born in Monmouth in 1855, is a son of Isaiah and Sophia Donnell, grandson of Benjamin, and great-grandson of Nathaniel Donnell. He lives on the old home farm, where he does •a large business at manufacturing vinegar. He married in 1878, Nellie L., daughter of Chase and Cordelia Blake, and they have one son, Wilbur R. Benjamin S. Ellis, son of Benjamin Ellis, born in vSouth Carver, Mass., May 10, 1809, was a descendant of John Ellis, who emigrated from Wales in 1632, and settled in Sandwich, Mass. In 1836 Benjamin S. Ellis married Mary Ann, daughter of Captain Peter Storms, of Antwerp, Belgium, who came to this country in 1802. Mr. Ellis moved to Monmouth in May, 1837, where he died in September, 1887, leaving his widow and two children, Benjamin and Mary D., at the homestead, and Charles C. at Sterling, Neb. Horace C. Frost, born in 1842, was educated in the district schools and academy of Monmouth. He served in the late war from April, 1861, until February, 1862, in Company K, 7th Maine, as corporal. He reenlisted September 10, 1864, in the navy, and served until June, 1865. He married Eva A., daughter of Ferdinand Champion, born in West Brookfield, Mass. They have two children— Charles A. and Nina E. He was for fifteen years foreman of the moccasin factory here, retiring in 1888, and was elected selectman in 1890, which office he now holds. Robert L. Oilman, born in Monmouth in 1817, was a son of Robert and Hannah (Lyon) Gilraan, and grandson of Daniel Oilman, who <;ame from New Hampshire and settled in Monmouth, on the farm now owned by Daniel O. Pierce. Robert L. married in 1844, Lucy M., daughter of Joseph and Nancy (Hilburn) Ha.skell. They had three children: Oeorge B., who died in 1887; Emma L. (Mrs. William H. Flagg), who died in 1882: and Cora L., now Mrs. W. R. Brown, of Monmouth. William H. Oilman, born in Monmouth in 1843, is a son of Alvali and Elizabeth B. (Kelley) Oilman, and grandson of John Oilman, who came from New Hampshire. William H. married Cora A., daughter of James H. and Elizabeth A. (Little) Cunningham, and they have three children: James A., Ethel E. and Frank H. Mr. Oilman lives on the old Kelley homestead, where he has been a farmer since 1873. 798 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Jeremiah Gordon, born in ]827 in Wayne, is a son of Jonathan and Sarah (Pettingill) Gordon, grandson of Josiah and Elizabeth (Smith) Gordon, and great-grandson of Ithiel and Mary (Glidden) Gordon, whose father, Daniel, was a son of Thomas and grandson of Alex- ander Gordon, who came from Scotland in ]6o2 and died at Exeter, N. H., in IGD?. Mr. Gordon was a farmer in Wayne until 1861, when he bought a tannery property at North Monmouth, where he was a tanner, butcher and farmer for a time, after which he was in the mer- cantile trade at North Monmouth and also at the Center, and in 1876 he bought the grist mill property where he has since been. He mar- ried Lovissa, daughter of Ebenezer and Janette (Pettingill) Ham- mond, and granddaughter of Sylvanus and Charity (Benson) Ham- mond. Their children are: J. Russell (deceased), Alna A., married Hattie T. Hammond, of East Winthrop, September 19, 1885; and Nel- lie E., who married George H. Hammond, of East Livermore, Febru- ary 9, 1886, and has one son, Wesley T., born April 9, 1889. Uriah Gray, born in 1813 in Litchfield, is a son of Alexander Gray^ who was born in Lisbon in 1782, came to Litchfield in 1810 and died in 1852. He had four sons, Uriah being the only one now living. He married Thankful B., daughter of Captain Harding Lombard, of Truro, Mass., and had seven children: Rebecca J. (Mrs. Asa Fisher), Elmira (Mrs. Samuel W. Huntington), whose husband died in 1876,. and who now lives with her father; Martha J. (Mrs. Charles F. Clark), Alexander, and three who died of diphtheria in 1863. Mr. Gray ran a grist mill in Sabattus for several years and since then has been a farmer. He came to Monmouth, where he now lives, in 1871. Warren Hathaway was a son of Braddock Hathaway, who came from Massachusetts and settled in Wilton, Franklin county, about 1805. He married there and all of his children were born there. He afterward moved to Hallowell and bought a farm in what is now the town of Manchester, where he lived until March, 1839, when he moved to the place in Monmouth where his grandsons, William and Warren H. Hathaway, now live. Warren Hathaway married Nancy, daugh- ter of Michael Tappan, of West Gardiner. Their children are: Wil- liam, Louise (Mrs. Edwin Richardson), Benjamin T. and Warren H., who was married in 1877, to Flora, daughter of Josiah and Ann M. (Howe) Hammond. They have two children— Gertie E. and Ai"- thur F. George S. Hutchinson, born in 1833, is a son of Thomas Hutchin- son, who came from England to Kennebec county. Me., and had two sons, George S. being the only survivor. He married in 1858, Lucilla A., one of the eleven children of George and Lucretia (Towle) Folsom, and granddaughter of Daniel Folsom, who came from Epping, N. H., to Monmouth and settled on the farm where Mr. Hutchinson now lives. They have had four children: Nellie S. and Blanche L. are TOWN OF MONMOUTH. 799 living; Nellie and Willie died young. ^Ir. Hutchinson is a tanner by trade, but now follows farming. Henry C. Jacobs, born in 1849 in Winthrop, is a son of Robert and Nancy (Frost) Jacobs, and grandson of Thomas Jacobs, who came from England. Henrj' is one of seven children: Albert, Sarah, Ro- sanna, Henry C, Elijah C, Carrie B. and Anna L. Robert Jacobs died in 1872 on the old homestead where Henry now lives. Elijah C. lives with him. Henry married in 1872, Susie, daughter of Thomas Cowan. He is a tanner by trade and works in the moccasin factory at Mon- mouth. Jesse Jeffery, born in 1842, at Kennebunkport, Me., is a son of Wil* Ham and Abigail (Tarbox) Jeffery and grandson of Eleazer Jeffery. He enlisted in June. 1861, in Company B, 5th Maine, lost his right arm at Spottsylvania Court House in May, 1864, and was discharged from ser- vice in July of the same year. He afterward graduated from the com- mercial college of Concord, N. H. He read law in Dixfield, Me., from 1870 until 1872, when he was admitted to the bar, and practiced law at Turner, Me., until 1878, when he came to North Monmouth. In July, 1889, he was appointed special pension examiner, which position he now holds. He married Lizzie, daughter of John M. Babb, of Mexico, Oxford county, jNIe. Their children are: George W., Cora D. (de- ceased July 22, 1890), Purlie E., W. Percy and Ada L. Otis H. Jewell, born in 1844, is a son of Nelson S. and Dorcas (Ham) Jewell, and grand.son of Abraham Jewell, whose forefathers came from England. Otis H. married in 1867, Delia S., adopted daughter of William H. Hall, of Monmouth, and has one child, Lelia E. He was a contractor and builder in Cambridge, Mass., for five years, w.as for ten years master mechanic in the street car shops at Cambridge, Mass.. and since 1885 has carried on a carriage and general blacksmith shop at South Monmouth, in connection with the management of his farm. vSamuel H. Jones, born in Monmouth in 1836, is a son of John and Lydia (Perkins) Jones and a grandson of Benjamin Jones, who came from England about 1795. Samuel is one of eight sons of John, the only ones now living being: John P., who lives in California; Benja- min F. and Samuel H., who live at East Monmouth. Samuel H. mar- ried Helen M., daughter of John and Betsey (Russ) Moody. He has been postmaster and merchant at East Monmouth since 1874, and also manages his farm. Joseph R. King, born April 9, 1826, is the youngest son of Samuel and Matilda (Rice) King and grandson of Samuel King. He worked with his father in the tape and webbing mill at North Monmouth un- til October, 1850, when he bought the business of his father and con- tinued it until 1880. Since that time the factory has only been run a 51 ■800 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUXTV. small part of the time. ]\lr. King still owns the plant. He married Emeline T., daughter of Nathaniel Dexter. Their children are: Al- bertus R., Mary C. (died in infancy), Eva A. and Imogene C. (Mrs. E. M. Stanton). Rufus A. King, born in 1838, is a grandson of Samuel King, who came from Massachusetts, and a son of Benjamin and Olive King, who had ten children, the only living sons being Benjamin F. and Rufus A., who married Mary A., daughter of Nathan Houghton. She died in 1865, leaving three children: Ida O., Edward C. and Lottie ]\I. He married for his second wife, Viletta Sawyer, who died in 1891, leaving three children: Blanche S. (Mrs. Charles Macomber), William R. and Annette. Mr. King was a shoe manufacturer for twenty years. He came to Monmouth in 1885, where he has since been a farmer. Howard Lindsay, son of Rosco G. and Eliza (Berry) Lindsay, and grandson of Howard and Caroline Lindsaj', of Leeds, was born in 1835. He married in 1880, Alice A. Crockett, in Monmouth, where he has since lived. He is superintendent of the axe factory at North Mon- mouth, where he learned his trade several years ago. His father was in the late war and died in 1864 while in service. George O. Longfellow, son of John and Hannah A. (Fellows) Long- fellow, was born June 17, 1855, in Hallowell. His grandfather, Sam- uel Longfellow, with his wife, Betsey, came to Hallowell, probably from Rowley, Mass. In 1882 Mr. Longfellow married Nellie P., daugh- ter of Moses B. and Priscilla (Bartlett) Gilman, and their children are John G. and Anna B. Mr. Longfellow is now a farmer in Monmouth. David Marston, born in 1839, is a son of Rufus and Sarah (Pres- •cott) Marston, and grandson of Jonathan Marston, who came from Deerfield, N. H., to Monmouth and settled on the farm and built the house where David now lives. The latter is one of seven children, two of whom are living. He married Hannah, daughter of William and Dolly (Hoyt) Gilman, and has two children: Inez A. and Mabel L. Charles F. JVIerrill, born in Monmouth in 1858, is a son of Joseph and Dorcas B. (Brown) Merrill, and grandson of William Merrill, of Durham, Me. Charles F. married Hattie E., daughter of Robert E. Day, and they have two children: Nellie F. and Harry F. Mr. Mer- rill is a farmer and owns the farm where his father settled when he married, and lived until he died in 1864. His mother is now living with him. David T. ]\Ioody, born in 1833, is a son of Rufus and Lucy (^Rich- ardson) Moody, grandson of David and Joanna (Fairbanks) Moody, and great-grandson of Gilman Moody. He was for twelve years engaged in brick making, and was for three years prior to January, 1889, post- master at North Monmouth, Me. He married Lizzie, daughter of Thomas Owen, of Leeds, and they have children — Charles F. and Fred E. TOWN OF MONMOUTH. 801 James H. Norris, born November 24, ISoO, is a son of Charles S. and Almira D. (Blake) Norris, and grandson of James F., born in 1772, who was captain in the war of 1812. He had six sons — Henry, Hiram, Hannibal, Charles, James R. and Benjamin W. — and two daughters— Mary A. C. and Amelia F., who is the only one of this large family now living. Charles S. died in 1872, after having filled a prominent place in the town and county. He was in the legislature in 1854-5. He had two sons: Charles P., who died in 1865, and James H., who in 1875 married M. Louisa, daughter of John C. and Mary (Small) Fogg. They have three children: Almira L., Burton H. and Mary E. James H. was a member of the legislature in 1881-2, and is now a farmer. He had one sister, Almira A., born April 10, 1843, died September 29, 1853. Josiah L. Orcutt, born March 7, 1830, in Monmouth, Me., is a son of Josiah Orcutt, who, in 1806, came from North Bridgewater, Mas- sachusetts, to Monmouth. His first wife, Naomia Chessman, died in 1819, leaving one child, Naomia C, who m.arried J. P. Hopkins, of Peru, Me., and died in 1890, aged seventy-one years. In 1820 he mar- ried Eunice Webb, by whom he had two children: Josiah L. and Eliz- abeth, who married A. D. King, of Winthrop, and died in 1856. Josiah L. is a mechanic, but has devoted twenty-five winters to the teaching of vocal music. He has been for twenty-five years superintendent of the Methodist Sunday school at North Monmouth, thirty years chor- ister, and forty years a member of that choir. He has been justice of the peace and trial justice thirty-three years, and four years selectman, the last three acting as chairman. He represented his district in the legislature in 1891. His marriage was with Isabell M., daughter of Charles Foss. Their only daughter, Ella F. (Mrs. L. C. Berry), died in 1882, leaving three children. James B. Packard, born in 1859, is a son of Stephen and Louisa B. Packard, and grandson of Stephen Packard. He began teaching school when but eighteen years of age, and at intervals since then he has written articles for the papers and magazines. While a student he took many prizes as a declaimer and public speaker. In 1880 he mar- ried Minnie A., daughter of Nathaniel and Lydia (Curtis) Harris. They now have three children: Winfield F., Harold L. and Florence G. Mr. Packard came from Paris, Me., to Monmouth in 1873, and has lived on the farm where he now resides for eleven years. George B. Pierce, born in Monmouth in 1834, is a son of Daniel and Caroline (Shorey) Pierce, and grandson of Nehemiah Pierce, who came to Monmouth in 1808 and died in 1850. George B. married, in 1860, Mary A., daughter of John and Hepzibah Kingsbury, and had three children: John C, Payson E. and Merton W. Mr. Pierce has been a .school teacher, and for three years prior to 1891 was steward at o02 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Kents Hill. He now lives in Monmouth and clevote.s a part of his time to farming. Henry O. Pierce, born in 1830, is a son of Oliver W. Pierce, and grandson of Nehemiah Pierce, who, in 1808, came from Lebanon, Connecticut, to Monmouth, where he died in 1850. Oliver remained on the old homestead until his death, in 1871. Henry O. was for many years a school teacher, and has since 1881 been secretary of the Mon- mouth Academy. He was for several years on the board of selectmen, and in 1871-2 represented his district in the legislature. He was cap- tain in the late war, in Company H, 49th Wisconsin. He married Martha E. Storm, and they have six children: John O., Harry R., Hattie M., Carrie C, Mabel S. and Helen L. Sanford K. Plummer, born in Monmouth in 1836, is a son of Jabez and Abigail (Powers) Plummer. He married, in 1868, Sarah A., daughter of Thomas and Marietta McFadden. and has two children: Ida C. and Z. Mildred. Jabez Plummer was one of the six sons of John Plummer, who came to Litchfield in early life. Sanford came to the farm where he now lives in 1884. Jabez M. Plummer, born in 1841, is a son of Jabez and Abigail (Powers) Plummer, and grandson of John Plummer, who came from New Hampshire in early life and settled on Pease hill, in Monmouth. He is one of eight children, the only survivors being: vSanford K., Jabez M., Warren W. and John L. He married in 1874, Helen, daughter of Woodman True, of Litchfield. She died in April, 1885. Their only child, Frank M., died in 1878. Mr. Plummer is a farmer and has always lived at the old homestead where he was born. Benjamin M. Prescott, born in Monmouth in 1834, is a son of Charles H. and Nancy (Kimball) Prescott, and grandson of Sewall Prescott, who came to Monmouth from New Hampshire in 1767, and in 1788 took up the farm where Benjamin M. now lives. The latter married in 1859, Elizabeth, daughter of Benjamin E. and Elizabeth (Russell) Cleveland. They have three children: Lucy A. (Mrs. B. H. Kimball), Charles W. and Leslie C. Jesse P. Richardson, born in Monmouth in 1822, died March 17, 1892, was a son of Thomas and Mary Richardson, who came from Standish, Me., to Monmouth in 1806, and settled on the farm where Jesse P. lived. Thomas was a son of David Richard.son. Jesse married Sarah F., daughter of Amasa and Mehitable (Jacobs) King, and had four children: Novella F., Ella M., Millard F. and Wilfred A. Millard F. married in 1875, Emma L., daughter of Francis and Har- riet Perley, and has one child, Stella L. He now lives on the old homestead. Melvin M. Richardson was born in Monmouth in 1847, and is a son of Benjamin and Clara (Manning) Richardson, and grandson of Jona- than Richardson, who came from Standish, Me., to Monmouth in 1812. TOWN OF MONMOUTH. SUd He married Osca M., daughter of Edwin C. vSimpson. They have two children — Eva J. and Frank B. Mr. Richardson was collector of taxes in 1878-9, and is a farmer. Samuel Robinson, born in 1825, is the eldest of eleven children of John and Polly (Smith) Robinson, and grandson of Harvey and Sally Robinson. John Robinson came to Monmouth from New Hampshire in 1805. Samuel Robinson was engaged in various branches of man- ufacture at North Monmouth from 1846 until 1887, and since then has been farming. In 1864 he bought the Elder Prescott place, which was a part of the General Chandler farm. His first wife was Almira, daughter of Richard Spear, of West Gardiner. His present wife was Mrs. Clorinda Wing, daughter of William and Lydia (Jones) Linds- cott. She had five children by her marriage with John H. Wing: Willis A., Arthur, Helen M., Lillian and Wesley M. Albert A. Sawyer, born in 1853, is a son of Harlow H. and Mar- garet A. (Atwood) Sawyer, who had .seven children; Alton, Augusta {Mrs. Frank S. Rideout), Albert A., Mary A. (Mrs. J. Hinckley), Ida M. (who died in 1878), Ruth A. and John Watson. Albert A. has been school teacher and farmer, having taught school for six winters. Ruth A. lives with him. Adelbert C. Sherman, born in 1840, is a son of George C. and Julia A. (Blake) Sherman, and grandson of Obadiah Sherman, of Massa- chusetts. He married Maria A., daughter of Daniel and Caroline (Shorey) Pierce. He enlisted in 1862, in Company F, 11th United States Infantry, was shot through the right lung at Gettysburg, and wounded again at Petersburg, after which he was made captain of Company G, 28th United States colored troops, and still holds the rank of captain in the United States army. John Simpson, born in York county, Me., in 1835, son of John and Mary Simpson, is one of eleven children. The others were: Erastus B., Edwin C, Susan A., Lydia J., Sylvanus R., Francis M., Mary P., Kathleen E., Harriet M. and one infant which died. Mr. Simpson married in 1860, Almira T., daughter of Moses and Salinda (Cole) Cooper. They have had four daughters — two pairs of twins — the only one now living being Susie. Mr. Simpson is a scythe maker by trade, but has been for the past twenty years a farmer on the David Thurs- ton farm, which he now owns. Jacob G. Smith is a son of Jacob and Rebecca (Jackson) Smith, and was born in Monmouth near where he now lives, in 1815. His father's children were: Elmira (Mrs. Phillips Rackley), Diantha, who died in 1878; Rebecca A. (Mrs. William H. Woodbury) and Jacob G., who in 1839 married Jane Tilton. She died in 1854, leaving four children: Edward G., Sarah J. (Mrs. Robert M. Macomber), Charles E. and Mary A. Tillson. Charles E. died in 1883, leaving one son, Charles F. In 1855 Jacob G. married Martha A. Moody, of Monmouth, who died in 804 HISTORY OF KENXEBEC COUNTY. 1885, leaving three children: Elma J., who died in 1890; Henry L. and Albert S. Mr. Smith has been selectman for fourteen years, justice for forty years, and director and president of the Monmouth Mutual Insurance Company for twenty years. Nabum Spear, born in 1831 in West Gardiner, son of Richard Spear, was a carpenter until September 1, 1855, when he came to North Mon- mouth and was four years in the sleigh and carriage factory of Sam- uel Robinson. Since then he has carried on a wagon repairing and manufacturing business. His wife, Mary F., was a daughter of Eben- ezer Prescott. Andrew Wood Tinkmam was born in Monmouth November 23, 1823. His mother was Armida, daughter of Andrew Wood, of Win- throp. His ancestors on both sides were of English stock, the Tink- hams coming from the valley of the Severn, near the head of Bristol channel, and making their home in Middleboro, Plymouth county, at an early day, where in common with the Pilgrims of the Old Colony they suffered and bore the hardships incident to those times. In 1807 Amasa Tinkham, then about twenty-five years of age, left the paternal home for the District of Maine, and finally settled in Monmouth (then almost a wilderness) on the farm now owned and occupied by his son, where he remained until his death in 1872, at the advanced age of ninety years. On this farm Andrew W. was born and has alwaj's made his home, busily engaged in its management and conducting its operations carefully, wisely and profitably. Like most farmers' boys of hi^s day, his school education was lim- ited to a few weeks in. the year in the little district school house, and and it is not remembered that he attracted particular attention except in the .studies of geography and history, which he took in as the " ox drinketh in water." Natural philosophy and geology were also favor- ites. His school studies have been supplemented by careful and judi- cious reading continued to the present time, and with a memory re- markably retentive and a ready command of language, his well stored facts come forth at call, making him an interesting and instructive conversationalist. He has served several terms as selectman of his town, was a trus- tee of Monmouth Academy several years, and his judgment and in- tegrity are in such repute that he has often been called to serve as commissioner and as arbitrator in disputed claims. As evidence of his honor and his regard for the good name of his family, one fact is worth a myriad of theories or assertions. His father, in the goodness of his heart and in his old age, had indorsed paper for others; the maker failed and he became liable to pay, and payment would impov- erish him. That no stain might rest on the honored name of his aged father, the son, although under no legal or moral liability, voluntarily assumed the debt, some $4,000. For a farmer in his circumstances TOWN OF MONMOUTH. 805 this was no small undertaking, but the energy, good judgment, econ- omy and industrious habits inherited from his Pilgrim ancestry, bore him safely through, and he soon had the satisfaction of paying the last dollar of principal and interest — an act that established his repu- tation and proved (as he has often said) the best investment of his life. As a farmer he has always been a progressive one, and while culti- vating the usual crops of the farmers of his section, has made wool and apples specialties. About twenty-two years ago, alarmed at the wholesale destruction of our forests, as an experiment, he fenced and planted about ten acres of worn out pasture land with seed of white pine, oak, cedar and some other woods, which have now grown to a beautiful forest, converting what was a dreary waste into a thing of beauty. In employing assistance on the farm his rule has been to give preference to the poor and needy, always bearing in mind the words of vScripture—" The poor ye always have with you, and if ye will, ye may do them good." A fractured leg, the result of an accident some thirty years ago, has been the cause of great trouble and inconvenience ever since, seriously interfering with his farming operations; yet notwithstand- ing this infirmity, he is always serene and happy, living in full faith that beyond this vale of tears there is a better land, where canes and crutches are unknown, and where he will range in delight through Elysian fields of joy. William B. Tinkham, born in Massachusetts in 1827, is a son of John and Elizabeth (Ling) Tinkham. He married Olive A., daughter of Emory Tilson, and has six children: Francisco, a merchant in Mon- mouth; Herbert R. and Emory A., lawyers in Duluth, Minn.; Carrie B. (Mrs. Joshua Stover), Willie C. and Geneva. Mr. Tinkham went to California and on his return in 1853 came to Monmouth and settled on the farm where he has since lived. Hiram G. Titus was born in 1834 and died June 25, 1892. He was a sen of James and Elizabeth (Gould) Titus, and grandson of William Titus, who came from Massachusetts. James Titus had twelve chil- dren, of whom the following are living: William F., James H., Cyrus K., Nathaniel W., Eliza J. and Charles O. Hiram G. married Jose- phine L., daughter of Phineas B. and Elizabeth (Collins) Nichols. They had three children: Walter H., Adelbert E. and Hattie E. (Mrs. Nelson Springer). Daniel G. Towle, born in Monmouth in 1815, is a son of Benjamin and Sarah (Kelley) Towle, and grandson of Benjamin Towle, who came from New Hampshire to Monmouth. Benjamin, jun., had three sons: Henry W., Daniel G. and Josiah E., who died and left one son, Charles E., who now lives with Daniel G. The latter married Sarah, 806 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. daughter of Peter and Jerusha Gale. He went to Boston in 1836, and in 1856 went to Minnesota, wtiere he enlisted in 1861 in Company E, 4th Minnesota, being first sergeant and then captain, which rank he held until April, 1865, when he was discharged, being disabled by wounds at Altoona Pass, Ga. Since 1878 he has lived in Monmouth, where he has been prominent in the G. A. R. Post and also in the Ma- sonic and Odd Fellows orders. Wilbert True, born in Litchfield in 1838, is a son of Joseph C. and Betsey J. (Woodbury) True. He went to California in 1857, returned in 1861, and in 1862 married Mary B., daughter of Simeon and Mary A. Williams. They have one daughter, Annie M. He came to Mon- mouth in 1865 and has since been a farmer. Alexander L. Walker, born in Litchfield in 1842. is a son of Samuel and Abigail (Belden) Walker, grandson of Joshua Walker, and great- grandson of John Walker, who was a native of Kennebunkport, and married Elizabeth Burbank. They had seven sons and seven daugh- ters. Their son Joshua, married Sarah Huntington, and had two sons and two daughters. Alexander L. married Myra, daughter of Benjamin and Elizabeth Gowen, and they have two children: Irving E. and Hattie M. He enlisted in the 1st Maine Cavalry in 1861, was discharged in 1865, and in 1877 came to Monmouth, where he is a farmer. He has for some years sold agricultural implements. George H. Waugh, born in Readfield in 1833, is one of eight chil- dren of Robert and Lydia Waugh, and grandson of Robert Waugh. He married Laura M. Poole, of Readfield, who died living two chil- dren: George N. and Samiiel F. His present wife was Anna P., daugh- ter of Joseph Wood, of Winthrop. He was nine years in California, returning in 1861. In 1863 he enlisted in Company B, 17th Maine, served until the close of the war, and has since been a farmer. CHAPTER XXXI. TOWN OF WAYNE. Location and Natural Features.— Settlement and Civil History.— Cemeteries. — Ecclesiastical.— Educational. — Industrial Interests.— Associations. — Villages. Personal Paragraphs. REACHING farther west by nearly two miles than any other sec- tion of the county, and lapping over the west line of the Ken- nebec purchase, lies a town which, but for comparatively recent concessions to and acquisitions from the lands of its neighbors, would form an almost perfect triangle. It is bounded on the north by Liv- ermore and Fayette, east by Winthrop, south by Monmouth and west by Leeds and Androscoggin pond. Pocasset, as this favorite resort of the red man was termed, is a rough, hilly tract, covered with enor- mous loose boulders. It is splendidly irrigated and abounds in a light, natural grass-bearing soil, which at several points merges into tracts of drift sand. A heavy formation of deep-toned granite under the thin soil has been quarried in the southern portion of the town for monumental purposes. Androscoggin pond, which covers the south half of the western boundary, comprises nearly six miles of surface. It receives the out- flow of a long chain of lakes, the most remote of which rises near the northern boundary of the county. The exit is through a broad chan- nel into the Androscoggin river. This channel, which is known as Dead river, has the singular ability of flowing both ways. A rise in the Androscoggin, resulting from local rains in the White Mountain range, will set the current back into the pond for days, while quick rains in central Maine will excite the sluggish water and send it rush- ing down into the river with the rapidity of a mountain torrent. Near the upper end of Androscoggin pond are two islands of considerable size, one of which was used by the Anasagunticook Indians as a burial place, from which many relics of aboriginal warfare have been ex- humed. Northeast of this body of water, and connected with it by a short, sinuous stream, which furnishes motive power to the mills at Wayne village, is Wing's pond, formerly known as Howe's mill pond, a large, natural reservoir, about one and a half miles in length, which receives the outflow of Lovejoy's pond, on the north, the larger por- tion of which lies in the adjoining towns of Fayette and Readfield. 808 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. East of this chain, and separated from it by a high water-shed, is a short water system flowing into the Kennebec river. Beginning at the northeast corner of the town, it follows along the entire length of the eastern boundary, swelling out into two small ponds — Berry and Dexter — then empties into Wilson pond. From the lofty ranges which surround these ponds magnificent vistas are spread out in every direction. Attracted, doubtless, by this feature, as well as by the lumbering and agricultural resources of the territory, a number of prospectors from Cape Cod selected lots here as early as 1775, on which to found permanent homes. Settlement and Civil History. — Job Fuller, the pioneer of the colony of New Sandwich, as the place was called by the settlers, in memory of their old home. Sandwich, on the coast of Cape Cod, struck the first tree that fell before the woodman's axe not far from 1773. The lot on which he settled was, it is supposed, the one lately owned by the K. B. Pullen heirs, near the head of Wilson pond. His house, which, on the evidence of contemporary events, may safely be reckoned as the first framed building in the town, stood a few rods east of the site covered by the present buildings. It was taken down many years ago. Fuller had lived in the forest but a short time when other families, many of them old neighbors, came in and settled around him. Promi- nent among them were the Wings, the Washburns, Sturtevants, Nor- rises, Winslows and Jenningses, Asa Lawrence, the Maxims, Isaac Dexter, Reuben Besse and John Bowles. With Reuben Wing came his six sons — Moses, Ebenezer, Simeon, Allen, William and Aaron. Moses became a physician. He settled on the farm now owned by John Weeks, to whose father, Thomas Weeks, he sold the clearing, and removed to the lot opposite Dr. C. H. Barker's at the village. He removed, subsequently, to Phillips, Me. Ebenezer Wing took up the farm now owned by Ebenezer Norris, on the Winthrop road; Simeon settled on the farm occupied by his grand- son, J. M. Wing, west of Wing's pond; Allen on the Riggs farm farther north, William on the adjoining lot on the west, and Aaron on the place now owned by James M. Pike. Asa Lawrence probably settled in the eastern part of the toAvn, near Berry pond. The Norrises set- tled near the Androscoggin pond, in the south part of the town. There were four brothers of them — Ephraim, Nathaniel, Wooden and Josiah — sons of Samuel Norris, who removed from vSandwich, Mass., a few years later. Ephraim settled on the place now owned by Charles Norris, Nathaniel on an adjoining lot, Wooden on the farm now occu- pied by Sewall Pettingill, and Josiah on the farm now owned by his grandson, Melvin Norris. The Jennings family took up a lot north- east, a short distance from the head of Wing's pond. The father, Samuel Jennings, came with three sons — Nathanuel, Samuel, jun., and John. Of these, the last two removed, after a short time, ta TOWN OF WAYNE. i^Oy Leeds, while Nathaniel remained on the farm which is now owned by his grandsons, the well known Jennings Brothers. Isaac Dexter set- tled near the head of Wilson pond, a short distance west of the one which bears his name; Reuben Besse on the Winthrop road, near Berry pond, and John Bowles near Job Fuller, on the farm now owned by M. B. Sylvester. In the absence of authentic records, it is impossible to accurately trace the development of the colony through its various stages. As the fragmental data that can, at this late period, be gathered from the few remaining aged citizens would, at best, bear marks of partiality and insufficiency, it may be better to pass over the colonizing period with light touches. Suffice it to say that during the twenty-five years which intervened between Job Fuller's advent and the incorporation of the town, nearly one hundred families had gathered on the beauti- ful hills which cluster about this vast water system. All this time the settlement had borne the appellation, New Sand- wich. February 12, 1798, an act was passed by the general court which placed Wayne on the li.st of legally incorporated towns. The name was adopted in honor of General Anthony Wayne, a hero of the revolution, under whom, it is probable, some of the pioneers of the new town had fought. Of the first three years following the town's incorporation we have no record. The selectmen for the year 1801 v.'ere Isaac Dexter, Moses Wing and William Wing. Of these, Moses Wing remained in office until 1808, while William Wing served only two years and Isaac Dex- ter but one. Their successors were: Ellis Sweet, 1802-3; Ephraim Norris, 1803-5; Braddock Weeks, 1804-9; Daniel Smith, 1806-8; Jo- seph Lamson, 1809; Moses Wing, Job Fuller and Benjamin Burgess, 1810; Joseph Lamson, ISll-lS; Moses Wing, jun., 1811-12; Cyrus Foss, 1811; Aaron Wing, "1812; John Bowles, 1813-15; Ebenezer Besse, 1813; Moses Wing, jun., 1814-15; Moses Wing, 1816; Nathaniel Fair- banks, 1816; Joshua Bowles, 1816-17; Lemuel Bryant, 1817-18; Allen Wing, 1818; Cyrus Foss, 1818-19; Joseph Lamson and John Morrison, 1819; Allen Wing, William Burgess and Ephraim Norris, 1820-1; Lemuel Bryant, Nathaniel Fairbanks and Moses Bean, 1822; Joseph Lamson, 1823; William Burgess and John Morrison, 1823-6; Asa Foss, 1824-30; Hamilton Jenkins, 1827; Amasa Dexter, 1827-8; Francis Bowles, 1828; Abijah Crane and James Wing, 1829-30; Francis Bowles, 1831; John Morrison, 1831; Jesse Stevens, 1831-4; Asa Foss, 1832; George Gorden, 1832-3; Noah Chandler, 1833-4; Leonard Wing, 1834-6; Asa Foss, 1835; George Smith, 1836-9; Uriah H. Virgin, 1836; Asa Foss and Jesse Stevens, 1837; Sewall Frost, 1838-9; Leonard Wing, 1838; Nelson H. Carey, 1839-41; George W. Fairbanks and Samuel W. Frost, 1840; Josiah Norris, jun., and William Lewis, 1841-3; Sewall Frost, 1842-6; Nelson H. Carey and Joshua Burgess, 1844-9; Tillotson 810 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Lovejoy and R. R. Frohock, 1S4S; David Stevens, 1849-50; Josiah Norris, jun., 1850-4; Samuel S. Brown, 1850-1; Benjamin Ridley, 1851; Ephraim Hall and Oilman Buswell, 1852; Tillotson Lovejoy, 1853; William G. Besse, 1853-6; Thomas B. Read, 1854; Samuel W. Frost and Emery Foss, 1855-6; Joshua Burgess, 1857; Samuel S. Brown, 1857-9; A. K. P. Burgess, 1857-8; H. J. Ridley, 1858-9; Samuel W. Frost, 1859; Josiah Norris, 1860; Daniel True, 1860-3; Squire Bishop, 1860-4; A. K. P. Burgess, 1861-2; Thomas B. Read, 1863-5; Richard Berry, 1864-6; H. J. Ridley, 1865-7; Llewellyn Wing, 1866-7; William L. G. Clark, 1867; Josiah Norris, 1868-9; George W. Fairbanks, 1868- 72; Sewall Pettingill, 1868-71; John P. Carson, 1870-3; J. C. Stinch- field, 1872-7; H. J. Ridley, 1873-7; Sears Frost, 1874-8; Sewall Pettin- gill, 1877; Stillman L. Howard, 1878-9; G. M. True, 1878; Melvin Nor- ris and James M. Wing, 1879; Joseph S. Berry and J. P. Stevens, 1880-1; William G. Besse, 1880; Benjamin F. Maxim, 1881-5; J. C. Stinchfield and James M. Wing, 1882-5; Nathaniel B. Frost, 1886-9; Peleg F. Pike, 1886-90; John M. Weeks, 1886; Sewall Pettingill, 1887 -90; Albert W. Riggs, 1890; William B. Frost. 1891; B. F. Bradford and George H. Lord, 1891-2; A. H. Briggs, 1892. The first Town Clerk of whom we have any record was Moses Wing, who held the office eighteen consecutive years. The next in- cumbent was Asa Foss, who was elected in 1820. His successors were: Joshua Bowles, 1822; Zacariah Wing, 1829; Francis Bowles, 1832; George Smith, 1834; Wellington Hunton, 1841; Bartlett W. Varnum, 1852; Thomas B. Read, 1853; James H. Thorn, 1855; Cyrus B. Swift, 1861; Charles H. Barker, 1865; Cyrus Swift, 1868; Joseph H. Berry, 1870: H. C. Tribou, 1878; W. A. Burgess, 1892. The successive Treasurers have been: Ebenezer Mason, 1801; Thomas Atkinson, 1802; Joseph Lamson, 1804; John Bowles, 1809; Moses Wing, 1810; Allen Wing, 1811; Isaac Dexter, 1813; Ebenezer Besse, 1815; Joshua Bowles, 1819; Allen Wing, 1820; Joshua Bowles, 1823; Allen Wing, 1829; Humphrey Hight, 1830; Zacariah Wing, 1831; Francis Bowles, 1832; George Smith, 1834; Sumner C. Moulton, 1841; Wellington Hunton, 1847; J. F. Jennings, 1854; Cyrus B. Swift, 1856; Leonard L. Wing, 1857; E. H. Libby, 1858; N. B. Frost, 1859; C. H. Barker, 1860; Squire Bishop, 1862; W. H. Rollins, 1864; Charles H. Barker, 1865; W. H. Rollins, 1866; Josiah Norris, 1868; Joseph S. Berry, 1874; Alfred Johnson, 1877; Joseph S. Berry, 1882; Stillman L. Howard, 1883; and Charles E. Wing, since 1886. While Wayne, like her companion towns, throws a mournful glance into the brilliant past, and laments her depleted population and mori- bund industries, she has not, like many of the towns of Kennebec, to deplore run down farms and dismantled buildings, which many of our Maine towns present. Of her sons and daughters, one of whom is TOWN OF WAYNE. 811 Annie Louise Gary, Maine's greatest songstress, she may well be proud. The season of greatest prosperity which the town has enjoyed, was the decade erabracing the civil war, when the mills were in full oper- ation on profitable contracts. Following that period, the value of real estate has steadily increased in the face of a diminishing population, until the recent sluggishness in manufacturing operations induced a sudden fall. From the first the inhabitants of Wayne have been en- terprising and intelligent. That this is true of the early stock is demonstrated, in a measure, by the neat, concise and methodical man- ner in which the contemporaneous public records were kept. The town institutions have been few. Nothing has been created for mere ostentation, and everything not of immediate practical utility has been dispensed with. For more than half a century the annual and public business meetings were held in private buildings and the Methodist church. The town house, which has the appearance of a far older building, was erected not far from 1845 by David and Peter Fifield. The semi-barbarous custom of selling the town's poor, at public auction, to the lowest bidder, which has so reluctantly been re- linquished throughout the state, was in vogue here until not far from 1850, when a farm in the south part of the town, near Androscoggin pond, was purchased of Benjamin Norris. This was sold and a farm on Beech hill purchased of Jason Maxim. This, in turn, was substi- tuted by the farm in the north part of the town now in use, which was formerly the property of Matthias Smith. Cemeteries. — The oldest cemetery, probably, is the one in the Syl- vester district. At a very early date a cemetery was established on Beech hill, twenty rods north of H. J. Ridley's. The location was poorly chosen. Little by little the sands sifted away until skeletons began to appear on the surface. Many bodies were taken up and placed on the more secure land of the new private cemetery, an eighth of a mile to the southwest, but many bones were widely scattered. Another of the early cemeteries was taken from the farm now owned by A. C. Hayford, in the north part of the town. The one nea:* N. Davis', at North Wayne, while of early date, was established later than the last mentioned ground, as was also the one near the Howard Gott place, in the west part of the town. Ghurches. — The ecclesiastical history of Wayne begins with the year 1793, in the early part of which regular social services were es- tablished by some of the settlers who had been aroused by the exhort- ations of missionary disciples of the Baptist faith. On the 9th day of January, 1794, they were, largely through the labors and influence of Rev. Mr. Potter, organized into a church of eleven members, of which nine were males. For eight years they had no regular pastor. Itin- erant preachers, among whom were Elders Potter, Jackson and Gas e oiZ HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. visited them occasionally, and Thomas Francis, of Leeds, a man of considerable talent and force of character who had joined them, served as a lay pastor. In 1798 he was ordained, and in 1800 became pastor of the church in Leeds. Two years later Rev. William Godding be- gan a four years' pastorate. His successors have been: Nathan Thomas, 1817-19; T. B. Robinson, 1831-5: D. P. Bailey, 1836-8: R. C. Starr, 1841-3. In more recent years the church has been supplied to quite an extent by students. Among the settled pastors have been: Reverends Joshua Millet, Samuel Boothby, Carleton Parker, G. S. Smith, A. Snyder, Erwin Dennet and J. R. Herrick. Their first house of worship was erected through the united effort of another denomination. It eventually fell into the entire control of the Baptists, and was burned on the site where the present edifice stands, about fifty years ago. Five days after the Baptist church of Wayne was organized. Rev. Jesse Lee, the Methodist evangelist, preached to the people of that place. A class was soon organized by his subordinate, Philip Wager, which developed into an auxiliary church of the Readfield circuit. Until 1827, when it was transferred to Monmouth circuit, the pastors were circuit riders. Their names and the dates of their pastorates are given in Chapter XXX. From 1827 to 1841 Wayne was classed with Monmouth, with only one minister in charge. The names of the ministers during this period have been mentioned in the preceding chapter. In 1842 Wayne was set off as a separate charge, with R. H. Stinch- field, pastor. He was followed by D. F. Ouimby, 1844; C. Fuller, 1845; P. Munger, 1846; C. C. Whitney, 1847; W. Wyman, 1848; D. B. Ran- dall, 1849-50; D. Copeland, 1851; R. J. Ayer, 1852; T. Hill, 1853; F. A. Crofts, 1856; A. C. Trafton, 1860; E. Smith, 1861; W. B. Bartlett, 1863; J. M. Woodbury, 1865; J. Armstrong, 1868; J. Mitchell, 1869; W. H. Foster, 1871: E. K. Colby, 1873; Elbridge Gerrv, 1876; Sylvester Hooper, 1878; W. H. Foster, 1880; J. P. Cole, 1884; 6. H. Stevens, 1885: D. R. Ford, 1887; J. R. Masterman, 1890. Two of these. Reverends Caleb Fuller and C. C. Whitney, located in Wayne. The former rep- resented the town one term in the legislature, and the latter was en- gaged in business as a druggist. About 1852, through the labors of Rev. John Stevens, a Freewill Baptist church was organized at Wayne village. A building was soon erected for public worship, which has since been purchased by the town, and without being removed from its original foundation, remod- eled into the village school house. Mr. Stevens was succeeded as pas- tor of the church by Reverend Gould. As the doctrinal tenets of the denomination are nearly identical with those of the Methodist church, it was not long before the small society became enlarged into the latter, and the organization ceased to exist. TOWN OF WAYNE. 813 Schools.* — It appears that there were schools supported by private ■subscription from the time of the first settlement. In 1801 the first appropriation of $100 was made for the support of schools; in 1806 the sum of $300 was raised, and in 1810, $400. The first school house built in town was located in the northwest corner of what is now J. F. Gordon's farm, near the place where his store shed now stands. It was u.sed for religious services and town meetings. This part of the town was first settled in 1773, and here was for years the First school district. Among the early teachers were Eliza Allen and Moses Wing; and later, Polly Buswell, who was a most successful teacher. Work, knitting and plain sewing were mingled with her instructions. In 1802 the town was divided into school districts "territorially." Each district contained certain "lots according to Prescott's Plan." District No. 1 was where No. 3 now is; No. 3 was at North Wayne, and No. 5 was at Wayne village. Districts 2, 4 and 6 were in the vi- cinity of the schools now bearing the same numbers. In 1803 W'ayne appointed Joseph Lamson, Moses Wing and Ebenezer Besse for a select committee to visit the schools in town, and to " license schoolmasters and schoolmistresses." In 1804 Job Fuller, Allen Wing, Thomas At- kinson, Braddock Weeks, Nathan Norris, Nathaniel Atkins and Z. Washburn were chosen a committee to divide the town into proper school districts. In 1807 the town was divided into six school districts, which were numbered and described. Wayne village and vicinity comprised No. 1, the Norris neighborhood No. 2, the Dexter district No. 3, Smith's Corner No. 4, North Wayne No. 5, and the Wing neigh- borhood No. 6. Some of these districts were subsequently divided and additional districts formed. In April, 1807, the "First School District raised $150 to build a school house." This was the first school district tax. The first school house built in Wayne village was located near where the dwelling house of Mrs. Sally Norris now stands. In 1883 Wayne adopted the town plan of managing schools, and in 1884 two free high schools were established, one at Wayne village, the other at North Wayne. Since 1891 the town has furnished free text books in the public schools. Wayne has good school houses, and the schools of the town will com- pare favorably with tho.se of other towns expending annually about the same money for this purpose. Industries.— The first mills within the limits of Wayne were, in all probability, erected at the outlet of Wing's pond prior to 1790. The dams on which these mills stood differed con.siderably from the ones which now regulate the water power. Twenty-five feet above the Main street bridge, with its west abutment about where Swift's blacksmith shop now stands, was the upper dam, constructed of logs, as was also the lower dam, which crossed the stream about sixty feet * Facts furnished by George W. Walton, of Wayne. 814 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. below. On the latter stood a saw mill, erected bj^ Jonathan Howe, and a grist mill, by Thomas Wing. A law suit between these parties over the water privilege resulted in Mr. Howe's securing both mills. The next proprietor of the grist mill of whom we have any knowledge was Jonathan Norcross, who, in 1802, was taxed for mill property to the value of $1,000. The next owner was Joshua Winslow, who, in 1817, deeded to Jacob Haskell a portion of the property. Joseph Lam- son and John Bowles had come into possession of a considerable share, which they relinguished to Ellis Sweet in 1818. The same year Mr. Sweet sold three-fourths of the property to Job Fuller, and a short time later Sweet and Fuller deeded a quarter interest in the property, including a fulling and carding mill, to Jabez Leadbetter. The next year Mr. Sweet sold one-sixth of the double mill, as it was denominated, to Leadbetter. In 1820 we find the property in the hands of Mr. Leadbetter and Jacob Haskell, the former owning thir- teen parts, the latter three. It was burned this year, and was probably rebuilt immediately, as the next year Nathaniel Norris purchased of Mr. Leadbetter one-half interest in the mill. Isaac Blethen, of Dover, purchased, in 1830, Leadbetter's remaining interest. It was destroyed by fire in 1844. Mr. Blethen then sold his interest in the privilege to Wellington Hunton and Sumner Moulton, who, with Mr. Haskell, re- built the mill on the present site. The following year the latter trans- ferred his interest to Nathaniel B. Haskell. In 1858 Mr. Hunton purchased of j\ir. Moulton's heirs the undivided half of his share in the property. Two years later he deeded his en- tire interest to Cyrus B. and Frank Swift. It was again burned in 1863. The ensuing year it was rebuilt by Holman Johnson, who pur- chased the entire water power. In 1875 Mr. Johnson presented one- half of the property to his daughter, Mrs. Frances L. Wing, and after his decease the remaining half was purchased by Charles E. Wing, the present occupant, whose father, Obed Wing, operated the estab- lishment for Mr. Johnson. Among the early proprietors of the saw mill erected by Jonathan Howe we find the names of Ellis Sweet and Jacob Haskell. In 1816 vSweet sold a quarter interest to Samuel Brown. Four years later Brown was taxed for the entire property. About this time the mill was destroyed by fire. Subsequently Isaac Smith held a controlling interest in it, as did also Amasa Dexter, who probably sold to Peter and David Fifield, of Fayette. Not far from fifty years ago the prop- erty was purchased by Josiah and Oliver Norris, by whom a shingle and clapboard mill was established on the same power. The upper part of the building was used as a sash and blind factory. It was re- moved by Mr. Johnson, and a portion is now used as a store house, opposite the woolen factory. The next proprietors of the saw mill were Samuel Brown, jun., and William Burgess. The latter relin- TOWN OF WAVNE. 815 quished his title to Brown, by whom the entire property was sold to Elias and Jesse Prince. It was purchased, with all the other mill property, by Holman Johnson, who remodeled the building, moved it back to a new foundation and furnished it with improved machinery. It is now controlled by the Wayne Mill Company. Mr. Johnson, soon after his removal to Wayne from Vermont, in 1856, established a shovel handle manufactory, which was operated by him and his son, A. F. Johnson, until 1886. The woolen mill, which was burned in 1892, was erected by Mr. Johnson. After his decease it was controlled and operated by his sons, under the superintendence of George Johnson, until 1872, when it was purchased by the Wayne Mill Company, John Holland, agent. The machine shop was built by Mr. Johnson in 1866. It was operated by L. W. Fillebrown several years, as a manufactory of cultivators and shovel handle machinery. The edge tool industry at North Wayne was established as early as 1837, by a stock company. The name of the original projector is unknown. It proved a financial failure. Not far from 1842, R. B. Dunn purchased all the property of this company and other interests in contiguous real estate, and two years later organized the North Wayne vScythe Company, to which he relinquished a controlling in- terest in the stock. The business was conducted by this company un- til 1861, when it failed, under the superintendence of J. F. Taylor. From 1861 to 1862 it was conducted by Mr. Taylor and a Mr. Tewks- bury, assignees. The opening of the civil war was an opportune event for the management, and in the short space of twelve months they established the business on a firm financial basis. A new com- pany was then organized as the North Wayne Tool Company, which was controlled by the Ames Brothers, of Boston, proprietors of the Ames Plough Works. At the end of twelve years the business was suspended, and until 1880, when the present company was formed, the works lay idle. The present official organization consists of Joseph F. Bodwell, president; General C. W. Tilden, secretary and treasurer, and Williston Jennings, superintendent; Mr. Bodwell succeeding Hon. J. R. Bodwell, deceased, who was elected to the first position in the corporation in 1880. The present daily capacity of the works is 20 dozen scythes, 300 axes, 24 dozen hay knives, 48 dozen corn knives or 100 dozen band knives. Forty-five operatives are employed. The first factory, a building covering 70 by 40 feet, stood on the west bank of the stream, on the north side of the street. On the same power were two mills, erected prior to 1820, by Comfort C. Smith, one of the early pastors of the Methodist church. The saw mill and the old .scythe factory were connected. The latter was a brick build- ing, and the former was constructed of wood. The grist mill was on the east side of the steam. The site on which the brick factory was 816 HISTORY OF KEXXEBEC COUXTY. erected was formerly covered by a fulling mill, operated early, it is thought, by a Mr. King. This building was removed, about the time the factory was built, and remodeled into the main part of the old North Wayne hotel, by Benjamin Palmer, whose son now occupies it as a private residence. After the .suspension of business by the Ames Plough Company the brick factory was remodeled, and fitted with machinery for manu- facturing paper, by J. F. Taylor and W. M. Harvey, who conducted the business under the corporate name of the North Wayne Paper Company, until about 1882, when the mill was destroyed by fire, to- gether with the saw mill. Two years later the grist mill on the oppo- site side of the stream was burned; and a year later an axe factory, which had been erected east of it, on the same power, by the North Wayne Tool Company, on land leased of the paper company, was de- stroyed in the same manner. Associations. — Asylum Lodge, F. & A. M., received a special com- munication August 22, 1865. Succeeding Emery Foss as W. M., the following have held that position: H. J. Ridley, September, 1869; L. R. Sturtevant, 1870; A. F. Johnson, 1872; Charles E. Wing, 1875; L. R. Sturtevant, 1877; Thomas Wing, 1881; H. J. Ridley, 1882; L. R. vSturtevant, 1883; C. W. Crosby, 1884; James M. Pike, 1890; J. M. Gor- den, 1891. Wayne Commandery, United Order of the Golden Cross, was or- ganized March 5, 1885, with fifteen charter members. The noble commanders have been: A. G. French, two terms; A. L. French, five terms; Mrs. H. H. Stinchfield, six terms; C. E. Wing, two terms. Prescott Lodge, No. 6, A. O. U. W., was instituted August 21, 1882. Past master workmen: F. L. Dixon, P. H. Culhane, J. C. Stinchfield, W. B. Howard, J.M. Pike, W. B. Frost, S. Pettingill and A. W. Manter. Financier, E. L. Lincoln. Villages. — Among the first traders at Wayne village were Lam- son & Bowles, who traded as early as 1807, in a store which stood where the brick store now stands. After being occupied as a paint shop many years, this building was purchased, not far from 1830, by George Smith, who used it as a store until 1849, when he removed to a point near where the cheese factory now stands, and erected the brick store on the lot. It was subsequently taken down by James Tur- ner and rebuilt as the residence he now occupies. A store was erected at a very early date by Mr. Howe. As the only person of that name of whom we can find any trace on the existing records is Jonathan Howe, the miller, it is easy to presume that the trader and miller were identical; and it is a question whether he was not the first trader, as his name disappeared from the tax lists at an early date. Seventy years ago this building, which stood on the vacant lot opposite the brick store, was occupied by Farnham & Stanley. Following this firm TOWN OF WAYNE. 817 came Alfred and Philander jNIorton, of Winthrop. After a few years they closed out the business -and removed to Hallowell. Joseph H. Bishop, who purchased the building, removed it to a point north of the Johnson house, and remodeled it into a dwelling house. Later, John Dexter changed its location to the lot on which it now stands, and re-arranged it for a Methodist parsonage. On the site of E. L. Lincoln's tailoring establishment an early store was erected, which was occupied, about 1820, by Bowles & Lee. It was burned while in their hands, not far from 1824. A store was soon standing on the same lot, built by Lemuel Bartlett. Wellington Hun- ton, who purchased the building in 1835 of the Bowles heirs, who had regained possession of the property, was the next occupant. He sold the business, not far from 1850, to Reed & Besse. A Mr. Weymouth and Alfred Sawyer were later occupants. The upper part was at this time used as a milliner's shop, by Miss Maria Fairbanks, and, later, by Miss Marcena Foss. It was burned in 1863. Mr. Lincoln's store was built on the same site by Jeremiah Foss, jun., who occupied it as a shoe store and manufactory several years. W. C. Tribou was a later occupant. Wellington Hunton, after .selling this store to Reed & Besse, erected a building on the lot now covered by the store occupied by L. K. Cram & Co. In 1857 Mr. Hunton removed to Livermore Falls. The business was sold to Ebenezer Norris, and was subsequently pur- chased by James Thorn. The building was destroyed by fire in 1863. The same year the Cram store was erected by James Moulton, whose son, Jonathan Moulton, traded in it a large portion of the time until his decease. J. M. Gott, C. T. Sanborn, J. M. Moulton and W. C. Tri- bou have each occupied it a short period. Between this building and the post office is a vacant lot, on which the Wing store rested in the days when the oldest citizens were boys and girls. Moses Wing, jun., was the first trader in this building of whom we have any knowledge. In 1830 Henry W. Owen was engaged in business there. Later, the sale of a half interest to Uriah H. Virgin brought in the firm of Owen & Virgin. Sumner Moulton purchased the stand in 1836. He was succeeded by his brother, Jonathan. This building shared the fate of the entire business section of the village in the sweeping conflagra- tion of July 1, 1863. On the post office lot a building used by David Smith for a carpen- ter shop was converted into a dwelling house by Henry W. Owen. Later, it was removed to the foundation it now covers, near the high school building, where it is occupied by Samuel Bishop. Holman Johnson erected a store on the same lot not far from 1856, which was rented by Rev. C. C. Whitney for a drug and dry goods store. After the fire of 1863 Mr. Johnson rebuilt on the lot. After about a year's ■occupancy as a general store, he abandoned the business to give his 818 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. entire attention to manufacturing. Barker & Clark, his successors, yielded to the firm of Sawyer & Clark. ' About 1872 the death of Mr. Sawyer caused a change in the business, which passed into the hands of Joseph S. Berry, who conducted it continuously until 1888. After Mr. Berry's decease, the business was conducted by W. C. Tribou un- til his recent removal to North Leeds. One side of the store is now occupied by George W. Besse as a general store, the other by W. E. Norris as a tin shop and by Gideon S. Smith as a post office. The " Gary store," as the building occupied by Doctor Gary, the father of the celebrated vocalist, was called, was built by Amasa and John Dex- ter, for J. F. Hayes. It stood between the hotel and Mrs. Moulton's, on the north side of the street. Subsequently, it was moved across to the lot east of the post office. Charles Allen, Doctor Gary, and, later, James N. Moulton traded in it while it stood on this lot. It was con- verted into a carriage shop. The vacant lot southeast of the post office, on the south side of the main street, was once covered by a store erected by Bartlett W. \'ar- num, who occupied it many years. His successors in trade were Arza Gilmore, Allen Brothers and Pinkham & Frizell. Mr. A^arnum re- sumed the busmess at a later date. The " Grange " or •' brick " store was erected in 1849, by " Esquire " George Smith, who occupied it as a grocery, and something more, until about 1860. It was then pur- chased by Samuel S. Brown and leased to Ebenezer Norris, jun., who was proprietor at the time of the conflagration of 1863. The interior was destroyed by fire in 1870. The Grange purchased it a short time after it was restored. It was purchased at a later date by Edward Dexter. The millinery store of Mrs. G. W. Besse was erected on the site on which the old Moulton store stood before the great conflagra- tion. This was a large, two-story building, containing two stores, one of which was occupied for a number of years by the Moultons, the other by Rev. C. C. Whitney and others. Among the early industries at the village was the indispensable " potash," established by John Bodge, the father of the popular con- ductor on the back route of the Maine Central railroad. The building stood on the lot now owned by G. M. True, near the upper dam. Mr. Bodge also conducted the pottery business in a building which occu- pied the ground now covered by Mr. Folsom's carriage shop. He afterward moved across the stream and built a factory in front of the house now occupied by Mrs. Burnham. Another potash was built eighty years ago, about where the cheese factory stands. It was taken down and rebuilt as a stable. An early tannery was erected by Alfred Pinkham, on the place now owned by Samuel Graves. One of the first brick yards at the village was on land near the residence of James Turner. When the supply of suitable material was exhausted, the TOWN OF WAYNE. «iy location was changed to the opposite side of the street, and, later, to the place now occupied by Michael Murry. The first blacksmith shop of which any record or tradition is pre- served was the Collins Lovejoy shop, which stood on the lot now cov- ered by Folsom's carriage shop. It was taken down by Mr. Bodge, who established his pottery on the same ground. This was afterward taken down and another blacksmith shop built on the foundation, by Francis Bowles, for Lewis Norris. Alfred Swift, who occupied the shop after Mr. Norris vacated it, was succeeded in the business by his son, Cyrus B. Swift, by whom it was moved a few feet, to the place where it is now occupied by John McKinnon. The blacksmith shop of A. R. Swift was built in 1849 by Humphrey Hight, one of the early settlers at the village. The upper part of the building, which is now used as a dwelling, was finished for a hall, and used to quite an extent for a private school room. L. W. Fillebrown purchased the property of Hight. Among those who have more re- cently made it their place of business are Mr. Keith, Cyrus B. Swift, Levi Brown and A. R. Swift. Mr. Hight built another shop a little above the grist mill shed. This he sold to John Raymond, who converted it into a dwelling, which was burned at the time of the general conflagration. Mr. Hight immediately built another shop, which at a later date was raised on a brick basement and remodeled into the dwelling house owned and re- cently occupied by J. C. Stinchfield. Some time in the forties a match factory was established by the Allen Brothers, about where the shovel handle shop was afterward built. The same business was prosecuted by this firm in a building which they erected across the stream, below the saw mill. A public house was opened at the village by Farnham & Stanley as early, it is supposed, as 1820. This firm was followed by Alfred and Philander Morton. The house stood nearly opposite the brick store. It was clo.sed to the public for many years prior to 1848, when it was re-opened by Albion Smith. It was again closed after it passed from Mr. Smith's hands, and was burned in 1863. The residence of Mrs. Jeremiah Foss was built by Uriah H. Virgin, not far from 1837, for a tavern. After his decease it was purchased by Dea. Thomas Wilson, of whom Mr. Foss purchased the property. It was closed to the public during Mr. Foss' occupancy. The Stinchfield Hotel was opened by Alpheus Lane, more than sixty years ago. Mr. Lane sold the establishment to James Moulton, who was succeeded as proprietor by Jeremiah Foss, and he by Daniel Foss. After the death of the latter the house was managed by his widow and the relict of Mr. Moulton. James H. Thorn, Who married the latter, was the next landlord. After his decease the management was resumed by the widows Thorn and Foss, of whom the house was «20 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. purchased by Stillman Howard. The present proprietor, J. C. Stinch- field, assumed control in 1S90. The Wayne post office was established September 5, 1809. Moses Wing, the first postmaster, was followed by Ellis Sweet, 1817; Anson G. Chandler, 1821; Heiney Bishop, 1821; Henry B. Farnham. 1826; Charles H. Pierpont, 1827; Alfred "b. Morton, 1829; Henry W. Owen, 1831; Sumner C. Moulton. 1840; James M. Moulton, 1846; Bartlett W. Varnum, 1848; Wellington Hunton, 1849; Caleb Fuller, 1853; Bartlett W. Varnum, 1854; Alfred Sawyer, 1863; Joseph S. Berry, 1871; John C. Stinchfield, 1885; James M. Moulton, 1888; Gideon S. Smith. 1889. The store occupied by C. W. Crosby at North Wayne was built by Tillotson Lovejoy for a dwelling house, about fifty-five years ago. After the last fire it was remodeled by S. A. Nelkie, and occupied by him two years as a general store. The next trader in this building was George Besse, who was succeeded by Edward Smith, of whom Mr. Crosby recently purchased the business. In the early days a small store was erected, nearly opposite the Crosby store, by Benja- min Smith. It was taken down about fifty years ago. Another early building was the store built by the North Wayne Scythe Company, on the lot nearly opposite the tool company's office, soon after they located their plant at that village. It was run by the corporation about twenty years as a general store. In later years it has been leased to individuals, and at the time of the fire was rented by S. A. Nelkie. A store built by Williston Jennings for a shoe manufactory and salesroom, about fourteen years ago, was destroyed at the same time. The building which has recently been removed from the north side of the road, near the school house, to furnish an addition to the dwelling of Sylvanus Blackwell, was constructed for a carriage shop, about fifty years ago, by James Lamb. The first postmaster at North Wayne was Urban L. Hitchcock, whose commission dates from February 14, 1846. His successors have been: Josiah F. Taylor, 1852; Williston Jennings, 1884; Frederick E. Nason, 1886; Charles J. Libby, 1886; Frederick E. Nason, 1887; Wil- liston Jennings, 1889. PERSONAL PARAGRAPHS. Charles H. Barker is a son of Dr. Charles H. and Mary A. (Small) Barker, who came from Buxton, Me., to Wayne in 1851, where Doctor Barker bought the practice of Doctor Cary, and continued to practice medicine here until his health failed, about 1887, when his son, Charles H., jun., came to live with him, from Winthrop, where he had carried on dentistry. Since the father's death in June, 1891, Charles -H., jun., has carried on farming and dental work. He married R. Louise, TOWN OF WAYNE. 821 daughter of A. K. P. Burgess, and they have three children: A. Louise, Mary A. and Albion C. Benjamin F. Bradford, born in Livermore, Me., is a son of Henry Bond and Lydia J. (Norton) Bradford, grandson of Doctor Benjamin, and great-grandson of Chandler Bradford, of Turner, Me., who was the seventh in lineal descent from Governor Bradford. He graduated in 1876, from the College of Pharmacy of Boston, and after three years' clerking in Lewiston he became a partner in the firm of B. F. Bradford & Co., and after eight years he sold his business and in Jan- uary, 1889, came to Wayne, where he had bought the old Gott farm on Morrison's Heights, and is now a farmer. He was elected first selectman of Wayne in 1891. His wife was A. Ada Hinckley, of Lewiston. Their children are: Nina L., Frank H., Joseph H., Robert, Harry B., Philip L. and a son not named. William B. Frost, born in 1842, is a son of Nathaniel B. and Julia A. (Macomber) Frost, and grandson of William and Betsey (Bil- lington) Frost. Nathaniel Frost came to the farm where he now lives with William, about 1850. He taught school nineteen terms, and was miller in Lewiston for twenty years, returning to the farm in 1882. He was made selectman in 1887, which office he filled until succeeded by William B., in 1891. The latter married Ellen M. Farington. Alexander Gordon was born in Scotland, and was a royalist soldier at the battle of Worcester, England, September 3d, 1651. He came to Boston in 1652, and died m Exeter, N. H., in 1697. His wife, Mary Lysson, was born in Marblehead, Mass. Their son, Thomas, born 1678, died 1761, married Elizabeth Harriman, born 1675, died 1720. Their son, Daniel, was born in 1704, and died in 1786. His wife, Susanna, was born in 1706, and died in 1786. Their son, Ithiel, died in 1828, and his wife, Mary Glidden, died in 1819. Their son, Josiah, born in 1757, married Elizabeth Smith. Their son, Jonathan, was born in 1786, and in 1808 married Sarah Pettingill, who was born in 1790. Their son, Joseph P., born 1819, died 1876, married Lydia J. Norris. She died in 1872, aged 48 years, 6 months. Their children were: Sarah F., born May 23, 1844; J. Benjamin, born May 26, 1845; Jonathan F., born February 17, 1847; Charlotte E., died in 1860, aged twelve years; and Willis W., born June 27, 1856. Jonathan F. mar- ried Mrs. Lena Kent. He is a granite cutter by trade, and came to the farm where he now resides in 1879. He carries on farming, and has a granite quarry, from which he cuts and ships granite. John M. Gott, born in 1848, is a son of Charles and Annie (Wood) Gott, and grandson of William Gott, who came to Wayne from Greene in 1815, and settled on Morrison's Heights. Mr. Gott was a merchant three years, but has followed farming most of his life. He has car- ried on a corn canning business since 1890. He married Clara, E., daughter of Nathaniel Ladd, and their children are: C. Morrette, 822 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. George L., Bertha J., Edith M. and Annie ^I.; and an adopted son, Charles L. Charles O. Graves, born in Wayne, December L4, 1858, is a son of Osgood and Mercy M. (Bishop) Graves, and grandson of Charles Graves, who died in 1885. Charles O. married Annie F., daughter of Cyrus Gould, and has one son, Leo. In 1881 Mr. Graves came to the farm where he now lives, to look after his Grandfather Bishop, who died June 10, 1883. Mr. Graves succeeded to the farm, his grand- mother dying in 1885. Ellis L. Lincoln, born in Leeds, Me., is one of five sons of William C. and Mahala (Bishop) Lincoln, and grandson of Rufus Lincoln. He has been a merchant tailor in Wayne since 1882. He married Lillian, daughter of Orrin Maxim, and has two sons: Lendall and Carlisle. Since 1889 Norris K. Lincoln, a brother of Ellis L., has kept a boot and shoe store, also a barber shop, in the same building with Ellis L. Daniel Manter came to Wayne about 1786, and settled on the farm where Albert N. Manter now lives. His sons were: Daniel, George and David (twins). Freeman, Silas, Eliphalet, Elias, Ezra and Eleazar. Silas stayed on the farm and had two sons: Freeman and Silas Albert, who married Alice A., daughter of Isaac Pettingill, and remained on the farm and had seven children: Albert N., Arthur W., Sewall P., Charles G., George L., Ellis A. and Flora M. Silas Albert died De- cember 28, 1875, when Albert N. succeeded him on the farm, where he now lives with his mother. Benjamin F. Maxim, born in 1836, is a grandson of Benjamin Maxim, and son of Seth and Mary (Lewis) Maxim, who had six sons and five daughters. He married Ann, daughter of Edward and Roxanna Jones, and they have four children: Nellie M., Fred E., Lewis P. and Walter D. He enlisted in 1863, in Company B, 17th Maine, and was made sergeant. He returned to Wayne, where he has been select- man for five years, and in 1889 was a member of the state legislature. He was, previous to 1890, trustee of the Kennebec County Agricultural Society for eight years. Luther S. Maxim is one of seven children of Ephraim and Ruth P. (Billington) Maxim, the others being: Leonard H., Olive A. (Mrs. Charles Norris), Ephraim H., George A., Josiah W. and Mary K. (Mrs. Grafton Norris). Grafton Norris was captain in Company C, 11th Maine, in the late war. Mr. Maxim was in busmess in Jersey City for eight years, and came to the farm where he now lives in 1867. He married Roxanna P., daughter of Samuel W. Frost. He is a grandson of Ephraim, and great-grandson of Nathan Maxim. Samuel Maxim is one of the eight children of Isaac and Harriet B. Maxim. Those living are: Hiram S., of Kent, England, who is the inventor of the Maxim gun that has made the name of Maxim famous throughout the world; Hudson, and Samuel, who married Laura E., TOWN OF WAYNE. 8z6 daughter of George Maxim. She died in 1884. leaving three children: Charles U., Hiram H. and Harriet E. Samuel Maxim was educated at Kents Hill and has taught school. He is the patentee of several articles of value. He has lived on the farm where he now resides since 1872. His mother, who is now living with him, is a daughter of Levi Stevens. Charles Norris, farmer and road commissioner, born in Wayne in 1827, is a son of Nathan and Abigail (Howard) Norris, grandson of Nathan, and great-grandson of Samuel Norris, of Cape Cod, Mass. Nathan, sen., had three sons: Samuel, Benjamin and Nathan, jun., who had three sons— Charles, Hiram and Nathan. Charles married Olive A. Maxim, and has had five children: Emma L. (Mrs. Samuel Libbey), Frank B., Ruth P., Luther M. and Herbert C. They live on the farm where Mrs. Norris was born. Melvin Norris was born in Wayne in 1826, and is the only son of Ephraim and Temperance (Billington) Norris, grandson of Josiah, and great-grandson of Samuel Norris, who came from Cape Cod, Mass., to Wayne in 1787, where he died. Josiah succeeded Samuel on the home farm, and had four sons: Ephraim, Josiah, John A. and Oliver. He died in 1857. Ephraim, who died in 1875, on the home farm, left this farm to his son, Melvin, who married Araminta, daughter of Isaac and Hannah Pettingill, and bad five children, those now living being: Josiah E., Henry M., Willie P. and Charles W. The latter married Martha A., daughter of William Charlesworth, and they have one daughter, Pearl C, of the sixth generation of the Norris family that have lived on this farm, where Charles W. lives with his father, Melvin. Rocellus C. Norris. born in Livermore in 1843, is a son of Ichabod C and Fidelia (Wood) Norris, and grandson of Samuel Norris. He married Lois A., daughter of Jason Pettingill, of Leeds, and they have five children: Albert R., Irving C, Lora E., Asa G. and Harold M. He has occupied his present home farm since 1877. Sewall Pettingill, a farmer of Wayne, born here in 1839, is a son of Isaac and Hannah (Norris) Pettingill, and grandson of William Pettingill, who came to Leeds, Me., about 1795. Sewall Pettingill married, first, Mary H. Sanborn, who died in 1862. He married for his' .second wife, Emma F., daughter of Jesse Bishop, of Wayne, and they have three children: Mary E., who is a teacher; Blanche A. and Olin S. Mr. Pettingill enlisted in 1862, in Company F, 11th Maine, and served tintil 1865. He has been one of the selectmen of his town for nine years and a member of the school board for four years. James M. Pike, born in 1836, is a son of James and Augusta (God- ding) Pike. He married Almina A., daughter of William Walker, and they have five children: Florence A., Francis M., Albert J., Mabel C. and Laura A. Mr. Pike went to California in 1859, where he remained S-24 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. until 1881, when he came to Wayne and bought the farm where he now lives. He devotes considerable attention to fruit raising. Peleg F. Pike, born December 11, 1813, in Fayette, is the eldest of six children of Benjamin Pike, who came from Amherst, N. H., to Fayette in 1788, with his father, Zachariah Pike. Mr. Pike was in mercantile trade in Fayette twelve years, afterward a farmer there until 1879, when he came to Wayne, where he now lives. He was two years (1862-3) in the senate, fifteen years first selectman and several years town treasurer in Fayette. He has been treasurer of Wayne one year and selectman five years. His first wife, Mary, daughter of James Cochrane, of Vienna, Me., died leaving seven children: Benja- min F. (deceased), Lewis, James C, Mary F., Nancy P., Joseph L. (de- ceased) and Charles S. All now reside in Iowa, except Mary F. His second wife was Mrs. Marcia A. Lake, daughter of Oliver Fuller, jun., of Jay, Me. Their only daughter, Mary L., died. Captain Matthias Smith, born May 22, 1728, died 1806, came to Pondtown plantation, now Readfield and Winthrop, with his wife, Comfort Carpenter, and family, and settled on the farm now owned by William Harvey. He received his title of captain in the French and Indian war. His children were: Matthias, 2d, born August 30, 1759, died June 20, 1812; Rev. Comfort C, Charlotte, Cyril, Thomas, Captain John and Doctor Charles. Matthias, 2d, was born at Pomfret, Conn., and settled at Readfield, Me., on the farm now owned by Gus- tavus Smith and Nathaniel Jordan. He married Temperance Blos- som, who was born October 15, 1761, and died April 27, 1817. Their children were: James, Carpenter, Samuel, George, John, Captain Ben- jamin, Oliver, Matthias, Ansel and Harriet. Captain Benjamin Smith was born at Readfield, December 28, 1796, and died May 20, 1866. He settled at North Wayne, and was married by Rev. Comfort Smith, January 25, 1829, to Sarah B. Cresey, who was born October 29, 1806. Their children were: Elhanan, born December 27,1829; Benjamin F., born October 5, 1831; Andrew, born May 2, 1833; Lycurgus, born January 4, 1835; W^ashington B., born January 28, 1837, died April 12, 1891; Captain Winfield, born January 1, 1839, received his title in the war of the rebellion; Fairfield, born February 3, 1841; Victoria R., born July 16, 1843, married John R. Grindall; and Glorvinia, born July 8, 1846, married Dr. Chauncy J. Raichard, deceased. Mrs. Raich- ard and her mother live with Elhanan Smith, in Wayne. Greengrove M. True, born in 1829, is one of eight children of Dan- iel and Lydia (Ridley) True. Mr. True is a farmer, and his father was a farmer and lumberman. He married Julia, daughter of Benja- min Jones. They have had three children: Fred G., Willie J. and Alton M. The two last named are deceased. -yM /^ "824b HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. John M. Gott, mentioned at page 821, was born in Wayne No- vember 3, 1848. His mother, Annie (Wood) Gott, was a daughter of Nathan and Rebecca Wood, whose family came from Kingfield, Me., and settled at Norridgwock. His grandfather, William Gott, jun., married Rhoda Knapp; his greatgrandfather, William Gott, married Sally Gamedge. This family, of Scotch ancestry, were among the original settlers at Cape Ann. William Gott, jun., came from the vicinity of Lewiston in 1815, bringing his family with him, and settled in the town of Wayne, on the place now occupied by Otis Howard, who married one of his •daughters. He had a family of fourteen children, most of whom grew to years of maturity, several settling in Wayne and Winthrop. He was a natural mechanic, of an ingenious turn of mind, but engaged in farming throughout his life. Charles Gott was six years of age when his father. located in the town of Wayne. He remained upon the paternal farm until he was twenty-nine years of age, then lived in the north part of the town a few years, but finally settled on Morrison's hill, afterward called Gott's mountain, at the place now occupied by Frank Bradford. Here he passed forty years of his life, engaged actively in agricultural pur- suits and gaining for himself the reputation of a successful and rep- resentative farmer. He was closely identified with the Free Baptist church at Wayne village, filling the office of deacon. Near the close of his life he located at the village of Wayne, where he died, Decem- ber 14, 1885. Charles Gott's first wife was Jane Foss, by whom he had children: Gardner G., Charles S., Elijah, and Howard C. His second wife was Annie Wood, who died September 24, 1892. Of this union were born four children: John W., who died in infancy; George H., who died at the age of seventeen; John M. and Jennie M., now Mrs. C. C. Small. John M. Gott was reared upon his father's farm and received a good common school education, supplemented by academic training at Lewiston. At the age of twenty-six he began the mercantile busi- ness at Wayne village, where he remained for three years. He sub- sequently removed to his "Cliff Cottage " farm, remaining there nine years. He then removed to the Leonard Wing place, which he now owns and occupies. He is now engaged with his sons in carrying on a successful canning business at Wayne village, and is recognized as one of the most active and progressive business men of his town. He has never aspired to public office nor .sought for political prominence, but takes a decided interest in church affairs at the village, and is a ■deacon in the Baptist church. TOWN OF WAYNE. 825 Moses B. Sylvester, born in Wayne, is a son of Rev. Bradbury and Lydia B. Sylvester, and grandson of Harvey vSylvester, who came from Massachusetts to Leeds and had seven sons. Bradbury had three sons: Moses B., George W., who died in 1864, and Charles B. His wife dying in 1864, he married for his second wife Mrs. Matilda Morse, of Greene, who, since he died in 1889, has lived on the old homestead farm, with Sylvester, who married Mary J., daughter of Daniel Pierce, of Monmouth. They have one son, George A. George W. Walton, son of Nathaniel Walton, who settled in Fay- ette where G. P. Taylor now resides, and grandson of John Walton, was born in Wayne in 1835. In 1866 he married Sarah E., eldest daughter of Dea. Francis Dexter, and has two children: Carrie May, born in 1867, and Winfred W., born in 1872. Mr. Walton has taught more than fifty terms of school, also serving on the Wayne school board for twenty-five years. He represented the town in the state legislature in 1867 and has been auditor of the accounts of the town since 1887. Charles E. Wing', born July 15, 1845, is a son of Obed, jun.', and Alice H. (Hunton) Wing (Obed*, John', John' and John Wing"). His father was a cooper until 1845, when he began to run a grist mill and continued until 1876, when Charles E. succeeded him and has con- tinued the business since that time. The latter served two years in the late war in Company M, 2d Maine Cavalry. He married Frances L. Johnson, and they have one daughter, Alice. James M. Wing, born in Wayne, is a son of James and Nancy (Norris) Wing, and grandson of Simeon Wing, who came from Ware- ham, Mass., to the farm where James now lives. James M. married Mary A., daughter of Isaac and Mary Boales, of Winthrop, and re- mained on the old homestead. They have had four children; the only two now living are Julia M. and Emery M. CHAPTER XXXII. TOWN OF WINTHROP. Pondtown. — Incorporated as Winthrop.— Town Meetings.— First Matters Con- sidered. — Population and Valuation. — Action to Secure Preaching. — Churches.— Metcalf Neighborhood.— Mills. — Oil Cloth and other Manufactor- ies.— Old Settlers.— Town Reports.— Banks.— Post Offices.— Cemeteries. — Hotels.— Societies.— East Winthrop.— Snell Brook.— Cider Mills.— Centen- nial.— Civil Officers. — Personal Paragraphs. OBSCURITY settles with lighter or deeper shade over the early history of all localities whose age has attained the dignity of a century. The ownership of real estate may usually be traced by legal records, but the acts of the owners, when and how they made improvements, built houses and mills, and started the wheels of in- du.stry, become matters of great uncertainty. The truth of these re- flections comes with painful force to the anxious but baffled searcher after the facts that constitute the earliest history of Winthrop. All thanks to Parson Thurston for collecting what facts he did, with the sincerest regret that so many escaped him! Pondtown was a descriptive name for a domain which had qualities that gave it an attractive reputation. Its woods and its waters were alive with native wealth. A hunter named Scott was its first recorded visitor. He built a cabin beside a pond. That tells the story. Hunt- ers are men of keen and wide observation, and of practical conclusions, Scolt was a trapper, and he found beaver by the streams and fish in the ponds, neither of which thrive without good food and plenty of it. Land and water and climate must all be propitious, of which the higher types of game and fish are natural and unerring judges. Hunters and settlers follow safely where they lead. Mr. Scott was the first squatter, and he made improvements that in 1764 brought him £30 from Timothy Foster, the fir.st settler, who came from Attleboro, Mass., and afterward had trouble with Mr. Scott's creditors, because he took no receipt to show that he had bought and paid for the hunter's hut. Mr. Foster brought his wife and ten chil- dren in 1765, and settled on lot No. 8. Squier Bishop took a grant for lot No. 17, and Eben Bly for lot No. 18, in 1766. The next year Mr. Bishop brought his wife and six children — the second family of set- tlers. The names of some of the men to whom other land grants were TOWN OF WINTHROP. 827 issued, with the number of the lot and the year, were: John Needham, lot No. 10, 1767; Samuel Needham, No. 13, Abraham Wyman, No. 12, Nathan Hall, No. 11, and Timothy Foster, jun.. No. 5, in 1769; Na- thaniel Stanley took lot No. 18, Amos Boynton, No. 29, Peter Hopkins, No. 9, and Nathaniel Floyd, No. 42, in 1768; Capt. Billy Foster, of the revolution. No. 7. Jonathan Whiting, No. 101, Jo-seph Baker, No. 213, and Stephen Jones, No. 14, in 1772. A petition to the general court of Massachusetts for the incorpora- of Pondtown Plantation, with the name of the town left blank, " Dated Kennebeck, 1770," was signed by the following men, whose names are familiar to all students of the early history of this town and Readfield: John Chandler, came from New Ipswich, Mass., built the first mills, settled on lots 25 and 26, now village; James Craigg, lot 212, an active, energetic man, who built the first saw mill at Read- field; Moses Ayer, lot 218; Elisha Smith, lot 134; John Blunt, ener- getic, was a captain of militia; Samuel Frost, lot 79; John Chandler, jun., son of above John, born 1754; Samuel Stevens, son of Joseph, born 1751, lot 139; Joseph Greeley, lot 135; Natt C. Emery, lot 28; Squier Bishop, on lot 55— the second settler and first innholder— came from Rehoboth, Mass.; Robert Waugh, lot 98; Joseph Chandler, lot 78; James Pullen; Amos Stevens; Benjamin Fairbanks, was fourth set- tler, born 1746, came from Dedham, Mass., in 1766, lot No. 6; Ste- phen Pullen, lot 56, third settler; Moses Greeley, from New Hamp- shire; Uright Brown, lot 64; Jonathan Emery, lot 23, now in Readfield; Richard Humphry, lot 83; Gideon Lambert, came in 1769 from Mar- tha's Vineyard, with four children, lot 71, and built the house now next south of Levi Jones' residence; Ichabod How, lot 72, came in 1769, with four children, from Martha's Vineyard, was a soldier; Seth Delano, of French origin, name originally De La Noye, lot 4, son of Zebedee, born 1751; Joseph Stevens, lot 65, born 1720, brought ten children with him; Joseph Brown, lot 21; Joseph Davenport, lot 91; and Arthur Dun. Among the early settlers whose names do not appear on the peti- tion were: Timothy Foster, Jonathan Whiting, from Wrentham, Mass., one of the most prominent in town affairs, was first justice of the peace; and Zebedee Delano, born 1727, 'died 1804, had seven children, including Zebedee, jun., who became a Baptist preacher. Winthrop was incorporated the next year after the date of this petition, April 26, 1771— the first town, not on navigable waters, in- corporated in the district of Maine, and probably named in honor of Governor Thomas L. Winthrop, who owned at least one lot in the plantation. The first town meeting was held at the house of Squier Bishop, on May 20th of the same year, Ichabod How, moderator. One of the most important matters that came before the people at their early town meetings was the fish grievance. Before the dam -0-40 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. was built across the Cobbosseecontee at Gardiner various kinds of fish came every 3'ear from the Kennebec and stocked the numerous ponds from which the Cobbosseecontee drew its constant water supply. The loss was most serious, and to many a deprivation of the necessaries of life. At a town meeting held November 17, 1771, " they chose James Craigg, Jonathan Whiting and Ichabod How a committee to solicit Dr. ■Gardiner to open a place through or around his mill dam, to let the fish up for the benefit of the town." The same thing was done several times, each successive committee visiting Doctor Gardiner with their requests, but his dams remain yet. The earliest obtainable valuation roll of the town — for the year 1800 — contains the names of 209 property owners, 194 citizens liable to poll tax, and shows in the inventory that there were then in town 191 oxen, 409 cows, 88 young cattle three years old, 174 two years old, and 204 yearlings. There were also 121 horses, 36 two year old ■colts and 30 yearlings; and 252 swine. The town contained 134 houses, 136 barns, and 40 buildings. Seven persons were in trade, with stock worth $60,000, and eighteen persons had money at interest aggregat- ing $91,383. Assessing real estate at two per cent, of the full value, the aggregate was $5,548; the personal estates were assessed at six per cent, of the true value. The town was said to contain 16,765 acres, of which 10,352 were unimproved, 3,925 belonged to non-residents, 1,114 were mowing land, 975 pasture, 361i tillage, and 37^ acres of orchard; $600 was raised for highways, $400 for schools, and $250 for town charges. The population of Winthrop in 1850 was 2,154; in 1860, 2,338; in 1870, 2,229; in 1880, 2,146. The total valuation of the town in 1860 was $769,018; in 1870 it was $1,122,839; in 1880, $1,125,337; and in 1890 it was $1,039,435. " At a meeting of the town, September, 1808, Dudley Todd, Joseph Metcalf, Nathaniel Fairbanks and Samuel Wood were appointed to draft a petition to the President of the United States, to suspend the operation of the Embargo laws, in part or in whole, as shall be most conducive to the well being of said states in their present embarrassed and oppressed condition." The committee acted and sent a petition to the president. It was not heard from. Winthrop people were never troubled with mental apathy. Every public question, every re- form, had to be investigated and stamped with their approval or dis- approval, as the succeeding brief records will show. May 2, 1808, Article VII in the town warrant was " To see if said town will vote that no spirituous liquors should be sold near the meet- ing on town meeting days." (The first recorded attempt at anti- liquor laws.) March 27, 1815, the Winthrop Society for the Promotion of Good Morals was organized, Samuel Wood, president. They resolved to TOWN OF WIXTHROP. 829 pledge to the Massachusetts Society for Suppressing Intemperance their sincere and cordial cooperation. This society was merged into the Winthrop Sabbath School Union and a new constitution adopted March 21, 1827. Dram drinking in stores was becoming an appalling evil, and March 25, 1816, the standing committee were instructed to take such measures as their discretion might dictate " to prevent the evils re- sulting from the present mode of retailing spiritous liquors from the stores." In 1827 the Anderson Institution was organized. The constitution declared: " The object shall be mutual instruction in the sciences as connected with the mechanic arts and agriculture, and the discussion of such subjects as are of a practical nature and have a bearing on the common concerns of life." Thomas J. Lee was president; Pliny Har- ris, secretary: Samuel Benjamin, treasurer; and Dr. Issachar Snell and Joseph Fairbanks were directors. Such a list of officers shows that the best men of the village were in it. Women were also mem- bers. April 6, 1830, the town passed a resolution offered by Samuel Wood " that it is not our duty as a town to tempt men to use ardent spirits by licensing any one except inn holders to sell it." In 1832 a debating club, called the Franklin Society, was formed, and courses of lectures were maintained, in different years, with es- pecial success and interest in 1852 and 1853. November 21, 1833, Rev. David Thurston preached his first anti- slavery sermon— one of the first, in fact, that was preached anywhere in the North. March 4, 1834, an anti-slavery society was organized with 107 members, with an anti-.slavery library, and was followed by female and juvenile anti-slavery societies. April, 1836, " voted not to license any person to sell ardent spirits in town the coming year in a less quantity than twenty-eight gal- lons." October 15, 1841, the Washingtonian vSociety was formed. In 1844 the anti-slavery men of Winthrop organized the Kennebec County Liberty Association, taking for their declaration of principles the words of Washington: " There is but one proper and effectual mode by which the overthrow of slavery can be accomplished and that is by legislative authority; and this so far as my suffrage can go shall not be wanting." Some of those who signed as members were: Stephen Sewall, Seth May, Benjamin P. Knight, Joseph A. Metcalf, Samuel Benjamin, B. H. Cu.shman, Eben Shaw, Anson Stanley, James Roberts, the only colored man in town; Henry Baker, Daniel Carr, Isaac Dexter, Luke Perkins, Eben Packard, Joseph Williams, Perez Southworth, Ira B. Davenport, Amos Woodward, Isaac Smith, Ezekiel Robinson and George W. Carr. 830 HISTORY OF KEN'XEBEC COUNTY. In October, 1846, the Sons of Temperance, Division No. 44, was organized here with eighty-eight members, and in 1850 Watchman's Club, No. 71, was formed, with the declared aim to procure the enact- ment of more stringent liquor laws. Religiou.s History. — The town of Winthrop was but three weeks old when the people took public action to establish religious observ- ances. At a legal town meeting, held May 27, 1771, John Chandler, Timothy Foster and Jonathan Whiting were appointed to hire preach- ing for eight Sabbaths, and to raise ^20 to pay for it. Within the next four years Thurston Whiting was the only preacher whose name is recorded. The money to pay the minister was raised by tax, but in 1776 eight prominent men in town, among them Benjamin Fair- banks and vStephen Foster, jun., were excused from paying the preach- ing tax on account of their scruples. By a vote of the town Jeremiah Shaw was hired to preach, and the house of Squier Bishop was designated as the place for meetings. It was also voted to repay Mr. Shaw four shillings that he had paid for a guide through the woods. In response to a wide-spread desire for some religious organization, an ecclesiastical council composed of delegates from churches in Harpswell, Pownalborough and New Castle, was convened in Win- throp September 4, 1776, at which a covenant and articles of faith were subscribed to by twenty-six persons, who were duly declared ta be a church of Christ. Rev. Jeremiah Shaw was preaching here at that time and the new church at once gave him a call to its pastorate. This call was followed by a legal vote of the town offering him £60 a year and two hundred acres of land, and ^^15 per year additional after five years' service, all of which he declined. After an occasional ser- mon from Reverend Emerson and Mr. Whiting, the town offered Zaccheus Colby i^80 per annum to become their preacher, and his ex- penses in coming, but he, too, declined. In 1779, " voted to divide the town into two parishes by an east and west line." This was the first step toward the ultimate separation of the town. The continued efforts to secure regular preaching were finally re- warded by an agreement with Rev. David Jewett, of Candia, N. H., who was installed January 2, 1782, and died February 28, 1783. For the next seventeen years this church was vacant, with the exception of occasional sermons by Rev. Ezekiel Emerson and Rev. Samuel Eaton. In 1786 an unsuccessful offer of £125 a year, to be paid in corn at four shillings, rye at five shillings per bushel, and beef at three pence per pound, was made to a Mr. Cram to come and preach. It was decided to make no effort in 1788 to have preaching, but two years later it was voted to raise £60 to hire preaching, and " that each TOWN OF WINTHROP. 831 man who shall wish to be exempted from the above sum shall make his plea and that the town will vote them clear or not as they shall think proper." Thirteen men made pleas and were exempted. A house of public worship, thirty-six by forty feet, on lot No. 57, was ordered and partly built by the town in 1774. but never finished. However, this house must have been used, for: — " Voted, November 21, 1782, to move the meeting for public worship from the meeting house to Mr. Chandler's and Mr. Whiting's the coming winter, every other Sabbath at each place." In 1781 the town was divided into " two parts for public worship as the water divides it," and in 1786 it was decided to build the South meeting house (in what is now Win- throp), fifty by forty feet. This building was completed in 1794, when, by vote, the Baptists were invited to use the house two Sab- baths out of five. There is no record that they accepted this offer, but it is a pleasure to record the breadth of religious sentiment im- plied in this invitation; for it indicates a corresponding breadth of in- telligence and thought in other directions, which the subsequent his- tory of this town has certainly shown. Readfield was taken from Winthrop in 1791, and in 1799 the legis- lature authorized the sale of the minister's lot, and the division of the proceeds between the two towns for the support of the ministry. The share Winthrop received— $840.85— was placed at interest. This fund afterward became for a whole generation the source of much trouble. In 1797 the town voted not to raise any money for preaching. The next year it was voted not to hire Jotham vSewall or any other can- didate to preach, and in 1799 the vote was not to raise any money for preaching. An act to incorporate the First Congregational Society in Winthrop was passed by the general court, January 31, 1800. The ninety incor- porators were compo.sed largely of those belonging to no chtirch. The same winter Jonathan Belden, a graduate of Yale, received a call from the new church and was ordained. At the next town meeting it was voted to let the Congregational society have the house on con- dition that the society .should finish the building and keep it in repair for the use of the town, which had no other place for its public meetings. For reasons not fully apparent, this society was, by request, dis- solved by act of legislature in 1806. Rev. Jonathan Belden's health failed after five years' service, when the church extended a call to Rev. David Thurston, which was supplemented by the civil authority of the town and thus recorded: " Voted to give him a call to settle in said town in the work of a gospel minister, and to give him $400 a year so long as he shall continue our minister." He was ordained in 1807. This church instituted a Sabbath school, August 7, 1808, the first in Maine, and probably the first in New England. 53 832 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Rev. David Thurston served this church the long period of forty- four years. So thoroughly was he identified with the intellectual and moral growth of the town for more than a generation, that he became familiarly and affectionately known as " Father Thurston." The re- markable fact that in the formation of a Sabbath school he thought and acted so much in advance of his time, was characteristic of his entire life. He was a pioneer in the anti-slavery reforms, and to his activity and zeal as an abolitionist has been attributed the dissatisfac- tion in the Congregational society that resulted in his resignation, Oc- tober 15, 1851. The church was severely exercised by the events which followed his resignation, several prominent members deeming it a duty to withdraw, some uniting with the Litchfield Congregational church. The logic of events vindicated " Father Thurston." His ability was good, his heart was large and warm, and his loyalty to what he be- lieved to be right was as unflinching as ever went into the makeup of a martyr. He preached last in Litchfield, where he died, May 7, 1865. His successors have been: Reverends Rufus M. Sawyer, 1851; Samuel D. Bowker, 1860; Thomas K. Noble, 1863; Edward P. Baker, 1865; Richard W. Jenkins, 1874; Warren F. Bickford, 1876; William F. Obear, 1871; James B. Hawes, 1885; Perley J. Robinson, 1888, and Charles W. Porter, 1891. The present church edifice was built in 1824, and has been remod- eled and improved from time to time. The vestry in the village, built in 1860, cost $1,200. The society also own the old Thurston parson- age, for which they paid $2,000, and another in the village, purchased of W. E. Whitman, for $3,000. Daniel Noyes Carr, for nineteen years a deacon in this church, was born in Newburyport, Mass., June 29, 1789. His father, Richard Carr, was a shipbuilder, but Daniel's tastes did not incline him to that trade, and when a young man of about twenty- four, he removed to Winthrop, and established himself in business as a hatter. He erected and occu- pied the building next to the present post office, and by his industry and business tact soon began to lay the foundation of a handsome competency. On February 16, 1815, Deacon Carr married Mary Joy. of Winthrop, who was born June 5, 1794. Mrs. Carr was intellectually a very superior woman, and to her aid and advice her husband attrib- uted a large share of his success in life. In 1820, declining to wait for a good cause to become popular, he led the way that others were soon to follow, and established the first temperance hotel in the state. This decisive step, taken in the face of a local sentiment that regarded the use of spirits as almost a family necessity, well illustrates the character of the man; for once convinced that a habit or custom was wrong, no earthly power could prevent him from enrolling himself on the side of the right. He conducted his ( y^j c^^^tU-js^^ k:j) ^c^-^ TOWN OF WINTHROP. 833 hotel on the temperance plan for twenty-nine 3'ears, during which time many distinguished travellers were his guests, and retired from business in 1850, when he converted his house of entertainment into a private residence. Though a strong abolitionist. Deacon Carr never mingled actively in politics. The church was his sphere of work, and from 1832, when he joined the Winthrop Congregational church, to the day of his death he was an eminently conscientious Christian in his every word and deed. He was made deacon in 1835, and held the office until 1854, when, becoming disaffected with the church on account of " Father Thurston's" dismissal, he resigned. He took letters to the Litchfield Congregational church, attending that house communion Sundays, and in the interim worshipping at the Winthrop Methodist church, in which he was a regular pewholder. Deacon Carr was a man of active, genial spirit and unusual liber- ality. His hospitality was boundless, and was extended to rich and poor alike, with strict impartiality. He might have made more money than he did had he been less open-handed; but his soul was above small things, and whoever sought a favor of him, which it was con- sistent for him to grant, was never denied. He was a constant attend- ant at church and the weekly prayer meeting, and was always ready to take a part. Against all forms of lewdness, violence and oppres- sion his stand was bold and decided, for he was essentially a law-abid- ing citizen, and walked fearlessly in the sight of his fellow men. He left an unblemished reputation for fairness and integrity in all his business dealings, and at his death, February 2, 1862, was sincerely mourned by the entire community. His wife survived him until January 14, 1878. Their children were: Mary A., born December 13, 1815, died November 23, 1826; Daniel N., born April 15, 1818, died May 15, 1825; Hartford J., born September 13, 1820, died July 21, 1822; George W., born April 17. 1824. died May 4, 1849; Sarah B., born June 19, 1826, died March 2, 1885; Daniel H., born February 2,1829, died July 1, 1831; and Helen A., the only surviving child, who was born February 3, 1833, and who, as a consistent and beautiful Christian character, and an ardent and liberal supporter of the church, follows worthily in the footsteps of her parents. Jesse Lee, the first apostle of Methodism in Maine, entered on this great circuit September 10, 1793, and preached in Winthrop, probably in the Fairbanks neighborhood, October 21st following. Five years later Lee brought to this town with him the great Bishop Asbury, who thus recorded the event in his journal: " We rode that evening to Winthrop, where meeting was appointed in the Congregational house. As the day was damp and myself sick. Brother Lee preached, and the people said it was a good time. I Od4 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. found father Bishop '•■, at whose house we stayed, his son and wife, ex- ceedingly kind. This part of the district of Maine is settled with people from the south of Massachusetts and some from New Hamp- shire." No good cause could ask for nobler heralds than these two men. A Methodist class was formed in 1794, under the labors of Rev. Philip Wager, in the Fairbanks neighborhood. Nathaniel Bishop and Seth Delano and their wives were the leading members. For the next twenty years the Methodists did what they could, but were not able to sustain regular meetings. During the years 1806, '7 and '8 there was preaching once in two weeks, in the school house in th esoutheast part of the town. In 1811 the Massachusetts legislature incorporated the Methodist Society in the town of Winthrop, which demanded, in 1816, the interest on the ministerial fund toward the support of their Methodist preacher. The town refused this demand, and in 1819 the parish sued the town and obtained final judgment. This, however, did not settle the matter, the general .sentiment of the town being that the money should never go to any one denomination. After over ten years of dispute and bad feeling, the town had the good sense in 1832 to agree on a compromise, by which the interest on the minis- terial fund has since been applied to the support of common schools. Through the unremitting efforts of Nathaniel Bishop and a few others, a movement to build a church in the village was brought to a successful point in 1825, when the site of the present church was se- cured, and the corner stone laid June 24th. The frame was put up at once, but before the roof was on Bishop Soule, who was on his way to conference, preached there, July 3d. The house was soon com- pleted. Rev. Stephen Lovell preaching the dedication sermon Novem- ber 23d, and the next year he was appointed to this church. The class at that time numbered twenty-one. During the pastorate of Rev. D. B. Randall, in 1842, the Congre- gationalists joined with the Methodists in series of union revival meetings, resulting in large accessions to both churches. A parsonage was built in 1849. In 1851 the Maine Conference held its twenty- seventh session in Winthrop. While Rev. J. H. Jenne was in charge, in 1854, the church building was enlarged, and the next year new furniture and an organ were purchased. In the fall of 1886, through the special efforts of the pastor, Rev. C. E. Springer, a fine bell was placed on the church, in a new tower built for its reception. July 8, 1890, Winthrop was touched by a cyclone that swept this new tower from the church, landing it on the corner of Chester Shaw's house, about fifty feet away, fatally injuring Mr. Shaw's mother. The following ministers have been stationed on this charge from 1826 to 1892: Stephen Lovell, Moses Hill twice, E. Crooker, G. Greeley, * Nathaniel Bishop, a local preacher. TOWN OF WINTHROP. 835 D. Fuller, A. Caldwell, C. P. Bragdon, E. Hotchkiss, A. P. Hillman, Abel Alton, J. Cleaveland, D. B. Randall, E. Robinson, A. F. Barnard, George Webber twice, Charles W. Morse, Parker Jaques twice, C. Munger, J. H. Jenne, Stephen Allen twice, C. C. Mason, Ezekiel Smith, James McMillan, P. E. Brown, F. C. Ayer, A. R. Sylvester, James Nixon, jun., David Church, G. F. Cobb, C. E. Springer, T. F. Jones, C. E. Bisbee, O. S. Pillsbury and E. T. Adams. Liberal theology was first preached in Winthrop by Universalist ministers, who came occasionally and spoke in school houses. In 1818 Moses Johnson, John Morrill, Jacob Nelson and thirty-eight others living in the towns of Winthrop, Readfield and Wayne, formed what they called the Union Society, and legally organized themselves into a body corporate. A Mr. Mace was their first minister. The number of members increased so that in 1837 the First Universalist Society of Winthrop was organized, with Rev. George W. Quinby as preacher. The neat and commodious church building now standing was built in 1838, and Rev. Giles Bailey was ordained as pastor in 1830. Up to 1842 no regular church had been formed, but in June of that year twelve people perfected a chui-ch organization. In the autumn of 1842 Mr. Bailey was succeeded by Rev. Frederic Foster for two years. George W. Bates and D. T. Stevens were the next pastors, till 1853, when O. H. Johnson began a very successful pastorate of seven years, followed by Reverends Goff, George W. Quinby, A. Bosserman, who came in 1872, and S. P. Smith, from 1878 to 1882. In 1887 religious services were resumed in this church under the auspices of a religious society organized in November of that year, and named the Church of the Unity. Philip S. Thatcher, of the Unitarian church of Augusta, was the first preacher, and drew large and attentive au- diences. He was succeeded by Rev. Charles Burrington, Frank A. Gilmore, F. L. Pugsley and others, all Unitarians. In 1791 Elder Potter, a Baptist, preached at East Winthrop a few times, and created a Baptist sentiment there. The number of fami- lies inclining to this sect gradually increasing, but not sufficiently to form a church in Winthrop, they became an important branch of the Baptist church in Readfield, and so continued for over thirty years. This state of things could not last. The growth of population, and of substantial pi'osperity, rendered the demand for a church at East Winthrop imperative. In 1823 the Baptists were joined by the community at large, and a duplicate of the Baptist church on Winthrop street, in Hallowell, was erected, co.sting $3,000— a large sum for those days. The following are the names of some of the foremost workers and payers: Benjamin Perkins, Captain Jonathan Pullen, Colonel Thomas Fillebrown, Luke Perkins, Jonathan Whiting, Eben, Benjamin and Alden Packard, William Richards, Isaac Wadsworth, Elder Hoi:ghton, Joel and Moses 836 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. White, Thomas Lancaster, Simeon Gary, Deacon Wood, Eben Blake and Oliver Wadsworth. Professor .Stephen Chapin, of Waterville, preached the dedication sermon, November 19, 1823, and the singing by the choir had been very carefully prepared. The place had so many excellent singers that it became a serious question who should have the honor of sitting at the head of the soprano seat. A committee decided upon Mrs. Simeon Gary. Years after, her son, Nelson H., married Maria Stock- bridge, another local celebrity in music, and Louise Gary, the world renowned singer, was their daughter. On the 22d of June, 1824, a church was organized, consisting of thirty members of the Readfield church, whose homes were in Win- throp. Phineas Bond, a licentiate, preached to 129 members the first year, and in May, 1825, Elder John Butler, the first pastor, was in- stalled, and served the church for seven years. He was followed by Rev. Samuel Fogg, R. Lowe, Rev. Joshua Millett, Rev. John E. Ingra- ham, 1836; Rev. Daniel E. Burbank, 1839; Franklin Merriam, 1840, and Rev. Sampson Powers, 1849. C. W. Bradbury was the next preacher, and in 1858, during the pastorate of his successor,' Rev. Hosea Pierce, the church was altered to its present form. The pastorate of Rev. A. Bryant commenced May, 1869, and closed February, 1874; Rev. W. T. Whitmorse was pastor from May, 1874, to December, 1876; Rev. A. R. Crane, supply and pastor from December, 1876, to July, 1890; and Rev. Joseph M. Long commenced his pastorate in December, 1891. The Gatholics of Winthrop, very few in number, were originally attended by priests from Augusta, Waterville, Lewiston and Skowhe- gan. They had no regular pastor until 1886, when E. F. Hurley formed the society and held services in the town hall. The erection of St. Francis Xavier Roman Gatholic church, on Lake street, was be- gun under his supervision in 1887, J. W. Matthieu, of Farmington, architect and builder, and cost $4,000. The society numbers thirty-five families — about 235 persons. The present pastor. Rev. N. J. Horan, came in 1888. Metcalf Neighborhood. — This locality received its name by the settlement here in 1789, of Deacon Joseph Metcalf, who built that year the first cabinet shop in Winthrop, and worked in it, makmg fur- niture and chairs, for over sixty years. He died on the old place in 1849. The shingles laid by the deacon's own hands on the north side of the shop roof in 1789, are still a fair protection from the weather, after an exposure of three years more than a century. The shingles on the south side of the same roof have been twice renewed. Deacon Metcalf 's grandson, Joseph L. jSletcalf, resides on the old family farm. There was, on John Blunt's farm, an old ashery that was run down be- fore 1790. TOWN OF WINTHROP. 837 The Metcalf neighborhood, full of historic interest, has the oldest burial place in Winthrop, about fort}' rods east and a little south of which Squier Bishop, the second settler in town, with many square miles of land to select from, built his house and made his home — the house which became famous as being the first tavern, and in which was held the first town meeting. Only a short distance from- Deacon Metcalf's cabinet shop another hardy settler. Colonel Fairbanks, also entertained travelers in a house that is still standing, and it is very probable that Talleyrand and the Due D'Orleans, during their trip through Maine, in 1774, rode one morning from Hallowell and stopped at the colonel's to breakfast on their way to Portland. In this vicin- ity is also standing the house in which Livy Morton, grandfather of the vice-president, lived, and where Levi P. Morton's father, Daniel O., was born in 1788. Three-fourths of a mile north of the burying ground stood the first church, built in 1774, but never completed, used several years for meet- ings, and torn down in 1786. This was indeed the most central and the most important settlement in town for many years. vSome of the second and third generations of these rugged settlers were: Benjamin Southworth, Columbus Fairbanks, William Brown, Lazerus Ramsdell, Captain H. N. Dudley, James Lyon, Joseph Carl- ton, Ebenezer Morton, Aden Stanley and his sons Morrell and Lem- uel, Moses H., Joseph A. and Isaac N, Metcalf, Cephas Thomas, John E. Snell and his brother Elijah, John Kezer, Asa Fairbanks, Alfred Smith, Benjamin R. Prescott, Gorham and John O. Wing, James B. Fillebrown, Stephen and James Pullen. Isaac Briggs, John Williams, William Bearse, Martin Cushing and Austin Alden. Mills and Manufactories. — The imperative wants of a new country are something to eat and a place to live. To supply these demands saw mills and grist mills are almost indispensable. On the water power between the two ponds in Winthrop village have been built at least six of these useful lumber mills. The first was built by John Chandler, where the woolen factory stands, and was running in 1768. Hushai Thomas built the second saw mill, on the third dam. It had its day, and was all gone before 1820. The next was known as the Sewall mill, and was built on dam No. 3, belonging to the cotton company, of which Stephen Sewall was for many years the agent. This mill stood on the east side of the stream, five or six rods south of the present old grist mill. Samuel Bonney was connected with it more or less for fifty years. William C. Fuller and Noah Currier also ran it. Benjamin Dearborn built on the old Perley canal a .saw mill which he afterward moved to the Cole dam, No 4. Nathan Howard and Isaac Bonney bought this mill of Dearborn. Mr. Bonney ran it till 1834, and three years later Luther Whitman bought it. After the destructive fire of 1853, in which this mill went with the rest of the 838 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTV. Whitman buildings, he built, on the east side of the stream, another saw mill, which was also burned. The first grist mill in town was built by John Chandler, according to the terms of his land contract, probably in 1768, and stood facing the road, on ground where the woolen mill is. It was removed when the cotton company bought the property, in 1809, and another was built by John Chandler, jun., on the west side of the stream, about five rods below where the present brick building, formerly a grist mill, stands. The third grist mill was built on the Perley canal, and the fourth, now standing, was built by Captain Samuel Clark and Oren Shaw. After being operated by various parties, the last being Reuben Fuller, it was sold by E. Miller Clark to Levi Jones and Philip C. Brad- ford in 1871. It contained three runs of stones, with bolts for making flour, which used to be done with profit, but that day had passed. After doing a large custom and feed business for a little more than ten years, Levi Jones sold the property to the Winthrop Mills Com- pany, which needed the water right. One of the curiosities in the early history of Winthrop was the canal, which, in 1806, Nathaniel Perley, a lawyer from Hallowell, cut from the North pond, crossing the street just east of the hotel, bring- ing water to a grist mill, which he built where dwelling houses now stand, south of Main street. Benjamin Dearborn was the miller till the cotton mills company bought the canal property, when the canal was filled up. The grist mill machinery was taken to Monmouth, and Mr. Dearborn moved his saw mill to the stream about 1830. The only grist mill in operation in Winthrop in 1892 belongs to D. H. & J. W. Maxim, and is only adapted to grinding coarse grain. In one part of it is machinery for making sash, doors and blinds. The mill is situated on the west side of the village, and commenced doing business in December, 1891. On the lower dam Simeon G. Davis built the only saw mill now running in town, in which he also has a shingle machine. Before en- gaging in his present business he was a cooper on Union street. In 1880 he put a small steam craft on Maranacook lake, and in 1882 he put on a larger boat. In 1891 he had a small boat on Annabessacook lake. A fulling mill was built in 1791, by Cyrus Baldwin, who sold it to Benjamin Allen, by whom it was sold to Liberty Stanley. John Cole was the next owner, and his son, Hiram Cole, ran it. Then another son, Morrell Cole, owned it, and sold it to Mr. Merrill, and he sold one- half of it to Benjamin & Davis, and the other half to Luther Whit- man. After the fire of 1853, in which it was burned, Mr. Whitman bought the water right of S. Benjamin & Co. About seventy years ago, in a building where now stands the stone blacksmith shop, on the south side of Main street, was a pottery, in TOWN OF WINTHROP. 839 which Thomas Fuller made plates, jugs, crocks and jars for family use. Capitalists from Boston and Hallowell, long familiar with the noted water power at Winthrop village, bought, in 1809, water rights and real estate, and incorporated the Winthrop Woolen and Cotton Manufactory, with Amos Barrett as superintendent. A four story fac- tory was built of brick, in which machinery was placed as fast as it was ready, most, if not all, of it being made in the place, and all of it collected so slowly that five years passed before the mills were ready for operation. For a time the new enterprise was fairly prosperous, but for some reason the profits dwindled till at the end of twenty years the concern was closed and remained idle for seven years, in charge of Stephen Sewall, the last agent of the old company. In 1841 Josiah Little, of Newburyport, and Josiah Little, jun., of Auburn; Ephraim Wood, of Lewiston; Mr. Jones, of Portland, and a New York city man, bought of the owners in Boston the entire prop- erty for about $22,000. The purchase included a saw mill on the east side of the stream, an empty woolen mill on the west side, and a piece of land that extended up to the street, with a house on it. Seward G. Lee, a skillful machinist and an esteemed citizen of Winthrop from that day until his death, came from Massachusetts and put the mills in complete order for the new company, and remained in charge of the machinery for several years, the factory producing cotton sheet- ing most of the time, and employing about ninety people. In 1847 Mr. Lee bought an interest in the business, of Mr. Wood. During the time Stephen Sewall was in charge of the old com- pany's property the saw mill and woolen mill were built, the former being known ever after as the Sewall mill. About 1846 Benjamin Cushman, Seward G. Lee and John Metcalf rented the woolen mill and made woolen cloth the first year. Mr. Metcalf sold out to his partners, and Cushman & Lee bought the saw mill and a house of Littles, Wood & Co., and afterward rented the woolen mill to Luther Whitman. Liberty Stanley, the inventor of the shears for shearing cloth, now universally used, carded wool and fulled and dressed cloth in the old woolen mill when it was first built. Lee finally sold his in- terest to David Stanley. In 1850 the firm of Littles, Wood & Co. dis- solved, Mr. Wood bought his partners' interest and ran the business alone, making twine, cotton warp and bunch yarn. Ephraim Wood died in 1865, and that fall Boston capitalists pur- chased the entire mill property and organized the present Winthrop Mills Company, with a capital stock of $150,000. The new company enlarged the building and thoroughly refitted the inside with new machinery adapted to the manufacture of woolen fabrics. The old woolen mill was subsequently cut in two pieces in 1882 and moved off for dwelling houses. In 1882 the present extensive cotton factory 840 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. was built, and dams No. 2 and 3 combined in one to give the requisite water power. Philip C. Bradford was the first resident agent for the owners until about 1871, when John Mcllroy came to Winthrop as the resident agent for the company, and continued till his death in July. 1891, when he was succeeded by his son, Ronald C. Mcllroy. The woolen mills turn out 125,000 pairs of blankets per year. The cotton mills are making cotton warp, and together the two departments employ 150 people. When the old cotton company bought the upper dam, Samuel Ben- jamin owned a water power on one corner of the property, on which he had a cabinet and repair shop, with some primitive machinery in it. The new concern purchased this of Mr. Benjamin, but allowed it to stand for two years after, and employed him to make various fix- tures and some machinery for the new mill, till the room where it stood was needed. Mr. Benjamin then built a shop on the north side of Main street, where for twenty years prior to 1834 he turned his at- tention to his old trade of cabinet and chair making. In 1834 he made for J. A. & H. A. Pitts, in this shop, the first practical grain thresher and separator ever made, and continued making them until the Pitts brothers left town. In 1838 Mr. Benjamin and Cyrus Davis formed a partnership, and in 1841 opened a machine shop on the Cole dam, where they succeeded the Pitts brothers in the manufacture of grain threshing machinery. Benjamin & Davis dissolved in 1851 and John M. Benjamin became a partner in the business with his father. S. Benjamin & Co. were burned out in the fire of 1853. The same year John M. and his brother, Albion P. Benjamin, built a machine shop near the railroad, south of the depot, in which, early in 1854, they continued the manufacture of horse powers, threshers and separators. This continued till 1862, when they sold the building to C. M. Bailey for his oilcloth works, and closed up their business. By far the most important manufacturing industry in town is the making of oilcloth by C. M. Bailey's Sons & Co. Their works at Baileyville comprise four very extensive buildings and at Winthrop village thirteen buildings. Steam to the amount of 240 horse power and the labor of 200 people are constantly employed, turning out 1,800 pieces per week. The history of the origin and growth of this business is interesting. Ezekiel Bailey lived at Baileyville and had four sons — Dr. Daniel, Moses, George and Charles M. The two former made table oilcloths for several years by hand, and Charles M. trav- eled and sold them. About 1842 Charles M. bought his father's inter- est and in company with his brother, Moses, began making floor cloths. After a while Moses bought out his brother. Charles M., and ran the factory alone. In 1847 he resold the entire business to his brother, Charles M., and built a new plant at Baileyville. In 1856 Charles M. Bailey was again burned out at Baileyville, but had pur- TOWN OF WINTHROP. 841 chased the plant of Robbins & Hayward, who had recently built an oilcloth factory at Winthrop village. In 1862 these works also were nearly destroyed by fire. He purchased the large machine shop of Benjamin & Davis at Winthrop, and as soon as possible added other buildings and resumed business. From that time to the present en- largements and improvements of his plant, both at Baileyville and Winthrop village, have been made almost every year. In 1870 Moses Bailey's works at Baileyville were burned and re- built within a year. Before 1880 C. AI. Bailey bought Moses Bailey's entire plant and operated it till 1891, when it was again consumed by fire, but workmen were collected to the size of a small army and in less than three months the buildings were replaced, larger and better than ever before, and the entire plant was again in active operation. At Skowhegan C. M. Bailey's vSons & Co. have other works, making them one of the first, if not the largest, manufacturers of oilcloths in America. The manufacture of boots and shoes for the wholesale trade was once an important industry in Winthrop. Between 1830 and 1840 Joshua Wing, Isaac Nelson, Joshua Trufant and S. Johnson Phil- brook, all living on the Monmouth road, had shops at their houses, where they each employed several men making men's boots and shoes. The most of this work was sold in New England, but Mr. Nelson used to take some of his goods to New Orleans, which was re- garded as quite a trip in those days. In the village Charles A. & B. F. Wing, S. N. Tufts & Co., Israel Matthews & Co. and E. M. Clark made boots and shoes extensively for those times. The Wing brothers em- ployed from twenty to thirty hands, and Benjamin F. Wing took their goods to California after 1849, where also a large part of the products of the other shops found a ready market. C. A. Wing continued the longest, but quit in 1889. For the past twenty years coat making for Boston parties has been an established industry in Winthrop. The business was undertaken in 1870, by Henry Penniman, who had been a dry goods and clothing merchant since 1865. He found it so profitable that in 1874 he closed out his store goods and built a shop by the pond, and gave his atten- tion wholly to manufacturing, having in his employ frequently over one hundred people. Since 1884 his son, Edgar H. Penniman, has been the proprietor of the manufacturing business, which gives work to twenty hands. Henry Penniman again became a merchant and moved into the Packard Block in 1878, the year it was built. The first manufacture of brick in considerable quantities in Win- throp was for the old woolen and cotton mill, built between 1809 and 1814. These brick were furnished by Isaac Bonney, father of Samuel and William Bonney. His kiln, where more than a million brick were made, stood down by the railroad on land now occupied by the Bailey 842 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. oilcloth buildings. His next brick yard was on land now owned by Samuel Bonney, near the mill stream, south of the village. Major Elijah Wood burned and sold a good many kilns of brick a little north of west from W. H. Keith's house. Charles Nelson burned brick on the Pond road, on the west side of the pond. At an early day brick were burned near Francis Perley's. Oakes Howard and Nathan Cobb burned a kiln for their own use on Howard's land. Two brick kilns once stood on Deacon John Cumming's land, at East Winthrop. Amanda Jackson owns land one was on, and William Nason owns where the other was. The first tannery in the village of Winthrop was built where the woolen mill is, by Colonel Fairbanks, before 1800. Captain Samuel Clark came from Francistown, N. H., in 1803, and built a tannery on the stream below, which he operated till succeeded by his son, E. Miller Clark, in 1837, who ran the business forty years and then sold the property to Bradford and Levi Jones. Wagon making in Winthrop seems to have been substantially in the hands of the Stanley family for four generations. Aden Stanley settled in the eastern part of the town in 1795 and made cart wheels and cider mill screws, besides his farm work. His sons, Lemuel and Morrell, became noted wagon and chaise makers. Lemuel and his son, Sumner H., located in Winthrop village, where they had a shop for many years. Morrell succeeded to his father's business, rebuilt the old shop in 1888, and made wagon makers of his sons, Charles and Henry. In 1877 Henry built another shop just north of the old one, where he and his son, Albert A., still follow the old trade. Charles and his son, Oren E., retain the original business founded by Aden Stanley nearly a hundred years ago. Always watchful to keep abreast with the times, several enterpris- farmers in 1875 organized the Winthrop Dairy Association, with a stock capital of $10,000, and built the butter and cheese factory still in operation in the northwestern part of the village. J. R. Nelson was the first president, Rutillus Alden was the second, and for the last seven years Albert C. Carr has filled that office. A. D. King, Rutillus Alden, B. W. Chandler and A. C. Carr are directors, Elliott Wood sec- retary, and George Howard treasurer. The Portland Packing Company in 1882 leased land at the foot of the lake and put up their present factory, where they filled 250,000 cans in 1891, employing one hundred hands for about a month. Five men are kept the remainder of the year making the tin cans. Old Settlers.— Beginning at the village, on the Portland road, Gideon Lambert was an old settler, owning the land where the rail- road depot stands. He was' one of Abercrombie's soldiers, and fought in the war that preceded the revolution. Ichabod How, afterward a memberof the continental congress that met at Cambridge, Mass., was TOWN OF WINTHROP. 843 his neighbor. Deacon Johnson was another, and further along were Nathan Howard, father of Oakes Howard, a house builder, active in politics and foremost in matters of public concern; Deacon Joseph Fairbanks, a Mr. Orcott, Isaac Nelson and Nathan F. Cobb, a mason by trade. Major Elijah Wood, who had a store on Main street early, sub.se- quently built a store opposite William H. Keith's present residence, about 1815, where he traded for twenty years under a sign reading, " English and West India Goods," the foremost article of which, in those days, was rum. Before 1810 Dr. Peleg Benson, who lived where Moses C. Frost does, built on what was then known as the Sewall Page, but now called the Maxwell brook, a cloth dressing mill on the north side of the road, on what is now the Leonard N. Berry farm. Joseph Fairbanks, in 1814, had a trip-hammer, run by water, in the same building, with shops for iron and wood working. After this James Curtis used the build- ing for a cider mill, grinding the apples by water power. On the other side of the road Charles Foss had a tannery, and a water wheel to run his bark mill. John Maxwell continued the tanning business after Mr. Foss, till 1845. The land now belongs to Willard Maxwell. There was also an ashery on Doctor Benson's farm. On the cross road were Captain Barney Haskell, Henry Stanley, Samuel King, Thomas Jacobs, an English sailor, Samuel Harvey, Wil- liam Lowell, from Bath, son of Dea. J. K. Lowell; John Lewis, a stone cutter and a great mathematician; Lafayette Chandler, grandson of John Chandler, who built mills in the village; Noah Chandler, Enoch Swift, on lot No. 145, on the top of Pisgah; Barnabas Wing, Gideon Dexter and John Frost. On the road from Haskell's Corner were: Richard Humphrey, Jabez Bacon, a great Bible reader; Rial Stanley, Eli Lake, Mordica Morton, Jonathan Buzzell, Captain John Fuller, at Fuller's hill, who came from Cape Cod; and the Hazel- ton family, where Rufus K. Berry lives. In the northwest part of the town some of the old settlers were: Mr. Fellows, on whose farm a moose was killed about 1800 (the lot where it was killed is still called " Moose pasture "); John Fuller, and Freeman Dexter, a carpenter, who built the Congregational church. Of the next generation were Jona- than Buzzell and exSheriff William C. Fuller. Schools. — The attendance in 1891 was as follows: East Winthrop, 35; Winthrop Center, 31; Snell school, 22; Howard school, 12; Mt. Pisgah, 17; Union school, 13; Kimball district, 15; Maranacook, 9; Vil- lage district— primary department 68, intermediate 38, grammar 47, free high school 40. In 1887 the Knight district was consolidated with the Village district, and in 1890 the Sturtevant district was joined with a district in Readfield. In 1891 the school committee shortened the terms of the Village school and lengthened the terms of some of the 044 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. other districts, making them all the uniform time of thirty weeks each. It is confidently believed the schools of the town of Winthrop have never been in as satisfactory a condition as now, particularly the high school, in charge of Professor Frederic W. Plummer. The number of school children in town who drew public money in 1804, was 685; but in 1891 was only 520. A small family of children was as rare then as a large one is now. Considering the scarcity of money, the taxes must have been burdensome a hundred years ago. In 1792 the school tax was £SS\ in 1794, £60; in 1797, $333; and in 1807 and for several years following it was $700. Town Reports.— The sixth annual report of Charles A. Wing, chief engineer of the fire department, shows a mo.st favorable, and in some respects a remarkable, series of facts. For the past two years there has been no fire within the village limits requiring the use of hydrant or hose. The entire department is maintained in a condition of continual readiness and efticiency, at a cost to the town of less than $100 a year. The Winthrop water works were constructed in 1883, as the only practical way to reduce insurance rates. After fierce agitation the village raised $1,000 by subscription, and the town voted $3,000, with which 3,000 feet of four-inch iron pipe was laid, ten hydrants were lo- cated, a powerful pump was placed in the basement of the woolen fac- tory, and a thousand feet of hose and two hose carts were purchased. Since then a hose house, with a drying tower fifty feet high, has been built, and other necessary fixtures purchased, increasing the total cost to $5,000, which is an unusually low figure for the results achieved. To operate this effective fire apparatus, the Payson Tucker Hose Com- pany was organized in 1883, with twenty-five active, able-bodied mem- bers, which number is still maintained. The latest report of the selectmen shows that when it was made the town farm had but one charity boarder. This farm was purchased in 1837 of Jesse L. Fairbanks, for $2,100, with money received as Win- throp's share of surplus revenue divided by the general government among the different states that year. This step was in keeping with a growing disapproval of the oft-abused practice of farming out the unfortunate poor to the lowest bidder. In 1887 the house on the town farm was burned, necessitating the expenditure of over $3,000 in re- building. Banks. — The Winthrop Bank, incorporated in 1824, with a capital of $50,000, when the only banks in Kennebec county were at Hallo- well, Augusta and Gardiner, shows the business requirements of that day. Samuel Wood was president, and Thomas J. Lee was cashier. Its business was done in the southeast corner room of Dr. A. P. Snow's present residence. After a short but honorable career, its owners decided to close its affairs. After redeeming most of its bills TOWN OF WINTHROP. 845 and settling with its depositors, Samuel Wood became responsible for the adjustment of the balance of its affairs. Mr. Lee, who was a teacher and a school book author of some note, opened a school in the room the bank had used, and attended to all the details of final settle- ment. The Bank of Winthrop was incorporated under the state laws in 185B. E. M. Clark, Stephen Sewall, Erastus W. Kelley, David Stan- ley, Charles M. Bailey, Wellington Hunton, Benjamin Stockin, Ste- phen Gammon and Otis Hayford were directors; Charles M. Bailey was president and David Stanley cashier. The capital stock was S."(.),000, increased to $75,000, and bills were issued. After doing a prosperous business for about ten years, the directors chose to close up their business rather than pay the ten per cent, on their circula- tion then required by act of congress. The National Bank of Winthrop was organized with Charles M. Bailey, David Stanley, Ephraim Wood, Philip C. Bradford and Levi Jones as directors. The doors were opened for business November 28, 1864, with Charles M. Bailey, president, and John M. Benjamin cashier. That portion of the affairs of the Bank of Winthrop then unsettled was assumed by the new bank. At the end of twenty years the charter was renewed. In addition to those named, Moses Bailey, Francis H. Mclntyre, Charles A. Wing, Reuben T. Jones, George A. Longfellow and Henry Winslow are, or have been, directors. During all these years there has been no change in the executive officers of the bank. Mr. Benjamin's labors have been particularly arduous and his services eminently satisfactory. The Winthrop Savings Bank was chartered and began doing bttsi- ness in February, 1872, in the banking room of the Winthrop Na- tional Bank. The trustees were: Levi Jones, Charles A. AVing, Moses Bailey, F. H. Mclntyre and Joseph S. Berry. Levi Jones was presi- dent and John M. Benjamin was treasurer. This institution was very prosperous till, on the night of July 22, 1875, the building was entered by professional burglars, both safes were blown open, and cash and bonds taken in amounts that ultimately made each bank a loser of over $10,000. The savings bank closed up its business and paid its depositors seventy-three cents on a dollar. Post Offices. — Winthrop village has one of the five post offices which were e.stablished in the county in 1795. The first postmaster, Benjamin Allen, was commissioned January 1st. The successive incumbents have been: Silas Lambert, appointed March 14, 1797; David W. Pierce, April 17, 1823; George W. Stanley, January 27, 1830; David Stanley, December 21, 1835: Cyrus Bishop, June 12, 1841; David Stanley, May 2, 1845; Cyrus Bishop, June 4, 1849; Joseph R. Stanley, May 16, 1853; Cyrus Bishop, August 7, 1861; Charles Morrill, January 17, 1862; Mary M. Stanley, September 1, 1868; Henry Woodward, 846 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. March 10, 1877; Elliott Wood, March 28, 1881; Henry Penniman, De- cember 3, 1886; and Charles D. Wood, December 6, 1890. The Winthrop Centre post office has been in care of Levi Rich- mond since its establishment, on the 15th of January, 1886. East Winthrop has had a post office since December 26, 1828, when David Eastman was made postmaster. Horace Parlin took the office in June, 1830, and was succeeded in October, 1847, by Azel Perkins, who kept the office twenty years. Lyman White was succeeded in 1871, by George A. Wadsworth. Cemeteries. — One of the first provisions of the infant town of Winthrop was to secure a lot for burial purposes. At an adjourned town meeting, held one week from its first session, the selectmen re- ported " A burying place which will best commode the present inhab- itants lies upon the highway running by Mr. Bishop's, on Mr. Pullen's lot, bounded southerly on said highway, containing one acre lying in a square form." This well known ground, sacred to the memory of so many men and women who founded Winthrop, is the oldest within its borders. An infant daughter of Stephen Pullen had been buried on this plot before the town was incorporated. The next ground ac- cepted by the town was given by John Chandler, and is now the vil- lage cemetery. The East Winthrop ground must have been in use very early, from its proximity to the neighborhood that formed the first Baptist society. The Fairbanks grave yard, near the town farm, is also the resting place of many pioneers. Eighty-three years ago Josiah Bacon gave one-half acre of land for a public burying ground. The town took charge of the lot, which in process of time was filled. About 1880 a piece, which is also nearly covered with graves, was taken from the Jonathan L. Stanley estate. Here the tired bodies of a large number of the best known residents have been laid in their last earthly repose. Some of them are: Samuel King, William Lowell, Thomas Jacobs, Jabez Bacon, Rial Stanley, Jo- seph Fairbanks, Nathan Howard, Nathan T. Cobb, William Buzzell, Barney Haskell, Nathaniel Kimball and the wife of each. Hotels. — The Winthrop Hotel was built for a two-story residence about 1800, by Captain Barney Haskell, since which time it has been enlarged and remodeled, but the old building is still a part of the present one. Mrs. Miller owned and kept it after Captain Haskell. Since then some of its landlords have been: A. M. Shaw, John Lover- ing, Dakin, Cooledge, Zack Morgan, Sherburn Morrell, Almaren Bodge, Crosby Shorey, Orrin M. Shaw, Elijah L. Stanton, W. F. Lovejoy and Richardson & Webb. Joseph Warren Eaton, the present owner, bought it, and after running it awhile, leased it to other parties. Deacon Daniel Carr came to Winthrop about 1814, and .succeeded Dean Howard in the hotel business until 1849, in the house now owned TOWN OF WINTHROP. 847 by his daughter, Mrs. Helen C. Flint. Becoming convinced that sell- ing liquor was wrong, he closed the bar and kept the first temperance house in Maine. Colonel Fairbanks at one time kept a hotel where now is L. O. Cobb's hardware store. Joel Chandler kept an early inn a few rods east of the present town hall. Societies. — The order of Masonry was planted very early in Win- throp. The charter issued by the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts reads that upon petition, " Nathaniel Herrick, Thomas Beckett, Josiah Dewey, Abisha Benson, Jonathan Judkins, John Harvey, Daniel Cros- man and Jonathan G. Hunton were constituted and appointed The Temple Lodge No. 25, September 8, 1817." The Lodge's first meeting under the new charter, held October 20th following, was presided over by Nathaniel Herrick, the first master. His successors have been: David Campbell, 1818; Dr. Issacher Snell, 1819; Abiel Dailey, 1820; Alexander Belcher. 1822; Lory Bacon, 1824; Isaac Snell, 1825; Jedediah B. Prescott, 1826; Asa Fairbanks, 1827; W. D. Eastman, 1828; Samuel Webb, 1829; Asa Fairbanks, 1830. For the next twenty-seven years there are no records, and probably there were no meetings. David Cargill was elected chief officer in 1858; Sumner H. Stanley in 1860; F. E. Webb, 1861; A. P. Snow, 1863; F. E. Webb, 1866; L. P. Moody, 1867; A. R. Sylvester, 1870; P. H. Snell, 1871; Luther Cobb, 1873; El- liott Wood, 1874; W. E. Whitman, 1876; W. H. Pettingill, 1878; R. C. Mcllroy, 1879; E. A. Wood, 1881; J. H. Mcllroy, 1883; C. H. Robin- son, 1884; Elliott Wood, 1885; E. H. Penniman, 1887; F. I. Bishop, 1889; and J. E. Mcllroy, 1891. The succes.sive high priests of Winthrop Chapter, R. A. M., have been: D. G. White, from 1873; Dr. C. A. Cochrane, 1877; W. E. Whit- man, 1883; and Daniel Gordon, since 1886. The Winthrop Grange, P. of H., No. 209, was chartered February 15, 1876, with thirty-six charter members, and has included in its membership many of the most progressive and successful farmers of the town. Montana Lodge, No. 2, A. O. U. W., was organized May 4, 1880, the second in Maine, with twenty charter members. Dr. C. W. Taggart was elected first P. M. W., and E. S. French, M. W., which office has since been filled by A. Campbell, C. H. Robinson, J. E. Clark, C. C. Stackpole, L. M. Alley, F. L Bishop, C. F. Tinker, John T. Clough, J. H. Bates, J. E. Lewis and M. C. Simpson. Winthrop Commandery, No. 240, Order of the Golden Cross, was organized June 18, 1883, with fifteen charter members. John A. Hutchins was the first noble commander, and L. M. Alley was sec- retary. Crystal Lodge, No. 94, I. O. of O. F., was instituted November 1, 1882, at Winthrop village, with eight charter members. Henry V. 54 848 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Dudley was the first N. G., and Eugene S. French was secretary. The Lodge numbers ninety members, and the order is in a flourishing con- dition. East Winthrop village was a prosperous settlement seventy years ago. It was a natural center for several miles of fine farming country, east, west and north, to come during the week for trade and on the Sabbath to church. On the southeast the Cobbosseecontee lake dis- plays a variety of beauties and will always be a permanent attraction to this locality as a place of residence. The one attractive spot in the country hamlet was, at that time far more than now, the country store. W. H. Parlin, who spent his life at East Winthrop, made the following statement in the Winthrop Ban- ner, published in that village: " The sign for country stores at that time was ' W. I. Goods and Groceries." This meant gin, rum, brandv, sugar and molasses for the first part, and everything conceivable for the remainder. Ardent spirits were then used by all, and on all occasions, sacred or secular. Especially were they thought a necessity at trainings, musters, rais- ings, in haying time, and when washing sheep." After Zenas Gary, Joseph Cummings and Jesse Follet were the store-keepers, succeeded by the Union Store for ten years. Azel Perkins conducted it for the stockholders, and then bought them out and continued to trade till his death, five years later. Lyman White, Mrs. Lyman White after his death, James Keene, George and Arthur Williams and George A. Wadsworth have been the store-keepers since. The oldest industries, inducing people to form a settlement, were a saw mill, two tan yards and an ashery. all built so early that the names of their first proprietors are not known. The saw mill stood at the head of the Mill pond, the ashery and one tan yard were a little east of the pond and the other tan yard was on the east .side of Twelve brook. Alonzo and Joseph Wood had a fulling mill in a building near by, that did business many years. Brick for local use were made near the pond, and for a short time before 1830 William Jameson made wool hats in this growing ham- let. But the greatest industry East Winthrop ever enjoyed was founded about 1840, by Horace Parlin, who conceived and put in ac- tive operation the plan of making boots by hand on a large scale. His two brothers, S. W. and W. H. Parlin, soon joined him, and H. Parlin & Co. tanned their own stock and made boots at the rate of nearly a thousand pairs a month for several }'ears, giving employment to thirty men. The work done here enjoyed an excellent reputation all over New England, but the perfection of machinery and system in large boot and shoe manufactories finally drove the hand workers from the field. The firm dissolved in 1865, after which E. M. Parlin TOWN OF WINTHROP. 849 and H. M. Packard ran the shops as long as profitable and closed the business about 1887. Perhaps the golden age of East Winthrop was when Rev. John Butler's Female Seminary, noticed at page 103, was drawing to that village young ladies from the best families throughout the state. Benjamin Packard, soon after 1820, built a new house, on one corner of which appeared the sign B. Packard's Tavern, where for many years he was known as an obliging landlord and his house as the center of East Winthrop. This building stood where the resi- dence of Virgil C. Jackson was burned in 1891. According to Mr. Parlin, the principal edifices in the vicinity in 1825-30 were located approximately as shown on this plan: — 1, Jonathan Pullen; 2, " Blunt House " ; 3, B. Packard's tavern; 4, church; 5, Josiah Houghton; 6, Z. Gary's store; 7, Rev. J. Butler; 8, James Pullen; 9, school house; 10, John Cummings; 11, William Thomas; 12, David Eastman; 13, H. Parlin & Co., boot shop; 14, Wil- liam Richards; 15, blacksmith shop: 16, Horace Parlin; 17, burying ground; 18, John Wadsworth; 19, Samuel Richards; 20, James Brain- ard; 21, Oren Brainard; 22, R. Brainard; 23, tannery; 24, fulling mill; 25, brick yard; 26, " Potash " ; 27, saw mill; 28, J. Matthews; 29, Jona- than Whiting, 2d; 30, Jonathan Whiting, 3d; 31, Nathaniel Whiting; 32, Eben Packard; 33, Caleb Jackson; 34, Luke Perkins; 35, Moses White; 36, Nathaniel Lovering; 37, Solomon Easty; 38, Thomas Lan- caster; 39, Joel White, jun.; 40, Joel White; 41, Joseph Packard; 42, Alden Packard; 43, Simeon Cary; 44, Enoch Wood; 45, Benjamin Perkins, Simeon Chase; 46, blacksmith shop; 47, Nathan Foster. 850 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Snell Brook.— On this stream, at or near where Pope's wedge factory stands, Jedediah Prescott, jun., who came to Winthrop in 1780, bought land and built a grist mill. He also had a saw mill which, the traditions of that neighborhood say, was built before he came there. About 1800 Deacon Elijah Snell bought the property and built the second saw mill, the first being worn out. The grist mill gradually went down, but the saw mill was run by his brother, John E. Snell, for many years. About 1850 the saw mill was again rebuilt, by Bowker & Ramsdell, and kept in operation about fifteen years. In 1865 Jacob Pope moved a building from Manchester and set it on the dam where the old grist and saw mills had stood, fitted it with a trip-hammer, and began making steel wedges for use in granite quarries. J. Pope & Son still continue the business, which has been in successful operation for over twenty-five years. On the other side of the road, and a little further down the stream, Ezra Briggs, about 1830, built a tannery, which was next used by Daniel Coy for a shin- gle mill. In 1843 Luther Perkins began the manufacture of hoes there, which he continued till 1849, when the business was dropped and the building was used for awhile as a shop. On the present road from Winthrop village to Wayne, Rufus Berry built on the Berry brook a saw mill that was run until about 1840. Colonel Nathaniel Fairbanks built, on his farm in the Metcalf neigh- borhood, a tannery which he was operating in 1788. On J. H. Moore's land are the remains of an old lime kiln built and run by Major Eli- jah Wood. On the west side of Meadow brook, that runs from Kezer pond, and on the north side of the road, where it crosses the Daniel Robbins farm, Ezra Briggs had a tannery that had outlived its useful- ness previous to 1840. Cider Mills. — Cider mills became plenty in the early part of the century. Nathaniel Kimball, William Buzzell, Jonathan L. Stanley, David Fairbanks, Amasa King, Captain Barney Haskell, Jabez Bacon and Doctor Benson all had cider mills. In the eastern and central parts of the town Stephen Pullen, Amos Woodward, Aden Stanley, John Kezer, Welcome Ladd, F. B. Williams, John Martin, Elias Whit- ing, Deacon John Cummings, Jonathan Whiting, Joel White, Stewart Foster, Benjamin Fairbanks and Daniel Allen had mills for grinding the apples raised in their own flourishing orchards, and for extracting the juice from their neighbors' surplus crops of this staple fruit. Centennial. — The completion of the first century of the town's civil life was celebrated May 20, 1871, by suitable public exercises, participated in by the citizens and their guests. The historical ad- dress was delivered by Hon. S. P. Benson, and many former residents of Winthrop honored themselves and the occasion by their presence. TOWN OF WINTHROP. 851 Civil Lists. — The Selectmen elected at the first town meeting of Winthrop, May 27, 1771, were: Timothy Foster, who served 3 years; Ichabod How, who served 7 years; and Jonathan Whiting, who served 6 years. In 1772 John Blunt was first elected and served 1 year; in 1773, Gideon Lambert, served 3 years: in 1774, Joseph Baker, 1 year; 1775, John Chandler, 2, and William Armstrong, 1; 1776, Joseph Stev- ens, 1; 1777, Stephen Pullen, 1; 1778, Joshua Hall, 1, and Eben Daven- port, 1; 1779, William Whittier, 2, and James Craig, 1; 1780, Benja- min Brainard, 4, and Solomon Stanley, 5; 1781, Josiah French, 1, and Jonathan Sleeper, 1; 1782, James Work, 3, Nathaniel Whittier, jun., 1, Nathaniel Fairbanks, 9, and Benjamin Fairbanks, 3; 1784, Joshua Bean, 3; 1786, William Pullen, 1; 1787, Jedediah Prescott, jun., 2, Rob- ert Page, 1, Philip Allen, 4, Samuel Wood, 15, and John Hubbard, 4; 1789, Amos Stephens, 2; 1791, John Comings, 2, and Jonathan Whit- ing, jun., 1; 1794, John Wadsworth, 3; 1795, Enoch Wood, 1; 1796, Elijah Wood, 1; 1797, Charles Harris, 1; 1798, John Kezer, 4, and Andrew Wood, 7; 1799, Moses Wood, 2; 1800, Joseph Metcalf, 5; 1801, Silas Lambert, 3, and William Richards, 2; 1802, Elijah Fairbanks, 2; 1803, John May, 14; 1804, Nat. Kimball, 3; 1805, Thomas Eastman, 1; 1806, Isaac Smith, 1; 1807, Dudley Todd, 3, and Hushai Thomas, 4; 1810, Alexander Belcher, 6; 1812, Peter Stanley, 3; 1814, Asa Fair- banks, 2; 1816, Samuel Holt, 1; 1817, Sylvanus Thomas, 1, and Samuel Clark, 4: 1818, Daniel Haywood, 1; 1820, Benjamin Perkins, 1, and Daniel Campbell, 1; 1821, John Morrill, 8; 1823, Wadsworth Foster, 1; 1824, Thomas Fillebrown, 1, and Levi Fairbanks, 3: 1825, Nathaniel Howard, 1, and David Eastman, 4; 1826, Benjamin Dearborn, 3; 1828, Francis Perley, 1; 1829, John Richards, 5; 1832, Thurston W. Stephens, 2: 1833, Oren Shaw, 1; 1834, Benjamin Robbins, 2; 1836, Isaac Bon- ney, 1, Moses White, 1, and Oakes Howard, 11; 1837, Noah Currier, 2; 1838, Moses B. Sears, 6, and Francis Fuller, 13; 1839, Thomas C.Wood, 5; 1840, John Fairbanks, 4; 1843, Samuel Benjamin, 1, and Ezekiel Bailey, 1: 1844, Samuel P. Benson, 5, and Jonathan L. Stanley, 4; 1848, Erastus W. Kelley, 2; 1849, James B. Fillebrown, 1: 1852, Zelotes A. Marrow, 2, and Stephen Gammon, 2: 1854, Moses Bailey, 2, and Joshua Wing, 2; 1856, Eben Marrow, 3, George A. Longfellow, 11; 1864, Jo- seph R. Nelson, 3; 1865, Luther Whitman, 1, and Albert C. Carr, 1; 1866, J. E. Brainard, 6; 1869, Reuben T. Jones, 6; 1870, R. E. Fuller, 3, and E. S. Briggs, 4; 1871, F. H. Mclntire, 8; 1873, A. G. Chandler, 4; 1874, S. T. Floyd, 1; 1877, D. G. White, 1, and Martin A. Foster, 1; 1878, Elliott Wood, 9; 1880, Rutillus Alden, 4: 1881, W. H. Parlin, 1; 1882, T. H. White, 4; 1884, Levi Jones, 4, and Henry Penniman, 3; 1887, C. D. Wood, 2; 1888, P. H. Snell, 3; 1889, J. E. Lewis, 1; 1890, W. H. Keith, 1, and L. O. Cobb, 3; 1891, Fred. C. Robie, 2. The Town Clerks, each serving until the election of the next, have been: Jonathan Whiting, first elected in 1771; Ichabod How, 1774; 852 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Josiah Hall, 1776; Ichabod How, 1779; Jonathan Whiting, 1781; James Work, 1782; Nathaniel Fairbanks, 1784: Jonathan Whiting, 1785; Jed- ediah Prescott, jun., 1787; John Hubbard, 1789; John Comings, 1791; Nathaniel Fairbanks, 1792; Samuel Wood, 1798; Moses Wood, 1799; Joseph Metcalf, 1800; Silas Lambert, 1801; Joseph Tinkham, 1803; John May, 1805; Samuel Benjamin, 1815; Seth May, 1824; Cyrus Bishop, 1825; Samuel Wood, jun., 1829; Pliny Harris, 1833; Samuel Benjamin, 1837; Edward Mitchel, 1838; Cyrus Bishop, 1843; Samuel Wood, jun., 1846; John M. Benjamin, 1849; Cyrus Bishop, 1862; Lugan P. Moody, 1870; B. R. Reynolds. 1876; E. O. Kelley, 1877; and E. S. French since 1891. The first Treasurer of Winthrop was Jonathan Whiting, whose successors, with date of first election, have been: John Chandler, 1773; Stephen Pullen, 1785; N; thaniel Fairbanks, 1786; Samuel Wood, 1788; Jonathan Whiting, jun., 1789; Benjamin Fairbanks, 1791; John Com- ings, 1792; Joseph Metcalf, 1793; Benjamin Fairbanks, 1799; Nathan- iel Fairbanks, 1802; Barney Haskell, 1805; Dean Howard, 1807; Isaac Bonney, 1824; Albert Haywood, 1828; Alexander Belcher, 1830; Sam- uel Clark, 1837; Gustavus A. Benson, 1847; Alexander Belcher, 1848; David vStanley, 1852; Erastus W. Kelley, 1854; David Stanley, 1856; F. E. Webb, 1863; and John M. Benjamin since 1870. PERSONAL PARAGRAPHS. John P. Allen, born December 1, 1829, in Augusta, was a son of Lemuel and Mary (Philbrick) Allen. He was educated in the schools of Augusta, at Kents Hill and at Hallowell Classical Institute. He was a farmer in Augusta until his death, in 1870. He married in 1859, Lydia J., daughter of John and Sarah (Coombs) Jewett, and had four children: Winfield S., Arthur P., Annie R. (Mrs. M. G. Thompson), and Isadore R. Mrs. Allen owns a farm in Winthrop, where she has lived since 1885. Moses Bailey. — Among the citizens of the town of Winthrop who have won a place in the memory of their fellow men, and who, by their exemplary lives and energy and ability for business, have made them- selves a part of the history of the town, Moses Bailey is prominent and deserves especial mention. He came of strong English ancestry, his great-grandfather probably coming from England to Plymouth county, Mass., during the oppressive reign of the Stuarts, and the family became settled in Hanover. His grandfather, Jacob Bailey, came from Massachusetts to Leeds, Me., in the year 1786. Jacob's son, Ezekiel, married Hannah Robbins, of Winthrop, and settled at Win- throp, where their second son, Moses, was born, the 18th of December, 1817. In 1828 the wife of Ezekiel Bailey died, after a lingering illness, and in 1830 he married Mary, the sister of his first wife. Ezekiel I ^^ yc^ i' ^/^^-^^^ TOWN OF WINTHROP. 853 Bailey lived to the advanced age of eighty years, a man of great vigor both of mind and body. Moses Bailey entered Friends Boarding .School at Providence, R. I., at the age of sixteen and remained there part of three years, 1834- 1836 inclusive. He was a careful student and these three years of training in the school were of great value through all his life. After leaving school he began his business life, working for his father, manu- facturing oilcloth. When about twenty-one years of age, he with his brother, Charles M., purchased the business, which was then only in embryo. By industry, push and good management they improved the methods of the manufacture and vastly enlarged the business. After working a few years in company with his brother, he finally sold his interest to the latter and built an extensive factory at Winthrop Cen- tre. He was always ready both to oversee every part of the work and also to perform any part of the labor with his own hands. The work went on and prospered in this factory until it was destroyed by fire in 1870. Moses Bailey was married in his twenty-third year, to Betsey Jones, daughter of Reuben Jones, of Winthrop. Though they began life in an humble way, they soon found themselves in comfortable circum- stances, and in 1856 Moses built the large and commodious house, which has ever since been the family home. Moses Bailey was a birthright member of the Society of Friends, and was an exemplary Christian both in faith and life. For twenty- two years he was clerk of Winthrop monthly meeting, and he was clerk of Fairfield quarterly meeting for the period of thirteen years, while by his influence and ability he held a high place in the work of this society throughout New England. The causes of temperance, peace and education always had his hearty support. In March, 1867, his wife died after a long sickness, and in October, 1868, he was mar- ried to Hannah C. Johnston, daughter of David Johnston, of Platte- kill, Ulster county, N. Y. From 1870, when his factory was destroyed by fire, until the autumn of 1875 he was not closely occupied with business, and not being in good health he traveled considerably during these years, but near the close of 1875 he purchased, in Camden, N. J., an oilcloth factory which he enlarged and improved. In 1871 he, in company with J. S. Marrett, had opened a carpet store in Portland under the firm name of Marrett, Bailey & Co. This enterprise, together with the manufacture of oilcloth in Camden, which work he placed under the immediate management of his nephew, Lincoln D. Farr, continued to occupy him until his death, which occurred on the 6th of June, 1882. He left one son, Moses Melvin, who was born in 1869. Moses Bailey left a large property and his whole career was at- tended by prosperity, but he worked hard and faithfully for what 854 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. came to him and his success has helped make many others successful. He was a quiet, reserved man, but broad minded and liberal, and his life eminently belongs with the class of lives which makes the world richer and better. A. Herbert Bailey, born in 1855, is the eldest son of George, and grandson of Ezekiel Bailey. He was for ten years clerk in a dry goods store in Augusta. April 1, 188B, he bought a grocery business of Charles D. Wood, and in 1885 took as partner his brother, Eugene M. Bailey, and did business as A. H. Bailey & Co. until March, 1891, when they were succeeded by Huxford, Webb & Co. Mr. Bailey has for several years been interested in Western real estate, and is now devoting all his attention to that business. He married Mary F., daughter of Dea. Henry Woodard, and their children are: Sarah W., Janette M. and A. Herbert, jun. Willis C. Bailey, son of George Bailey, was born in 1865. He worked at the jewelry business three years in Winthrop, for A. E. Wheeler, and in August, 1889, bought the business, and has since con- ducted it. James Baker, born in 1832 at Palmyra, Me., is a son of Oliver C. and Sabrina Baker. He went to California in 1857, and was mining there until 1866, excepting seventeen months that he served in the army in Company I, 7th California. Since 1868 he has lived in Win- throp, and is a farmer and oilcloth maker. He married Mrs. Clara A. Whiting, daughter of Zelotes A. Morrow. She had one son by her former marriage. Will A. Whiting. Horace M. Bearse, born in Turner, Me., in 1826, is a son of Oren and Susan (Harlow) Bearse, and grandson of Asa Bearse. He worked at shoemaking for eight years in Brockton, Mass., and in 1860 came to Winthrop, where he is a farmer. His wife, Sarah A. Alden, died leaving five children: Alice T., Jeffie S., Fred H., Susie E. and Annie L. Frank I. Bishop, youngest child of Ransom and Harriet B. (Wood) Bishop, and grandson of Nathaniel Bishop (1766-1854), was born in 1856, and is a carpenter by trade. His father and grandfather were both traders in Winthrop and Nathaniel kept the Bishop tavern for several years, and was a prominent member of the early Methodist church in Winthrop. Mr. Bishop married M. Theresa, daughter of Lewis Cobb. John E. Brainard, a farmer at East Winthrop, born in 1823, is a son of Oren and Sarah (Earl; Brainard, and grandson of Benjamin Brain- ard, who settled the farm where Mr. Brainard now lives, prior to 1770, and was the first school teacher in the town. Mr. Brainard was a school teacher ten terms, and selectman six years, three of which he was chairman. He has represented his district in the legislature, and has been a member of the state board of agriculture three years. He TOWN OF WINTHROP. 855 married Nancy B., daughter of Elias and Marinda (Hale) Whitiug, and has two sons: Arthur E. and Albion H. George R. Briggs is the only child of Benjamin P. and Susan (Snell) Briggs, and grandson of Rowland Briggs, who came from Massa- chusetts to East Winthrop. Mr. Briggs was a shoemaker until 1885, and since that time he has been employed as wedge maker by J. Pope &Son. His father and grandfather were both shoemakers. Mr. Briggs married Harriet Woodman, of Campello, Mass., and they have two children: William P. and George Arthur. Joseph E. Briggs, born in 1840, is a son of Ezra and Pheba (God- dard) Briggs, and grandson of Ezra Briggs. He was seven years in the employ of Charles M. Bailey, and from 1867 to 1881 was in com- pany with Levi Jones manufacturing oilcloth by the yard for the Bailey Company. January 1, 1881, the firm of C. M. Bailey's Sons & Co. was formed and Mr. Briggs has since been one of its members. He has charge of the Winthrop Centre works. He married October 3, 1866, Emma S., daughter of Charles M. Bailey. Moses Briggs, born in 1813, is a son of Ezra and Mary (Wadsworth) Briggs, and grandson of William Briggs. Mr. Briggs' father and some of the sons were tanners and shoemakers. Mr. Briggs was a blacksmith for many years in Winthrop Centre and other places, and for the past eighteen years he has been a farmer and fruit grower. He married Lucy, daughter of David Burr, Esq. She died, leaving one daughter, Mary W. His second wife was Lavinia, daughter of Elijah Winslow, and their three children were: E. Winslow, Lucy C. (Mrs. R. T. Elliott) and Frank E. Albert C. Carr, of Winthrop, the "apple king" of Kennebec county, was born in East Readfield in 1828. He was the ninth of the family of eleven children of Benjamin and Eunice (Lane) Carr. His grandfather, Benjamin, who was the son of Joseph and Martha (Sanborn) Carr, came from New Hamp.shire to Readfield in 1779. Albert learned the shoemaking trade at North Bridgewater, Mass., when a young man; and in 18-48, when the gold fever broke out on the Pacific coast, he started for California, and was, it is claimed, the first Maine man to start for the mines. After varying success at the " diggings," he returned East in 1851, and in 1855 came to Winthrop. The following year he bought the Moses White farm, where he now resides, and which he has cultivated from that time to this, with the exception of an interval of three years, from 1857 to 1860, spent again in California. Mr. Carr is a very large and remarkably successful dealer in apples, shipping annually to home and foreign markets from 5,000 to 30,000 barrels of the fruit. He has been selectma.n one year, deputy sheriff four years, tax collector twenty-six years, and trustee of Monmouth Academy for the last fifteen years. His deceased wife, Mary A. Watson, bore him seven children, 856 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. • three of whom are living: Lestena (Mrs. William H. Lyon, jun., of Manchester), A. Byron and Laura (Mrs. Fred. A.Jackson of Winthrop). Mr. Carr's beautiful farm house at East Winthrop is the subject of the ajcompanying illustration. Braddock W. Chandler, born in 1827, is one of eleven children of Lafayette and Sophronia (Weeks) Chandler, and grandson of Joel, whose father, John Chandler, came to Winthrop in 1767, and built the first mills at the village. Mr. Chandler is a farmer and cattle broker, as was his father until his death in 1837, aged forty-five years. He married vSarah, daughter of Amos vShed. Their children are: Marilla G. (Mrs. Fred H. Bearce), Willard S. (deceased), Maria E., Sarah M. aid Gertrude S. L. Owen Cobb, born October 5, 1847, is the youngest and only sur- vivor of four children of Leonard and Ada M. (Hodgman) Cobb, and grandson of Nathan F. and Patty (Stanley) Cobb. He was educated in the schools of the town and at Monmouth Academy. He began business in 1865 as clerk for L. P. Moody, and in 1878 bought the busi- ness from him. He deals in hardware, stoves, builders' and farmers' supplies and crockery. He is now serving his second year as select- man. He is chairman of democratic town committee and since 1888 has been a member of the county committee. His wife, S. Lizzie, is a daughter of Charles E. Smith, of Lowell, Mass. Willis Cobb, born in 1848, is one of four children of Lewis and Jerusha (Snell) Cobb, and grandson of Nathan F. Cobb. He is a farmer and dairyman on the place where his father and grandfather lived. He married Susie A., daughter of Sewall B. Page, and their children are: Nathan L. and Edna L. Charles W. Dillingham, son of Charles K. and Mary (Goodwin). Dillingham, and grandson of John Dillingham, was born in Turner, Me., in 1857. Charles K. had three children: Charles W., Frank E. and Walter S. Originally a shoemaker, he was also a farmer and under-- taker. Charles W. Dillingham came to Winthrop in 1877, since which time he has been the only undertaker in town, and for the past thirteen years superintendent of Maple Cemetery. In 1879 he married Effie J. Place. Their children have been: Fred, who died young, and Rena M. Henry V. Dudley, born in 1836 in Winthrop, is a son of Captain Henry M. and Mary (Whittier) Dudley, and grandson of Benjamin Dudley, who came from Raymond, N. H., to Mt. Vernon. Captain Henry AL came to Winthrop in 1834, and was a blacksmith and veter- inary surgeon. Henry V. learned both branches of the business with hi.s father, and since about 1876 he has carried on a black.smith busi- ness and done veterinary work here. His present shop was the first Friends meeting house built in Winthrop. Mr. Dudley married Mary J. Smith, of Prince Edward's Island. They have one child, Fannie M. They lost two — Charles S. and Lena J. f/jll iOA^y^ TOWN OF WINTHROP. 857 John Gower. — In 1842 William Gower, a native of Franklin county, Me., married Hester A. Chandler, of Winthrop, and two years later took up his residence m this town. His farm, still in the pos- session of the family, is on the western shore of Lake Maranacook, two miles north of Winthrop village. Here were born his five chil- dren: Ellen (Mrs. John Doughty), December 30, 1843; John, August 28, 1845: George, May, 1855, who died in infancy; Albert S., May 2, 1859, and Edwin F., March 28, 1863. John, the subject of this sketch, pa.ssed his boyhood working on his father's farm, and gleaning in the intervals from labor such learning as could be acquired in the district school of his native town, and later in Towle Academy. When he had reached the age of nineteen he began the real battle of life by teaching for five years in the dis- trict schools, in high schools out of town, and, for a short time, in Towle Academy. In 1869 he embarked in the subscription book business, in which he was destined to achieve an exceptional and substantial success. Beginning as a canvasser for A. J. Johnson, of New York, in about two years' time he had acquired such a thorough comprehension of the scope of the business that he himself began to employ agents, whom he ^ent out over the country, and during the following ten years he was connected with several publishing houses as their general agent in New England and New York state, handling many thousands of volumes of Johnson's, Appleton's, and the People's encyclopedias. In the meantime he had married, in November, 1877, Mary M., daugh- ter of the late Dr. A. F. Stanley, of Winthrop, a sketch of whose career is contained in Chapter XV. Shortly after his marriage Mr. Gower settled upon the Benjamin Stevens place, on the Readfield road, and here, since that time, he has actively carried on the busi- ness of farming — a pleasant diversion from the cares of his large book publishing business. On this farm were born his two children: Annie B. Gower, December 21, 1879, and Stanley M. Gower, June 25, 1882. For the last eleven years Mr. Gower has been connected with the C. A. Nichols Company, publishers, of the city of Springfield, Mass., handling their regular sub.scription books in New England, the Mid- dle States, Canada and the West. His youngest brother, Edwin F., is his partner in the western business, with headquarters at Ann Arbor, Mich. Mr. Gower was appointed a trial justice by Governor Marble No- vember 22, 1888, and in 1890 was elected school supervisor of Win- throp for the term of three years. He held aloof from active politics, however, until the summer of 1892, when he was urged by his friends to accept a place on the republican ticket as candidate for representa- tive, and was elected to the legislature of 1893-4 for the towns of 858 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Winthrop, Belgrade and Rome. In the promotion of the temporal and spiritual welfare of the community in which he lives Mr. Gower is an earnest and unflagging worker. He has always been associated with the temperance work in Winthrop, and he is a prominent mem- ber of the Methodist church, of which for years he has been class leader, steward and trustee. He has also been superintendent of the Methodist Sunday school, and in many ways has aided largely in the advancement of the church society. Mr. Gower is a Mason and member of Trinity Commandery, of Augusta. Silas T. Floyd, born in New Sharon in 1820, is the only survivor, of a family of four children of Samuel and Annie (Thayer) Floyd, and_ grandson of Nathaniel Floyd. His mother was a lineal descendant in the seventh generation, from John Alden, the Pilgrim. Mr. Floyd came to Winthrop in 1821, with his parents, who settled near where he now lives. He has been a farmer, excepting fifteen years that he was employed in oilcloth shops. He was two years selectman and one year representative. He married Margaret, daughter of Enos Chand- ler, who was in the war of 1812 and was confined eighteen months in Dartmore Prison, England. Their children have been: Ada M. (Mrs. Prof. C. E. Smith), Enos F. and Albion C, who died at the age of seven. Martin A. Foster, born in 1834, is the youngest of eight children of Oliver and Lydia (Perkins) Foster, grandson of Stuart, whose father, Timothy Foster, came from Dedham, Mass.. to what is now Winthrop in 1764, and the following spring brought his family. The farm where he settled is now owned by Daniel C. Robbins. Mr. Foster is a farmer on the place where his maternal grandfather, Ben- jamin Perkins, settled when he came from Dartmouth, Mass., to Win- throp in 1800. He married Rosilla, daughter of Ebenezer Morrow. Their children are: Hattie L., who married Charles Kilbreth; Cora A'L, who married Edgar Parkman ; Edwin M., John A. and Lena E. Eugene S. French, born in Manchester in 1849, is a son of George W., and grandson of Joseph French. He worked seven years at the oilcloth business, and since then has been clerk in grocery and meat stores. He was elected town clerk in 1891 and 1892. He married M. Carrie, daughter of Charles F. Dunn, of Litchfield. They have one daughter, Ada M. Alfred Friend, son of Benjamin Friend, was a farmer in .F^tna, Me., where he died in 1849. He married Betsey, daughter of Amos. and granddaughter of William Tucker. They had seven children. TOWN OF WINTHROP. 859 three of whom are living: John T., Samuel B. and Amos T. Those that died were: Sarah A., Mary Elizabeth, Warren A. and Daniel W. Mrs. Friend came to Winthrop in 1854, and bought the farm where she now lives with her son, Samuel B. Nathan D. Hamblen, the youngest and only survivor of four chil- dren of George and Sarah J. (Elder) Hamblen, and grandson of John Hamblen, was born in 1853, at Windham. Me. Mr. Hamblen is a farmer at Winthrop Centre, where he has lived since 1855. He mar- ried Florence I. Nelson, born in Winthrop, Me., in 1854. She is a daughter of Joseph R. Nelson, and granddaughter of Isaac Nelson, who came to Winthrop from Byfield, Mass.. and in 1812 married Isabel Rice. Mrs. Hamblen's mother is Abbie H., daughter of David Hill. They have two children: Edna A. and George N. L. P. Hersey, son of Thomas Hersey, was born at Auburn, Me., in 1838. In 1857 he went to Boston and was engaged in shoe manufac- turing as an employe and owner for several years, then came to Au- gusta and started a shoe store. He is now an equal partner with his son, Fred L., in two leading shoe stores in Augusta, having retired from the active management of the business. He now resides at his country residence on the shores of Cobbosseecontee lake, and devotes mo.st of his time to the management of one of the largest farms in Kennebec county. He owns what is known as the Fuller farm, In- dian point, the three islands in Cobbosseecontee lake, and all the land formerly owned by I. A. Carr, from Twelfth brook to Richards pond. His first wife, Nancy Harlow, died leaving two sons: Henry H. and Fred L. His present wife was Evelyn P. Wellman. She is a niece of Hon. William P. Whitehouse. justice of the supreme court of Maine. Fred L. Hewins, born in 1850, is one of nine children of John and Roxanna (Rockwood) Hewins, and grandson of Ebenezer and Zilphia (Cummings) Hewins. He spent five years in California in a saw mill, from 1873 to 1876 was in a saw mill in Manchester, and since 1878 has been a farmer in Winthrop, having bought a part of the Elias Whit- ing farm. The house in which he lives was built by David T. Whit- ing in 1855. Mr. Hewins married Malista J., daughter of Tabor Lyon. Their children are: Georgia A., Ella M. and Violet E. Oakes Howard is a son of Nathan and Lydia (Copeland) Howard, who removed from West Bridgewater, Mass., to Winthrop, in 1802, and settled on a farm on the Monmouth road. Here Oakes was born, December 21, 1803, and here he still resides, a remarkable example of hale and vigorous old age. Nathan Howard was by trade a house painter, and at the early age of fifteen Oakes undertook the manage- ment of the farm. Success attended the boy's efforts and when, on reaching his majority, he began working the farm on his own account, •860 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. lie easily maintained a place in the front rank of the agriculturists of his native town. In December, 1828, he married Hannah A., daughter of Nathan F. Cobb. Of their six children, four are living: Henry C, John R. and Emily S. (Mrs. Leroy Bishop), who reside in Minnesota; and George, who is engaged in farming near the homestead in Winthrop. Mr. Howard's first wife died in 1849, and in 18o2 he married his present companion, Mrs. Betsey T. Hahn, a daughter of Joseph Tinkham, formerly a merchant at Winthrop. Mr. Howard has held a number of town offices at various periods of his long career. For two years in the " forties " he was constable and collector, eleven times he was elected selectman, and for eighteen years he held the commission of justice of the peace. In politics he was at first with the federalists, but since the close of the rebellion he has voted with the republican party. He took an active part in the formation of the Winthrop Agricultural Society, about 1825. This society, however, was soon merged in the Kennebec County Agricult- tiral Society, located first at Winthrop and later at Readfield, of which Mr. Howard was elected president about 1835, and held the office for a number of years. The annual fairs held by this association served as an incentive to Mr. Howard's natural love for pomology, and about 1849 he began raising apples for market in a thoroughly scientific manner. He paid especial attention to the cultivation of the " Bald- win " and the " Roxbury Russet," for he found that they kept longer and sold better than any other variety. His fruit growing interests have never been extensive, but probably no orchardist in Maine has realized as large profits per acre as Mr. Howard through the series of years in which he has been engaged. Fred A. Jackson, born in 1855, youngest son of Samuel Jackson, is a farmer and also runs a threshing machine and cider mill. He mar- ried Laura, daughter of Albert C. Carr, and their children are: Elvin M., Albert G., F. Irving and Ruby Julia. Virgil C. Jackson, eldest of seven children of Samuel, and a grand- son of Caleb Jackson, was born in Winthrop in 1846. Caleb Jackson came to Winthrop from Bridgewater in 1820.' Virgil C. was fourteen years in a boot and shoe factory, and since 1881 has carried on the meat business at East Winthrop, as did his father prior to his death in 1890. He married Alice J., daughter of Richard R. Smith, of Hallo- well. Their children are: Archie A., Thomas C, Mary J., Asa C, Robert V., Philip R., and one daughter that died — Edna. Levi Jones. — The early settlers of Kennebec county made work the first article of their creed, and they taught their children to put their faith in strict honesty and hard work. Many of these sons are still alive, and their characteristics are worthy of imitation by the younger men who are longing for success. Sturdy, resolute, self-centered, up- ^^/SKff^-ae^'i-jf^ TOWN OF WINTHROP. 861 right, and possessed of great capacity for work, they have made wise use of the native faculties of their minds, even if they could not boast of the benefits of a modern education. Levi Jones is a good example of this class of men, and it is be- lieved that his active life and its influence on other men give him a place in the history of this town and county. His ancestors were among the pioneer .settlers of the state. Thomas Jones and Thankful, his wife, seem to have come from Wales to Hanover, Plymouth county, Mass., about the year 1690. They are the first of the name of whom we have any knowledge in Maine, and it is not known in what year they moved into the state. They were active Friends in Falmouth monthly meeting. Their particular meeting was held at Harpswell. Their son, Lemuel, was born in 1730, and was an esteemed minister of the Society of Friends. He married Wait Estes, the 7th of March, 1751. Of their twelve children, Edward was the sixth and was born the 7th of April, 1762. He married Mary Tuttle. Their second child, Reuben, was born near the line' between Brunswick and Durham in 1787. He married Lavina, daughter of Abiather and La- vina Richmond, of Greene, November 29, 1810, and settled in Win- throp, on a part of the farm now occupied by Daniel Robbins. They lived there a short time and then moved to Temple, Franklin county (then a part of Kennebec county). There Levi Jones, their fourth child and the subject of this sketch, was born September 8, 1816. Reuben Jones was a tanner and shoemaker. He was a prominent member of the Society of Friends. He soon moved to Wilton and afterward to Leeds, and was acknowledged a minister by the meeting in that place. In later life he moved again to Winthrop, where he lived until 1868. Levi Jones lived with and worked for his father until he v/as twenty-one years of age. A few weeks each year in the common dis- trict school was all the opportunity he had for an education. On at- taining his majority he began life for himself, working as a farm laborer. As he left home for this purpose, with only a very small bundle of clothes, his father toot him as far as Dudley's Corner and there left him, saying: " Thee has done well for me and I hope thee will do well for thyself." In 1840 he married Cynthia, daughter of Noah and Abigail Farr, of West Gardiner (then Gardiner), and settled in Winthrop, where he has lived nearly all the time since. His work as a farmer lasted only a few years. In the autumn of 1843 he began work in the oilcloth factory of Moses Bailey, and re- mained there until 1847, when he went to Cape Cod to act as foreman in an oilcloth factory started there under the control of Jacob Vining. After a few months he returned to Winthrop to accept the position of foreman of the Winthrop factory, which position he held until sm HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. 1859. In 1860 he, with his brother, Reuben T. Jones, contracted to manufacture all the oilcloth produced in the factory of Charles M. Bailey at Winthrop village, receiving the raw material from^the pro- prietor and delivering the finished article at so much per yard. Great success attended this arrangement, and through untiring industry and strict economy he accumulated a property which placed him among the wealthy men of the town. It continued until 1869. Although he had gained a competency, he was not content to re- tire from active business, but in 1870 purchased the Winthrop grist mill and engaged in the grain business, continuing therein^until 1883, when he sold the property to the Winthrop Mills Company. In 1886 his eldest son became of age and, to give him a start in life, he pur- chased the grocery business of Newland Bishop, at Winthrop village, in which business he has ever since been engaged with marked suc- cess. The firm name is now Levi Jones & Son. His first wife died in 1863, leaving him no children. He was after- ward married to Mary, daughter of Joseph and Hannah Winslow, of Winthrop. He has four sons and one daughter by his second wife, all living at the present time. He has always been a consistent member of the Society of Friends, taking a prominent part in the management of the affairs of the church. He was also an influential member of the Young Men's Christian Association during its existence in Winthrop, being its president for six years, and spent much of his time in carrying on the work of the association. He has been active in the business affairs of the town, and was for some years chairman of the board of selectinen and assessors. In politics he was originally a whig, having cast his first presidential vote for Harrison and Tyler. Upon the formation of the republican party he entered its ranks and has steadily continued therein, holding a leading position, as his advice and counsel were constantly sought. For over twenty-five years he has been a director of the National Bank of Winthrop, and the fact that he has been chosen every year a member of the board appointed to examine its books, shows the esti- mate which is placed by those who know him upon his honesty and exactness. He was president of the Winthrop Savings Bank during all the years of its existence, and wisely managed the closing out business after the great robbery. Levi Jones has been a generous man, giving liberally to advance worthy causes and for the improvement of society, but in a quiet way, with no desire for public applause. In his mature age he is still an active man. He has put energy into everything he has undertaken, and has always mastered the business in which he was for the time engaged, not only showing ability for general management, but un- derstanding the minute details. His whole career is marked by faith- TOWN OF WINTHROP. f63 fulness, energy, uprightness and a just respect for his own opinion, which has won the respect of those who have known him and dealt with him. Success has not been thrust upon him, but he has worked carefully and faithfully and earned it and 'gained it. Many who have known him have found his advice and counsel wise and profitable, so that he has made himself a successful man and a useful citizen. William H. Keith, born in Auburn, Me., in 1832, is a son of Wil- liam and Beersheba Ann (Prock) Keith. He began shoe cutting when twenty years old and after four years began manufacturing shoes and continued until 1874, when his health failed and two years later he came to Winthrop and bought the Major Elijah Wood farm of 170 acres, where he has since lived. He was one year selectman and four years a member of the school board. While residing at Auburn he served as councilman and alderman. He married Serena H. Walker, and their children are: Florence Adell (Mrs. Ernest Hayford), Walter E. L., and one infant son that died. Horace Keyes, born at Souih Berwick, Me., in 1820, was a son of Samuel and Pheba (Shore)') Keyes and grandson of John Keyes. He was engaged in railroad work in Massachusetts from 1836 until 1872, when he came to Winthrop and has since been a farmer. His first wife, M. Ann Dunton, died leaving two children: Henry C. and Emma L. His second marriage, with Martha M., daughter of John Jones, was blessed with two children: H. Arthur and Alice E. Amasa D. King is the fifth of a family of eight, of Amasa and Me- hitable (Jacobs) King, and grandson of Samuel and Susanna (Brainard) King. He is a farmer on the place where his father and grandfather lived. He married Elizabeth Orcutt, who died leaving two children: Emma C. (Mrs. George Whiting) and Luella W. (Mrs. Lafayette Chandler). His present wife was Sarah R., daughter of Ephraim Sturtevant. Their only child is Harry E. Mr. King's mother, born in 1798, died in 1892. Benjamin F. King, born in 1S21, is one of ten children of Ben- jamin and Olive (Rice) King, and grandson of Samuel and Susanna (Brainard) King. He is a house joiner and farmer, having a place of twenty acres, which was a part of the farm of his father. His wife, who died in 1865, was|]Ann C, daughter of Noah Wing, of Wayne. Their only child, Olive, now Mrs. Henry P. Joy, lives with her father. Nelson N. Knight, born at North Wayne in 1825, is a son of Fran- cis and Martha J. (Norcross) Knight, and grandson of Amos Knight, who came from Falmouth, Me., to North Wayne prior to 1800. He was fourteen years in different places building and operating oil and candle factories, and was the first man to introduce the distillation process for the manufacture of candles, in Ohio. In 1861 he came to Winthrop and bought the place]vvhere[he has since been a farmer. He married Lucy A., daughter of Jesse Bishop. Their children are: Alice M., 864 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Jessie C. (Mrs. W. E. Moody), Lucy H. (Mrs. G. A. Thomas), and Nel- lie M. They lost two— George N. and Martha J. Seaward G. Lee, born in 1817 at Beverly, Mass., is a son of Seaward Lee. He learned the machinist trade, beginning at the age of seven- teen, and in 1841 came to Winthrop as superintendent of the cotton mill, and after a time bought an interest in the business and continued as superintendent of machinery until 1849, when he went to Califor- nia, where he spent four and a half years mining, then returned to Winthrop, where he has since lived. He married first, Eliza A. Water- house. His present wife was Mrs. Lucy C. Ramsdell, a daughter of Stephen W. Mitchell. Lewis K. Litchfield, son of Jacob and Mary Ann (Webb) Litchfield,, was born in 1831, at Lisbon, Me. He served in the late war— first in Company B, 1st New Hampshire, from April 29, 1861, for three months; then one year in the 5th New Hampshire Band. In Novem- ber, 1863, he reenlisted in Company L 2d Maine Cavalry, and served until the war closed. He was for five years assistant inspector of Commander's staff, G. A. R., Department of Maine, and has been five years secretary of the Kennebec County Grange, P. of H. He mar- ried Sarah B., daughter of Sewall and Polly Page, died December 4, 1891. Their children are: Charles J., Ida M. and Mary I., who died. Charles H. Longfellow, born in 1834, is the only son of Greene A., grandson of David, and great-grandson of Stephen Longfellow. He was employed in oilcloth making until 1870, when he bought the farm where he has since lived. He served in the late war from March, 1864, until the close, in the 1st Maine Battery. He married Emma E., daughter of Joseph S. Smith, of Hallowell. Their children are: Car- rie M. (Mrs. Herbert Healey), C. Everett, Sarah P. (Airs. Fred E. Wil- liams) and two that died — Lizzie P. and Alton S. George Adams Longfellow. ^The history of the Longfellow family in this country dates back more than two centuries. William Longfellow, the first of the name here, was born in the county of Hampshire, England, in 1651, came to this country in 1663, and set- tled in Newbury, Mass., as a merchant. In 1690 he was ensign of a company that embarked in the expedition of Sir William Phipps against Quebec and perished by shipwreck off the island of Anticosti,, in October of that year. His son, Stephen, was the first of six genera- tions of Stephen Longfellows. Stephen Longfellow, 4th, was the father of the great poet, Henry W. Longfellow. Stephen Longfel- low, 2d, had a brother, William, who was the great-grandfather of George A., the subject of this sketch. David Longfellow, the father of George A., came from Newbury, Mass., in 1812, and settled on the farm in Winthrop where he ever after resided until his death. On this farm was born George A., May 6, 1813, and here he has always lived. His mother's name was Su- ' "^^^^Is i /e^ifc. TOWN OF WINTHROP. 865 sanna Adams, a descendant of Robert Adams, tailor, from Devonshire, England, who came to Salem, Mass., in 1638, and to Newbury, Mass., in 1640, a member of the famous Adams family of Massachusetts. There were few opportunities afforded the farmers' boys in Mr. Long- fellow's boyhood days to acquire an education, compared with the present time. Nevertheless, by attending the district school, a mile or more from his home, in the winter season, and later Monmouth Academy, he fitted himself for a teacher and taught very .successfully for several years. He was engaged for several years selling oilcloths, when this great industry was yet in its infancy in Winthrop. For this purpose he traveled extensively throughout the United States. In November, 1841, he was united in marriage with Eveline Foster, of Phillips, Me., a woman of great worth and of most beauti- ful traits of character, the daughter of Isaac Foster, Esq.; and for more than fifty years now they have walked hand in hand the path- way of life. The prominent traits in his life and character have been his great attachment to his family and home, his rugged honesty, sterling integrity and great industry. His specialty in farming has been orcharding, in which he has been very successful. " Longfellow Russets " are noted throughout New England, being much sought after by dealers and always commanding highest prices. He has demonstrated that farming pays and has acquired a competence. Mr. Longfellow has always been honored and respected by every- body acquainted with him, as few men are honored and respected. Of a modest, retiring disposition, he has never sought political honors, and could rarely be prevailed upon to accept them; always a republi- can since the formation of that party, yet conservative and fair to those opposed to his political faith. He has been a member of the legislature and eleven consectutive years one of the selectmen and as- sessors of his native town. His proudest epitaph will be: " An honest man." In his family and domestic relations Mr. Longfellow has been peculiarly happy and fortunate. Five children have been born to him, of whom four are living: Henry W., a successful merchant in Boston; Walter B., a thrifty farmer residing in Farmingdale; Nellie M., wife of L. T. Carleton, the present county attorney of Kennebec county; and Alice H., Mrs. George N. Waugh, who with her husband lives on the old Longfellow homestead. Thus we see him in his declining years, in his typical New England home, surrounded by his children and grandchildren, with the love and respect of all, looking back over a long life, full of good works, and calmly welcoming the lengthening shadows. Alexander E. Mank, born in 1822, is the ninth child of a family of eleven, of Volentine and Mary (Surgus) Mank, and grandson of Peter 55 »bb HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Mank, who came from Germany to Waldoboro, Me., and died there at the ripe age of 100 years. His wife, Polly, died at the age of 102 years. Mr. Mank was a cooper by trade; he came to Winthrop in 1846 and bought a farm of Levi Jones, where he has since been en- gaged in agriculture, with the exception of seven years, during which he worked in oilcloth shops. His first wife, Clarissa J. Newbert, died leaving two daughters: Lenora (Mrs. R. M. Dexter) and Nellie M. (Mrs. Josiah Snell); they lost one daughter, Harriet. His second wife, Mrs. Abbie Richards, was a daughter of Luke and Rebecca (Melendy) Chandler, and granddaughter of Ebenezer Chandler. Their children are: Charles R. and an adopted daughter, Katie F. Richards. John F. Martin, born in Waldoboro, Me., in 1825, is a son of Gabrial Martin, who was a soldier in Napoleon's army. Gabrial Martin was taken prisoner by the English and was given the choice of remaining a prisoner or joining the English army. He chose the latter, but de- serted at the first opportunity, and finally settled in Waldoboro, Me. His wife was Catherine Kizer, who was born in Germany. John F. Martin came to Winthrop in 1833, with his father, and settled on the Benjamin Fairbanks farm. The house where he now lives was built in 1777. He married Kate Hammond and they have one son, Harold E., who married Mae Morrill, of Readfield, and is a farmer near his father. John Morrill, born in 1817, is the youngest and only survivor of eight children of Samuel and Dolly (Blake) Morrill, and grandson of Samuel Morrill, of Epping, N. H. He was a farmer until 1874, since which time he has lived in his present home — the Dr. Prescott Water Cure. He married Saphronia Bolles, who died leaving one daughter, Emily A. (Mrs. James Carson). His present wife, Melvina, is a daughter of Nathan Stevens. They have one daughter, Luretta A. (Mrs. W. F. Fairbanks). Charles E. Moore, who worked in the meat business in Waterville for some time, came to Winthrop in September, 1889, where he is now a farmer. He married for his second wife, Lizzie F., daughter of Franklin M. and Prudentia F. (Mills) Woodward, and granddaughter of Amos and Nancy Woodward. They have one son, Stanley A. Mr. Moore has two children by his first marriage: Charles Albert and Nancy S. J. Henry Moore, born in 1847, is a son of Joseph H. and Mary (Blaisdell) Moore, grandson of George, and great-grandson of George, whose father, William Moore, came from .England to Maine. Mr. Moore's father came to Winthrop in 1851, and bought the Levi Fair- banks farm of one hundred acres, now called Elmwood farm. Mr. Moore is a farmer and for the last twenty years has carried on a pri- vate dair}- for butter purposes. He was several years master of the Winthrop Grange, P. of H., and in January, 1891, was chosen master TOWN OF WINTHROP. »b7 of the County Grange. He was president of the Kennebec County Agricultural Society two years. He first married Etta, daughter of Thomas L. Stanton. She died leaving two children: Annie E. and Lottie L. His present wife is Stella, daughter of Lemuel Sumner. They have two children: Mary O. and Elsie L E. R. Packard, the only child of Simeon and Ruth (Leonard) Pack- ard, and grandson of Benjamin and Nancy (Richards) Packard, was born in 1857, and as early as 1865 he began to pay some attention to ■amateur printing, and from that time until 1880 he devoted some time to the craft. In November of that year he issued the first news- paper at East Winthrop, and the story of the Banner is told in Chap- ter X. Henry Packard.— The history of the Packard family in East Winthrop dates back to 1804, when Ebenezer Packard came from Bridgewater, Mass., and selected a piece of forest which he trans- formed into a home for him.self and his children. All the measure- ments of his character were fully up to the New England standard gauge of that day. Besides being a farmer he was a worker in iron, and turned the rainy days and long winter months to account in his shop, pounding out hand made nails — the only kind then known. These were sold to his neighbors and in many an old building they still do duty. No branch of his industries suffered for want of timely attention. He made the most of all his advantages, and no neighbors of his got larger returns from their soil. His judgment was quietly sought and his advice taken in many a secular matter. In religious matters he was also earnest and active, serving for many years as deacon of the Baptist church. His father and his grandfather each bore the name Ebenezer Pack- ard, and were among the solid families of old Bridgewater. The former, who was born there in 1749, married Content Holmes. Their ■eleven children were: Meletiah, Philip, Mary, Sarah, Ebenezer, Syl- vester, Rhoda, Ansel, Charles, Nancy and Content. Of these Ebenezer was born November 17, 1783, and died in Winthrop, December 20, 1879. He married Zeruah Phinney in 1806, and their fourteen chil- dren were: Charles (died young), Charles, Ann, Ebenezer, Nathan T., Sullivan, Eraeline, Mary H., Henry F. (died young), Henry, Sarah A., Jonathan and Albert (twins), and Albert H. Henry, the tenth of these children, born in Winthrop, November 19, 1822, received \i\s pro rata share of the attentions and advantages thatjthe parents of such a family were able to bestow. As he grew from boyhood^to manhood he attended the common school, the Sun- day school and the singing school. He became a thorough farmer, imbibing his father's tastes, learning his methods, and in time taking his place. Together they planted orchards, built houses and barns, ■and made lasting improvements. He found pleasure and profit in Bba HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. growing good stock, making a specialty of raising superior horses, in which line he was widely known. As an example of his thrift, it may be stated that he bought a farm in 1863, which paid for itself in three years. Few sons have the life-long advantage of a father's companion- ship and counsel, as did Henry, and fewer still have valued it as high- ly, or profited from it as much. From the same paternal source, by precept and example, he learned the habit of industry, the way of rectitude, and the principles of right living. That such lives should be successful is logical and natural. When industry and integrity fail, gravitation and the sunlight may well be doubted. Henry Pack- ard went even beyond his father, in untiring application to what he bad to do. The greatest criticism of those who knew him best, was that he made himself an incessant slave to hard work, but fortunately he had one hobby, one avenue of relaxation. He loved music, was a good singer, and for many winters taught old-fashioned singing school. His first wife, Caroline F. Waugh, and their child, Lizzie C, are deceased. In 1858 he married Mrs. Betsey (Snell) Howard, to whom was born March 30, 1861, their only child, Sumner Ellsworth. Henry Packard was the victim of a sunstroke, from the effects of which he died December 30, 1876. The old homestead, fraught with so many memories of the past, remains in the posession of his only son. Prob- ably the material inheritance is of less ultimate importance than the ancestors' intellectual and moral traits, which seem to have been trans- mitted, and are being developed in the present generations. Sumner E. Packard, in November, 1883, married Susie M. Foster, a daughter of Charles O. Foster, and a descendant of Timothy Foster, the first settler of Winthrop. Their only child, Harry E., was born October 24, 1884. Horatio M. Packard, farmer, born in 1840, is the eldest and only survivor of four children of Horatio R. and Eliza R. (Davenport) Packard, and grandson of Alden and Persis (Howard) Packard. He was a tanner and boot and shoe manufacturer in early life. He mar- ried Mary E., daughter of Silas W. Parlin. Their children are: Edgar L. (living), and Oscar M. (deceased). Sewall B. Page, one of eleven children of vSewall and Polly (White) Page, and grandson of Simon Page, who with his brother, Robert, came to Winthrop from Kensington, N. H., was born in 1813, and is a farmer. He married Emily D., daughter of Joseph and Jane (Mace) Morrill. Their children are: Charles H., Emma J. (Mrs. C. F. Davis), and Susie A. (Mrs. Willis Cobb). F. Herbert Parlin, born in 1851, is one of four children of Horace and Emeline (Packard) Parlin, and grandson of Silas Parlin. He re- ceived his education in the schools of Winthrop, the Waterville Classi- cal Institute, in 1873 graduated from Colby, and in 1880 graduated TOWN OF WINTHROP. boy from Harvard Law School. He married Nellie M., daughter of Wil- liam Nye, of Hallowell. Their children are: Gertrude L. and Horace A. Henry Penniman, born May 6, 1S34, at Quincy, Mass., is a son of Stephen, and grandson of Stephen Penniman. He came to Augusta in May, 1851, and in August of the same year came to Winthrop. After working four years at shoemaking, he kept a saloon five years. In April, 1861, he enlisted in Company K, 3d Maine, as orderly ser- geant, was promoted to second lieutenant, and in the fall of 1862 to first lieutenant. He was wounded at Fair Oaks and Gettysburg, and was discharged November 4, 1863. He has been a merchant and ■clothing manufacturer in Winthrop since 1863. He was three years selectman and was postmaster from January 1, 1887, until January 1, 1891. He married Mary W., daughter of Andrew P. Batchelder. Their children are: Edgar H., Mabel (Mrs. R. M. Keene), Maggie L. {Mrs. John Foster), and two that died — Mary and an infant son. Alanson Perry was born in Wayne in 1825, and is a farmer. In 1854 he bought a farm of sixty acres, and since that time has bought other lots until he now owns 260 acres. His first marriage was with Rhoda, daughter of John Perry. She died leaving three children: George E., John H. and Mary O., who died, His second wife, Ann, daughter of Jabez Plummer, died leaving one son, Albion S. His present wife was Mrs. Julia A. Gilman, daughter of Stephen Gordon. William H. Pettingill, son of Harvey Pettingill, vas born in 1832. He worked at oilcloth making until August 2, 1862, when he enlisted in Company K, 3d Maine, but was soon transferred to Company C, and in 1864 was transferred to Company F, 17th Maine, serving until June, 1865. Since the war he has been a shoemaker. Nathaniel R. Pike, born in 1815 in Fayette, is a son of Benjamin, who came from Amherst, N. H., to Fayette in 1788, with his father, Zachariah Pike. Mr. Pike was a moulder by trade from the age of twenty-one until 1870, since which he has been a farmer in Winthrop. He married Hannah W. Foster and their children are: Charles E., a dentist; George A., who is a farmer with his father; and Helen F. (Mrs. P. H.Snell) who died. George A. married Esther Lawrence and their children are: Emma L., Elsie J., Charles A., Sarah W., and one son that died, Walter. Charles E. married Sarah A. Lawrence, and has one child, George L. Noah Pinkham, one of ten children of Nicholas and Alice (Parker) Pinkham, was born in Litchfield in 1820. His grandfather, Nicholas Pinkham, lived in Durham, Me. Mr. Pinkham was a blacksmith in West Gardiner until 1866, when he came to Winthrop Centre, where ■ he has been a blacksmith and farmer. He married Eunice B., daughter of William and Eunice (Briggs) Farr. Their children are: Allen W., Ada C, Herbert E. and P. Ella. 870 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Avery Pitts came to Winthrop soon after 1800 and built a black- smith shop where the Congregational vestry stands, where he worked at his trade the balance of his life. His twin sons, John A. and Hiram A., became noted machinists. About 1832 Hiram A., patented an end- less chain horse power, and in 1835 invented and caused to be made the first grain thresher and separator combined ever in existence. After a few separators had been made for the Pitts Brothers, John A. went to Buffalo in 1838 and Hiram A. went to Chicago in 1840. Prof. Frederic Weston Plummer, son of William and Eliza B. (Tenney) Plummer, grandson of Thomas J., and great-grandson of William Plummer, of Auburn. Me., was born March 7, 1867. After three years in the Edward Little High School at Auburn, he received the appointment to the United States Military Academy at West Point, to which he was admitted in 1886. He resigned on account of ill health in 1887 and entered Bates College— graduating in 1891. He became principal of the Winthrop High .School the same year, and was married April 12, 1892, to Nellie E. Nowell, of Topsham, Me. Cyrus S. Robbins, born in 1828, was a son of Benjamin and Sybil (Foster) Robbins, and grandson of Asa Robbins. Mr. Robbins mar- ried Mary L., daughter of Hiram and Louisa (Case) Rockwood. Their seven children are: Annie M. (Mrs. C. E. Wells), M. Alice, Emma F. (Mrs. Herbert Goddard), Mabel S., Olive L., C. Albert and Margaret S. Mr. Robbins was a farmer. He died in 1880, and since that time Mrs. Robbins has carried on the farm of 120 acres. She keeps a herd of Jersey cows, and devotes her attention to butter making. She has exhibited the Robbinsdale farm herd and butter at several agricul- tural fairs and expositions, and has several times carried away the first premiums. Jacob B. Robbins is a son of Aquilla and Sarah (Bailey) Robbins, grandson of Daniel, and great-grandson of Asa Robbins, who came from Walpole, Mass., to Winthrop. Mr. Robbins married Philena B. Briggs and had three children: Daniel C, Charles E. and Elbridge A. Mr. Robbins bought the original Timothy Foster farm in 1847,, where he and his eldest son, Daniel C, have been farmers. Daniel C. was born in 1840 and was educated in the schools of the town, at Kents Hill, Oak Grove Seminary, Vassalboro, and at Waterville. He has taught sixteen terms of school. He married Emma A., daughter of Sullivan Kilbreth, of Manchester, and has one daughter, H. Eu- genia. Henry Robie is a son of Henry and Mary (Folsom) Robie, who came from Guilford, N. H., to Monmouth, where Henry, sen., died in 1874. Mr. Robie was a manufacturer until 1857, when he came to Winthrop and bought the farm where he has since lived. He married Olive A.,, daughter of James and Hannah (Stevens) Sanborn. Their two chil- dren were: James H., who died, and Fred C, who married Nellie A. TOWN OF WINTHROP. 871 Townsend, of South Orange, N. J., and is a farmer with his father. He has devoted some attention to teaching and playing band music. He is a member of the board of selectmen. Hiram Rockwood, born in 1834, in Readfield, is the only son of Hiram, and grandson of John Rockwood, who died in Belgrade at the age of one hundred years. His maternal grandfather was Rev. Isaac Case. Mr. Rockwood came to Winthrop in 1869 and bought his pres- ent home — a part of the old Fairbanks farm. He married Ellen F., daughter of Leonard Johnson, of Readfield, and their children are: Nellie F. and Willard H. Patrick Henry Snell, born in 1832, is the youngest of thirteen chil- dren of John Elliott and Anna (Follett) Snell, and grandson of Elijah Snell. He was for twenty years a shoemaker, and has since been a farmer. He served three years in the late war from June, 1861, in Company K, 3d Maine. He was selectman three years. His first wife was Francena, daughter of Sands Bailey. His second wife was Helen F., daughter of Nathaniel R. Pike, who died leaving one son, John E. John E. Snow, bdrn in 1858, is the youngest child and only son of John P. and Elvira S. (Gott) Snow, grandson of Joseph and Rebecca (Paine) Snow, and great-grandson of Benjamin Snow. He became in- terested in the Wintlirop Banner in November, 1889. Prior to that he had been in a Boston printing house two years. Several years ago he bought a foot power press and did some job work in Winthrop, and later sold it to Mr. Packard, and the first four numbers of the Winthrop Banner were printed on it. John A. Stanley, only son of Albert F. and Mahala A. M. (Brans- comb) Stanley, and grandson of John Stanley, is the editor and pub- lisher of the Winthrop Budget, as mentioned in Chapter X. His father was a graduate of Bowdoin Medical School, and after practicing twelve years in Dixfield, Me., came to Winthrop in 1843, where he died in 1867. Mr. Stanley has three sisters living: Juliet M. (Mrs. Dr. I. P. Warren), Mary M. (Mrs. John Gower) and Jane Elizabeth. Orrin E. Stanley is the son of Charles, grandson of Morrell, and great-grandson of Aden Stanley, a revolutionary soldier, who came from Massachusetts to Winthrop in 1795 and bought the farm on which have lived, and began the business which all the persons named have followed — that of wagon making. Aden had one daugh- ter, Eunice, and two sons, Lemuel and Morrell. The latter, for his second wife, married Charlotte Gillman, and had children: Henry A., Charles, Milton and Polly A. Charles was born in 1826, married Kate Wing in 1856, and had children: Orrin E., born in 1857; Hattie A., Nellie D., Henry M. and Cora H. Orrin E. Stanley married Kate O'Neal, of Readfield, in 1890. Charles B. Stanton, farmer, born in 1848, is a son of Thomas L. and grandson of Aaron Stanton, jun., who was born in Coventry, 872 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. England, and there learned the business of tape and webbing maker. He was in the British army in the war of 1812 and deserted while in a New England port, and came to Hallowell, where he married Olive Moulton, and there began to make machinery from memory for the manufacture of tape and webbing. After a short time he came to North Monmouth, where he continued in the manufacture of tape and webbing until his death in 1837, when his only son succeeded him and continued the business until about 1875. Charles B. Stanton married Mittie A., daughter of Hiram and Julia (Dexter) Ladd, and granddaughter of Simeon Ladd. They have two children: Charles A. and Etta Blanche. Charles M. Thomas, born in 1845, is one of seven children of Lloyd and Elizabeth Thomas, and grandson of Captain Hushai Thomas, who came to Winthrop from Middleboro, Mass. His maternal grandfather was Dr. Peleg Benson, who was for many years a physician of Win- throp. Mr. Thomas is a farmer, as was his father. He married Abbie, daughter of Captain Amos Wheeler, and their children are: Charles E., William L., Ray W. and Martha E. Ferdinand Tinker came to Winthrop in 1868 and became a builder, contractor and lumber merchant, which he has followed for the past twenty years. Ferdinand Tinker, his father, was born in Ellsworth, Me., in 1801, and married Hannah H. Pineo, of Machias, Me. Of their thirteen children — six boys and seven girls— Ferdinand, the eldest, was born July 25, 1829, at St. Stephens, N. B. His first wife was El- mira J. Scofield; they settled in Baring, Me., where he followed his trade as a millwright. Their four children were:'Georgianna, Abbie, Charles and Fred V. His second wife was Elvira Snow, and in 1887 he married his third wife, Delphina Woodman, of Roxbury, Mass. John Jay Tinkham, son of Joseph and Bathiah (Waterman) Tink- ham, and grandson of John Tinkham, was born in 1811. He was a farmer until 1881. His farm was one which his father bought in 1812, and where he lived until 1853, when he moved to the village, where he died in 1870. John Jay married Mary S., daughter of Eben Blake. Harrison Warner, born in 1816, in Jay, Me., is a son of Benjamin and Alice (Austin) Warner. He is a painter and farmer, and has lived in Winthrop since 1850. He married Julia Jackson, who died leaving five children, three of whom are now living: Ellen, John and Frank. He married in 1876, Mary A., daughter of Samuel G. and Arabella (Haines) Stanley. Her father was a physician, practicing in Strong, Farmington, Phillips and Weld. He died in 1875, having been a farmer the last few years of his life. He was a graduate of Brown LTniversity. Mrs. Warner had taught sixteen terms of school before her marriage. David Webster, born in Rome, Me., in 1826, is a son of David and Mary (Allen) Webster. He was a farmer until 1863, when he came TOWN OF WINTHROP. 873 to Winthrop, and since that time lias been night watchman in the oil- cloth works. He married Asenath, daughter of Thomas Tracy, and their children are: Thomas D., Almena A. and Grace M. Drewry N. White, farmer, son of James and Nancy (Kenney) White, came to Winthrop in 1869, from Dixfield, Me., where he was born in 1822. He married Sarah Wyman, who died leaving ihree children: Wallace R., Ella A. (Mrs. A. A. Small), and William N. His present wife was Nancy Bisbee. Charles F. Whiting, born in 1827, was a son of Jonathan and Amelia (White) Whiting. He was a farmer until his death in 1878, and since that time his widow and sons have run the farm. He mar- ried Sarah M., daughter of Francis and Hannah (Wadsworth) Fuller. Their children are: Etta A. (Mrs. M. B. Hewitt), Edwin A., G. Walter, and one that died, Charlie F. Henry Winslow, born in Falmouth, Me., in 1828, is one of a family of six, of Joseph and Hannah (Briggs) Winslow. Joseph came to Winthrop in 1841, where he was a farmer until his death in 1878. Mr. Winslow's business is that of block maker for the oilcloth works, and since 1857 he has run a shop and nearly all the time employs a num- ber of hands at the work. His first marriage was with Mary D., daughter of Rev. Isaiah P. Rogers. His present wife was Mrs. Mary G. Maxfield, daughter of Albert Hussey. Samuel M. Witham, son of John and Catherine (Moody) Witham, was born at Bingham, Me., in 1835, and lived in various places in Maine until 1880, when he came to Winthrop where he is a farmer. He served in the late war from January, 1863, to July, 1865, in Com- pany E, 1st Maine Cavalry. His first marriage was with Oria E. Prentiss, who died leaving one daughter, Mary E. His second mar- riage was with Sarah M.. daughter of Joel and Lucy (Keene) White, and granddaughter of Joel White, who came from Dedham, Mass., to Winthrop in 1784, and settled near where Mr. Witham now lives. Mr. Witham's mother was a daughter of Samuel Moody, of Ossipee, N. H. Charles D. Wood, born in Bath, Me., in 1851, is a son of Captain James N. Wood. He came to Winthrop in 1875 and the following year began mercantile trade here, and has continued it since that time. He sold the grocery department in 1883, and has since done a grain business alone. He was agent for the American Express Com- pany here from 1883 until January 1, 1891, and since that date he has been postmaster. He served two years as selectman, has been six years chairman of the republican town committee, and four years chairman of the republican county committee. He married Mary H. Bird, of Rockland, Me. They have six children. Elliott Wood, born July 21, 1844, is the only child of Lewis and _Ann A. (Snell) Wood, and grandson of Elijah and Sarah (Clififord) 874 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Wood. Mr. Wood has been for a few years engaged in mercantile trade. He has been selectman nine years, six of which he has been chairman of the board. He was postmaster from March, 1881, until January, 1887: represented his district in the legislature of 1879; in 1887 and 1888 was a member of the governor's council, and in 1889 was postmaster in the United States Senate, which ofBce he resigned after one year's service. In August, 1892," he was nominated for state senator. His wife is Rufina, daughter of Courier Brown. They have one daughter, Abbie E., and lost one son, Lewis Elliott. Fred M. Wood, born in 1863, is the only son of John C. and Julia (Hanscomb) Wood, and grandson of John, who with his father, An- drew Wood, came from Middleboro, Mass., to Winthrop. Mr. Wood's father died in 1887, aged fifty-seven years, and since that time he has carried on the farm. He has four sisters; Florence, Alice, Dora and Mary. He married Nettie L., daughter of Nathan Kimball, and their children are: John C, Julia M. and Ruth M. John G. Yeaton, born in Belgrade in 1846, is a son of John and Ruth B. (Oilman) Yeaton, and grandson of Jonathan Yeaton. He has been engaged in oilcloth making and various business enterprises, and in October, 1883, bought the meat business which he has since run in connection with other matters. He married Ruth A., daughter of Frank E. Brainard, and their only child, Edna ^I., died. CHAPTER XXXIII. TOWN OF MANCHESTER. Territory embraced. — Settlers in South. — Saw Mills. — Incorporation Act.^ Change to present Name.— Settlers in Other Parts.— Surface.— Mills and Tanneries.— Post Office.— Present Village.— Lyon's Mill.— Cider Mills. — Granite Quarries.— Pleasure Resorts.— Civil History.— Schools.— Ecclesiasti- cal.— Cemeteries. — Personal Paragraphs. THE territory embraced within the present town of Manchester, although more recently incorporated, was settled contempora- neously with Winthrop, Readfield and other surrounding towns. Those who settled early followed the trails from the river, by blazed trees. Joseph Wingate .settled opposite the Friends' meeting house, on the pond road. His brother, Frederick Wingate, settled below the meeting house, on the farm of the late R. W. Smart. Alvah Wads- worth located where Joshua Brown lives, and opposite— where widow Mary C. Hawks lives — Daniel Haines first settled. Isaac Hawkes set- tled where I. W. Hawkes lives; and next south, on the Loren Fan- place, Payne Wingate .settled. vSouth of the last, Elijah Farr made his settlement, where his son's widow, Sylvia, now resides. Wingate Haines made his first clearing where Otis Foster is, and Joseph Patti- son was the settler on the Proctor Sampson farm. The farm just below, rented by Thomas Douglass, was settled by William Hopkins. The farm of Willis H. Wing was cleared by Proctor Sampson, but Daniel Magoon had been permitted to make a clearing and reside there till a sale was made. Where Mark Osborne lives Jacob Sampson set- tled, and next south, where E. R. Mayo lives, George Collins located. Where Christopher C. Bowman resides, Thomas Farr settled. Next south was the settlement of Ebenezer Bailey — where Thomas Sinclair lives. Benjamin Howard settled the farm now owned by his son, Benjamin, and where the outlet house stands was early occupied by James Pullen. Across the outlet, where Mrs. Meady lives, was the old settler Job Douglass; and next to his clearing, and opposite on the road, was the pioneer, Timothy Bailey, accompanied by his son, Isaac. A man named Sawyer settled next to Bailey, about where Mrs. Bush lives; and next south was Isaac Haskell — the first on the place. Op- posite the last, where Fred Spear now owns and lives, Paul Collins was the first settler, occupying to the present town line of West Gardiner. 876 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. The pond road, along which the foregoing settlers located, was a chosen part of the town. No mill could be built at the outlet, for Doc- tor Gardiner, who owned the land, reserved all rights to the north bank of the outlet stream. It will be remembered that some of the original lots in Gardiner and Farmingdale were a mile wide, and ex- tended westerly to Cobbosseecontee great pond. The Vaughn tract was one of these great lots, and the farm in Manchester now owned and occupied by Proctor Sampson was taken from the northwest cor- ner of that tract. On the road leading to Gardiner, along the outlet, other settlers lo- cated. The first was Braddock Hathaway, where the buildings were subsequently burned; opposite him was Asa Benson — a large land- holder— on the site now occupied by his son's widow, Julia Benson. On the opposite side, Andrew Hutchinson settled where Charles Nick- erson is. Israel Hutchinson settled opposite his brother — where Jo- seph Spear lives. On the road leading to Hallowell over Meadow hill, and next to the farm of Willis H. Wing, is the Hopkins farm, settled by David Mogan; and where George Wadsworth owns, opposite the Hopkins farm, Samuel Dunn first made his clearing. Where David Douglass lives was settled by Wingate Haines, who sold out his betterment on the pond road and started again. Opposite the last, where the Wilder farm is, Henry Wilder early purchased of a man named Cogswell, who had made a clearing. Samuel Dunn sold his farm on the pond road, and settled where Leonard Dearborn lives, and where Lindley Pinkham lives Noah Pinkham was the first settler. These settlers of the southern part of the present Manchester being but a few miles from the mills at Gardiner — which had become a con- siderable place — were not compelled to undergo such hardships as be- fell the earlier settlers in the more remote plantations. The only saw. mnll in the south part of the town was built in 1848 by Proctor Sampson, on the brook that runs through Willis H. Wing's farm. He ran it a few years, and sold to Sands Wing, who after a short time sold to Joseph Spear. He took it down and used it in the erection of a mill down the outlet out of the town. The town was erected August 12, 1850, from Augusta, Hallowell, Litchfield, Readfield and Winthrop. The text of the act as passed was: " Beginning on the north line of Augusta and on the west line of a gore at the end of the third mile from Kennebec river, thence south- erly on the west line of said gore to land of Bethiah Knowles, thence easterly on the north line of Knowles' land to land of Sewell Longfel- low, thence to the east line of said gore, thence southerly on the east line of said Longfellow's to land of William Goldthwait, easterly on the north line of said Goldthwait to the northeast corner of said Gold- thwait's land, thence southerly on the east line of said Goldthwait and TOWN OF MANCHESTER. 877 on the line of land owned by Timothy Goldthwait, jun., to the land of the late Salmon Rockwood, thence easterly on the south line of said Rockvvood to said Rockwood's northeast corner, thence southerly to the northwest corner of land owned by Peter Atherton in Hallowell, thence southerly to the southwest corner of a piece of land which Dr. Elias Weld conveyed to Win.slow Hawkes. thence southwesterly until it strikes Jimmey's stream at the point where it intersects the north line of the great five-mile lot number twenty-two, as surveyed by Solomon Adams, thence along said stream to Jimmey's pond, thence down said pond to the outlet, thence following the outlet of said pond to Hutchinson's pond, thence S. 22tV'' W. to the south line of Hallowell, thence westerly on the south line of Hallowell until it strikes Gardi- ner stream and across said stream to the south line of land owned by John Collins in Litchfield, thence westerly on the south line of said Collins' land and by that line extended until it strikes a point in Win- throp pond due southwest of the S. E. corner of land owned by Fran- cis Fuller, in Winthrop, thence running due northeast to said south- east corner of said Fuller's land, thence northerly on the east line of said Fuller's land, thence by the east line of Capt. Shaw's land to Richards pond, thence across said pond to the west line of land owned by Samuel Richards on the north line of said pond, thence northerly on the west line of land owned by Oren Brainard, and also by the west line of land formerly owned by James Brainard to land owned by Elisha Case in Readfield, thence westerly on the south line of said Case to said Case's southwest corner, thence northerly on said Case's west line to the land of J. Whiting Winslow, thence northerly on the west line of said Winslow's land to .said Winslow's northwest corner, thence easterly to land of the widow Carr, thence northerly on the west line of said Carr and the west line of land owned by the_ widow Adams, William Taylor, Joseph Knowles, Eliab Lyon jun.,* Elisha Prescott, Stephen Hill and William Hill, to the north line of Read- field, thence easterly on the north line of Readfield to the southwest corner of Augusta, thence easterly on the north line of Augu.sta to the bounds first mentioned be and hereby is incorporated into a town by the name of Kennebec." The remainder of the act provided for the poor within the limits of the new town, and placed the town in the representative district with Readfield and Fayette. The territory included the post office known as Hallowell Cross Roads, and after the incorporation of the town as Kennebec, the mail matter frequently addressed to the town was so miscarried to Kenne- bunk at the south that the legislature was petitioned to change the name of the town from Kennebec to Manchester, which was done April 15, 1854, and in 1856 the post office was changed to the same name. The northern portion of the town was not as early settled as those portions along the pond road in the south, which had belonged to Hallowell. On the Augusta road, where Frank J. Hewins lives, Eben Hewins settled. On the Hallowell road, where George H. Kilbreth lives, Isaac Wadsworth settled. Near by, where Isaac Varney dwells, 878 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. was the first settlement of Samuel Stevens, and just beyond was the clearing of Colonel Francis Norris — now owned by Mr. Sanborn, and rented by Josiah Gray. On the Mt. Vernon road, on the farm now owned by Joseph Fifield, Nathaniel Levering first se'.tled, and opened a tavern. John Day set- tled on the Readfield road, where Helen Freeman resides; and next above, where Albert Daggett lives, John Morrill was the settler. Where Jacob Pope resides, George Waterhouse made his first clear- ing. The ancestors of Charles Wing settled the place occupied by him. On the Winthrop road, where E. L. Eaton lives, William Wins- low settled; and opposite Eaton's, where Bradford Boynton resides, Samuel Merrill settled. The L. H. Hammond farm was settled by a man named Brainard. This territory was well settled during the first half of the present century, and many residents were compelled to go several miles to the surrounding towns to the town meetings. This fact and the objec- tions of some to being included in the two adjoining cities, then being chartered, led to a separate municipality of the present form. It is ten miles long and three wide, the line between it and Winthrop be- ing the center of Cobbosseecontee great pond. Jimmey pond and Hutchinson pond are between this town and Farmingdale, while Shed pond is wholly within the town, near the Readfield line. A broad valley at the head of Cobbosseecontee great pond stretches across the town, extending northerly nearly to the Belgrade and Sidney lines. The eastern edge of the town, along the Augusta, Hallowell and Farm- ingdale lines, is hilly and broken. The western edge of the town, along the Readfield line, is high: while the southern border, along the West Gardiner line, is the lowest land of the town. No heavy water powers exist, consequently large mills have been the exception. A small saw mill was built in the Fifield neighbor- hood, where Edward Bowman lives, and William Thomas operated the mill; he also put in a small tannery, which was more within the power of the stream. Samuel Cummings had a saw mill on the brook on the Frank Hewins farm. The old post office, established January 1, 1818, as Hallowell Cross Roads, was kept in the Grinnell tavern by the proprietor, Jesse Rob- inson, who was appointed the postmaster. He was succeeded in April, 1830, by Samuel Quimby. The succeeding postmasters, with the year of their appointment, were: September, 1830, Thomas Phillips; Au- gust, 1834, Lorain M. Judkins; 1838, Jabez Churchill; 1845. Erastus Shepard Loomis; February, 1853, Abraham L Thing; June, 1853, Darius Lewis; 1854, Erastus S. Loomis; 1850, Joseph B. Haines; May 28, 1856, the name of the office was changed to Manchester and Wil- liam A. Sampson was appointed postmaster; 1859, Alden Sampson; TOWN OF MANCHESTER. 879 1864, Isaac N. Wadsworth; 1868, Elbridge M. Boynton; 1875, Jesse L. Wood; 1889, George H. Kilbreth; 1890, Augustus M. Bowman. About 1857 Alden Sampson built and opened a store (now Jesse L. Woods') and the office was removed there, where it has since been kept. This one post office has supplied the town. The old Robinson tavern was only one of three. Thomas Phillips opened a tavern nearly opposite the present store, but sold it when he rented the Robinson tavern. The present village, where the store and office is, was locally known as Hallowell Forks, before Manchester was incorporated. John MuUiken settled just east of where the only store stands. Fran- cis Day was an old settler on the Read field road, opposite the old hotel, now George C. Grinnell's residence. Samuel Weston came in 1805, settling where N. C. Weston lives. Where the large two-story tene- ment house is, oppsite George C. Grinnell's, Daniel Day settled in 1793. Many years ago Alton Pope started a carpet factory, which was sold to Alden Sampson. This was on the farm of. E. L. Norcross. Joseph Ham carried on an old tannery with a shoe shop on the vil- lage brook, near where Noah F. Weeks lives. No industry of any importance is now carried on in the village, which lies in the broad slope at the head of Cobbosseecontee great pond, and could at least be made an attractive summer resort. In April, 1884, Fred L. Hewins and Lovicount S. Lyon, as partners, erected a saw mill in the northeast part of the town. The power is furnished by a forty-five horse power engine, to run circular saw, planer and shingle machine. Lath, pickets, flooring and boxes are also manufactured. The mill is cutting about 300,000 feet of lumber as custom work, and the owner is converting a half million feet of his own logs into lumber each year. In April, 1886, the firm of Hewins & Lyon was dissolved, and since that time the business has been owned and carried on by Mr. Lyon. There are several good cider mills, for the town has many large orchards. The cultivation of apple orchards has received especial at- tention, and with substantial results. Another feature of the farming is the keeping of good stock. The granite quarries are an important industry of the town. The Central Granite Company, Joseph Arche, proprietor, is located in the east edge of the town, and near the Hallowell Granite Works, both of which are more particularly mentioned at page 184. At the head of the pond, and near the village, is the beautiful pine grove known as Hammond's Grove. In 1879 L. H. Hammond erected several cottages, allowed others to build, and built a cafe on the grounds. He kept boats for pleasure, and the lovely spot has grown into distinction as a healthful summer resort. In the spring of 1891 ■Colonel Farrington and others leased the grove conditional to pur- 880 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. chasing, which should lead to the laying out and building up of a cottage city with a large hotel. Manchester, along the great pond, includes already some fine resorts, and bids fair to win a prominent place in the county as a retreat for health and recreation. Several neat cottages have been erected on the Cobbossee shores by Augusta gentlemen. The artist's glimpse at this east shore, as seen from the western or Winthrop side, gives to the reader a hint of the pretty shore and the rolling lands of the town still eastward. Civil History.— Since the formation of the town the usual town meetings, with occasional special meetings, have been regularly held. The territory of the Hallowell Granite Works was originally incor- porated in the town of Manchester, but a few years ago the granite company sought to have it annexed to Hallowell, in order that the roads might be kept to please the company. This was a measure that the people of Manchester strenuously opposed; but the interests of Hallowell prevailed, and the large quarry of the Hallowell Granite Works was added to the city. In 1852 the sum of $450 was raised and used in making a town hall over the school house then being built. In this hall the town meetings have since been held. In 1875 the town added to the hall a suitable office for the convenience of its offi- cers. The poor fund voted annually is judiciously distributed; those whollv dependent on the town have been placed in private families for keeping. The affairs of the municipality are in good condition, and care is taken to elect the most conservative and careful to office. The Selectmen have been as follows (the dates preceding the names show the years of first election, and if the same man was again elected the whole number of years of service is indicated): 1850, Eliab Lyon,. 4, Isaac Wadsworth, 10, and Albert Daggett, 4; 1851, Richard M. Pinkham; 1852, Henry G. Cole, 3; 1853, Enoch Wood, 11, and lames M. Allen, 2; 1854, Proctor Sampson, 6; 1855, John Prescott, 4; TOWN OF MANCHESTER. 881 1858, Paine Wingate, 2: 1859, Carpenter Winslow, 2: 1861, Sullivan Kilbreth, 7, and Jacob Pope, 5; 1864, William P. Merrill, 3; 1866, Dan- iel S. Goldthwaite, 3; 1867, Isaiah Jones; 1868, I. Warren Hawkes, 9; 1869, Albert Daggett, jun., 2; 1870, Henry A. Caldwell, 2; 1872, Rob- ert T. Hopkins, 2: 1873, Hiram S. Young, 3; 1876, Albert Knowles, 4; 1877, Charles S. Pope, 6; 1879, Willis H. Wing, 7; 1881, George H. Kilbreth, 3; 1882, Edwin Caldwell; 1883, Frank J. Hewins, 8; 1884, Lindley H. Hammond. 5; 1885. Thomas E. Jackson, 4; 1890, Alfred W. Hawkes; 1891, Joseph G. Sampson, 2; 1892, O. J. Foster. The Town Clerks, with date of commencement of each man's ser- vice, have been: 1850, Isaac N. Wadsworth; 1852, Thomas J. Smith; 1854, Sullivan Kilbreth; 1861, Francis E. Wood; 1863, Jacob B. Thomas; 1865, William P. ^Merrill; 1866, Daniel S. Goldthwaite; 1867, William P. Merrill; 1870, Charles S. Pope; and since 1871, George H. Kil- breth. The Town Treasurers have been: 1850, Jacob Pope; 1851, Thomas J. Smith; 1854, Asa Morrell; 1860, Isaac Wadsworth; 1861, Asa Mor- rell; 1866, Jacob Pope; 1867, Proctor Sampson; 1870, William P. Mor- rell; 1873, Charles F. Hewins; 1875, Charles S. Pope; 1876, Charles F. Hewins; 1880, Joseph G. Sampson; 1890, James T. Collins; and 1891, 1892, Wallace M. Prescott. Schools.— The parts of districts of other towns thrown together by the act of incorporation required immediate attention, and at the first regular town meeting the town was carefully divided into seven school districts, which, with the occasional change of a family for more mutual accommodation, is the present division. Five hundred dollars was the first sum voted; the amount has been annually in- creased as circumstances demanded. Since 1874 the office of school supervisor has been filled in the town, and the result has been bene- ficial. About this time a high school was instituted, and, since, a free high school has been supported two terms a year, one at school house No. 6 and one at the village. This, with the town system of uniform books, has raised the schools to a high standard. In 1891, after a trial. Prof. Elijah Cook, A.M., with I. L. Pope, as- sistant principal, opened the Kennebec Home School for Boys. The long experience of the teachers, the rural beauty of the village, and the inducements of the pleasant home should make this a chosen spot for the education of young men. Ecclesiastical. — The Friends, who were among the first to estab- lish public worship in the town, have their meeting house on the pond road. The Baptist Society of Manchester was organized in 1792, May 10th, as the Baptist Church of Readfield, with the Rev. Isaac Case as pastor. The church edifice was built in 1793, near the old burying ground in Readfield, and in the chapter on Readfield the bOiJ HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. early history of this society will be found. After it was removed, in 1838, to its present site in Manchester, the society was strong and prosperous, but for the past few years has not sustained a regular pastor. Rev. William Smith, during whose pastorate the removal oc- curred, remained until 1841, and Robert C. Starr preached in 1842, 1843; Lucius Packard filled the desk to 1845, since when supplies have been employed, except for a few years after 1860, when S. D. Rich- ardson was settled. Among the supplies were: Rev. Eliphalet Smith, William Goding, Henry Kendall, Benjamin Cole, Joseph Palmer, John Benter and William Johnson. The Union Church is a plain edifice, erected in 1833, in the village. It was built for the use of all societies, but during the first few years the Baptists occupied it almost exclusively. Occasional services only are held there now. Cemeteries. — A large town cemetery is in use just out of the vil- lage, on the Augusta road, and is kept in order by the municipality. The Friends' burying ground is near their church — a little distance in the rear — on the pond road. A beautiful cemetery, walled in, is in use by the Baptist church in the west part of the town. Here rest the ashes of some of the settlers of the town, and especially those of the northwestern part. Eliab Lyon died in 1849, aged 86. He settled where W. H. Lyon lives, in 1784. His son, Eliab, born 1797, died 1882; Sanborn T. Fifield, born 1808, died 1878; Dea. William Thomas died 1855, aged 65 years; Brimsley Caldwell died 1869, aged 82 years; Jon- athan Knowles died 1871, aged 78 years; and Joseph Knowles died 1874, aged 74 years. On the largest monument in the grounds is written, " David Sanford, 1806-1849." In the very northwestern cor- ner of the town, near the Belgrade line, is a small ground, well cared for but not much used. PERSONAL PARAGRAPHS. Joseph Arche, born in Spain in 1835, spent his life until 1865 in Cuba, and came f i-om there to the United States. He worked ten years at Westerly, R. I., from 1875 to 1885 was sculptor for the Hallowell Granite Company, and in August, 1885, he opened a quarry in Man- chester, where he cuts both ornamental and monumental work. His wife was Mary O. Conol. They have one son, John F. Arche. Martin Caldwell, born in 1843, is one of five children of Henry A. and Ruth (Smith) Caldwell, and a descendant of Stephen and Abigail (Low) Caldwell, who came from Ipswich, Mass.. and settled in Man- chester. Mr. Caldwell spent twelve years in the West, then returned to the northern part of Maine, where he had been six years, when in 1887 he came back to Manchester, where he is a farmer. He married Marie, daughter of Luke and ]\Iary (Caldwell) Dinsmore. She and her parents were born in Anson, Me., and afterward resided at Solon, Me. TOWN OF .\tANCHESTER. 883 Joseph W. Emery, born in 1849 at Waterville, is a son of Joseph and Mary (Baldic) Emery. He is a stone cutter by trade, and has worked for the Hallowell Granite Company since 1869. In 1875 he bought the Samuel Collins farm at the outlet of Cobbosseecontee lake, where he has since kept the Lake House as a summer hotel. He mar- ried Annie M. Tibbets and has one son, Charlie G. Joseph .S. Fifield.— John Fifield was born in Deerfield, N. H., in 1804. He was a son of Sanborn, and a grandson of Joseph and Eliza- beth (Sanborn) Fifield. John left New Hampshire in 1826 to seek his fortune in the Pine Tree state. He came to Augusta, after he was married to Margaret, a daughter of David Hall, of Chester, N. H. This union was blessed with four children: Eliza S. (Mrs. Albion Nutting), Sarah A. (Mrs. H. S. Roberts), Joseph S.. and a deceased daughter, Mary. Joseph S., the only son, was born on the home farm in Augusta, April 9, 18B7. Here he spent his boyhood, attending the public P^?^-s- mr^zmmf. .->^ ..^"".i' ^r. schools of that city. At an early age he manifested a natural taste for business, foreshadowing subsequent success, and at the age of fourteen he began to buy stock, slaughtering and selling to the local traders. This early venture proved successful and, with the exception of three years, has made a part of his large business operations since that time. He resided with his parents in Augusta until his father sold his farm there in 1868. In the fall of that year Mr. Fifield purchased 160 acres of his present home farm in Manchester, of Nathaniel Lovering- He has added to his farm by subsequent purchases, until he now has a farm of 300 acres. It is fair to state that his farm operations are second to none in Manchester. The care, earnestness and persever- ance which characterized his early beginnings, coupled with that well directed purpose of more mature years, make his success as a business man and agriculturist a most natural and rational conclusion. oS4 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. February 27, 1870, he married Lucy, a daughter of the late Ithiel Knowles, of Manchester, and granddaughter of Elisha and Margaret Knowles. To them have been born four children: Alice H., Ida C, Grace L. and Herbert J. In the meridian of his life, surrounded by a happy family, he resides in his beautiful country home, in the midst of one of Maine's prettiest rural communities. George L. Fifield, born in 1826, is a son of John and Sarah (Gilman) Fifield, whose children were: Rufus, John A., Eliza, William, Hannah, Sarah, Mary, George L. and Abbie B. George L. is a farmer, owning and occupying the homestead of his father. He married Huldah A., daughter of Richard H. Gilman, and they have two sons: Fred L. and John R. Mr. Fifield's grandfather, Joseph Fifield, of New Hamp- shire, married Elizabeth Sanborn, and their children were: Sanborn, Joseph, John, Eliza, Elizabeth, Jacob and Tristram. Marcellus S. Fifield, born in 1849, is one of three children of Hiram and Sylvina (Whittier) Fifield, grandson of Joseph and Lovina Fifield, and great-grandson of Joseph and Elizabeth (Sanborn) Fifield. He is a farmer on the farm where his father and grandfather both lived. His brother and sister are: Winfield S. and Eliza A., who lives in Readfield with her mother. He was married to Emily F., daughter of David C. and Mary Ann (Hunton) Williams, and granddaughter of Joseph and Mary (Clifford) Williams, who once owned a part of the present site of Waterville. Their sons are: Hiram D., Harry C, Charlie B. and Chauncey W. Sanborn T. Fifield, born 1808. died 1878. was a son of Joseph and Lovina Fifield, and grandson of Joseph and Elizabeth (Sanborn) Fi- field. He was a farmer, occupying a part of the farm which was .set- tled by his father, where Mrs. Fifield now lives. He was married in 1830, to Cyrene, daughter of Tabor and Abigail (Caldwell) Lyon, and granddaughter of Eliab Lyon. John Hammond was born March 18, 1801. on the home farm of his father, John, in Sidney. He spent his early life m his native town, where he was a farmer. He married Athiel Butler March 1, 1827. She and her two children died, and March 2, 1845, he married Martha C. Pinkham, who survives him. In 1856 he came to Manchester, where lie was a farmer. He died October 7, 1884, and his only son, Lindley H., owns and with his mother occupies the farm home. Lindley H. was born in 1849. He is a farmer and the owner of Hammond's Grove. He held the office of selectman five years, and was a member of the school board one year. He married Flora, daughter of George Wadsworth, of East Winthrop. Their two sons are: Herbert L. and Chester E. Hammond. John C. Hartung, born in 1828, in Germany, came to America in 1842, with his father, Helman Hartung. They came to Manchester in 1845 and bought the farm where John C. now lives. Mr. Hartung TOWN OF MANCHESTER. 885 worked several years in the Alden Sampson oilcloth works, but since they were burned has been a farmer. His father was a locksmith by trade. John C. married Martha Kerber, and they have four sons: Herman, Frank, Henry F. and William. I. Warren Hawkes, son of Isaac and Lucy (Jones) Hawkes, born in 1835 on the the farm where he now resides, received his education at Oak Grove Seminary and at Friends School, Providence. He served several years on the board of selectmen of Manchester, was in the state legislature one term, and has been a school officer for a number of vears. His time and energy, excepting that necessary for the care of his own business, have been given for several years to church work in the Society of Friends. He is secretary of Oak Grove school com- mittee and a member of the official board of Friends School, Provi- dence, R. I. He married, March 4, 1863, Sarah A., only daughter of Proctor Sampson, of Manchester. Their children are: Alfred W., a granite cutter and farmer; Lucy J. ('Mrs. Prof. Walter S. Meader, of Providence), and Edgar S., a teacher, who graduated m 1891 from Farmington Normal School. Frank J. Hewins, born Febriiaiy 8, 1847, is a son of John and Ro- sanna (Rockwood) Hewins, and grandson of Ebenezer and Zilphia (Cummings) Hewins. Mr. Hewins' maternal grandfather, Solomon Rockwood, son of Solomon Rockwood, of Oxford, Mass., came to Man- chester in 1800. Mr. Hewins is one of a family of nine children, six of whom are living: John A., Emma, Harvey G., Sarah, Frank J. and Fred L. Those deceased were: Harriet, died in 1854; Joseph T., died in 1889, and Charles F., died in 1885. Frank J., choosing the occupa- tion of his father and grandfather, is a farmer, and a part of his two hundred acre farm was owned by his grandfather, Ebenezer Hewins. In 1891 he served as chairman of the board of selectmen, having been a member of that board nine previous terms. His wife, Helen M., is a daughter of Alva Cummings. Their children are: Delia A., Gracie B. and Gertrude. Albert Knowles, born in 1824, is a son of Jonathan and Sarah (Hall) Knowles, and grandson of Jonathan and Mary (Prescott) Knowles. The elder Jonathan Knowles was a tailor by trade. He was a revolutionary soldier, and came from New Hampshire to Man- chester in 1785. Albert Knowles is a farmer on the homestead, which has been in possession of the family 107 years. His. first wife, Fannie N., daughter of John Brown, died leaving one son, Alfred M. His second wife is Margaret, daughter of James Wyman. They have nine children: Gardiner M., Anna A., Holden H., Lewis W., Roland F., Arthur W., Gertrude M., Mary L. and Hollis G. Mr. Knowles' grandfather, Jabez Hall, was a revolutionary soldier. He has three daughters now (1891) living, whose united ages make 276 years. John Knowles, born in 1817, is a son of John and Betsey (Powell) bbb HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Knowles, and grandson of Jonathan and M.irv (Prescott) Knowles. He is a farmer, owning a farm of 170 acres which was originally set- tled by Elisha Prescott. He married Sarah A., daughter of James and Keziah (Benton) Wade. Their children are: John A., Josephine K., Charles A., Alden W., Stephen H., Abbie E., Saphronia S., Mark T. and AVilliam S. Sullivan Kilbreth. — Among the prominent representative agri- culturists of Manchester, the late Sullivan Kilbreth held an unques- tioned place. He was born on a farm in Hartford, Me., January 25, 1815, and was the fifth in a family of nine children. His father, James Kilbreth, a native of Casco, Me., was a son of Daniel Kilbreth. He married Rebecca Johnson, of Limington, Me., in 1805, and in 1807 removed to Hartford, where he lived, a farmer and a shoemaker, the balance of his life. It was here that Sullivan Kilbreth lived during his boyhood and early manhood. He had the advantages of the common schools of that time and at an early age he began working, by the month, dur- ing the summer season and attending school in the winter. In 1836 he came to Manchester, where by his own efforts and energy he achieved an enviable name and an ample competency. On the 10th of June, 1844, he married Sarah E., only daughter of Isaac and Re- becca (Hewins) Wadsworth, and granddaughter of John Wadsworth, jun., who was a musician in the revolutionary army, and soon after that war came from Stoughton, Mass., and settled at East Winthrop. Mr. Kilbreth's four children are: George H., Emma A. (Mrs. D. C. Robbins), Charles F., an oilcloth manufacturer of Hallowell, and Nel- lie S. (Mrs. A. E. Brainard). In 1859 Mr. Kilbreth bought of his father-in-law the farm where Mr. Wadsworth settled in 1823, and in 1832 he burned the bricks and built of them the house. Here Mr. Kilbreth passed the remainder of his life. George H., the eldest son, married j\Iartha, daughter of Wil- liam Torrence, formerly of Pembroke, Mass., and has one child, Edith L. Since the death of his father, December 15, 1889, George H. has owned, and with his family and mother has occupied, the homestead. Sullivan Kilbreth was an active republican and was several times elected to the offices of town clerk and selectman. In addition to his farming*he quarried and cut granite from a ledge on his farm. He was frequently cho.sen to settle the estates of his friends and neigh- bors, and his superior executive ability especially fitted him for these duties, which he always discharged with credit. He was a consistent member of the East Winthrop Baptist church. In the Kennebec Agricultural Society he was an honored and useful member and sev- eral years president and trustee, being an intelligent and useful sup- porter of the interests of agriculture. In public and private life he was an unostentatious and genial man, plain in his tastes and domes- 888 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. tic in his habits. He had a high character as a business man, and his firmness, perseverance, honesty and integrity were worthy of emula- tion. Edward F. Lyon, born in 1839, is a son of Eliab and Eliza (San- ford) Lyon, and grandson of Eliab and Rachel (Faught) Lyon. He is the only survivor of five children, David S., Sarah E., Charles E. and Catherine R. having died. He is a farmer and stock breeder, and raises and feeds some very fine steers and other stock. His farm of three hundred acres was owned by his father and grandfather. Lovicount S. Lyon, born in IS.If), is a son of Tabor, grandson of Tabor, and great grandson of Eliab Lyon. He was a farmer until 1884, since which time he has been a lumber manufacturer. He owns three hundred acres of standing timber. He married Mrs. H. F. Lar- rabee, daughter of Ambrose Mariner, of Augusta. William Harrison Lyon, born in 1813, is a son of Tabor and Abi- gail (Caldwell) Lyon, and grandson of Eliab Lyon, who came from Roxbury, Mass., to what is now Manchester in 1784. He has been a farmer, but he has given the management of the farm to his son-in- law, Mr. Jackson. His first wife was Maria, daughter of William R. Sanford. She left two children: William H., jun., and Ella A., who married in 1873, Thomas E. Jackson, son of Samuel and Julia (Hewit) Jackson, and grandson of Caleb Jackson. The house where the family now live was built in 1813, near where Eliab Lyon built the first resi- dence when he settled here. Mr. Jackson was born February 25, 1854. James Martin, born in Devonshire, England, in 1849, is a son of John Martin. He is a stone cutter by trade. He came to America in 1872 and one year later to Manchester, where he has been employed at the Hallowell Granite Works. He married Avis Tremills, and their children are: William J., Eliza J., ;\lary E., James, Bessie and one son, James, who died. Edwin R. Mayo, born in 1842, at Waterville, Me., is a son of Asa and Penial (Scribner) Mayo, and grandson of Jacob Mayo, whose father came from Cape Cod, Mass., and was a descendant of Rev. John Mayo, who settled there about 1650. Mr. Mayo came from Fairfield to Manchester in 1883, where he is engaged in poultry and fruit rais- ing. He was in the war of the rebellion for eleven months, in the 21st Maine. He married Mary D. King, of Fairfield, and they have five ctiildren: Vaughn M., Oscar B., Asa M., Jennie M. and Alice M. Willard R. Merrill, born in 1836, is a son of William P. and Martha C. (Averill) Merrill. His father was an adopted son of Samuel and Abigail (Plummer) Merrill, and held the offices of treasurer, collector and selectman. Willard R. is a mason by trade, as were his father, grandfather and great-grandfather. He married Mary Elizabeth At- kins, and they now live on the farm which was settled m 1778 by Samuel Cummings, and have the care of his three aged descendants^ TOWN OF MANCHESTER. Bby' They have three children: Arthur L., Hattie G. and Wiilard Scott. Mr. Merrill was three years in the war, in the 1st Maine Cavalry. Benjamin J. Richards, born in 1836, in Frankfort, Me., is a son of Rev. David and Susan (Ginn) Richards. He began to work for the Bodwell Granite Company in 1854 at Vinal Haven, and ten years later was made superintendent of the quarry there and continued until 1876, when he removed to the Hallowell Granite Works, owned by the same parties, and has been superintendent of the quarries there since that time. In 1889 he built a neat and substantial residence near the quarries and just within the limits of Manchester. His first wife, Ellen Spaulding, died leaving three children. His second mar- riage was with Ella F. Rose, and they have three children. Hubbard S. Roberts, born April 30, 1834, is one of nine children of Jonathan and Ruth (Hall) Roberts, who came from New Hamp- shire to Augusta, where Jonathan was a farmer until his death in 1837. He was a son of John Roberts. Mr. Roberts has been a farmer in Manchester since 1869. He married Sarah, daughter of John and Margaret (Hall) Fifield. Their only child, Mary E. (Mrs. Herbert Young), died in July, 1884, aged twenty-six years. Virgil Scribner, born in 1824, in Augusta, is a son of Samuel and Mehitable (Pierce) Scribner, and grandson of Thomas Scribner. He came from Augusta to his present home in 1846, where he has since been engaged in farming and orcharding. The farm, called Hillside farm, was a part of the original Allen homestead and was later owned by Jotham Allen. Mr. Scribner's first marriage was with Isadore R., daughter of Jotham and Thankful (Longley) Allen. His second mar- riage was with Mary Catherine Mears. Reuel W. Smart, farmer, born in 1824 at Vienna, is a son of Rob- ert and Betsey (Dow) Smart. In February, 1868, he came to Manches- ter and bought the ninety acre farm known as the Isaiah Jones place. He married Louisa M., daughter of Stephen Carr, of Vienna. Their children are: Rosetta, Jessie, Willie T., George W. and Robert R. Willis H. Wing, born June 19, 1848, in Monmouth, is a son of Sands and Deborah (Robbins) Wing. His parents, who were mem- bers of the Society of Friends, came to Manchester in 1857, where his father was a farmer until his death. Mr. Wing, with his aged mother, occupies the farm which has been their home for thirty-five years. He is an active member of the Grange. He served seven years on the board of selectmen and one term as representative in the state legislature. He was in the clerk's office of the house of representa- tives at Washington during the 47th Congress, and during the 51st Congress was clerk for the committee on public buildings and grounds. He was secretary of the republican state committee for 1886 and 1888. He married, November 30, 1871, Sarah E., daughter of James H. and Mary L. .Sleeper, of East Winthrop. CHAPTER XXXIV. TOWN OF READFIELD. Bv Henrv D. Kingsbury. Incorporation. — Characteristics. — Early Settlers. — Villages and Post Ofiflces. — Early Mills.— Woolen Factory.— Tanneries.— Manufactories. — Stores.— Ho- tels.—Business at the Depot.— Old Mills.— East Readfield.— Mills.— Oilcloth Works. — Stores. — Ashery. — Union Meeting House Company.— Churches.— Cemeteries.— Societies.— Schools. —Town Reports. —Population.— Civil Lists. — Town Meetings. — Personal Paragraphs. READFIELD is perpetual heir to half of the fictions, traditions, facts and settlement of old Pondtown, and to a like proportion of the first twenty years' history of Winthrop, from which she was taken in 1791. Only in the civil adjustments that spring from separate organization did her real life become any different after she became a township. The first significant feature that looms up in her character seemed to crop out soon after her incorporation. It was the moral quality and religious tendency of her people. No higher quali- ties or better tendencies exist than these. Here was built in 1793 one of the earliest Baptist meeting houses in the Kennebec valley, and in the same town and at the same time flourished a Methodist so- ciety that marches in the van of its denomination, as having built their oldest house of worship in the state. These facts are significant. They indicate a vigor that permeates the entire character. Intellect is quickened, talent is developed, and the possibilities of genius are enlarged by such environments. The air of Readfield seems there- fore to have been charged with a tonic, attractive to the tastes and conducive to the growth of lawyers and statesmen. Four governors of Maine, a United States senator and two members of presidential cabinets she reckons with pride as having been her citizens. More men have been admitted to the bar who have prepared in a single law office in Readfield than from any other lawyer's office in Kenne- bec county. In 1821 a public spirited farmer at Kents Hill became fired with educational zeal, and with five associates procured the incorporation of the Readfield Religious and Charitable Society. Like many other wise men they builded better than they knew; for only three years TOWN OF READFIELD. 891 later they changed the name of their child to the Maine Wesleyan Seminary — the first Methodist institution of learning in the state. The intellectual and religious life of Readfield has always been characterized by breadth and liberality. In 1827 representative citi- zens from every part of the town built of brick a Union meeting house, at a cost of over $10,000, that for more than fifty years was the only house for worship in the village at the Corner, and is still owned by persons of differing religious tenets. Agricultural progress, al- ways measured by the amount of brain and thought devoted to its interests, has always been characteristic of its farmers. They were partners with Winthrop in the formation in 1818, of the first agricul- tural society in Maine, if not in New England, and one of their num- ber is the present secretary of that body. The names, and what few dates are obtainable of the worthy pioneers of Readfield and some of their descendants, are interesting and suggestive reading. Settlers. — Of the twenty-seven men who signed the petition, dated Kennebec, 1770, for the incorporation of Pondtown Plantation, the eight following were living on territory that is now Readfield: James Craig, lot No. 212;; Elisha Smith, lot 134; Moses Ayer, lot 213; Joseph Greeley, lot 135; Watt C. Emery, lot 23, near head of East cove; Robert Waugh, 1765, lot 98; Moses Greeley and Jonathan Em- ery. Others who were contemporary with them on Readfield soil, but whose names do not appear on the petition, were: John Greeley's sons, John, Samuel and Henry, the last two living near the old town house; John O. Craig, who had a son, John P.; Mr. Whittier, who came in 1765 and cleared a farm and sold it to Levi Morrell, and had sons, Levi, Samuel, David, Jacob and James Whittier; Mr. Hoyt, who came in 1770 and had sons, Eliphalet, Hubbard and Levi; Captain Job Shurburne, 1770, and Eliphalet Dudley, who settled Dudley's Plain's in 1770. Some of those who came a little later were: John French, in 1785, who had a son, James; Benjamin Carr, 1785, on lot No. 29, and had sons, Joseph, Samuel, Benjamin, Aaron and John; and William El- liott, who came in 1805 and bought of Andrew Blunt the farm on which his son, David Elliott, still lives; John Hubbard, M.D., came from New Hampshire in 1784, settled on lot No. 28, and had sons, Doctor John, who became Governor Hubbard, Cyrus and Greenlief; the Sanborns, who lived just west of Hubbard's; Jeremiah Brown, who lost a son in the war of 1812 and whose other son's name was Jacob; Doctor Sawyer, about 1795; Joseph Hutchinson, 1790, who settled on lot No. 25, and had sons, Joseph, Eben, Henry and Edmond; Levi Johnson, who died in 1814, had a son, Levi; Samuel Page, settled on lot No. 24, had sons, Nathaniel, Simon, Samuel and Madison; Mr. Richardson, 1799; Jonas Packard, 1800; John Lane, sons, Joshua and George; Samuel H. Luce; Taber Lyon, 1800, sons, Taber and Harri- m2 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. son; Daniel Gordon, 1790, sons, William, Daniel and Stephen; Luther Gordon, sons, Luther, Henry, Joseph and James; David Homes; Ben- jamin Melvin, 1802, sons, Benjamin, Hiram, Abram and George; Sam- uel Melvin, brother to Benjamin, sons, John, Samuel, Benjamin, George and Bradbury; David Sleeper; James Clough, 1800; Captain Judkins, 1805, son, Charles, and John Coombs. Three brothers, Nathaniel, William and Thomas Whittier, came about 1765 from New Hampshire and felled the trees on twenty acres, and the next spring burned the ground over and planted it without plowing. The crop was left to the tender mercies of coons and bears, who did some damage, but enough remained in the fall for a good yield. This surprised the previous comers, who had plowed the new- land before planting. One of these brothers carried a bushel and a half of potatoes on his back from Hallowell to his farm in Readfield. Rev. Isaac Case came in 1792 and raised ten adult children. His sons were: Isaac, Ambro.se, William and Elisha. When Elisha was .seventy years old there were living representatives of five genera- tions of the Case family. Robert Page, a very early settler, came in 1767, and had sons, Robert and Jere. Joseph, Calvin, Alfred, Daniel, Martin and Margaret Johnson came from Bridgewater, Mass., with their mother, and settled in Readfield in 1800. John Dutton had a son, John, who had sons, John, Reuben, Daniel and Joseph; Shubel Luce had sons, Shubel, Thomas and Atest; William Macomber had sons, William, Hatch, Sanders, Calvin, Harvey and Martin; Solomon Lombard had sons, Ephraim, Daniel, Benjamin, vSolomon and Gor- ham; Rev. William Hankerson, a revolutionary soldier, had sons, William and George; Christopher Turner came from England and built the first frame dwelling in Readfield, now a barn belonging to William Harvey, on the Lombard road; and Peter Hunton had sons, George Washington, Wellington, Napoleon B., Lafayette and Louis B. Hunton. Villages and Post Offices.— The early mills may have located the first village at Readfield Corner, although the first saw mill on the upper dam is over a half mile distant, and the woolen mill is more than a fourth of a mile from the post office, and is surrounded by a collection of houses sometimes called Factory village. The village of Kents Hill is two miles to the v/estward of the Corner, and was created and is maintained by the wantsof the school. The settlement at the Depot was created by the railroad, which ran its first train of cars to this town in 1849. East Readfield used to be a thriving hamlet when the oilcloth fac- tory was in operation, but possesses now but few promises of an in- crease of inhabitants. A post office was established here, with Amos Stickney as postmaster, March 2, 1827. His successors were: Silas Leonard, 1828; Abijah Upham, jun.; Joseph A. Sanborn, 1844; David TOWN OF READFIELD. 893 Bowker, April, 1857; Jacob ilorrill, November, 1857; and Peter F. Sanborn, 1861, who served until the office was discontinued in Decem- ber, 1870. The first post office in Readfield was established April 1, 1798, and took the name of the town. The succession of postmasters, with dates of appointment, includes: James Dalton, appointed April 1, 1798; Samuel P. Gliddens, July 1, 1801; Samuel Currier, August 2, 1803; James Fillebrown, jun.. May 23, 1829; Timothy O. Howe, June 12, 1841; John Lambert, July 1, 1843; Francis A. Williams, September 16, 1850; Moses Whittier, July 20, 1855; William Turner, March 5, 1857; Shubael P. Me s, January 18, 1861; Benjamin T. Richards, Novem- ber 16, 1861; Henry C. Packard, November 21, 1872; Augustus P. Tur- ner, March 12, 1877; Jere P.Johnson, October 3, 1878; Annie M. Craig, November 13, 1885: and Emma F. Johnson, who was appointed April 2, 1887. Readfield Depot post office was established February 19, 1851. and its postmasters have been: Benjamin F. Melvin, appointed February 19, 1851; Daniel Craig, February 10, 1854; Nelson Pool, August 15, 1861; Samuel H. Morrill September 21, 1885; and Nelson D. Gordon, appointed August 6, 1889. The Rents Hill post office was established in 1826 to meet the wants of the young Methodist school, then only two years old. Its postmasters have been: Lory Bacon, appointed December 11, 1826; Dudly Moody, March 21, 1829; David Wheelock, February 13, 1851; Charles S. Haynes, January 7, 1854; Robert G. Skofield, January 16, 1855; Gustavus Clark, April 4, 1861; John W. Manter, November 19, 1869; Noah Jewett, April 30, 1875; Samuel McNear, September 15, 1885; and Noah Jewett, appointed April 22, 1889. The offices at Rents Hill and Readfield village are served twice a day by a stage that carries the mail to and from the Maine Central depot. Mills.— On the upper dam about 1770, James Craig built a saw mill, which at his death became the property of John Bean, together with a wood lot. This property was purchased by John Bean, jun., and John O. Craig, who ran the mill awhile and sold it to Dudley Fogg and David Sampson. The old saw mill had been rebuilt, with a grist mill and dwelling house added. Mr. Fogg bought his partner's interest, and kept the mills running till 1855, when his son, Josiah N., became the owner. He kept the mill in operation about ten years and sold it to the factory company. On the upper dam Joel Bean built a fulling mill that was run by his sons, Philo and Reuben, and afterward by Mayo & Bartlett, who in 1825 were carding wool and coloring and pressing cloth there. Dean Smith bought the old factory, which did its last work in 1843. 894 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. There was a tannery and a bark mill, built by Joshua Bean before 1815, on the stream that crosses the stage road at the foot of what used to be called the Cameron hill; they were in operation as late as 1840. The old dam still remains. The first grist mill in Readfield was built by James Craig before 1790, on the site where the present grist mill stands, on the lower dam. After many years Dudley Fogg and Luther Sampson became the owners. Mr. Fogg purchased Mr. Sampson's share, and in 1843 built the stone dam, and the next year built the present mill. In 1845 his son, Josiah Fogg, became the owner, and continued to operate the mill till 1889, when the present owner, William C. Record, purchased the property. The mill has three runs of stones, sufficient water power, and has always served a large number of patrons. As early as 1785 to 1790, Robert Conforth, an Englishman, who had sons, William, Robert and Leonard, built a mill on Factory dam, where he made yarn and wove cloth for a term of years. After him a com- pany in which Thomas Nickerson was main owner and manager, bought the property and were operating it when the great freshet of 1826 swept away all the dams on the stream. About 1830 cotton yarn was made in the factory by Thomas Ling. At the same time a Mr. Stanton hired a room and wove webbing two or three years. His son, Thomas, went to Monmouth, and made the same kind of goods there. After this, custom cloth was made, the yarn being spun by machinery and woven by hand. Lewis Flanders, who had been an owner and operator, closed out his interest in 1839, and was succeeded the same year by Josiah Per- ham, who had bought an interest in the property, of Dudley Fogg. In addition to making woolen goods, Perham fitted up a shop, where he made machinery to manufacture woolen goods. He was from Wilton, where he owned another factory, and after making the ma- chines necessary for the mills here, he made another set for the Wil- ton mills, which was just ready for shipment when the fire of 1841 consumed the buildings here with their contents. Flanders & Sherburn rebuilt the mills in 1842 and rented them to Wetherbee & Metcalf, who were the first manufacturers here of cloth for the general market. Perham made cloth for the home market only. They operated two years[and were .succeeded by Flanders & Sherburn, who did the same line of work till about 1848, when they sold the entire plant to Anson P. Morrell. From this time the con- cern became known as the Readfield Woolen Manufacturing Com- pany. The new proprietor was just the man for the place. He put wagons on the road, and sold a class of goods to the merchants that the wants of the country and village trade demanded, giving the Readfield cloths a great and widespread reputation. TOWN OF READFIELD. 895 Dearborn & Mills bought the works about 1870, and continued the same style of business for several years, when the firm changed to Mills & Hartwell. A stock company in which they were large owners was formed in 1880, put in steam power, and operated four years as the Readfield Woolen Manufacturing Company. In 1884 the plant was sold to Cowan & Co., who made yarn for about a year, but made no cloth. The concern was organized on a stock basis, and was desig- nated the Nawoc Woolen Company. A moderate business was done the first year, and then ceased entirely, the property since remaining idle and unproductive. Joseph Fogg built, just below the grist mill, a fourth dam, for the benefit of his tannery, about 1815, which business he prosecuted till the fire of 1841. Abram Bachelder bought the site and ran the tan- nery till about 1862, then sold it to Charles P. Greeley, who tanned sheep skins till the close of the war, when Mr. Bachelder became his partner, and Bachelder & Greeley added a large building to the works, and did an extensive business in tanning sheep skins. They sold about 1872, to John Bickford, who continued the same line of work till 1877, when he was burned out. A most important industry had its beginning in the shop of James Williams, a skillful blacksmith of Readfield. His skill as a worker in steel, and a maker of springs for buggies and carriages had long been known, and he conceived the idea of making them for the trade. The first springs were produced entirely by hand labor in his little shop at the Corner. Their merits were recognized by a demand that caused Mr. Williams to put a trip-hammer in a shop on Factory dam, where the orders for his goods became larger than the capacity of his water power. Hebron Wentworth, a son-in-law and partner of Mr. Williams, moved the works to Gardiner, where they have long been known as the Wentworth Spring Manufactory. This was the first steel spring factory in Maine — a business that has since grown to immense propor- tions. About 1834 James Williams built a brick shop on Factory dam, put in a trip-hammer, and made scythes for about three years. He failed to get the temper right, and had to give it up. The building was torn down. Sash, doors and blinds were made, and .some cabinet work was done for six years by James Nichols, in a shop built by him in 1867 near the grist mill, on the lower dam. In 1854 land plaster was ground in one of the woolen factory mills, for agricultural uses, from stone brought from Nova Scotia. The brick for the Union church, which was built in 1827, were made by Francis Hunt on his land on the Winthrop road, and were the first made in town so far as known. The brick for Sampson Hall, which was built in 1859, were made south of the saw mill, about forty 896 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. rods from the upper dam. There was an old brick j^ard on land near the stream owned by Shepard Bean, where he made brick as early as 1835. Josiah Fogg- owns the land and made brick there in 1840-41. Just east of the school house was also another brick kiln run by Samuel Currier. The brick for the school house, which was built in 1860, were made in the old Francis Hunt yard on the Winthrop road, by Upham T. Cram. Hotels. — The house where Mrs. Lord lives was kept many years ago as a hotel by Peter Kittridge, and after him by Cromwell Pitts. Timothy Fogg kept tavern where Mrs. Manter lives. Mr. Gaslin, Mr. Webster, Ben Barden, John Masher and Reuben Russell were successive landlords in years gone by on the hill where Mr. Russell now lives, a half mile north of the Corner. Dudley & Hutchinson were the landlords away back in the thirties, in the hotel between the Corner and the Depot. Joseph J. Hutchinson bought his partner's interest and kept the house from 1840 to 1881, when it was burned. The present village hotel on the Corner was built by John O. Craig, who made repairs and built stables in 1836. Mr. Linscott, Mr. Calden, G. M. Fillebrown, Mr. Mace and George Wing have kept it. Stores. — The first store at Factory village was built by Dana B. Fogg near the dam, about 1870. Fogg & Stevens traded in it eight years, then Fogg & Brown in 1880, Stevens & Brown, 1881, and Fred I. Brown till 1890, when he built and moved into the store he now owns and occupies. Anson P. Morrell built a store on the dam, which he carried on in connection with his cloth factory some years and sold to Dearborn, Morrell & Smith. Mr. Smith was a tailor and the new firm manufac- tured clothing for awhile. A. P. Morrell bought the concern and ■closed the business. J. P. Johnson then rented the building and kept a store in it for eleven years. Captain Phineas Morrell bought the stock and his son, Anson, kept it two or three years. In 1886 J. P. Johnson opened another store near the factory, which he kept for three years. Some of the early store-keepers at the corner were: Thonias Smith; John Smith, who had a store where Merriman's store stands; James Fillebrown, where Hatch is; Louis Haines, who was burned out in 1882, where McDonald is; Lory Bacon; John Currier, 1882; Jere Page, 1832; John Fisk, 1836; John Lambert, 1885; J. P. Johnson, 1857; U. T. ■Cram, 1856; and Lewis Davis, who built the store Wilson uses for a harness shop, and traded there till 1862. In 1865 Dr. W. O. Wright succeeded Lambert & Packard, who opened the first drug store in the village. John Smith opened a store in 1840, and was succeeded by his son John, who was burned out in 1856. Daniel Lombard, in the house now occupied by G. W. Manter as a dwelling, kept a store as late as 1832. TOWN OF READFIELD. 897 Lory Bacon, the first postmaster at Kents Hill, was also the first merchant, Dudley Moody the next, and David Wheelock the third. Later merchants have been: Gustavus Clark, Clark & Packard, J. W. Manter, Mrs. Samuel McNear and Noah Jewett. The first store at Readfield Depot belonged to a Mr. Butler, who moved it across the road from where the post office now is; Daniel Craig traded in it and was succeeded by his son, D. W. Craig. Sam- uel Cole was the next merchant and G. C. Caswell, in 1880, the last. B. F. Melvin had a store on the west side of the road in 1850. About 1870 Oliver Parsons built the stone house now standing near the rail- road and did business in it. Since then the successive traders have been: H. H. Harding, Parsons & Morrell, Samuel H. Morrell, Morrell- & Gordon and Gordon & Henry. John Parsons, of Augusta, built a store just south of the stone house, and sold dry goods exclusively for two years, until it was destroyed by fire about 1870. On the brook running through the farm now owned by Lewis B. Hunton, a saw mill was built by Jere Page before 1820. He did a good work with it for fifteen years and sold the farm and mill to Francis Hunt, who in 1848 sold it to the present owner. After four years' use Mr. Hunton rebuilt the mill and sold it in 1854 to David Bowker. Samuel Wade was the next purchaser, and after about three years it was burned. On the same brook John Lane, about 1810, built a mill for grinding flax seed and making linseed oil. The business was abandoned before 1840 and the building moved away for a stable. On the small stream, one and a half miles long, at East Readfield, a grist mill was built by one Carlton as early as 1800. At his death in 1814 his son, Henry, became its proprietor. In the same building was a cider mill operated by water power, and Nova Scotia stone was brought there as late as 1820 to 1825 and ground into plaster, which found ready sale among the farmers of that day. The old mill site is now owned by David F. Austin. Near the same brook Mr. Johnson built a tannery about 1812, which he ran till his death in 1817, when Peter Sanborn became the owner and did a large business till his death in 1824. Mr. Sanborn, who came from New Hampshire, was possessed of business talent and great activity of mind and body. Upon arriving at a suitable age his sons, Peter F. and Joseph A., in 1834 engaged in the tanning business, ground their bark by water, and for thirty years made leather that was widely known for its su- perior qualities. After them a Mr. Horcroft ran the tannery a couple of years, when he died and had no .successor. About fifty rods from the old grist mill the oilcloth works that be- came the high water mark of Readfield prosperity were built in 1845, by P. F. and J. A. Sanborn, E. S. Case, Abijah Upham and Samuel Jackson. Steam power and all the necessary appliances for the manu- facture of floor cloths were put in operation by the new company, 57 ayo HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. which did business for three years, when the Sanborns bought their partners' interests and two years later built two more buildings, with general improvements. In 1865 Peter F. Sanborn sold to his brother, Joseph A., who was sole owner of the works till 1870, when he sold the entire plant to Charles M. Bailey. In 1877 the largest of the three buildings was destroyed by fire, and Mr. Bailey at once removed the machinery and took down the remaining two buildings, each one hundred feet long. This terminated an industry that employed fifty people for a period of thirty years, compelling them to seek new em- ployment or remove to new localities, and extinguished the bright prospects of a thriving hamlet. A store was built by Mr. Carlton at East Readfield, in which his son, Cyrus, was trading as early as 1816. George Gage was there in 1822 and 1823 and Jonathan Atwood for the next twelve years. Then it was changed into a dwelling. P. F. & J. A. Sanborn kept a store for several years when they were making oilcloth. Mr. Carlton also built a large house and kept tavern. His son-in- law, Silas Leonard, succeeded him for two years, after which Abijah Upham bought the property and kept a public house till 1845. No hotel has been kept there since. Near the oilcloth works at East Readfield Dr. John Hubbard, father of Governor John Hubbard, had an ashery, abandoned before 1815. E. S. Case made potash at East Readfield and used the leached ashes on his farm as late as 1868. Colonel Oliver Bean made potash as late as 1850, on his farm, now owned by E. Morgan, using the refuse ashes on his land as a fertilizer. Churches. — The large brick meeting house at Readfield Corner was probably built in 1827. An extract from the first page of its records reads: " The undersigned, owners and proprietors of the Meeting house recently erected at Readfield Corners, hereby repre- sent that they are desirous of becoming a legal corporation by the name and style of the Readfield Union Meeting House Company." The petition, dated June 12, 1828, was addressed to William Fuller, a justice of the peace, asking him to call a legal meeting at the school house of district No. 5, to be held July 4, 1828. On August 23d the incorporation was consummated and a constitu- tion was adopted, article third reading as follows: " Each religious sect or denomination, individuals of which are members of this corporation, shall forever have the right to supply the pulpit in said house with preaching such portion of the year as shall be equal to the portion owned in said house from year to year." Each owner held a deed of one or more pews " with an undisputed right to occupy the same during all public and private meetings held in the same by any religious sect or denomination whatever." Article eleven provided: " No tax shall ever be assessed on the pews in said house for the support of preaching in the same." TOWN OF READFIELD. »yy These provisions show the fairness and wisdom of the founders and organizers of this most difficult of all co-partnerships— a union meeting house property. Regular business meetings have been held, full lists of officers elected, and the equal rights of all members of the company have been carefully maintained. In 1868 over $8,000 was raised and expended in needed alterations and repairs on the meeting house. About the same time Mrs. Asa Gile gave the society, for a vestry, the old Smith mansion, which was moved to its present loca- tion on the Union meeting house grounds and fitted up by the Uni- versalist and Methodist societies. After a petition and warrant upon which a public meeting was duly called and held in the school house in district No. 5, September 27, 1823, the First Universalist Society of Readfield was incorporated. By the records it appears that annual meetings were held, and on March 17, 1828, it was voted " to instruct Captain Oliver Bean to engage Rev. George Bates to preach half the time for six months, and a fourth of the time the next six months on condition that he will attend for $6.00 a Sabbath." The regular business meetings of the society continued to be held at the .school house in District No. 5, until April 20, 1839, on which date a meeting was held in the Union meeting house, the last entry in the records of which reads: " I have returned into the clerk's office of the town of Readfield a list of the members belonging to said society, being one hundred and twenty. L. Myrick Morrell, Clerk." All of the names are copied in the records, and no women's names appear in the list. The organization of this society has been carefully preserved from that time to the present, and religious services have been maintained in the Union meeting house. Rev. George Bates, the first pastor, was employed at different times after his first engagement. The follow- ing list of his successors may not be in regular order of service, but is as full and exact as has been obtainable: Reverends W. A. Drew, Calvin Gardner, Zenas Thompson, O. N. Johnson, George W. Quinby, S. O. Skinner, A. Gunnison, John C. Hinds, Giles Bailey, Costello Weston, 1870; A. Basserman, 1877; W. S. Whitman and F. T. Crane. The history of Methodism in Readfield begins with its first intro- duction in Maine. The New England conference of August 1, 1793, made but six appointments — the last one reading: " Province of Maine and Lynn, Jesse Lee." The province of Maine at that time meant from fifteen to twenty thousand square miles of dense forest, dotted with settlements connected by roads marked by spotted trees, and in- habited by 97,000 souls, with not a single member of the Methodist church among them. The bare attempt to make a mental picture of this field is enough to stir the dullest imagination, and to surfeit the wildest. Lee was born and raised in Virginia, was over six feet tall. 900 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. of fine proportions, liandsome, and possessed of the ready, eloquent speecti, wit and fine manners for wtiich Virginians liad so long been noted. With perfect health and the most ardent religious zeal, he set foot on the unexplored territory on the sixth day of September, and preached at Saco, on the tenth, his first sermon in Maine. Passing from settlement to settlement, he reached Readfield on the nineteenth and preached the first Methodist sermon ever heard in this town. Before the month was out he had formed the first circuit, and mak- ing a journey of exploration with daily preaching, he returned and met the class in this town, Sunday, November 16th — the second class in the provmce, the first being in Monmouth. December 12, 1794, he preached again in Readfield. But the most memorable event occurred the next year, June 21, 1795, when he came and preached the dedi- catory sermon of the Readfield meeting house — the first Methodist church dedicated in Maine. In it the first session of the New Eng- land Conference was held in 1798. Bishop Francis Asbury, who pre- sided, made this entry in his diary: " Saturday, August 25, we had to beat through the woods between Winthrop and Readfield, which are as bad as the Alleghany mountains and the shades of death." " From one thousand to eighteen hundred," says Asbury, " attended public preaching and ordination." After thirty years of constant use the building became worn and needed repairs. The society thought best to move it about thirty rods to the south, and so made an old fashioned "bee." Long timbers were put under it, to which fifty yoke of cattle were hitched, and with a pull all together the strong, patient oxen took Jesse Lee's first church to its present location. The house was repaired at once, and re-dedi- cated the same year, 1825. In 1857 it was again remodeled and en- larged, a steeple and bell being added. The old church has of late years been feeble in membership and has not been able to sustain preaching all the time. The following have served one or more years since 1860: Leroy T. Carlton, Charles Jenness, W. F. Berry, E. R. French, J. W. V. Rich and Professors Frank Robinson, Chase and Edgar M. Smith, of Kents Hill. The pastors of Readfield circuit from 1794 until its division in 1827 are mentioned on page 778 of this volume. Some of the appointments at Readfield since the latter date have been: P. Crandall, 1828; G. G. Aloore, 1829; Caleb Fogg, 1829; D. Hutchinson, 1831, '34; D. Cope- land, J. Warren and C. Baker, 1830; D. Greeley, 1833; D. Fuller, 1834; C. H. Lovejoy, 1835, '36; H. Nickerson, 1835, '38, '43. '60, '63; J. S. Rice, 1837; E. Streeter, 1839, '42; A. Alton, 1840; J. Milliken, 1841, '43, '44; S. Ambrose, 1845; S. P. French and J. Lull, 1846; T. Hill, 1849; J. Cumner, 1851; D. B. Randall, 1852, '55; R. J. Ayer, 1853; C. Mugford, 1854; W. H. Foster, 1855; J. Young, 1856, '59; H. M. Blake, 1860, '61; T. Gibson, 1861, '62; A. Sanderson, 1864, '66; J. W. Simpson, 1868; J. R. Masterson, 1870, '71; J. Colbv, 1871, '74. TOWN OF READFIELD. 901 The formation of the first Methodist class at Rents Hill preceded the church, which was built by Luther Sampson in 1800, and dedi- cated the same year by Jesse Lee. Under the preaching of Joseph Baker, in 1804, there was a good growth in membei'ship. Kents Hill was then part of Readfield circuit and so remained till 1835, when a new house of worship was built, and in connection with Readfield Corner it was made a separate charge. About 1831 Luther Sampson purchased a lot and built and furnished a double house for the preacher in charge and for the presiding elder. This house was used for a parsonage until 1881, when under the pastorate of L. H. Bean it was sold and a better one purchased. Under the pastorate of S. Allen in 1865, the church was enlarged at an expense of $1,800. The Methodists at Readfield Corner for many years worshipped in the Union meeting house, where they still own several pews, but about 1875 they gained in numbers and built a neat chapel in which the preacher in charge at Kents Hill holds services each Sunday. Some of the appointments at Kents Hill have been: P. C. Rich- mond, 1831; E. Crooker, 1835; E.Shaw, 1836; E. Robinson, 1839, '68, '71, '77; C. W. Morse, 1841; Cornelius Stone, 1845; R. H. Stinchfield, 1848; G. Webber, 1847, '51, '58; J. C. Prince, 1852, '53; J. Mitchell, 1857; A. J. Church, 1859; R. C. Bailey, 1865; J. F. Hutchms, 1872; C. C. Mason, 1875, '77; C. Munger, 1878; L. H. Bean, 1881; J. Lapham, 1882; Cyrus Stone, 1885; C. F. Allen, 1888; and D. B. Holt, the present pastor, in 1891. The very year that Readfield became a township, 1791, Parson Potter, the zealous propagandist of the Baptist faith, began preaching in East Readfield and East Winthrop. The next spring Rev. Isaac Case spent some weeks of labor here, and a few months later returned and, meeting in a barn, organized a church with twenty members, of which he became pastor. During the fall of the same year he preached in a neighborhood adjoining Augusta, where a revival added thirty- five more members to the new church. In 1793 this vigorous young society built the first Baptist church in this part of the state at East Readfield. Elder Case soon after resigned his pastorate here and gave his whole time to missionary work. The church had no regular preach- ing for several years. Elder Pillsbury came in 1804, and sixty were added to the church during his stay of one year. After two years without a pastor, Rev. Robert Lee was elected to that office in 1807, and remained eight years. Rev. Josiah Houghton succeeded for seven years, and in 1824 Orren Tracy, a student from Waterville College, preached with such power that seventy-seven new members were bap- tized— more than making good the loss of members who left and joined the East Winthrop church, which was formed the same year. After that time the church had for its pastors: Reverends Joseph 902 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Torry, 1826; Robert Low, 1832; William Johnson, 1834, and William Smith, 1837 to 1841. In order to locate the meeting house more nearly in the geographical center of the society, it was moved in 1838 and is now in the town of Manchester, where its subsequent history is given. It would be difficult to find a church as prolific in forming new churches as this. Baptist organizations at Mt. Vernon, Belgrade, Hallowell and Winthrop were all inaugurated by members who left the old mother church at East Readfield. James Murphy, Samuel Fogg, Thomas Goldthwait, E. J. White and William Cross, who became Baptist min- isters, were previously of its members. The Freewill Baptist Church, composed of thirty-seven members, was organized May 7, 1839. The church building was erected and dedicated in 1844. This church had three preachers: B. Hedge, Joseph Edgcom and S. P. Morse. The society became very much reduced, no services were held for a series of years, and the town bought the building for its public business. Ever since its establishment at Kents Hill, the Maine Wesleyan Seminary has been a strong factor in the moral, intellectual and social development of the town of Readfield. It is an institution in which the community takes a just pride, and its progress from its early days of struggle to its present era of prosperity and wide-spreading in- fluence, has been a subject of engrossing attention to all who have lived within the atmosphere of the school. A brief mention of the seminary as one of the institutions in the county, has been made at page 101; but at this point it is befitting that a more extended review of its history should be given. The movement which resulted in the incorporation of the seminary, in December, 1824, was due to the efforts, at first unconsciously di- vided, of two men — Elihu Robinson, a Methodist class leader of Augusta, and Luther Sampson, a farmer of Kents Hill. In 1820 the former established a boarding school at his own home in Augusta, and in 1821 the latter was one of five incorporators of the Readfield Re- ligious and Charitable Society, to which he donated the sum of $10,- 000. In 1823 it was specified that part of this gift should be appro- priated to the purposes of a school at Kents Hill; and in 1824, at the urgent solicitation of Mr. Sampson, Mr. Robinson removed his school thither, into a boarding house that had been erected, and assumed the general management of the institution. A seminary building was soon put up " in a plain and economical style," and, as the institution was opened as a manual labor school, mechanic shops were built, and the students allowed to pay most of their expenses in labor in them, or on the farm attached to the school. Though a large attendance resulted from this feature, it brought financial ruin to the enterprise, the productions of unskilled labor TOWN OF READFIELD. 903 being necessarily unremnnerative; and after a trial of about twelve years the system was abandoned. In the early part of 1825 Mr. Asa H. Thompson, of Industry, was chosen principal of the school. He died, however, before entering- upon the duties of his office, and Rev. Henry Cushman filled the posi- tion for a few months. In September, 1825, Rev. Zenas Caldwell, the first Methodist from Maine who had graduated from a college (Bow- doin), was elected principal. Under his direction the school attained a high degree of success, but failing health caused him to resign in the fall of 1826, and in December of the same year he died, at the age of twenty-six. In 1827 the school was under the charge of Dr. Samuel Stevens, a graduate of Waterville College; and in the spring term of 1828 Joshua Randall, a graduate of the same college, acted as principal. In the fall term of 1828 Merritt Caldwell, of Bowdoin, a brother of Zenas, was elected principal, and conducted the institution with marked suc- cess till 1834. During his administration a woman's department, which afterward grew (in 1860) to the dignity of a college, was estab- lished under the care of Miss Urania Merritt. During this period many young men of rare promise were attracted to the school, among them being: John Johnston, afterward professor of natural science in Wesleyan University; Rev. Joseph Cummings, president of Wesleyan, later of Northwestern University; William H. Allen, late president of Girard College; Bishop D. W. Clark, late bi.shop of the M. E. Church; and Hon. Timothy O. Howe, late postmaster-general. Though intellectually the school continued to prosper, its finances were in a deplorable state, and it became necessary to employ agents to solicit funds. Among those who acted in this capacity, from 1830 to 1840, were: Reverends Asa Heath, Charles Baker, Gershom F. Cox and Mr. James Dinsmore. During this time about $16,000 was raised. In 1834 Mr. Caldwell, having been elected professor of metaphysics in Dickinson College, Pa., resigned as principal, and the school con- tinued during the year under the direction of Charles Collins, James Bell and A. T. Wheelock. In 1835 Rev. William C. Larrabee, princi- pal of Cazenovia Seminary, N. Y., was elected head of the seminary, and ably filled the chair until 1840. In this latter year the financial crisis came, the income of the school having continued to fall below its expenses. The institution was bankrupt; all its alienable property was sold for the benefit of its creditors, and still several thousand dol- lars were left unpaid. Mr. Larrabee was himself heavily involved in the financial wreck, and accepted a professorship in Asbury Univer- sity, Ind. Still a brave struggle for life was made by the school. In 1841 Rev. Stephen Allen, of the Troy Conference Academy, Vt., was elected principal. He remained until 1844, when he resigned to enter the itinerant service in the Maine Conference. 904 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. In this year Rev. D. B. Randall was appointed agent, and succeeded in cancelling- the debt of the institution and raising funds for a new- seminary building. Rev. Henry P. Tor.sey, who had served as assist- ant during the }'ear 1843, was elected principal, and from the date of his wise and energetic administration began a new era for the school, both financially and intellectually. A .sketch of this able teacher's life may be found in this chapter. On August 10, 1860, the spacious and elegant .Sampson Hall was dedicated. The financial credit of the institution was restored, a broader curriculum of studies was established, the faculty was in- creased in number, the principal became a president, diplomas, in classic style, were granted to graduates, and degrees were conferred. This new departure was followed by a large increase in the number of students, to accommodate whom the erection of Bearce Hall was begun. The building was completed in 1871, at a cost of $42,000, largely contributed by Samuel R. Bearce, late of Lewiston, and Hon. William Deering, of Chicago. In 1883, in close proximity to Bearce Hall, a house for the president, Blethen Hall, was erected. A con- servatory of music and a commercial college were also established in connection with the institution. In 1882, after thirty-eight years of remarkable service, Mr. Torsey was compelled, through failing health, to resign his position as presi- dent. His mantle fell upon competent shoulders, however, his suc- cessor, and present head of the school, being Rev. Edgar M. Smith, a graduate of the seminary and of Wesleyan University. The school is healthfully and picturesquely located near the head of Lake Maranacook, and many of its students come from the farms of the .state. The policy of the institution is conservative progress and its discipline is strict. Five literary courses of .study, a conserva- tory of music, an art school, a commercial college and a Normal school are now offered to patrons. Cemeteries. — The different parts of the town were settled so nearly at the same time that there is probably little difference in the years when the first burying grounds were established. That at the Corner has had the most interments and has been enlarged by the town. East Readfield has two and Dudley's Plains and Kents Hill each have one. Across the road from the present town house was a ground that was used after 1800, in which the mounds were distinct over the graves within the memory of men still living. It has been under cultivation for many years. There are private grounds near Armstrong's, near G. W. Hunton's and near George Whittier's. Societies — Masonry had an early planting in Readfield, Lafayette Lodge, No. 48, being instituted here January 13, 1826. Its charter members were: Edward Fuller, Franklin Bean, Josiah Whittier, 2d, Ira S. Chapman, Asahel Brainard, George S. Currier, William C. Fuller TOWN OF REAUFIELD. 905 and J. S. Fillebrown. The chair of the W. M. was first filled by Lory Bacon, and for the next six years by Josiah Whittier, 2d, James Wil- liams, Edward Fuller and Samuel Snell. From the year 1832 to 1849 there is no record. The charter, which had been surrendered, was reissued May 20, 1850. Josiah Whittier, 2d, was again master, and was succeeded by J. F. Taylor, George S. Currier, John Vosmus, Emory O. Bean, Ira S. Chapman, Oliver Parsons and George M. Fille- brown. From 1880 to 1892 S. J. Hawes, N. D. Gordon, Phineas Mor- rill, jun., H. O. Nickerson, Joseph Gilman, C. T. Kimball and W. G. Huntou have been masters. The present membership is eighty-one. Maranacook Lodge, No. 345, L O. of G. T., was organized October 15, 1884, with thirteen charter members. Lee Yates first filled the chair as W. C. T., in which the following members have succeeded him, some of them for several terms: Fred Hunton, Charles Folsom, A. H. Wilson, Eva Smith, J. W. Hatch, John M. Williams, Harry Whittier, George C. Hunton, Allen White, Joseph Maswell, E. H. Hatch, Sidney Stevens, Walter Smith and D. M. French. The pres- ent membership is sixty-five. Nawoc Commandery, No. 381, L'nited Order of the Golden Cross, was instituted February 12, 1889, with thirty-one charter members. Henry L. Hunton was elected P. N. C, George E. Coleman, N. C, and Miss Annie Coleman, K. of R. There are thirty-seven members and the number is increasing. Readfield Grange, No. 217, P. of H., was organized in February, 1877, with thirty-nine charter members. James O. Butman was the first master, and H. O. Nickerson, F. L. Gordon, L. C. Luce and M. T. Mace have been his successors, holding the office from one to four terms each. The Grange had a cooperative store the first four years, which was closed out in 1882. Of the present forty-seven members, only seven belong to the original number. Readfield Lodge, No. 30, A. O. U. W., was organized April 14, 1885, with twenty charter members. The master workmen have been: W. C. vStrong, Fred L Brown, A. H. Yeaton, Eli Merriman, A. H. Wil- son, C. S. Kimball, L L. Hopkins and W. D. Haines. The Lodge has sixty-one members and is prosperous. Schools.— The number of school districts in town is six, in which there were 278 persons who drew public money in 1891, with an ac- tual attendance at the different schools of but 143. This is in striking contrast with such statistics a half century ago, when Readfield had fourteen school districts. Judge Emery O. Bean and Miss Elizabeth H. Craig, who afucrward became Mrs. Bean, taught the two depart- ments in the village school in 1840, then, as now, No. 5, each having over .seventy scholars — as many as the whole town sent to school in 1891. Mi.'-s Gertrude L. Stone, an experienced teacher at Kents Hill, was elected supervisor of schools in 1891, and her administration of this 906 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. important department has proved the wisdom of the choice. There was a free high school at the village and another at the Depo*-, in dis- trict No. 14, in 1891 and 1892. Civil History. — It is a matter worthy of record that the first town meeting, after Readfield was incorporated, was held in the spring of 1791, at the house of William Whittier, and again in 1793; the second town meeting convened at Joshua Bean's in 1792, also in 1802; the fourth at Josiah Mitchell's, 1794, also in 1798 and 1800; and the fifth at Joseph Hutchinson's in 1795. The record of 1796 cannot be found, but in 1797 the Methodist meeting house was chosen, and was the place of the annual meetings fifteen out of the next twenty-seven years, the last one being held within its walls in 1824. Eight annual meetings were held in the school house of district No. 5; the first in 1809 and the last in 1823. In 1824 the town voted to build a town house near Ellis Luce's, in which was transacted the town business for about fifty years, when the building becoming old, and the loca- tion not central enough, the site was sold, and the present town house at the village, formerly the Freewill Baptist church, was bought. At the first election for the town of Readfield, in 1791, the select- men chosen were: John Hubbard, who served 9 years; Robert Page, who served 1 year, and Christopher Turner, who served 1 year. In 1792 John Evans was first elected and served 9 years, and Dudley Haines, who served 1 year; in 1793, Joshua Bean, 2 years; 1797, James Cochran, 6, and Mathias Smith, 9; 1799, John Gage, 1; 1800, Samuel Page, 1; 1802, Enoch Smith, 5; 1803, Abiah Holbrook, 1; 1804, Levi Johnson, 5; 1805, Luther Sampson, 9, and John Sleeper, 2; 1807, Fran- cis Fuller, 1; 1811, Daniel Campbell, 3, Eliphalet Hoyt, 10; 1814, John Smith, 5; 1815, George Waugh, 5; 1817, William Taylor, 2; 1819, Sam- uel Melvin, 1, and Lory Bacon, 6; 1820, James Fillebrown, 1, and Henry Carlton, 1; 1821, Eli Adams, 2; 1822, Benjamin Melvin, 3; 1823, John Smith, 3; 1825, Dudley Fogg, 4, and David T. Sampson, 8; 1828, Oliver Bean, 20; 1830, Elisha Prescott, 6; 1831, David Wheelock, 1; 1832, John Haines, 4; 1833, Silas Leonard, 1, and Josiah Whittier, 3; 1835, Asahel Brainard, 3; 1838, Dudley Haines, 7; 1840, Thomas Pierce, 1; 1841, Peter F. Sanborn, 1: 1842, Elisha S. Case, 24, and Wil- liam C. Fuller, 4; 1845, Joshua Packard, 2; 1851, Abijah Upham, 1; 1852, John Lambert, 4, G. W. Hunton, 2, and Asa Brainard, 1; 1853, Joseph A. Sanborn, 3; 1854, David R. Sampson, 7; 1856, David Bowker, 1; 1857, David Elliott, 3, and Charles Kent, 4; 1860, John Lambert, 2, and Gustavus Clark, 6; 1862, H. O. White, 9; 1864, Alvin Packard, 2; 1870, Milford N. Cottle, 1; 1871, Albion Stevens, 11, George A. Russell, 6, and Samuel Fogg, 3; 1876, H. C. Packard, 1; 1877, W. H. Holmes, 2; 1878, J. B. Lowe, 7; 1879, R. W. Soule, 4; 1883, J. B. Mayhew, 2, and W. C. Record, 2; 1884, N. D. Gordon, 3; 1885, S. S. Willard, 3; 1886, B. W. Harriman, 3; 1888, F. I. Brown, 4, and David Dudley, 4; TOWN OF READFIELD. 907 1889, Noah Jewett, 1; 1890, W. G. Hunton, 8; 1892, James O. Butman, W. T. Mace. The first town clerk of Readfield was John Hubbard, whose suc- cessors, with date of first election, have been: John Evans, elected in 1793; Samuel Currier, 1805; John Smith, 1809; Solomon Stanley, 1811; Edward Fuller, 1812; John Smith, 1813; Edward Fuller, 1814; Jona- than G. Hunton, 1825; George Smith, 1828; James Williams, 1830; Lory Bacon, 1836; John Lambert, 1837; Timothy O. Howe, 1840; Emery O. Bean, 1842; James Williams, jun., 1844; J. B. Fillebrown, 1846; Emery O. Bean. 1849; Asa Gile, 1851; Emery O. Bean, 1858; Reuben C. Morrell, 1855; John Haynes, 1856; G. M. Fillebrown, 1857; John Lambert, 1864; B. T. Richards, 1866; F. S. Hartwell, 1873; F. E. Bean, 1875; W. G. Hunton, 1878; G. W. Manter, 1879; F. L Brown, 1885; and Eli Merriman since 1888. The first treasurer was Nathaniel Whittier, and his successors, with date of first election,* have been: Robert Page, 1794; Joseph Carleton, 1810; Robert Page, 1812; Luther Sampson, 1817; John Smith, 1820; Cromwell Pitts, 1821; James Fillebrown, 1825; John Smith, 1827; Dudley Fogg, 1829; Lewis Haines, 1830; John Smith, 1833; Dudley Haines, 1843; Matthew Hay ward, 1844; John Vosmus, 1851; Daniel Craig, 1856; John Lambert, 1857; Matthew Hayward, 1860; Daniel Craig, 1864; Moses Whittier, 1868; Gilman Haines, 1870; D. R. Lamp- son, 1873; J. P. Johnson, 1874; J. B. Lowe, 1877; George W. Manter, 1878; F. A. Robinson, 1879; S. J. Hawes, 1844, and W. A. Lord since 1888. In 1858 the town bought a farm on which to maintain its poor. This was sold and another bought in 1861, which was also sold in 1889. The population of Readfield in 1850 was 1,985; in 1860, 1,510; in 1870, 1,456; in 1880, 1,243. The valuation in 1860 was $505,807; in 1870, $589,171; in 1880, $499,089; in 1890, $363,728. PERSONAL PARAGRAPHS. David F. Austin, born in 1819, in Belgrade, is one of thirteen chil- dren of Nahum and Jane (Farnum) Austin, and grandson of Moses Austin, who came to Belgrade from Lebanon, Me., in 1789. Mr. Aus- tin went from his native town to Boston, and held a position as mes- senger in Tremont Bank from 1849 until 1869, when he came to Read- field, having bought the old Doctor Hubbard farm of three hundred acres. He married Mary J., daughter of Nicholas Weaver. She was born in Belgrade. Their children were: Arthur E., M.D., of Dor- chester, Mass.; John B., Mary E., and three that died— Carrie, David and Minnie. Albert F. Bean, born May 5, 1821, is the fourth child and only son of Franklin and Sally (Macomber) Bean, and grandson of Joel Bean. Mr. Bean is a farmer on one hundred and sixty acres of the four hun- yu» HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. dred acre tract purchased by his g^randfather from the Plymouth Com- pany. He married Ann J., daughter of Peabody H. Rice. She died leaving seven children: Emma J. (Mrs. L. G. Lord), Ellen L. (Mrs. C. I. Eaton), Laura A. (Mrs. S. W. Bennett), Anna (Mrs. A. E. Hanny), deceased; Edward P., Cora E. (Mrs. Andrew Chandler, jun.) and Myra L. (Mrs. John A. Larson). His present wife was Bethiah A., daugh- ter of Enoch Shaw. Jedediah Bourne was a son of Dea. Rouse and Hannah (Delano) Bourne, who came from Marshfield, Mass., to Readfield, in 1811, and bought a part of the Squire Page farm. Mr. Bourne was a farmer, and since his death in May, 1881, his youngest son, William F., has carried on the farm, and for the past five years has run a hay press and bought and sold hay. Jedediah Bourne married Polythea Turner, and their children were: Mary D., Angela, Jedediah T., Lorenzo P. (died at the age of four years), Hannah, Lorenzo P., Lucy A. and Wil- liam F. On the Bourne farm is a vein of slate which was worked some fifty years ago, and from which many grave stones were made. Many of these stones may still be seen in the old cemetery at East Readfield. Frederic I. Brown, of Readfield, is the son of Lauren Brown and the grandson of Isaac Brown, who came from Brentwood, N. H., about 1800, to Chesterville, Me., where he bought land, built a house, changed a forest into a farm, and took rank among the most enter- prising men of his town. His son, Lauren, the second in a family of eight children, was raised a farmer, succeeded to a portion of the paternal estate, and married Eliza Ann Stevens. Charlotte M. Brown, the eldest of their four children, has filled, since its organization in 1872, the difficult and responsible position of first matron of the Maine Industrial School for Girls, at Hallowell, to whom " is entrusted the whole care of the inmates, under the advice and direction of the man- agers and the counsel and assistance of the superintendent." Her sister, Eliza F. Brown, has for many years been assistant matron. The third child was Henry S., and the fourth and youngest Frederic I., who was born in Chesterville December 26, 1850. He grew to ma- turity surrounded by rural influences and engaged in agricultural pursuits, which were very pleasantly and profitably interlarded with a few terms of school at Rents Hill. In 1879 he thought best to ex- change farming for a trader's calling, and so came to Readfield and located near the woolen factory as a member of the mercantile firm of Fogg & Brown. The next year there was a change of partnership to Stevens & Brown, which lasted one year, since which time Mr. Brown has been sole proprietor. His business as dealer in meats, groceries, flour and meal has grown under good management to ample proportions for a country village, keeping a wagon on the road five days in the week. TOWN OF READFIELD. 909 Requiring larger quarters, combined with the advantages of mod- ern appliances, he erected in 1S90 the large and attractive building he now occupies, standing about midway between the woolen mills and the Corner. In connection with other public spirited citizens Mr. Brown is one of the purchasers of the Readfield Woolen Mills, which after several years of inaction bid fair through the efforts of their new owners to enjoy another period of their old time pros- perity. In the spring of 1884 Mr. Brown was elected by the republicans to the office of town clerk, to which he was reelected each of the two succeeding years. In 1887 he was chosen one of the selectmen of Readfield, a position from whose duties his townsmen have not yet been willing he should retire, as he is now in his sixth consecutive year of service. In the fall of 1890 he was elected to the state legisla- ture, and served on the State Reform School, engrossed bills and the councillor apportionment committees. He was married January 19, 1881, to Miss Annie M. French, of Chesterville. The accompanying view includes a glimpse of their pleasant and attractive home — the old residence of General Robert Batchelder, a noted citizen, for many years high sheriff of Kennebec county, who bought it about 1850 and lived in it till his death. Henry S. Brown, born in 1846, is a brother of Frederic I. Brown. He came to Rents Hill in 1888 and bought of W. C. Record the old Kent farm of two hundred acres, where he is a dairyman and farmer. He married Caroline E., daughter of William F. Morrell. Their children are: Nathalia E., Venessa M. and Harold E. James O. Butman. — One of the most charming sections in the western part of the county is between Winthrop and Readfield, along the west shore of Lake Maranacook. Here is many a bit of landscape worthy of the artist's pencil — glimpses of the placid lake set like a sapphire in its banks of emerald green; and substantial and inviting farm houses, suggestive of the general prosperity attendant upon agricultural pursuits in this highly favored region. In one of these houses, about a mile south of Readfield Center, lives James O. Butman, whose success in sheep husbandry and orcharding has not been paralleled in the town. Mr. Butman was born in Vassalboro, September 7, 1836. His father, Thomas, removed to Augusta when James was about eleven years old, and here the boy attended school until he reached his sixteenth year, when he went to Lynn, Mass., to learn shoemaking. Having remained in Lynn about a year, he returned to Augusta, entered the shoe business there, and followed it successfully for six or seven years. During this time, on January 2, 1858, he married Ellen F. Hilton, of Augusta, by whom he has two children. The elder, Lizzie, was born February 11, 1860. On her twenty-third birthday she married Frank Rollins, a school teacher ■910 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. and now professor of natural science in the high school in New Brit- ain, Conn. They have four children: Ethel, Mabel, Elsie and an infant son. Mr. Butman's other child is J. Warren, born September 7, 1880. About two years after his marriage Mr. Butman removed to Detroit, Me., and was there at the breaking out of the late war. In 186B he returned to Augusta and bought a small place, but soon sold it and removed to Readfield, where he purchased the old Johnson farm on the Winthrop road, where he now resides. Here, besides other farm products, he sends to market many remarkably fine Baldwins, but it is in sheep husbandry that he especially excels. He makes a specialty of raising early lambs, shipping them to the Boston markets. He also keeps a small herd of high grade Jerseys, which produce an annual average of three hundred pounds of butter. Mr. Butman, although a staunch republican in a republican town, has never aspired to public office, though in 1892 he was elected select- man, after having for several years previous declined to run. He does not believe that farming and politics mix well, and certainly the labor he devotes to farming is productive of more substantial and perma- nent results than could ever be derived from tilling the stony field of politics. George E. Coleman, born in 1862, in Augusta, is a son of Barzillai and Amy L. (Greenleaf) Coleman, and grandson of Seth, whose father, Captain Owen Coleman, came to Vassalboro from Nantucket, Mass., in 1800. Mr. Coleman was employed as a printer in Augusta for some time, and in 1887 came to Readfield, where he is a farmer and fire in- surance agent. He has been secretary of the Kennebec County Agri- cultural Society since 1890. His wife is Jennie, daughter of G. C. Hunton, granddaughter of Samuel, and great-grandaughter of Peter Hunton. David Dudley, born in 1832, is one of eleven children of Henry, grandson of Eliphalet, and great-grandson of Stephen Dudley. Mr. Dudley's mother, Dorothy, daughter of Eliphalet Maxfield, jun., was born March 5, 1795, and is now living. Mr. Dudley was twenty years an oilcloth maker, and has since been a farmer on the original Dud- ley homestead. He has been selectman four years, and in 1891 was chairman of the board. He married Mary E. Thompson, and they have one son, Irving C. John Colby Dudley", born in 1823, is a son of Samuel' and Mary {Childs) Dudley, and his line of ancestors were: Eliphalet', Stephen", James', James', Stephen', Samuel' and Thomas Dudlej'', who came to America in 1630. Mr. Dudley is a farmer and orchardist, and resides near where Stephen' settled, in 1780, when he came to Readfield from Brentwood, N. H. He came from Brentwood when a little boy to Hallowell, then called the Hook, and came through the woods to Read- TOWN OF READFIELD. 911 ■field by spotted trees. John C. married Mehitable, daughter of John Dudley, and their children are: Jane C, Martin V. and Amey A. David Elliott, born in 1808, is a son of William and Abbie (White) Elliott. William Elliott was born in 1777, came from New Hampshire to Readfield in 1805, where he died in 1875. David Elliott is a farmer on the place where he was born, and which his father bought of An- drew Blunt, when he came to the town. He married in October, 1832, Sarah S., daughter of Samuel Courier. Their children were: Marilla M. (iMrs. B. T. Richardson), Abbie (Mrs. David Courier), William S. ■O. and David O. (deceased). William S. O. Elliott, the only surviving son of David Elliott? was born in 1845. He is a farmer and speculator, and lives on a part of the farm settled by his grandfather. He married Annie R., daughter of Gideon Lambert, and their children are: Fred D. and Guy W. Benjamin H. Fifield, born in 1823, is a son of Weaver and Roxana (Curtis) Fifield, grandson of Ebenezerand Mary (Samborn) Fifield, who •came to Readfield from Kingston, N. H., in 1805, and built their house in 1806. Mr. Fifield is a farmer on a part of his grandfather's farm. His first marriage was with Lovina, daughter of Nathan Hall. His present wife was Rachel A., daughter of Dan. Hill, and granddaughter •of Jepther Hill. Mr. Fifield is the eldest of nine children: Benjamin H., Joann M., William E.. Alanson C, Calvin, Lucretia L., Eben, Mary S. and Harrison, who died April 24, 1879. Calvin and Mary S. occupj'^ the north part of their grandfather's farm and the house that he built in 1806. All of the family except Benjamin H., Calvin and Mary S. removed to California many years since. Josiah N. Fogg, born in 1815, is a son of Dudley Fogg (1782-1855), who came from Raymond, N. H., to Readfield, where he was a farmer. His wife was Nancy Gove. Mr. Fogg is a farmer. He owned and ■operated the Readfield grist mill with his father for some years, and he ■owned it from his father's death in 1855 until he sold it in 1888. He was representative in 1875. He married Hannah W., daughter of Cap- tain William S. Shaw, of Wiscasset, Me. Their children are: Augustine N. and Charles H., living; and Dudley S. and Annie L., deceased. Samuel M. Gove, son of Elias and Betsey (Johnson) Gove, was born in 1817. He is a farmer, and since 1855 has owned and occupied the Joseph Greeley homestead. His first wife was Sarah, daughter of Henry and Mehitable Greeley. Their five children, all deceased, were: Elias H., Charlotte, Samuel M., Sarah J. and Mary E. Elias H. was in Company H, 8th Maine, and died in 1863; and Samuel M., jun., was in Company H, 20th Maine, and died in 1864. Mr. Gove's present wife was Elmira, daughter of Joshua and Sarah (Sprowl) Maxwell. Mr. Gove's eldest daughter married William P. Bailey, March 2, 1863, and died February 10, 1884, leaving three children: Mary F., Lottie E.and William M. TOWN OF READFIELD. 913 Samuel G. Fogg. — North from the Readfield depot on rolling land overlooking the beautiful Messalonskee, is one of the best culti- vated farms in Kennebec county. Here Dudley Fogg, a son of Major Josiah Fogg of Raymond, N. H. (a descendant of Samuel Fogg, of New Hampshire), settled in 1802, with his wife, Nancy Gove, and piirchased this farm of 150 acres. The youngest of their eight child- ren, the present owner of the farm, is Samuel G. Fogg, who was born in 1823. His first wife was Mary A. Stevens, of Monmouth, who died leaving one son, George O. His second wife is Ann M., daughter of Ebenezer Prescott, of Raymond, N. H. Their children were: Nellie D., Frank P., Chase E., Mary M. and Sarah L. The accompanying illustration includes a glimpse this homestead and its picturesque surroundings. Henry Greeley, son of Henry and Mehitable Greeley, and grand- son of Joseph Greeley, was born in 1823, and married Nancy, daughter of Moses Whittier. Their children were: Ella (Mrs. S. H. Morrill), Charles W., Etta F., died 1852, and O. Preston, died 1860. Samuel Greeley, born in 1823, is the eldest s.on of Samuel and Nancy (Taylor) Greeley, and grandson of Joseph Greeley, who with his two brothers, Samuel and Noah, came to this part of Maine— one to Hallowell, one to Mt. Vernon, and Joseph settled in Readfield. Mr. Greeley was eight years in Boston, and aside from that has been a farmer on the farm where his father lived, it being a part of the Squire Page farm. He married Harriet, daughter of Gordon Haley, who died in 1889. George Guptill was born in 1840 in Belgrade, on the farm which his grandfather, Nathaniel, settled, and where his father, Nathaniel Gup- till, v/as born and spent his life. Nathaniel, jun., married Sallie Yea- ton, of Belgrade, by whom he had ten children. George enlisted in 1863 and served under General Banks on the Red River expedition. He was next in the Shenandoah Valley and lost his left eye at Cedar Creek, on the morning that General Sheridan made his celebrated ride from Winchester. George married first, Matilda Tracy, of Rome, in 1863, and second, Ellen Lord, of Belgrade, in 1876. She died in 1880, leaving two children: George F. and Earl, since which he has lived five years in Rome, and since 1889 in Readfield. Dudley W. Haines, farmer, born in 1834, is a son of Dudley and Rosanna (Hunton) Haines, and grandson of Captain Dudley and Alice (Ford) Haines, who came from New Hampshire to Readfield and had ten children. Mr. Haines married Clara A., daughter of William Hankerson, and their children are: Emma A. (Mrs. Frank S.AVillard), Alice E., William D., Celia J. (Mrs. Eli Merriman), and Clyde B. George W. Handy, born in 1838, in Wayne, is a son of Robert and Kate W. Handy. He served in the late war from November, 1861, to November, 1862, in the 4th Maine Battery. His first wife, Jennie W. 914 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Wood, died leaving one son, Bertie A., who since died. He has one son, Charles A., by his second marriage. Aaron Hannaford, born in Farmington in 1817, son of Robert and Keziah (McKinney) Hannaford, came to Kents Hill from his native town in 1877, where he has since been a farmer on the John Jewett farm. He married Calista, daughter of Moses Stevens, and their chil- dren are: Eli S., M. D.; Ellen A., Emma B., Hattie Edna, Filmore A., Edwin H. and Howard C, who died. Benjamin W. Harriman.— If consistency is a jewel, so also is per- sistency, for the latter quality rightly directly, is the true secret of success. To this salient characteristic is attributable the substantial success in life achieved by Benjamin W. Harriman, of Readfield. His father, James Shepherd Harriman, was born in South Kingston, N. H.> in 1785. He was a farmer and cooper and a captain of a cavalry com- pany in his native state. About 1810 he removed from Plaistow, N. H., to New Sharon, Me., where he was engaged in farming until his death, in 1843. His first wife, Sarah George, of New Hampshire, died in New Sharon in 1830, having borne him six children, two of whom, Abigail and Ira F., are still living. His second wife, Cynthia, daughter of Daniel Gould, was born in New Sharon in 1806, and died in Gor- ham. Me., in 1883. They also had six children, all born in New Sharon: Daniel G.,born in 1833; Benjamin W., 1835; Asa G., 1836, who died in infancy; Mary E. (Mrs. Henry Leavet), 1837; Hannah A., 1839; and Ellen A. (Mrs. B. L. Hammon), 1841. The daughters are now all residing in Gorham. The elder son, Daniel G., lived on the home farm until he was seventeen years old. Shortly after reaching his majority he was sent as delegate to the first republican convention in the county, held at Strong, August 7, 1854. From 1864 to 1866, inclusive, he held a pro- fessor's chair in Kents Hill Seminary. Resigning from this institu- tion, he read law, was admitted to the bar in 1867, removed to Brook- lyn, N. Y., and since that time has very successfully pursued his pro- fession in New York city. Being an earnest student of political issues he was active on the stump in support of the republican ticket in the campaigns of 1880, '84 and '88, and possessing a mind of keen per- ceptive quality, and strong logical instincts, he contributed much of value to the political literature of his party. In 1888 he wrote a pam- phlet entitled Protection vs. Free Trade, which attained the remarkable circulation of over 1,250,000 copies. Another pamphlet, American Tariffs, front Plymouth Rock to McKinley, written in 1892, attained dur- ing the first two months after its issue a circulation of more than 150, 000 copies. Benjamin W., the younger son and principal subject of this sketch, was but eight years old when their father died, and he soon, obliged to become self-supporting, went to work with the energy that has 0^ ^>. y^^^ TOWN OF READFIELD. 915 characterized his entire business life. In his leisure hours he gained such education as could be obtained at the common schools of his na- tive town; but as in the history of many other successful men, the world was his best school, and experience his greatest teacher. In 1860 he removed from New Sharon to Kents Hill, and attended the seminary there in 1861 and 1862. In the latter year his mother bought the Dudley Moody house, which had long been the only tav- ern at Kents Hill. In that and the following year Mr. Harriman, with Gustavus Clark as partner, traded at Kents Hill for eighteen months. In 1863 Mr. Harriman bought the mail route and express Residence of BENJAMIN W. HARRIMAN, Kents Hill, Me. business between Kents Hill and Readfield Depot, and for seventeen years conducted it with marked success. In July, 1870, Mr. Harriman married Mary, daughter of Rev. Parker Jaques, one of the early Methodist preachers of Maine. He was born in Newburyport, Mass., in 1817. At the age of eighteen he entered the seminary at Kents Hill to prepare for the ministry, sup- porting himself while at school. He soon after entered the ministry and in 1837 received his first appointment, at Dixfield Circuit. He died March 31, 1885, after forty-six years of itinerant service, during which he took no vacation. From 1875 to 1881 he served as presiding 916 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. elder. He was a diligent and thorough student, and received from Bowdoin College the honorary degree of Master of Arts. Mr. Harri- man is also an earnest and substantial supporter of the Methodist church. In 1875 the house bought by Mr. Harriman's mother was burned and Mr. Harriman purchased the place and built upon it his present attractive residence, as it appears in the illustration on page 915. By his persistent attention to bu.siness he has amassed a handsome com- patency. He has dealt in agricultural implements and carriages since 1880, and at his residence and at Readfield station has supply depots for various kinds of farming machinery. Probably no man now living in this section of the country has had business relations with as many people of these towns as he. Since 1881 he has been engaged in buying cattle for the Brighton market, shipping by rail to that point as many as sixty oxen in a single week. For the last ten years he has been a large buyer of wool, having in one year bought in Readfield and other places over 50,000 pounds. In connection with his large business in- terests he has also since 1870 represented at Readfield leading in- surance companies. Mr. Harriman has held various town offices, and in 1879 was elected a member of the legislature. He has three sons: Mearle J., Benjamin W., jun., and Carl R. William Harvey was born at Readfield June 26, 1841. His pa- rents were of English and Scotch extraction. His father, William, was born at North Yarmouth, Me., in 1800, and died at Augusta at the ripe age of eighty. His mother, Dorathy Ann Smith, was born at Mt. Vernon in 1823, and died in Readfield in 1889. Mr. Harvey's early boyhood was passed in Readfield, where he attended the com- mon schools and later the Maine Wesleyan Seminary. In 1864 he married Elsie W. Brande, of Readfield, by whom he had four chil- dren, three of whom are still living: Roscoe W., James E. and Elsie L. In 1862 Mr. Harvey became interested in the salt industry and has been engaged in it ever since. From 1867 to 1875 he carried on ex- tensive lumber operations in Lenoxville and Warwick, P. Q. Since the latter year he has been connected with various manufacturing en- terprises in the state. The salt business in which he and his sons are now engaged is carried on under the name of the Dirigo Salt and Soda Company. They also are engaged in the manufacture of edge tools, under the firm name of William Harvey & Sons. Mr. Harvey lived in Augusta from 1865 to 1883, but since the lat- ter year has resided in Readfield. He had three brothers: John R., Franklin and Winfield S. John R., of Readfield, is the only one living. John Henderson, son of Thomas Henderson, was born in 1827 in England. Thomas Henderson was born in the county of Kent, Eng- land, and died in Pepperell, Mass., in 1842. He was married in Bris- tol, Eng., to Sarah, daughter of John Philips, keeper of Market House, Harvey Homestead, half-mile south of Readfield Corner, on Lake Maranacook, where William Harvey was born June 26, 1841, Present Residence o' ^ty^'l^-'^^^-^ Readfield Corner, Me. ~y 918 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. at Milford, Milford Haven, Wales. John Henderson came to America in 1839 and was paper maker and manufacturer at intervals until 1876, since which time he has been a farmer. He bought the Jacob Graves farm in Readfield in 1864, where he has since lived. He mar- ried Orinda S., youngest daughter of Franklin and Sally (Macomber) Bean. Their children are: Frank T., Alice J. and John H. William H. Hunt, born in 1844, is the youngest of five children of Noah F. Hunt (1802-1882), who came to Readfield from Kingsfield, N. H., when a boy, with his parents, Robert and Betsey (Maloon) Hunt. Mr. Hunt was eleven months in the late war in Company F., 21st Maine, was one year in California, and has since been a farmer in Readfield. He married Frances C, daughter of Moses and grand- daughter of Henry Dudley. They have two children: Warren A. and Lillian (Mrs. Albert Stevens). George Washington Hunton, born in 1809, is the eldest of five sons of Peter, and grandson of Jonathan Hunton. Peter Hunton came from New Hampshire to Maine when a boy, and died in 1836, aged sixty-seven years. Mr. Hunton 's maternal grandparents were Christopher and Catherine (Carlow) Turner. He is a farmer on the place where Shubael Luce settled in 1789. He was representative in 1856 and was several years selectman. He married Emily A., daugh- ter of William C. Fuller and granddaughter of Francis Fuller. Their children were: Nancy, Elizabeth, William G. and Edna, who died. Henry A. Hutchinson (1808-1865) was the twelfth of a family of thirteen children of Joseph and Annie (Whittier) Hutchinson. Jo- seph Hutchinson came to East Readfield from New Hampshire and settled where Charles A. Mace now lives. Mr. Hutchinson was a me- chanic. He married Eliza, daughter of Benjamin' Dudley. They had four children: Sarah E. (deceased), Elmina S. (Mrs. George L. Royall), who has taught about one hundred terms of school, and has two chil- dren by a former marriage — Edwin M. and Elizabeth S. Hutchinson; Mary N., now the widow of Albion Stevens; and Henry A., who has been station agent at Walnut Hill, Mass., for twenty-three years. Noah Jewett, born in 1835, is one of four survivors of a family of eleven children of John and Betsey (Barker) Jewett. He was edu- cated at Kents Hill. He served fifty-two months in the late war; after two years' service in Company B, 10th Maine, he was discharged as sergeant; he reenlisted as second lieutenant in Company B, 2d Cav- alry, and was twice promoted, leaving the service in 1865 as captain. He was engaged in mechanical work ten years, and since 1875 has been a merchant at Kents Hill, where he also did barber work. He was postmaster from March, 1875, until August, 1885, and was re- appointed in July, 1889. He married S.arah, daughter of Zelotes Marrow. They have one child living— vSusie M., now a music teacher in Auburn and Lewiston— and two that died — Harry and Fannie. --^^^^^^^ -<^^72:^g>t::^(> ./ TOWN OF READFIELD. 919 Nathaniel Jordan, born in 1818 at Cape Elizabeth, Me., is a son of Richard and Sarah (McKinney) Jordan. He learned the trade of edged tool maker, and followed it in different places until 1864, when he bought a farm in Readfield, where he has since lived. He married first, Sarah J. Woodbury, who died leaving three children: Etta, Wil- liam E. and Arthur D. His second wife was Abigail Dresser, and his present wife is Hannah, sister of Gustavus Smith. Harvey Ladd, of Readfield and Winthrop, was in the seventh generation from Daniel Ladd', of England, who took the oath of supremacy and allegiance to pass to New England in the ship Mary and John, of London, Robert Sayers, master, March 24, 1633. Daniel landed and settled in Ipswich, where he bought land, and removed to Salisbury, and thence to Haverhill, of which town he was one of the original settlers, and in 1668 one of the selectmen. He was a man of good social position, which was the highest mark society could bestow in the days when the vulgar distinctions of wealth were not possible, because everybody was poor. Daniel Ladd died July 27, 1693, in Haverhill. NathanieF, the seventh of his eight children, was born March 10, 1651, in Haverhill, and married Elizabeth Gilman, July 12, 1678, daughter of Hon. John Gilman, of Exeter, N. H., who was a delegate to the assembly, speaker of the house, and the founder of a family that for two hundred years was distinguished in the annals of the state. Nathaniel died from wounds received in fighting the Indians, August 11, 1691. NathanieF, his oldest child, was born in Exeter, April 6, 1697. He was a farmer and lived in a brick house, and married Mrs. Mercy Hil- ton for his third wife. Paul', their oldest child, was born in March, 1719, married Martha Folsom, and removed to Epping, N. H., where he was a well-to-do farmer. Simeon', their sixth child, boi-n January 15,1757, was a farmer and married Lizzie Hines, of Nottingham, N. H., where he lived for a time and removed to Readfield. Simeon, ]un.,° their fourth child, was born February 23, 1780, and married Mercy, daughter of Nathaniel Folsom, of Mt. Vernon. She died in 1820, and he married Lydia San- born. The children by his first wife were: Gorham, Paul, Warren, Harvey' and Hiram. Simeon Ladd" was a farmer and lived one mile north of Readfield Corner, where his son Cyrus, by his second wife, now lives. Harvey Ladd', whose portrait appears in connection with this family sketch, was born January 21, 1814. He was brought up on the old homestead, and with his farming, learned the carpenter's trade of Joshua Packard, whose daughter, Laura Ann, he married September 30, 1839. In 1842 he bought and settled on a farm in Winthrop, which was y^*J HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. his home for over forty years. Here he divided his time between the arts of husbandry and the art of building, working sturdily at his trade a part of each year during the whole of his active life. Both vocations were profitable under his management. He was a thrifty farmer, a reliable mechanic, a life-long democrat and a good citizen. Harvey Ladd by his first wife had two children: Harriet E., born April 21, 1841, who married Greenwood Arnold, of Augusta; and Laura Frances', born April 21, 1843. She married, December 24, 1874, Lewis Curtis, son of Atsett Luce, of Readfield. Mr. Ladd lost his first wife in 1846, and in 1850 he married Rebecca Holmes, who died about 1860. His house and buildings in Winthrop were burned in 1890, after which his home was with his daughter and her husband, Lewis Curtis Luce, at whose house in Readfield he died, June 27, 1892. Kidder R. Linnell, born in Skowhegan in 1840, is a son of Robey K. and Charlotte G. (Clark) Linnell, and grandson of Sturgis Linnell, who came from Cape Cod, Mass., to Belgrade, Me., and later removed to Skowhegan. Mr. Linnell had been a blacksmith at Lowell. Mass., for six years, and in 1878 he came to Readfield, where he is a farmer. He married Ella P., daughter of David Larrabee. They have one daughter, Ada E. Joseph B. Low, son of Stephen Low, was born in 1819 in Vassal- boro, and was a farmer there until 1869, when he came to Readfield, where he has since lived. He was representative from Vassalboro in 1864, and was several years selectman there; he has been six years on the board of selectmen in Readfield, and has held the office of town treasurer. He has been secretary, agent and president of the Kenne- bec County Agricultural Society. He married Susan A., daughter of John Simpson. She died in 1891. John Edward McCormick, son of John and Serena (Dudley) Mc- Cormick, was born in Gardiner in 1856. His maternal grandfather was John Dudley, who married a daughter of Abram Brown, who kept a tavern and was a farmer, being succeeded in 1827 by his son-in-law, Mr. Dudley. In 1884 Mr. McCormick bought the farm and now occu- pies it. He married Margaret, daughter of Daniel MacDonald. Their two sons are: John C. and Daniel A. Roderick MacDonald was born in Arisaig, Nova Scotia, August 15, 1826, to which place his father, Donald MacDonald, came from the Highlands of Scotland, and married Margaret MacDonald, who be- longed to a family of his name, in Arisaig, and there settled as a farmer. Their eleven children were: Angus, Nancy, Catherine, Alexander, Mary, Ronald, John, Donald, Roderick, John and Hugh. Roderick staid at home, faithful on the farm and dilligent at school till he was fifteen years old, when he began a three and a half years' ap- prenticeship at the tailor's trade. When this was completed he aS-o-^T-^ £i.,^<-4^ TOWN OF READFIELD. 921 worked at his trade in Nova Scotia till August, 1849, when he went to London, Eng., in the schooner London Kate, as steward. After spending a week in London and a week in Liverpool, he sailed in the ship Michael Angela, which landed in Boston in October, 1849, after losing thirty emigrant passengers with ship fever during the gloomy passage. The following winter he worked at tailoring in Bos- ton, and for the next three years in Lowell, Mass. Two of these years he was employed by S. H. Hastings, in whose shop he became ac- quainted with Julia Franklin Bean, also an employee. This acquaint- ance resulted in their marriage the next year. The new relation was profitable as well as pleasant — side by side in their vocation, the great partnership for life was most fitly begun. After another year's work they came to Readfield. Roderick, in the meantime had been slowly yielding to an attack of the California fever, which in its genuine form could only be cured by going there. Accordingly he hastened to New York, and took passage July 20, 1853, in the steamer Cortes for Aspinwall. At that time only eight miles of the isthmus railroad were completed, from the end of which the party Mr. MacDonald was with easily walked the balance of the distance to Panama in one day. At the latter place they took the steamer Golden Grt/^, arriving at San Francisco August 16th. From there a steamer took them to Sacramento, and another to Marysville, and from thence a stage to Grass Valley, where Roderick found his brother, Ronald, who had already been a year on the Pacific coast, working in a mine at Industry Bar, on Yuba river. Roderick joined him at once, staying there till the November rains set in, when they found employment in a deep mine at Grass Valley. The next summer Roderick again returned to his old job at In- dustry Bar, and during the following winter he worked in Grass Val- ley for the Rocky Bar Mining Company, owned largely in Massa- chusetts. They had rich diggings and made a great deal of money. An absence of three years from his young wife and his home, and the very comfortable reward secured for the time thus spent, decided Mr. MacDonald to return east. So he left the mines in May, 1856, and reached San Francisco ju.st after the celebrated vigilance committee had hung a half dozen desperadoes— among them James P. Casey and the noted gambler, Cory. Mr. MacDonald put up at the What Cheer House, kept by the proprietor of the since noted Woodward Garden. In the night he was called on by the vigilance committee, and assisted them two days and nights in guarding public and private property. June 5, 1856, he left San Francisco on the Golden Age for Panama, crossed the Isthmus, and returned to New York in the steamer George Law. After a visit at home he worked in Woburn, Mass., for two years, and in Portland and Thomaston, Me., another two years, at his old 922 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. trade. In July, 1860, he established his present business in Readfield amid prophecies of starvation and failure. Self-supporting from the start, his trade has grown to large proportions for a country village. Moderate prices and sterling quality have made customers who send back to the home shop from Massachusetts, Connecticut, Chicago, Kansas, Montana and California, for regular supplies of clothing. Scotch persistence and honorable dealing have done it. Roderick MacDonald and Julia F. Bean were married at Nashua, N. H., July 6, 1852. Three children were born to them: Richard H., who died when three months old; Hattie L., born April 7, 1859; and Julia M., who was born May 22, 1870, and died September 15. 1886. Mr. MacDonald and his daughter, Hattie L., experienced the great loss of a faithful wife and a devoted mother by the death of Mrs. Mac- Donald, August 24, 1892. She was the daughter of Franklin Bean, whose father, Joel Bean, was born in Readfield, and whose grand- father, Joshua Bean, all prominent citizens, came from Gilmanton, N. H., to this section at a very early day. Charles Ansel Mace, born in 1839, is the only son of Charles and Martha A. (Dudley) Mace, grandson of Richard, and great-grandson of Andrew Mace (1757-1845), who lost both hands by the premature explosion of a cannon at the muster grounds. East Readfield. Mr. Mace has been a teacher and farmer, and has been for several years a member of the school board of the town. He married Lucy A. Rich- ardson, of Monmouth. Their two sons are: Will T. and Burt E. Mr. Mace owns and occupies the old Joseph Hutchinson farm at East Readfield. John W. Manter (1812-1878) was a son of Henry Manter, of In- dustry, Me. He came to Readfield in 1863, and six years later bought a mercantile business at Kents Hill, where he was postmaster and merchant six years. In June, 1875, he bought the business at Read- field Corner, where, since his death, in 1878, his sons, George W. and Melville W., have continued. He married Hannah C. West, and their children were: George W., John W., Melville W.; and two daughters that died, Juliet W. and H. Ellen. D. D. Merriman, born at Harpswell, Me., in 1831, is a son of Robert and grandson of Walter Merriman. In 1850 he began to learn tailor- ing in Richmond, Me., and was engaged at that trade in various places in connection with other mercantile business. In June, 1872, he came to Readfield, where he has since been a merchant, and thirteen years of that time has manufactured clothing. He married Emeline M. Perkins, and has two sons: Edward A., now editor and publisher of The Madison Bulletin, Madison, Me.; and Eli, who is a tailor in Readfield. Both sons graduated from Westbrook Seminary. Dudley Moody, born 1789, and died 1865, was a son of Gilman and Annie (James) Moody. He came to Kents Hill in 1826 from Mon- TOWN OF READFIELD. 923 mouth, where he had kept store and been a farmer; and he followed the same vocation here, kept tavern, was several years postmaster, and was officially connected with the seminary for many j'ears. His wife was Mary Richardson, and they had four children: Elizabeth J., Mary Ann, Joseph G. and Harriet A. Only two are now living: Harriet A., the widow of Alvin Packard, and Elizabeth J., widow of Rev. Howard Brooks Abbott, who died in 1876, aged sixty-six years. Mrs. Abbott now lives at Kents Hill. George S. Morrill, born in 1837, is the oldest son of Major Jacob Morrill (1799-1879), and grandson of Captain Levi Morrill, who was a blacksmith and farmer, as was his son, Jacob. Dea. Levi Morrill, father of Captain Levi, came from Brentwood, N. H., in 1790, with three brothers. Mr. Morrill is a farmer, and occupies the homestead place with his sister, Mary A. Phineas Morrill, born in 1830 in Brownville, Me., was a son of Cap- tain Phineas Morrill, who came from Brownville to Readfield in 1847, and was engaged in manufacturing. Mr. Morrill was three and a half years in California, was for several years overseer of the woolen mills here, and after that a farmer and speculator until his death in 1890. He married Elizabeth W., daughter of Enos, and granddaughter of Elijah Fairbanks, of Winthrop. Their children are: Mae (Mrs. Harold E. Martin), Edgar, who died in infancy, and Elmer A. H. Owen-Nickerson, born in 1833, in Waterville, and died in Read- field in 1891, was a son of Hiram and Mary J. (Smith) Nickerson, and grandson of Thomas Nickerson, who came to Maine from Cape Cod, Mass. Mr. Nickerson was a farmer, was two years a member of the state board of agriculture, and was several years an officer in the Ken- nebec County Agricultural Society. The farm where he lived and where his widow now resides was then Captain Dudley Haines home- stead. He married Georgia C, daughter of James and Sophronia (Clough) Packard, and granddaughter of Caleb and Lydia (Ford) Pack- ard. Their children are: Annie A., Arthur S., Walter A. and James O., who died in infancy. William C. Record, born in 1837, in Hallowell, is a son of Isaac and Martha (Blaisdell) Record. He was in California and Nevada from 18o7 until 1877, mining, excepting the last five years, during which he was engaged in the lumber business. He bought a farm on Kents Hill, Readfield, in 1877, and followed farming until 1888, when he bought the grist mill which he now operates. .He married Mrs. Mal- vina Currier, daughter of Samuel Dunn. They have one son, Charles D. Reuben Russell, born in 1817 in Weld, Me., is a son of Ephraim and Rebecca (Ireland) Russell. He came from Weld to Readfield in 1845, and after three years in the hotel business, bought the farm where he now lives. He married Anna M., daughter of Marmaduke ya4 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Masterman. Their only son, George A., was educated at Kents Hill. He was one year lieutenant of Company F, 21st Maine. He held the office of school supervisor, served one term in the house, and one year in the senate. He was four years postal clerk on the railroad, and four years at Augusta post office. Since 1887 he has been steward of Wilbraham Academy, Wilbraham, Mass. He married Lydia A. Mil- lett, and has one daughter, Lillian F. Amos A. Sampson, born in Readfield,,is the youngest and only- survivor of seven children of David F., who was the only son of Luther Sampson, a revolutionary soldier, who came to Readfield from Marshfield, Mass., in 1799. Mr. Sampson owns and occupies the farm where his grandfather settled, and from which he gave the seminary lot. He married Nancy J., daughter of Mark Stevens. Their chil- dren are: M. Etta (Mrs. F. L. Russell), Mary R. (died November 3, .1884), Nellie A. and Lillian A. Joseph T. Sherburne, born in 1835, is a son of Captain Thomas and Lovina (Fifield) Sherburne, grandson of Job, and great-grand- son of John Sherburne, who died in Readfield in 1789, aged sev- enty-six years, and is buried at Dudleys Plains. Mr. Sherburne is a farmer on a part of the farm settled by his grandfather. His first wife, Mary N., daughter of Randall Currier, died leaving two children: Herbert L. and Maynard C. His second marriage was with Georgia A., daughter of Nathan Porter. They have one daughter, Jennie M. Llewellyn Sherburne, born in 1845, is the only brother of Joseph T. Sherburne. He owns the old Sherburne homestead and 120 acres of the original farm. He married Sarah A., daughter of Randall Currier, and their children are: Hattie L. and Thomas E. Gustavus Smith, farmer, born in 1829, is one of eleven children of Carpenter and Reliance (Stone) Smith, and grandson of Matthias Smith, who came from Martha's Vineyard, Mass., and settled on the farm where Gustavus now lives. The latter was in California from 1852 until 1856. He married Lydia A., daughter of Gorham Ladd, who died leaving four children: Eva C, Harry C, Walter G. and Amy E. Mr. Smith served one year in the civil war. David Stevens, born in 1806, in Loudon, N. H., was the youngest of ten children of John and Martha (Marden) Stevens, and grandson of John Rogers Stevens. Mr. Stevens came from New Hampshire to Wayne, Me., in 1807, with his parents, and his father died there in 1829, aged sixty-seven years. He was a farmer in Wayne until 1861, when he came to Readfield, where he now lives. He married Jeannette Haines, who died in 1890. Their children were: Alfred, Jeannette F. and Charles H., the only survivor, who is a farmer with his father. He married Lottie E. French and has children: Nettie B., Charlotte E., Mary M., Robert (deceased), and Nellie F. TOWN OF READFIELD. 925 Zadock H. Thomas, born in 1844, is one of four children of vSeth and Cynthia (Baker) Thomas, grandson of Nathan and vSally (Wat- son) Thomas, and great-grandson of Nathan Thomas, of Martha's Vineyard, Mass. Nathan, jun., came from Massachusetts to Mt. Ver- non, and his son, Seth, came to Readfield in 1849. Zadock H. served eleven months in the late war, in Company K, 3d Maine, and his only brother served in the same regiment and company. He married Sadie E., daughter of Hiram H. and Charlotte S. (Pierce) Hewitt. Henry Pierson Torsey, LL.D., D.D., was born at East Monmouth, Me., August 7, 1819. His father, John Atkinson Torsey, was the third child of Dr. Gideon Torsey, who came from France as surgeon in the army during the French and Indian war. Dr. Gideon Torsey married and settled in Gilmanton, N. H., whence his son, John A., moved with the New Hampshire colony that settled a large portion of the terri- tory now comprised in the town of Monmouth. John A. Torsey was a man of extraordinary character and broad range of genius. As a mathematician he had few equals. He was employed by the proprietors of the Kennebec Purchase to run their lines in the southern extremity of the county at that critical period when land surveyors and muskets were often intimately associated. He married a near relative of General Henry Dearborn, of military fame, and from this union came the subject of this sketch. As might be expected of one in whose veins flowed the blood of the Dearborns crossed with the impulsive temperament of John A- Torsey, he exhibited early signs of great activity. Like his grand- uncle. General Henry Dearborn, for whom he was named, his boy- hood was marked with a great fondness for the natural sports of the day; and unlike any one named in history or tradition, with a greater love for unusual sports of his own invention. Playing ball, wrestling and skating were entertaining enough to make him expert at each, but were rather tame pastimes for a boy who could walk on the ridge- pole of a house on his hands with his heels in the air, and keep his feet on the back of a running horse with the ease of a professional acrobat. However useless these performances may have been, his knowledge of swimming, skating and wrestling served him many a good turn in later years. At least four persons have been saved from drowning by his remarkable agility in the wafer and on ice. His school life began in the little " Blaketown " district, at East Monmouth, under the tutelage of that familiar figure in Kennebec politics, Hon. Alanson Starks. At the age of sixteen he entered on a course of study at Monmouth Academy, under the tuition of Nathaniel M. Whitmore, from whom he received his first certificate to teach. Many have been the times, doubtless, when he has hurled anathemas at that proud document. Teaching has been to him, in all his years of success, a constant drag. And no one thing evinces more conclu- yafa HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. sively that the element of success was inborn than the fact that while he had gained the reputation (voiced by such men as Rev. Dr. Fulton, of Tremont Temple, and Rev. Dr. Day, of New York) of being the greatest teacher of young men in America, that reputation was won in a vocation that was always distasteful to him in the extreme. At about the age of seventeen he became converted and united with the Methodist Episcopal church. He was soon licensed to preach, and through the influence of friends was led to take a course at Rents Hill Seminary. In 1840 he received elder's orders at the hands of Bishop Hedding. One year later he left Rents Hill to take charge of the Normal de- partment in East Greenwich Academy. Rev. Dr. Tefft was then its principal, and under him his college studies were pursued. In 1842 he returned to the Maine Wesleyan Seminary as assistant to Dr. Stephen Allen. During the same year Doctor Allen resigned, and his as.sistant, after much persuasion, reluctantly consented to take his place. The condition of the school at that time was lamentable. Only about seventy students were registered; the buildings were all but worthless, and the interest on a debt of $10,000 was threatening to crush out its very existence. So hopeless were the prospects of the institution that the Maine Methodist Conference declined to take it as a gift. With these conditions and nothing but erudition, tact and determination to fall back upon, he began. Carefully considered plans, all the details of which had been previously arranged in his mind, were at once put in operation. In a few months the attendance increa.sed to a degree that was as alarming as the other extreme. Every house on Rents Hill was filled to its greatest capacity, and still the students came. Stage-load after stage-load came bringing dollars to the institution and consternation to the overtaxed principal. Soon every house to the Fayette line was packed to overflowing, and still they came. Such is the history of the growth of the Maine Wesleyan Seminary during the first years of Doctor Torsev's superintendency. Its later history is noticed at page 902. This institution is largely the embodiment of the genius and in- domitable energy of Henry P. Torsey. For the meager sum of $500 per annum he did the work of four professors, hearing thirteen classes and spending a large portion of his nights in chemical and electrical experiments. In 1845 Doctor Torsey was married to Emma J., daughter of Rev. Ezekiel Robinson, a prominent member of the Maine Methodist Con- ference. In this relation, as in all other affairs, the doctor chose wisely. Heartily sympathizing with him in all his plans for the de- velopment of the school, and possessing talents and accomplishments which enabled her to assume the superintendency of important de- partment work, Mrs. Torsey 's life, like that of her husband, became 1 '/p. 7c i^r>s TOWN OF READFIELD. 927 Utterly merged in the interests of the school, and in thus supplement- ing her husband's plans and labors she enabled him to accomplish that which must have remained a tantalizing theory had he depended on the less efScient and less interested labor of hired auxiliaries. She was not only the preceptress, but she was also at the head of the de- partment of art and of the modern languages. Although she retired from active work in the school room after seventeen years of arduous service, it was during these years that the institution was lifted from its insecure position to the first place among the college preparatory schools of Maine. Not only was Doctor Torsey fortunate in securing a life companion whose interests and purposes were identical with his own, but as a re- sult of uniting with the Robinson family he secured from it two other able instructors— Rev. F. A. Robinson, Ph.D., a brother of Mrs. Tor- sey's, who was connected with the institution twenty-seven years, and Miss Pronie B. Robinson, who served as principal 9f the art depart- ment from 1845 to 1879. Professor Robinson had charge of mathe- matics and the ancient languages, and always performed the presi- dent's duties when Doctor Torsey was sick or absent. He was one of the three persons who carried the school to its position of usefulness and power. At the time of his election to the presidency of the seminary he was reading law with Judge May. How great might have been the honors gained in this profession we can only conjecture, but in any vocation he could not have failed. Doctor Torsey was elected to the state senate in 1855-6, where, as chairman of the committee on educa- tion, he and Judge H. K. Baker had much to do with the drafting and passage of bills which essentially changed the common school laws. In 1865 he absented himself from the school for a time, on account of failing health, and accepted the position of supervising treasury agent for Florida, South Carolina and Georgia, his duties being chiefly related to freedmen's interests. He had previously declined the ofi&ce of secretary of Montana territory, and the pledge of promotion, the second year, to its governorship. Following this was a tender of the consulship of Valparaiso. While shut up in a darkened room in Florida, totally blind, he re- ceived a telegram from Senator Hamlin announcing his appointment to the consulship of Beirut. Whether either of these positions would have been accepted, had his physical condition permitted, can only be guessed. While discharging the duties of supervising treasury agent he had opportunities for gaining large wealth that only a man based on the firmest foundation of principle could have refused. Speculators were picking gold out of the state treasury in almost unlimited quan- tities, and thousands of dollars were placed before the superintendent Va» HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. to secure his connivance. As soon as circumstances would permit he retired from the service; but such was the estimate of his value as a public cu,stodian that he was immediately summoned to Washing- ton and offered $4,000 additional to his salary, if he would return and take charge of the department. " I cannot do it," said he, firmly; " there are now thirteen salaried officials in that department, and I can perform the duties of the whole by working two hours a day." ■" That is not your business," was the rejoinder; " the government appropriates the salary and demands an incumbent to the office." " I have a conscience," replied the doctor, " and cannot accept emolu- ment without service." Six months after he left the government ser- vice the announcement came: " Your salary for the past six months awaits your order." It was a temptation $2,500 strong. Without hesitation a reply went back to the treasury department: " I have dis- charged no public service in the past six months, no salary is due me, and I shall accept none." Doctor Torsey brought back from the South a sum equivalent to a fair teacher's salary. He brought what was of far greater value — a character unstained in public life. As a minister of the gospel his promotion would have been rapid and his fame widespread; but he chose to give this promotion and fame to others and to teach them how to use both to the glory of God. It is true he left his work at Kents Hill twice to accept the honors of the Maine senate; but even here he had a duty to perform, and that it was well performed the present system of education bears witness. But if honors have been unsought, they have not been withheld. Three times he has been elected to represent Maine's largest ecclesi- astical body at the General Conference; and institutions of learning, recognizing his merit and the value of his attainments, have confer- red on him the honorary degrees of LL.D. and D.D. The secret of his success as a teacher may be concentrated in one word — love. Every pupil in his charge was compelled to feel that the power that held him in check bore toward him more the attitude of a father than of a pedagogue. As a disciplinarian he was strict and exacting, as a parent should be toward the child in whom his loving interest centers. His vigilance over those committed to his care, and the infallible certainty with which he brought to light the hidden things of darkness and meted out justice to the guilty, smack strongly of the sen.sational detective stories in which our youth delight to revel, and have always excited curiosity, and, for that matter, always will, for here is a subject of methods on which he is provokingly reti- cent; but the students knew and felt that his rules were only neces- sary parts of their education — helps to study. The winter of 1888-9 Doctor and Mrs. Torsey spent in California, every day of which old Kents Hill students flocked to express with moist eyes and in grateful tones their belief that to his efforts, more TOWN OF READFIELD. 929 than to any other influence, they owed the successes and the integrity of their lives. Over and over they told how his work and his love had taken the bad out and put the good into them, and they empha- sized their gratitude by golden presents characteristic of their adopted state. Doctor Tor.sey, now in his .seventy-third year, active still and vigor- ous in intellect, if not in body, is enjoying the fruitage of his life- work at his pleasant home on Kents Hill, as well as the pains result- ing from his excessive labors will allow. He rejoices when honors come to one and another of his 17,000 pupils, and exclaims, with mer- ited pride, " He is one of my boys." Thomas J. Townsend, born at Limerick, Me., in 1828, is a son of William and Sophia (Dowle) Townsend, and grandson of Thoinas Townsend. He is a farmer, and since 1863 has owned and occupied the farm which was settled in 1767 by Robert Waugh. He married Mary J., daughter of Stephen Abbott. Their children are: Herbert S., Alvin A., Lottie M., Nellie S , and George W., who died. George Whittier, born in 1824, one of six children of Josiah, 2d, and Sally (White) Whittier, is a farmer where his father and his ma- ternal grandfather lived. In his early life he was three years in Cali- fornia; he has been fifteen years in the meat business, also a carpen- ter and farmer. He married Sarah, daughter of Calvin, and grand- daughter of Isaac Porter. Their children are: Horace P., Charles D., Henry D. and Mary Ellen. Sullivan S. Willard, born in 1825, in New Sharon, Me., is a son of Nathaniel, grandson of Joseph, and great-grandson of Nathaniel Wil- lard, who was among the early settlers of Industry, Me. His mater- nal grandsire was Benjamin Savage. Mr. Willard came to Readfield in 1872, where he is a carpenter and farmer. His wife, Olive A. Gould, died leaving three children: Frank S., Mellen G. and Angle S. Josiah Wesley Williams, born in 1853, is the youngest of five chil- dren of Miles, and grandson of John Williams, who came from Wool- wich, Me,, to Readfield and bought of Constant Nickerson the place where Mr. Williams now lives, containing 175 acres. Josiah AV.'s mother was Abigail Whittier. He married Delia F., daughter of James H. Dudley, of Hallowell. Miles Everett Williams, farmer, born in 1850, is a son of Miles and Abigail (Whittier) Williams. In 1879 he bought the south part of the SamuelgWhite farm, where he now lives. He married Ellen S., daugh- ter of Samuel, and granddaughter of Benjamin Joy, of Winthrop. They have one son, Walter E., and have lost a son and daughter. CHAPTER XXXV. TOWN OF MOUNT VERNON. Washington Plantation. — Settlement. — Characteristics. — Incorporation. — Pio- neers.— Town House.— Post Offices.— Early Mills.— Traders.— Taverns.— Man- ufactures.— Societies. — Churches. — Cemeteries. — Villages. — Civil Lists. — Personal Paragraphs. MOUNT VERNON, by its early settlers, who began to come about 1774, and were largely from New Hampshire, was first called Washington Plantation. John Stain, one of the very first, was born in Germany, and came here from Readfield. Nathaniel, Caleb and John Dudley, John Stain, Daniel Gordon, Jonah and John Bean, Nathaniel Ladd, Peltiah Cobb and Reuben Rand are believed to have been the first men who brought their families, and built their houses here. The latter two cleared farms on Bowen hill, and raised corn on land now covered with the second growth maples, some of them two and a half feet through. It is said that a party of timber hunters from Lewiston came before any white man lived here, and camped one night at West Mount Vernon. Judging they were about that distance from home, they called that stream Thirty-mile river. The next morning they climbed the highest point of land in sight to get a better view of the unbroken forest. One of the party was a Mr. Bowen, and that hill has borne his name from that day to this. Mount Vernon easily takes rank as the equal of any of her sister towns, in original wealth of forest, strength and productiveness of soil, percentage of tillable to total acres, and of income to outlay. Like its neighbors, it abounds in ponds of infinite variety of situa- tion and size, which add so greatly to the charming surprises and picturesque attractiveness of scenery, for which all the towns in Ken- nebec county are so justly and so widely celebrated. Long, Parker, Crotched, Flying, Greely and Moose are its principal ponds, and Bowen, Currier, Cobbs and McGaffey hills, the latter sometimes called a mountain, are its highest elevations of land. The act of incorporation by which Mount Vernon was erected into the eightieth township in the province of Maine, was completed June 28, 1792. Levi Page was authorized to call the first town meeting, TOWN OF MOUNT VERNON. 931 which was held in July at the inn of Benjamin Eastman. Solomon Leighton, John Dudley and Paul Blake were elected as the first board of selectmen, and at a subsequent election Nathaniel Dudley was chosen as the first representative to the general court. The first six town meetings were held at the house of Benjamin Eastman, " In- holder," and the next two at Stephen Scribner's inn. The area of the town was 15,000 acres, and its population was about 600. In 1850 its population was 1,479; in 1860, 1,464; in 1870, 1,252; in 1880, 1.171; and in 1890 it numbered 940. In 1870 its valuation was $397,034; in 1880, $893,381; and in 1890 its assessed valuation was $273,283. It is high praise of any town in Kennebec county to say that the quality of its early settlers was as good as that of its neighbors. Mount Vernon claims this and no more. But a record must be made of the acts of one woman and one man among her pioneers. Mrs. William Whittier every night put food on her table, a light in her window, a logon the fire when the weather was cold, and left her door unbolted with the latch string hanging out — a standing invitation to any tired, belated settler passing in the dead houi's of the night, to stop and eat and rest, and go where he chose — the free gift of a grand woman's great heart. During the memorable cold season of 1816 Theodore Marston had corn to sell. To people who came with the money to pay for it he would say: " You can buy of any one who has it — I must sell my corn to poor people who have no money; I will trust them;" and he did. Such men and women are rare. Their deeds illuminate a whole hori- zon, and ennoble the lives of all subsequent generations. Some of the earliest and most prominent settlers, the most of them here before 1800, were: Charles Atkins, a Methodist minister near Dunn's Corner; Jonathan Prescott, a surveyor; Levi and David French, Joses Ladd, Solomon Leighton, Theodore Marston, Benjamin and Nathaniel Philbrick, John R. Robinson, John Stephens, Stephen Scribner, Phineas Taylor, Deacon Nathan Thomas, Paul Blake, Samuel Cram, Peter Folsom, John Hovey, Deacon Samuel Thing, Nathaniel Philbrick, Dr. Samuel Quimby, Noah Greeley, Daniel Thing, Reuben Hanscomb, Nathaniel Rice, Nicholas D. Robinson, Caleb Cressey, Reuben Daniels, Samuel S. Oilman and Nathaniel Kent. The following interesting extracts from the town records are good history: " October 1. 1799. Voted to build a meeting house by sub- scription on condition that a spot of ground can be reasonably pur- chased near Benjamin Eastman's. Voted to choose a committee of five to oversee said business, and that they shall have nothing for their services. Voted, committee as follows: Nathaniel Dudley, Paul Blake, John R. Robinson, Jabez Ladd, Jacob Jewel. Voted, to build said house 50 by GO, and twenty-three feet posts. Said house shall be 59 932 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. for town business, and the worship of God. Located on south side of road near Benjamin Eastntan's house." "Said house shall be for the use of the Baptist society and church one-half of every month, and the other half, or as much of it as is not wanted or occupied by other societies." " Voted to raise $250 to build said frame. Voted Captain William Whittier as chairman of the building committee." The building was duly finished in 1800, and for the next thirt}'- seven years was used for " town business and the worship of God." It contained fifty-three pews, which Captain Blake sold at auction. Benjamin Eastman paid $77 for No. 1, Reuben Rand and Moses Bas- ford each paid $61 for a seat, and three seats were bid off at $31 each, the lowest price. The sale realized $2,206. A wide, strong gallery was built on three sides, and on special occasions hundreds of people would obtain standing room after all the seats were full. Daniel H. Thing thinks he saw when a boy nearly a thousand people in the house listening to Judah Prescott, a noted woman preacher. But the time came when the question of repairing the old house or building a new one was decided, as these extracts from the records show: " 1836. Met in the old meeting house. Voted, to build a Town House. Voted, to locate the Town House at Dudley Lyford's Corner, which shall be completed on or before the first of March, 1838. Voted, to raise a committee to petition the Legislature for leave to sell the old meeting house." The last town meeting in the old house was held November 25, 1837, and the first meeting in the new town house was held March 12, 1838. It was more than twenty-five years after the settlement, and nine years after the incorporation of the town, before its inhabitants, who must have numbered nearly one thousand, got their first post office. It was established July 1, 1801, and was named South Mount Vernon, which shows the locality in which the greatest number of families then lived. The names of postmasters, with dates of appointment, were: Benjamin Philbrick, July 1, 1801; Samuel Thing, August 3, 1803; Stephen Wells, July 25, 1823; Nathan Robinson, September 17, 1823; Samuel Thing, January 31, 1831; John Philbrick, June 25, 1833; Darius Robbins, June 14, 1845; Elijah Farnham, May 20, 1847; and John Stevens, July 20, 1849. This office was discontinued Decem- ber 22, 1851. In February, 1849, the office was called Mount Vernon Village for nine days. The first postmasters kept the office at their houses on " Fat " street, and it is said they could have put a weekly mail in their hats. The name and date of the next post office indicate the period when that locality became the center of business, and demanded rec- ognition as such. Mount Vernon Village post office was established February 26, 1828. February 8, 1849, the name of the post office was TOWN OF MOUNT VERNON. 933 changed to Mount Vernon. Its postmasters have been appointed as follows: Dexter Baldwin, February 26, 1826; Joshua Wells, December 19, 1838: William H. Hartwell, December 25, 1840; Upham T. Cram, August 16, 1843; William H. Hartwell, January 26, 1844; Benjamin Gilbraith, May 27, 1845; Waldo A. Blossom, February 9, 1849; Abner Small, September 18, 1850; Daniel M. Teague, July 26, 1855; Rufus M. Mansur, May 28, 1861; Fernando C. Fellows, September 19, 1866; George McGaffey, April 4, 1883; Charles C. Gilman, June 15, 1885; and William E. Carson, September 16, 1889. The third post office, established June 5, 1830, was named East Mount Vernon. Greenleaf Wing was the first postmaster: and Sam- uel M. Ingalls, appointed November, 1836; Silas B. Wing, February, 1839; and Stephen Gilman, September, 1844, were his successors. The office was discontinued in June, 1845. After an interval of forty- four years it was reestablished in October, 1889, with Fred A. Wing as postmaster. AVest Mount Vernon post office was not established till July, 1860, and was named Walton's Mills till January, 1868. Nathaniel Larra- bee was appointed postmaster in July, 1860; Andrew J. Smith, De- cember, 1863; Thomas Scofield, December, 1874; Fred C. Huse, May, 1879; Roswell S. Kent, November, 1880; Orlando Brown, December, 1883; Francis O. Dolloff, Septenxber, 1889; and Daniel Kimball in May, 1890. Mount Vernon Center post office was established March 8, 1852, Hiram S. Bean, postmaster; it was discontinued in June following. The saw mill built by William Whittier about 1800 was the nu- cleus, first called " Whichers," around which the village of Mount Vernon grew. It is said that he brought the first saw on his back from Gardiner. Perley Morse was the next proprietor, and his suc- cessors have been: William Hartwell, Benjamin Gilbraith, John Wil- liams, Aaron Cogswell, Abial and Charles Walker, Welhngton Wood, and Severy, Filbert & Williams. About 125,000 feet of lumber are cut each year and 100,000 shingles. William Whittier also built the grist mill and Perley Morse was one of the first to run it. Since Mr. Morse, James Maxwell, Benjamin Gilbraith, Aaron Cogswell, Abial Walker, Charles H. Severy, E. M. Tracy, H. L. Thompson and Timothy Currier have had control of the mill, which has three runs of stones, and once did a large business. Richard Rice built before 1800 a fulling and cloth dressing mill -where the brick building stands. He was succeeded by his brother, Nathaniel Rice, whose son, Peabody, in 1829 formed a partnership with James Hanna, from Providence, and together they built the pres- ent brick mill and put in cards and a picker. Subsequent owners have been: John O. Dearborn, Anson P. Morrill, David M. Carson, Gil- braith, Hartwell & Maxfield (the latter firm sold the cards and picker 984 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. and rented power to Newell and George Carpenter, who made pill boxes there). John Williams & Sons (who in 1855 changed it to a wood working factory and manufactured carriages), H. A. Comstock and Wilder Taylor. Charles C. Cilman occupies the brick building and manufactures picker sticks and levers, used in cotton and woolen mills. Mr. Cilman originated this industry, the factories formerly making these articles themselves. The brick building near the Ladies' Hall was built about 1840, by Calvin Hopkins and Cilbert Taggart for a potato starch factory. Mount Vernon has always been a productive potato town. Mrs. Eben Leighton relates that when she was twelve years old, her father, Ste- phen Carr, and another man would dig seventy bushels of potatoes per day, and that she picked them up easily. The starch factory was next used by Nathan Sanborn for a tannery. For the past eight years John and George Fairbanks have made shingles and have manufac- tured shovel, hoe and broom handles, besides sawing large quantities , of white birch for spools, in the old brick building. At the foot of the pond, as early as 1800, Nathan Philbrick built a grist mill that was not used after 1830. On the same ground Joseph Hopkins built a tannery that he carried on nearly thirty years. Noth- ing more was done there till Alvin Butler, in 1875, built the saw inill which he sold to Charles Fairbanks in 1887. The present dam is sixty years old and is the third one that has been built. Mr. Fairbanks cuts 200,000 feet of lumber and 100,000 shingles annually. This stream has long been known by the name of each of these early build- ers— Philbrick and Hopkins. The first trader was Samuel Cilman, in a store standing just east of where Captain Davis now lives, on the hill. Doctor Morse bought the building and moved it down on the north side of the street, and kept a store there from 1810 to 1815. It is now the dwelling house of Charles Webber. Jabez S. Thing was a partner with Doctor Morse for awhile. Upham T. Cram began as a trader in 1823 and continued for over twenty years. About 1833 Calvin Hopkins commenced a very prosperous career as a merchant. He was a strong temperance man and never kept any liquor for sale. The innovation was so novel that many said he would fail, but he made money, continuing in trade till 1875. H. S. Robinson and Sewall Eaton went into trade about 1840, followed by Morrell Carson. In 1849 Moses T. Mayhew began trade, and in 1860 he was joined by Albion T. Cram for seven years. In 1867 the firm of Cram & French was established, and seven years later Mr. Cram purchased his partner's interest and is still in busi- ness. From about 1840 to 1864 Dr. Ira Thing kept a store, adding drugs and medicines. Jabez Thing sold to Marston & Tilton. Rufus M. Mansur built a store in 1856 and kept it till 1862, when B. F. Butler TOWN OF MOUNT VERNON. 935 bought it and was succeeded by his son, H. L. Butler, and he by E. M. Tracy. Ex-Governor A. P. Morrill had a store on the north side of the street, followed by Dearborn & McGaffey. John M. Fifield was for a time in trade in the brick store, and George McGaffey was the last. In 1848 Blake & Leighton traded in U. T. Cram's building and were closed out by the great fire in 1850. About 1856 Frank Richard- son built the store where the post office is and kept a merchant tailor establishment there. F. C. Fellows followed with a tin and kitchen hardware store till W. E. Fellows, in 1888, set up the first boot and shoe store in Mount Vernon. Allen Brothers bought of the Mayhew estate in 1887 the store they now keep, and W. T. Morrill built the store he trades in in 1891. The village of Mount Vernon barely escaped total destruction by a fire that broke out in the hotel stable of Waldo A. Blossom just be- fore daylight one morning in September, 1850. The hotel, which stood where Butler's store is. Doctor Thing's store and Lothrop's tailor shop were burned on that side of the street. Across the street Doctor Morse's dwelling house and the brick store in which Marston & Tilton were trading; Jabez Thing's dwelling house; Calvin Hop- kins' brick store; Upham T. Cram's building, in which Blake & Leigh- ton were the traders; Captain Small's shoe shop; the old carding ma- chine in which Moses Mayhew kept a store, and two barns on the shore of the pond were all burned. The fire was stopped by pulling down a small tailor shop standing where the post office building, belonging to William Morrell, is. The total loss was estimated at $15,000 and Moses Mayhew was the only man insured. Benjamin Eastman was an "innholder," according to the town records, in 1796 and 1797, and Stephen Scribner in the two following years. Benjamin Philbrick succeeded them till his death in 1812, when his wife, known as " Aunt Betty," continued the old tavern stand many years. Captain John R. Robinson' kept tavern m 1800, and was succeeded by Franklin Blunt till 1840, where John P. Carson now owns. Nathaniel Philbrick and his son, John, were innholders till 1850. At West Mount Vernon John R. Taylor was the earliest innkeeper; Peleg B. Otis next, and John Veizie till 1855. The earliest tavern at or near the village was kept by John Whit- tier on the first hill east of the pond, where C. H. Severy lives. Jabez Morse was the first landlord in the village, followed by " Shube " Vance, William Hartwell, Joshua Wells, H. O. Reed and W. A. Blos- som. Daniel M. Teague, George H. Wills, Oliver Stevens, Loren F. Dolloff, David M. Bent, Charles Record, A. H. Wilson, Ora M. Sibley, John Fairbanks, Moses T. Bean and Eben Leighton comprise most of the landlords since the fire of 1850. John Williams, and following him his sons, Charles and Cyrus, were the first wagon and carriage makers in the village. William yob HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. M. Tyler was the next, and at the same time Edwin V. Carr, whose shop stood where it now does — a half mile north, on the Vienna road. From a small beginning, Mr. Carr has developed a manufactory that turns out from twelve to fifteen carriages a month— the largest in Kennebec county. The harness makers in the village have been: Carlton & Carr, Benjamin Wells, Charles Morse, A. H. Wilson, and for the last ten years Jacob A. Rundlette. Josiah Pearl was a cooper in the village, Oliver Trask had a shop on the Augusta road, and James and Sewell Dolloff had shops on the Belgrade road. John Douglas and Josiah Ladd were early blacksmiths. Ethel Buzzell, Isaiah McClinch, Captain Samuel Davis, Benjamin Leighton and Harvey Boles were blacksmiths in the village before 1850. Har- din Morse, Perry, John Coffrin, Charles Oilman, Hiram Comstock, Fred Allen and George H. Poole have been the later smiths. Joseph Buzzell made felt hats in early times, that were widely known and worn. Brick have been made by Benjamin Dudley at Dunn's Corner, by Daniel and Steven Wiggins at the foot of the pond for most of the brick buildings m the village, also in places northeast of the village. Samuel Davis made brick in the south part of the town, and John R. Rundlette had a kiln on his farm. The brick for Nathaniel T. Rob- inson's house were made from a clay bed close by. Abram and Samuel Smith made brick where Walton stream enters the pond. Dr. Elijah Morse built a potash near where the Methodist Episco- pal church stands, that Jabez Thing carried on, and near it, on the bank of the pond, stood another run by Upham T. Cram. John R. Taylor had an ashery at West Mount Vernon in 1820. Benjamin B. Dudley made brick east of Dunn's Corner before 1840. For its largest public building Mount Vernon is indebted to its women. In 1880 they organized a sewing circle that in 1883 was chartered as the Ladies' Hall Club, " for the purpose of building and owning a building in which shall be a hall for private and public pur- poses." The very next year they erected the large and commodious building known far and near as the Ladies' Hall. It cost $2,000 and was paid for by the profits on fairs, sociables, home talent theatricals, and many other schemes that the fertile brains and tireless hands of resolute women never fail to devise and execute. Louise D. Mayhew was the first president, and her successors have been: Laura McGaffey, Etta Smith, Hattie E. Hall, Mrs. Lucretia Smith, Hattie Mayhew, Nel- lie Butler and Mrs. Laura Fellows. Societies. — Mount Vernon Grange, No. 211, was organized in 1875 with thirty-eight members. This branch of the Patrons of Husbandry was very prosperous, and soon numbered one hundred members. A Grange store was established in 1877, and was discontinued after two TOWN OF MOUNT VERNON. 937 years of unsatisfactory results. Eben Leighton was the first store- keeper, and E. M. Tracy was the second and last. Daniel H. Thing was the first master, and is the present secretary. Harrison W. Web- ber was the first secretary, and Augustus Thomas is the present master. The regular meetings of its thirty-five members are held monthly in the Ladies' Hall. Vernon Valley Lodge, No. 99, F. & A. M.. was chartered May 3, 1860. Moses S. Mayhew was the first master, and his successors have been: J. J. Wood, Charles B. Williams, Samuel Davis, Dr. Silas Bur- bank, Daniel H. Thing, Thomas Robinson, Augustus F. Smart, Henry Graves, Oman F. French, George McGaffey, Everet J. Lowell, Fer- nando C. Fellows and W. T. Morrill. The present secretary. Doctor Burbank, has filled that office for twenty years. The Lodge built their hall in 1866, at a cost of $1,500, in which they hold monthly meetings, with a membership of one hundred. The Ancient Order of United Workmen is represented in Mount Vernon by Lodge No. 31, which was instituted April 27, 1885, with eleven charter members. Ozro A. Weston was cho.sen the first master workman, followed by: Charles V. AVells, Charles Dolloff, N. Cora Leighton, Noah G. Sanborn and W. H. H. Williams. A. P. Cram has been recorder from the first. Ecclesiastical.— -On Thursday, the eighth day of August, 1799, at the house of William Whittier, the following persons were embodied inco the First Particular Baptist church in the town of Mount Vernon: John Hovey, Samuel Thing, Nathan Thomas, Joshua Stevens, William Whittier, John Whittier, Samuel Quimby, Jacob Jewell, Levi Jewell, Hannah Thing, Anna Hovey, Dorcas Stevens, Rhoda Hutchings, Elizabeth Thomas, Polly Colbeth, Polly Baker and Ruth Oilman. John Hovey was the first clerk and Samuel Thing was the fir.st deacon. Elders Eliphalet vSmith and Isaac Case were the earliest preachers; Henry Kendall was the next and Peter Moore was pastor from 1807 to 1815, when he was dismissed for doubting the divinity of Christ. Arthur Drinkwater followed in 1816, and was a great favorite, preaching at intervals till after 1840. Reverends William Johnson, Caleb Clarke, William Bradbury and Walter T. Sargent served the church between 1821 and 1845. This society worshiped in the old meeting house erected by the town just south of Moose pond, in 1800, and in school houses till 1826, when Esquire James Robinson gave a plot of land near the Robinson burying ground, on which was built the First Particular Baptist meeting house in Mount Vernon. Elijah Morse, Dudley Robinson and Daniel Thing were the building com- mittee. Here the Baptist society had a house for over half a century, the last sermon being preached by Elder C. E. Young, in July, 1879. The present Baptist church was built in 1849, by Methodists, Uni- versalists and Freewill and Calvinistic Baptists, as a union meeting 938 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. house. In 1886 the Calvitiistic Baptists obtained control of the house, and the improvements made since that time amount to over $3,000. Since 1843 John Billings, Simpson Powers, W. H. Clark, Charles E. Young, Joel R. Herrick and Henry M. Heyward have been the min- isters of this church. The number of members is ninety-eight. Methodism was planted in the soil of Mount Vernon by its great apostle, Jesse Lee, who preached the initial sermon October 18, 1793, probably in the Philbrick school house, near Moose pond. The preacher spent the night with Stephen vScribner. There is no record of Methodist meetings again till Eaton Shaw, from Kents Hill, and C. H. Lovejoy, from Readfield, assisted by several seminary students, came in 1836 and held meetings in the Baptist church and in the Philbrick school house. A Methodist class was formed consisting in part of: John S. Phil- brick, leader, and Susan, his wife; Franklin and Nancy Blunt, and their daughter, Charlotte N.; Joshua and Mary Wells; Benjamin S. Philbrick and his sister, Hannah G.; Rufus and Hannah Rundlette, and Olive H. C, their daughter; Olive Wells; John and Mary Neal; Mary Williams; Polly Carson and her children, Samuel G. and Sally. Only occasional Methodist sermons were heard in town for the next ten years, some of them by Charles Atkens, a local preacher and a pioneer settler. In 1847, mainly through the efforts of James F. Blunt, a two days' meeting was held by Reverends John Allen and George Webber, in the school house at Thing's Corner, from the im- petus of which Mount Vernon, in 1848, was connected with Kents Hill, under the pastoral charge of R. H. Stinchfield. The Union chapel was built at the village in 1849, the Methodists taking the lead. In 1881 the Methodists thought best to build a house of their own. A site was donated by Harrison W. Webber, on which the present attractive church was dedicated February 25, 1885. The society is in a prosperous condition, with a church membership of eighty. The preachers sent by conference to jSIount Vernon have been as follows: Rufus H. Stinchfield, 1848; Samuel Ambrose, 1850; and Joseph Hawkes, 1851. For the next seven years no regular appoint- ments were made, but the occasional preachers were: Andrew D. Goodwin, H. M. Eaton, John Mclnnis and John Cumner. In 1858 True Whittier was appointed, and James W. Hathaway, Joseph L. Morse and James Armstrong were supply preachers till J. R. Master- man was appointed in 1872. He was succeeded by J. Wesley Smith in 1874; William F. Marshall, 1876; Oliver S. Pillsbury, 1878; H. B. Ward well, 1880; O. H. Stevens, 1882; Melvin E. King, 1885; Asbury C. Trafton, 1887; Hezekiah Chase, 1889; and Elbridge Gerry, 1892. In 1891 William H. Foster and David Church were supplies. There was a Freewill Baptist church organized in the school house TOWN OF MOUNT VERNON. ybU at Dunn's Corner in 1828. Thomas, John, Henry, David, Benjamin and Anna Dudley, Ephraim Hunt, Isaac and Sarah Porter, Dudley and Nancy Fogg, Samuel Stain, David and Betsey Basford, Simeon and Mary Ladd, William Elliott, Peter and Elvira Dunn, John Brown, John B. Swanton, Samuel Eldridge, Henry Clough, John and Betsey Wright, Sally Fogg, Sarah Jacobs, Eunice vStevens, Nancy Folsom and Sarah Porter were the original members. Elders Thomas Dudley, Samuel Hedge, Hubbard Chandler, James Young, Scales and Samuel and Elias Hutchins were preachers before 1846. During that year Elder Buzzell preached in the neigh- borhood and made a small division in the church. Elders Edgecomb, Ely, E. G. Page, S. P. Morrell, B. Sylvester, E. N. Berry, Royce, A. C. Brown, Seth Perkins, George M. Park, Miss Haines, Elder Lewis and Elder Bates have preached since 1846. The church was built in 1845. The present membership is sixty. A Christian Church, often called the Christian Band, was organized in the Bean school house March 24, 1818, with over fifty members. A few representative names signed to a statement of their principles and proposed methods were: David McGaffey, David and Simeon Leighton, John, Benjamin and Andrew Brown, Neal Bean, Caleb Cressey, Timothy Leighton and Dr. Samuel Quimby, and the wife of each. Peter Mooers, Josiah and Jonathan Bradley, Levi and Increase Eldridge, W. M. Ingham, B. P. Reed, Jedediah B. Prescott, Vinal Thompson, Jacob Tebbetts and Wilson P. Jackson were the ministers who preached to this society at stated periods in the Bean school house for the next twenty-seven years. This church was united and prosperous till 1845, when a few people, among whom were Levi Fletcher, Samuel S. Robinson and James Dolloff and their wives, organized a Freewill Baptist society in the same locality, and demanded the use of the Bean school house a share of the time. The Christian society could not endure the in- terruption of their regular services of so many years' standing, which resulted in the discontinuance of all religious meetings and the dis- ruption of both churches. Reverend Joseph Edgecomb was the Free- will Baptist preacher. Cemeteries.— One of the singular and unaccountable practices of the early inhabitants was that of establishing so many private burial places. Every neighborhood had one or more, and a score of fami- lies buried on their own land— often with nothing but a mound of earth to mark the spot. The result is that many a pioneer sleeps be- neath the passing plow and the growing grain. The number of still visible graveyards is over forty. Of these the town owns but one, known as the " Potash " ground, at Dunn's Corner. It was bought from the Gilman Dudley farm about seventy years ago. A private 940 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. ground adjoins it, taken from Ober O. Lane's land, and near by is one taken from Peter Dunn's land. The names of those interred in each yard would be a valuable record, but space forbids — the localities can only be designated. There are graves on lands belonging to C. B. Williams, A. P. Cram, Doctor Shaw and to Captain Samuel Davis, in Mount Vernon village. The yards are known as Philbrick, Robinson, Captain Stevens, Hanna, or Butler yard, Larrabee, Taylor's Mills, Dolloff, Tilton, Blunt, Mars- ton, Webber, Joseph Hopkins, AVells cemetery. Wells (two yards), Greely, Locke's Corner, Bean, Currier's Hill, George Fairbanks, Quim- by, H. A. Ladd, F. B. Dolloff, E. C. Carson, Charles Robinson, Mo.ses Philbrick, J. H. Stain, Benjamin Dudley, Stephen Cram, Noah Clough, and Hovey; and on D. H. Thing's land Captain Joseph Philbrick is buried. Villages. — The first use of the water power at West Mount Ver- non was made by Paul Blake and Phineas Taylor, who built a dam and a saw mill. Mr. Taylor put up a building with a turning shop in the upper part and a tannery in the basement, and his son, Orren Taylor, ran it. The saw mill was afterward owned by Doctor Quimby, Jerry Dunn and Reuben A. Huse. The latter tore down the old mill and built the shop that Curtis and Amzie Butler bought in 1880, and in which they now manufacture shingles, barrels, cooper ware, tool handles and excelsior. On the same dam Ithuel Packard had a black- smith shop in which was a trip-hammer. In 1840 Amos D. King built, and ran for years, a carding and fulling mill on the .same ground. Moses Sanborn bought it and carded wool, but did no more cloth dressing. The old stone grist mill, known so long as Taylor's mill, belonged to Doctor Ouimby in early times, and it is supposed he built it. John Batchelder, in 1837, was the last man who ground grain in it. From 1850 to 1860 Charles Marston made shovel handles and barrel shocks there, and R. A. Huse tore it down when he built the Butler mill. On the next dam above, Samuel S. Smith, in 1855, built a grist mill, which he sold to his brother, Abram Smith, who ran it ten years. Isaac Bean had it a year and then, in 1888, Mr. Smith sold it to the present owner, Thomas U. French, who is making shingles there at the rate of a half million a year. The stones for grinding are still in place, and may be used again. On the same dam was a pioneer grist mill that burned, and was replaced by another that was also burned. Doctor Quimby owned the first, and may have built it. The tannery at West Mount Vernon, one of the most important industries in town, was established by Thomas U. French in 1881, who bought Moses Sanborn's carding mill and water privilege. The carding building he moved across the road, and in its place erected the large tannery buildings now in operation, at a cost of $14,000. TOWN OF MOUNT VERNON. 941 His business is mostly confined to sheep skins, of which he tans 300 dozen per week, mostly for Boston parties. Doctor Wright, of Read- field, had for a time an interest in the business. Mr. French employs four men in his tannery and four in his shingle mill. Noah Greeley built the first .saw mill on the upper dam at West Mount Vernon. Mr. Hadley, the next proprietor, sold it to Moses Walton, Columbus Lane and Samuel French. Mr. Walton bought his partners out, and his son, John Walton, tore away the old mill and built the present one in 1857. He also built the red shop, in 1850, in which Sylvanus Fairbanks and Benjamin Dresser made hand rakes for one year, and were followed by Timothy Gray, who made pill boxes for twelve years. John Larrabee, a rake maker, and A. J. Smith, a box maker, were occupants till about 1885. In 1888 Charles E. Mclnnis bought the property in company with John W. Leighton. The next year John W. Mclnnis bought Leigh- ton's interest, and Mclnnis Brothers now cut large quantities of lum- ber, besides making clapboards and packing cases. They employ five men. John R. Taylor, son of Phineas, the pioneer, was a cooper by trade, and employed as many as ten men at a time to make fish barrels for the Portland market. He built a store at West Mount Vernon, and was the first trader there. After him were: David Morgan, Goodwin, Henry Folsom, who quit in 1840, and Moses Sanborn. Or- lando Brown is the present trader on that site. Nathaniel Larrabee started a store on the other side of the stream, where Fred Hall is now in trade, and was followed by Abram Smith, Lyman F. Norris and S. K. Scofield. At East Mount Vernon, familiarly known as Wing's Mill, on the outlet of Long pond, a surveyor by the name of Jones, built a log dam and a saw mill, at an early date. This so excited the owners of the Chandler saw mill in Belgrade that they came and wreaked their spite by fixing one end of a heavy lever under the log dam, and then felling a convenient tree across the other end. The scheme worked well, and Mr. Jones had to repair his dam and wait for another pond of water. The mill privilege next passed into the hands of Greenleaf and Silas B. Wing, who built another saw mill and a grist mill, which they operated for years and allowed to run down about 1840. The Wings also built a large carding and cloth dressing mill that did a prosperous business. Near by David Austin made axes that were in great demand among choppers. The settlement at Dunn's Corner collected around the .grist mill built by Dr. Samuel Quimby, owned afterward by Benjamin Dudley, and still in possession of his heirs. The mill continues to do some grinding. At the foot of the bog Doctor Quimby built a saw mill that 942 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. ran till about 1850, and between that and the grist mill, he had a shin- gle mill that did work for thirty years. West of this Nathaniel Currier owned and carried on a tannery, that was discontinued about 1849. Near the tannery stood the card- ing and cloth dressing mill, built and operated by Amos King. Peter Dunn came in 1820 and kept the first tavern at the Corner, and Har- vey Porter, who followed him, was the last. Jefferson Norton was the first trader, and the builder and operator of an ashery. Mr. Porter was also his successor in each of these occupations, and the last, mov- ing to Readfield Depot in 1852. Some time in the early settlement at Locke's Corner, Emerson Stain built a saw mill on the stream below the road, that had flourished and was smitten with age before 1820, but was run a few years after. In 1824 Samuel Locke built a tannery just above the road, with a bark mill, in which he made leather thirty-one years, and then his son. John, succeeded him for thirty years more, till afire in 1883 destroyed the works. The Corner took its name from Samuel Locke's father, who came from New Hampshire. Just north of the old tannery John H. Stain makes large quantities of barrel hoops for the seaboard markets. In 1850 Samuel and Edwin Kendall built the saw mill which they still operate, near Dunn's Corner. Near it they lost a shingle mill by fire in 1865. Once a reality, but now a misty memory, stood Atkin's grist mill on the same dam. Civil Lists. — By the reports of the town officers for the year end- ing February 22, 1891, it appears that it cost $611.23 to support the poor, S69S for highways, and $I,63L34 for the support of schools. The number of children who draw public money is 181. The free book law has been in operation four years, costing the town so far a little less than $500. The schools are all supplied, and the change is popular with the best informed citizens. The Selectmen, with the year of fir.st election and the number of years of service of each have been: 1795, Nathaniel Dudley, 5, John Dudley, 10, Benjamin Philbrick, 3; 1796, Paul Blake, 5; 1797, Robert Blake, John Bean, 2, Nathaniel Oilman; 1798, John Hovey, 15; 1799, Nathan Thomas, 2; 1808, Samuel Thing, 10; 1808. John R. Robinson; 1810, Elijah Morse, 3; 1811, Nathaniel Gilman, jun., 2; 1812, Nathaniel D. Robinson; 1814, Lsaac Porter, 7; 1815; Daniel Thing, 4; 1816, David McGaffey, 9; 1817. John Stevens, 9; 1818, James Robinson, 5; 1821, Stephen Gilman, 2, Daniel Marston, 9; 1824. John Blake, 12; 1825, Caleb Dudley, 3; 1826, Samuel Davis, 6; 1831, Franklin Blunt, 2; 1832, Edward French, 4; 1833, Peabody H. Rice, 3; 1835, John Gilbraith, Peter Dunn, 2; 1838, James Chapman, 3, Albert G. Gilman, 6; 1839, Calvin Porter, 6; 1842, George McGaffey, 2, David French, jun., 4: 1844, Elisha C. Carson, 3; 1845, Aaron S. Tyford, 13; 1848, Stephen S. TOWN' OF MOUNT VERNON. 943 Robinson, 3; 18.")0, Gilbert Taggart, 6, John Phiilbrick, 8; 1852, Samuel W. Taylor. 2; 1853, Elijali Clough, 3; 1854, John Walton, 3; 1855, Daniel H. Thing, 16; 1857, Washington Blake, 3; 1860. Albion Stevens, 3; 1861, Alonzo Brown, 3; 1863, Isaac Tucker, 5; 1866, Simeon Leigh- ton, 3; 1869, James R. Marston, 2, James C. Howland, 4; 1871, J. A. Robinson, 13; 1872, John Jacobs, 3; 1873, Alfred Weston, 3; 1875, John B. Wright, 9; 1876, John R. Yeaton, 3; 1878, Rufus F. Fletcher, 2; 1879, Charles H. McGaffey, 3; 1880, Benjamin S. Philbrick, J. M. Robinson; 1884, O. A. Weston, 3; 1885, E. V. Carr, 5; 1886, C. E. Dunn, 3; 1890, Hiram Gilman, 3; and in 1892, W. T. Morrill. The first Town Clerk was Nathaniel Dudley, and his successors, with dates of election and years of service, have been: 1797, Samuel Thing, 23; 1807, John Hovey, 5; 1825, Nathan Robinson, 6; 1831, Up- ham T. Cram, 3; 1834, Samuel Davi.s, 3; 1837, John Stevens, 5; 1842, Abner Small, 2; 1844, Stephen S. Robinson, 3; 1847, W. H. Hartwell; 1848, A. S. Lyford, 11; 1855, M. S. Mayhew, 7; 1859, Calvin Hopkins, 2; 1861, George McGaffey; 1869, A. P. Cram. 11; 1879, Silas Burbank; 1880, M. S. Philbrick; 1882, H. L. Butler, 10; and in 1892, J. W. Allen. The Treasurers have been: 1795, Nathaniel Philbrick, jun., 8; 1803, Samuel Winslow, 2; 1805, Nathan Thomas, 3; 1808, Nicholas D. Rob- inson, 10; 1812, Daniel Thing, 20; 1813, Samuel Quimby; 1816, John R. Robinson; 1822, William N. Giles, 2; 1842, Stephen S. Robinson; 1843, John Stephens, 4; 1847, H. S. Bean, 3; 1849, Stephen Ladd, 5; 1855, E. C. Carson, 4; 1859, Alfred Weston, 4; 1863, Albert Stover, 3; 1866, Francis Lyford, 5; 1871, M. S. Mayhew, 8; 1879, James F. Blunt; 1880, Joseph Blake, 3; 1882, A. H. Wilson; 1884, B. S. Philbrick, 2; 1886, W. E. Carson: and in 1887 E. M. Tracy, the present incumbent. PERSONAL PARAGRAPHS. Amzie and Curtis E. Butler are the sons of John and Mary (Soper) Butler, and the grandsons of John Butler, all of Mount Vernon. The latter, whosp English ancestors, Winslow by name, settled in Kittery, Me., received the name of Butler by adoption, and was a Freewill Baptist minister. His son, John, married Deborah Carr and had chil- dren: Alvin, Sylvia M., Amzie, born October 25, 1845, and Curtis E., born June 20, 1848. Amzie Butler married Henrietta Bishop January 3, 1870. Curtis E. Butler married Annie L. Philbrick May 1, 1877. Their children have been: Edith M., Alice E., Carroll C, Mildred A. and Warren A. The Butler brothers are farmers and manufacturers of lumber. Edwin V. Carr, born in Vienna in 1849, is the youngest of twelve children of Stephen and Betsey, and grandson of James Carr. He married a daughter of James Dutton, of Mount Vernon, and their children are: Lillian L., Archie B. and Lucy M. He learned the car- riage trade in Amesbury, Mass., came to Mount Vernon and started a 944 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. shop, and now makes about 150 buggies each year. He was chosen selectman in 1887 and has since filled that office. Elisha C. Carson, born in 1807, is one of seven children of James and Mary (Greeley) Carson. He married Lucy Crain, who died in 1882. Their children were: Elizabeth, who died in 1860; John P., George A., who died in 1864; Ella F.-(Mrs. Maurice Philbrick), and Horace E., who married Ellen B. Robinson, and has one son, Harmon. Albion P. Cram was born in Mount Vernon m 1838. His father, Upham T. Cram, came to Mount Vernon in 1823 and was in the mer- cantile business here until 1850. He then removed to Readfield, Me., and was in trade there about ten years, and resided there until his death in 1880. His wife, who was Nancy D. Smith, of Winthrop, died in 1871. Albion P. Cram started in trade in Mount Vernon in 1860, where he has since carried on a general store. He married Susan M. Fletcher, who died in 1864 and left two children: Melville F. and Nel- lie A. He afterward married Lora V. Walker, by whom he has five children: B. Ralph, Charles M., Archer P., Margaret E. and Lora B. Mr. Cram has always been a republican, was town clerk for ten years and auditor two years. Albert Creasy, born in 1826 on the farm where he now lives, is a son of Caleb and Dorcas (Brown) Creasy, and grandson of Caleb Crea.sy, who came from New Hampshire. Caleb, jun., had four sons: Benjamin B., John G., Charles H. and Albert, who married Alma Spaulding. Their children were: Emily (Mrs. Lewis Gordon), Lizzie M. and Florence. Mrs. Creasy died October 5, 1891. Mr. Creasy lives on the old farm, where his father died in 1864. Peter Dunn, son of Christopher Dunn, came to Mount Vernon in 1800 and had six sons: Joshua, Eldridge G., Peter, Richard, Albion K. P. and William P., who married Debora, daughter of Albert G. Foster. They had five children: William F., Clarence E., Ernest E., Peter G. and Mary L. Since his father's death in 1877 Clarence E. has run the farm, and in 1887, '88 and '89 was selectman. He lives ^n the farm where Peter Dunn settled in 1800. Melzar W. Fish, born in Massachusetts in 1861, is a son of Eben and Ruth Fish, who had two children: Amy, who died in 1886, and Melzar W., who in 1884 married Edna, daughter of Edwin and Mary (Marston) Stevens, and came to the farm where he now lives. His father died in 1862, and in 1875 his mother married Alfred Weston and came to Mount Vernon. Peter FoLsom, born in Mount Vernon in 1810, was the son of Peter S. and Mary (Lane) Folsom, and grandson of Peter Folsom, who came to Mount Vernon from New Hampshire, settled on what is called Folsom hill, and had six sons. Peter S. had four sons: John N., Sam- uel L., Henry H. and Peter, who married Eunice Dorman. She died in 1865, leaving four children: Sarah (Mrs. Charles Clough), Philura TOWN OF MOUNT VERNON. 945 J. (Mrs. Oliver Chesley), Ferdinand and Myra. Mr. Folsom married for his second wife Mrs. Julia A. Brown-Phillips. He is a farmer and has lived on his present farm for fifty- three years. Thomas U. French, born in 1839, is a son of Benjamin F. and Mary (Upton) French, and grandson of Samuel French. Prior to his com- ing to Mount Vernon, in 1880, he lived on the farm with his father in Chesterville, where he dealt in real estate and horses and was selectman for three years. In 1881 he built the tannery at West Mount Vernon, having for a partner Doctor Warren A. Wright, and in 1889 he took full charge of the business, employing about eight men. He also owns a farm and other real estate. Albert G. Oilman, son of Joseph Oilman, born 1806 and died 1871, in Mount Vernon, was educated at Kents Hill and was a school teacher. He served as school committee for several years and held the office of selectman a number of terms. By his wife, Rachel C, he had six children: W. F., E. A., Mary F., Annie M., Hiram and Marcelle J. Hiram was born in 1851 and married Carrie H., daugh- ter of William F. Eldred, of Belgrade, Me. He is a carriage maker and house and sign painter by trade. He was appointed deputy sheriff in 1888, was chairman of the board of selectmen in 1892, and established a post office at South Mount Vernon in 1892. Charles C. Oilman, born in 1833, is one of the nine children of Bela and Catherine (Wheelock) Oilman. His grandfather, Taylor Oilman, came from Oilmanton, N. H., in 1772, settling in Mount Ver- non, where his children, six boys and six girls, were born. Of these Bela Oilman, born in 1795, was the youngest. Charles C. married Lydia A. Dudley. Their children are Ellen F. and Rose J. Mr. Oil- man was formerly a machinist and blacksmith. He is now manufac- turing reclining chairs and weavers' supplies. He was appointed trial justice in 1881 and re-appointed in 1888. Jesse Oilman, born in 1816, is a son of Moses and grandson of Samuel Oilman, who came from New Hampshire to Mount Vernon about 1765. Jesse married Sarah Beede, of Vienna, and their children are Lafayette and Florence. Mr. Oilman was a farmer in Vienna until 1883, when he bought and moved to the farm in Mount Vernon where he now lives. Roswell Cordon, born in Mount Vernon in 1835, is a son of Ithial and Sallie (Smith) Cordon, grandson of Samuel, and great-grandson of Daniel, whose father, Jonathan, came from England and settled in Mount Vernon in 1780. Ithial Cordon had eight sons: Elisha, John, Henry, Albert, Edwin, Moses, Roswell and Oranville. He died in 1878, aged eighty-two. Roswell has been a farmer and wool dealer. Rozendall H. Jacobs, born in Mount Vernon in 1854, is a son of Lewis and Ann (Creasey) Jacobs, and grandson of Jesse E. Jacobs, who came from New Hampshire to Mount Vernon. His sons were: 946 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. John, Jesse, Edward and Lewis, who died in 18(30, leaving two children: Jennie E. and Rozendall H., who married Alice C, daughter of Rufus M. Manser. Their children are: Merton R. and Caro E. Mr. Jacobs is a carpenter and carriage maker. He ran a carriage and repair shop in Clinton for two 3-ears, and in 1884 he bought the farm where he now lives. Roswell S. Kent, born in 1828, is a son of Nathaniel and Polly (Hunt) Kent, and grandson of Captain Warren Kent. His brothers and sisters are: William H., of California; Eliza, who died in 1841; Mary A. (Mrs. Daniel H. Thing); Warren, born October 20, 1825, died August 3, 1827; and Emily (Mrs. Lyman R. Mace). He married Teresa A., daughter of Captain John Blake, and their children were: Harry H.. who died in California in 1882; Millie, died in 1864; Ellis, died in 1861; Lizzie C, Minnie L. and Clarence R. Mr. Kent came to the farm where he now lives in 1866. He kept the West Mount Vernon post office for three years. Captain Warren Kent was born December 20, 1764, and died May 28, 1834. His wife. Bethiah Turner, was born August 20, 1768, and died September 1, 1829. They were married December 19, 1786. Captain Kent and his brother were the first set- tlers on Kents Hill. Abner O. Lane, born in Readfield in 1829, is a son of John and Sally (Haskell) Lane, and grandson of Samuel Lane, of Chester, N. H., who came to Readfield in 1797, and had four sons — John, Stephen, Samuel and ISIanley— and one daughter, Polly. John's children were: George, Hannah, John, Abner O., Mary, William and Sarah. Abner O. married Helena E., daughter of Thomas Sherburne. She died November 20, 1887, leaving one daughter, Georgia E. Mr. Lane is a stone mason by trade, and devotes part of his time to farming. William H. Leighton, born in 1836, is a son of Joseph and Polly (McGaffey) Leighton, grandson of Joseph, and great-grandson of Smithson Leighton, who came from England. He married for his first wife Jane M. Trask, who died in 1876. His second wife was Mary A. McGaffey, who died in 1891. He was for several years engaged in building and repairing bridges on the New York Central railroad prior to 1873, when he came and settled in Mount Vernon on the farm where his father lived from 1850 until his death in 1875. Charles H. McGaffey, born in Mount Vernon in 1832, is a son of John B. (1808-1839) and Mary (Dolloff) McGaffey, and grandson of James McGaffey, who came to Mount Vernon from New Hampshire with his two brothers, David and George. John B. had two children: Sarah (Mrs. John R. Manchester, of Augusta), and Charles H. The latter married Lizzie D. Knowlton, and their children are John B. and Lora M. Charles H. lives on the old homestead, where his father settled when he married and lived until his death in 1839. He was one TOWN OF MOUNT VERNON. 947 of the selectmen of the town for two years prior to ISSS, and is now a farmer. Charles E. Mclnnis, born 1854, is the son of John Mclnnis, who came from Prince Edward's Island to Kents Hill school, where he met Harriet Davenport, of Winthrop, and married her in 1850. He be- came a Methodist minister. Their two children were: John W. and Charles E., who in 1877 married Amanda M. Norris, and lives on the farm where his grrandfather, Rufus Davenport, who married Anna Stevens, settled in 1822. Their five children are all dead but Polly and Solon. Ebenezer Davenport, the pioneer, came from Dorchester, Mass., to Hallowell, and two years later to Winthrop, where his son, Elijah, the father of Rufus, was born in 1773. Benjamin F. Mitchell, born in York county, Me., in 1824, is a son of James and Olive (Day) Mitchell, and grandson of John Mitchell. Benjamin F. married Isabelle O., daughter of Benjamin and Charlotte Folsam, of Vienna. Their children are: Oliver M., Benjamin F., Horace E., Oscar R., Josephine A., Georgia E., Archie L. and Gillie (twins), and Francis A., who died in 1872. Mr. Mitchell lived in Bo.s- ton, Mass., for five years, where he was night watchman. He then moved to Rome, Me., and fourteen years later to Belgrade, where he lived for seventeen years, coming to Mount Vernon to the farm where he now lives in 1884. William T. Morrill, born in Vienna in 1850, is a son of Saunders and Abigail (Johnson) Morrill, and grandson of Daniel Morrill, who came from New Hampshire to Vienna. Their sons were: Saunders, William H., Dexter and Oliver. Saunders Morrill had five children: J. Augustus, who died in the army; Charles E., Levi L., who was drowned in Mount Vernon pond; Fannie E. and William T., who after traveling for some fifteen years for a drug compan3^ returned to Vienna in 1888, and in 1889 sold his farm and moved to Mount Vernon, where he made sleighs for one winter, and in 1891 built a store and started in trade. He married in 1891, E. Elizabeth Cummings, of Con- necticut. Lemuel Porter, born in 1835, is a son of Nathan and Harriet (Gove) Porter, and grandson of Captain Isaac Porter, who came from Massa- chusetts in 1805, and settled in Mount Vernon a little west of where Lemuel Porter now lives, where he died in 1827. Lemuel Porter mar- ried Lydia, daughter of Dea. Henry Dudley, and they have one daughter, Delia H. He was in the war in Company C, 24th Maine. He came to the farm where he now lives in 1871. He has a sword that bears the date 1311, left him by his grandfather. James A. Robinson, born in 1826, is a son of James and Betsey (Scribner) Robinson, and grandson of Edward Robinson, of New Hampshire. His father came to Mount Vernon in 1800, and settled 60 948 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. on the farm where he died in 1860, and where James A. now lives- He had three sons: Stephen S., Edward G. and James A., who married Elvira, daughter of Jeremy Dunn. They had five children: Ellen B. (Mrs. Horace Carson), Edward A., Lavina H., Emma E. and Florence A. Mr. Robinson was selectman sixteen years, and in 1875-6 he rep- resented his district in the legislature. Jesse Robinson is a son of James (1805-1887) and Lucinda (Robin- son) Robinson. James Robinson came to Mount Vernon in early life. His children were: Jesse, Felicia and Ephraim. Jesse lives on the old homestead with his maiden sister, he being a bachelor. He has been prominently connected with the Baptist church for many years. He is a great grandson of David Robinson, who was one of the first set- tlers in Brentwood, N. H., and a grandson of Jesse Robinson. J. Augustus Rundlette was born in 1836 in Mount Vernon, and when twenty-one he went to Kansas. Returning to Mount Vernon in 1860, he began harness making at home, and after carrying it on in connec- tion with farming until 1882, he bought the shop and fixtures of A. H. Wilson at Mount Vernon village, and has since carried a stock of general horse goods. His first wife was Sarah M. Anson, who died in 1885. He married for his second wife, Abbie P., widow of Leroy D. Hopkins, who had one son, Fred S. John H. Stain is a son of John and a grandson of Emerson Stain, whose father, John Stain, was one of the early settlers. He came from Germany and later returned to that country. On his return to America he brought with him his mother, brother and sister. They settled first in Readfield and later in Mount Vernon. Daniel H. Thing was born in Mount Vernon, July 14, 1822. His grandfather, John Thing, was a revolutionary soldier, and died at Washington's winter quarters, at Morristown, N. J., while still serving in the army. Major Daniel Thing, father of Daniel H., was born at Brentwood, N. H., June 10, 1772 In 1793 he came to Maine in a sail- ing vessel, occupying two weeks in reaching his destination. He first located at Readfield, where he hired out on a farm for six months for $50. At the end of that time he removed to Mount Vernon, where he worked as a shoemaker for one winter, and then removed to New Portland, Me., at which place he found employment in a saw mill for one year. He subsequently returned to Mount Vernon, conveying his family in an ox team over the snow, and established himself near the center of the town on a portion of the present Dolloff farm, passing the remainder of his life in tilling the soil. Major Thing was a man of great force of character, and exerted a wide influence in the town of Mount Vernon. He filled all of the town offices, served in the legislature in 1843 as an old line whig, and was a deacon in the Baptist church for many years. He was actively connected, as early as 1814, with the state militia, and attained the o2f f^^j^O^ 950 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUXTV. rank of major. He passed away November 20, 1851, leaving a good estate to his children. Major Daniel Thing married April 17, 1797, Mary Whittier (born April 16, 1782), a daughter of Captain William Whittier, one of the early settlers of Mount Vernon, and who built the first saw mill at the village. Mary (Whittier) Thing died April 6, 1814. Two children were born to the union, both of whom died young and unmarried. The second wife of Major Daniel Thing was Parthenia B. Foster, born in Winthrop, Me., May 18, 1792, and married to Major Thing at New Sharon, January 22, 1816. She was a daughterof Richard Foster and Clarissa (Harlow) Barton, his wife, the latter of a Windsor family, who came from Oxford, Mass., at an early day. Samuel Foster, father of Richard, served as a soldier in the revolutionary war. The children of Daniel Thing and his second wife, Parthenia, were: Mary W.,born August 29, 1816, married John Neal, of Vienna, leaving three children at her death; Hannah, who died in infancy; Hannah D., born January 23, 1820, married Charles Kent, of Kents Hill, leaving two children at her death; Daniel H., the subject of this sketch; George R., born May 27, 1824; Augustus H., born October 2, 1826; Winchel C, born May 16, 1829. The last three sons died unmarried. Daniel H. Thing — who had enjoyed only such educational advant- ages as the district school of the town afforded — went in the fall of 1842 to Bangor, Me., and engaged in the lumber business, returning to Mount Vernon in 1845 to take charge of his father's farm. About 1872 he was compelled to perform the same duty for his wife's parents in Windsor, Mr. and Mrs. Kent having also become so advanced in years as to require the cooperation and assistance of their daughter and her husband in their farming operations. In 1886 Daniel H. Thing purchased, near the center of the town, the Bartlett place, which he has greatly improved, and where he now resides. He has always occupied a prominent place in public affairs in the county, and has filled many positions of trust and responsibility. He was elected first president of the Kennebec County Agricultural So- ciety. In 1856 he was elected one of the selectmen of Mount Vernon, and filled that office, at different periods, for sixteen years. He repre- sented his district in the state legislature in 1868, as the candidate of the republican party. He also filled the office of county commissioner for six years, and was the candidate of the greenback party, in fusion with the democratic party, for congress in the Third Maine district in 1882, making an excellent showing and running ahead of his ticket. He has administered on many estates, and has been a justice of the peace for forty years. He has been a member of Vernon Valley Lodge No. 99, A. F. & A. M., for thirty years, and is a past masterof that or- ganization. He has been particularly interested in Grange affairs, was one of TOWN OF MOUNT VERNON. 951 the organizers and first master of Starling Grange, of Fayette, in 1877, and two years later was elected master of the State Grange, serving four years. He was also elected lecturer of the State Grange, and at the request of the executive committee of the National Or- ganization, lectured in sixteen different states upon Grange matters. During his entire life,, Mr. Thing has manifested great activity, and has uniformly attained prominence in whatever direction he has become interested. He has displayed considerable independence in political affairs, having first been identified with the republican party, subsequently with the greenback movement, and is now a consistent supporter of democratic principles. He married June 27, 1847, Marianne, daughter of Nathaniel and Mary (Hunt) Kent, of Kents Hill, the family having originally come from Marshfield, Mass. Of this union were born two children: Mil- lard F., who is now engaged in farming at New Sharon, and who when sixteen years of age, enlisted as a private in one of the Maine regi- ments at Augusta; and Nathaniel Kent Thing, who located at Breck- enridge. Col., where he subsequently died, and where his daughter now resides. Augustus Thomas, born in Oxford county, Me., in 1827, is a son of Daniel and Sally Thomas. He had two brothers, Justin and Daniel. He married Adelia, daughter of Benjamin and Sybil (Foster) Robin- son, of Winthrop, who died March 16, 1892. Their children are: Frank A., who lives in California; Fred M. and Flora M., who married Fred H. Shattuck. Mr. Thomas lived in Peru, Me., for eleven years after his marriage, and came to Mount Vernon in 18Q^. Isaac Tucker, born in 1815, is a son of Isaac and Sarah (Smith) Tucker, and grandson of Isaac, who lived in New Hampshire and had two sons, Isaac and Stephen. Mr. Tucker came to Maine in 1833 and was for five years a workman on the arsenal at Augusta. In 1840 he married Abigail Bartlett, by whom he had four children: Joseph, Sarah, Thomas and Mary. vShe died in 1847, and he afterward mar- ried Philina G. Smith, who bore him five children: Lizzie V., Frank, Josie, Minnie and Henry. He was selectman for several years. Ozro A. Weston, farmer, born in Mount Vernon in 1850, is a son of Alfred and Saphronia B. (Watson) Weston, and grandson of Thomas F., who came from Massachusetts, and had three sons: Alfred, Simeon and Thomas. The children of Alfred were: Sylvia T., Dura, Emily A., Lorenzo, Costello, Ro.scoe and Ozro A. The latter married Nettie W., daughter of James Dill, and their children are: Ro.scoe A., Harry O., Charles O. and Gertrude M. Mr.Weston was selectman for three years prior to 1890. He came to the farm where he now lives in 1878. Allen F. Williams, born in 1821, is a son of John and Mary Wil- liams, who settled in Readfield, where John died in 1839. His wife 952 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. died in 1887. Allen F. Williams married Lydia A., daughter of Alvin and Nancy Courier, and in 1853 moved to Mount Vernon, on the farm -where he now lives. Their two children are: Estelle (Mrs. Hannibal H. Bachelor) and Clarence E., who stays on the farm with his father. Luther Woods and his two sisters are the only survivors of the eight children of Sampson and Dorathy (Wadleigh) Woods, who came to Belgrade from New Hampshire in 1806, and in 1817 moved to Mount Vernon, se.ttling on the Nathan W. Copp farm. Their chil- dren were: Jacob S. (Sampson, who died young), Dorathy J., Emily, Luther, Greenlief W., Martin V. and Ellen C. Emily is now living in Randolph, Me., and Ellen C. resides in Washington, D. C. Elbridge G. Wright, born in 1819, is one of five sons of John and Jane Wright, the others being: John, Alden B., Warren and George W. Their grandfather was John Wright, who came from England and settled in Woolwich, Me. Elbridge G. Wright married Hannah, daughter of Amasa Porter, and their children are: James M., Sarah E., Martha J. and Isaac P. Mr. Wright came to Mount Vernon in 1835 and worked as a carpenter until 1861, when he enlisted in the 4th M aine Battery, and in 1864 returned to Mount Vernon, where he has since lived. John B. Wright, born in 1822, is the son of John and Jane (Blinn) Wright, and grandson of John Wright, who came from Massachusetts in early life, settled in Woolwich, and had three sons: Roland, John and Daniel. John B. married Betsey Dunn, who died in 1846. He afterward married Mary A. Whittier and they had two children: La- forest B. and Josiah W., who died in 1869. Mr. Wright has been a farmer and drover. He was selectman for nine years prior to 1886, and a justice for fourteen years. He has lived at his present resi- dence for fifty-seven years. CHAPTER XXXVI. TOWN OF FAYETTE. By George Underwood, Esq. Natural Features. — Early Mills. — Settlement and Settlers.— Cemeteries. — Incor- poration.— Civil Lists. — Churches. — Schools. — Societies. — Business Interests. Post Offices. — Personal Paragraphs, FAYETTE, originally Starling Plantation, is located in the north- westerly part of the county, fifteen miles north of west of Augusta, and contains about thirty-six square miles. It is bounded on the north by Chesterville, in Franklin county, and Mt. Vernon, on the east by Readfield, on the south by Wayne, and on the west by East Livermore, in Androscoggin county. The surface is somewhat more broken and hilly than that of her sister towns, but it compares favorably with any of them for farming purposes, while her grazing lands excel those of many of them. Her lakes, abounding with many kinds of fish, are not surpassed in numbers, magnificence or beauty by those of any town in the county, and probably not by those of any town in Maine. The picturesque view of the Andros- coggin valley from the Ridge, the magnificent lake view from Watson hill, and the extended view from Baldwin hill, are trttly wonder- ful. The westerly and northerly portions abounded in pine timber, which long since gave way to the lumberman's axe. There has, how- ever, sprung up in its place another growth of pine, which is already being utilized for timber purposes, and is quite abundant. Other por- tions of the town were generously supplied with hemlock and cedar and the hard woods indigenous to this region, of which there is now a large quantity. There are three water-powers in town — one in the north., one in the south and one in the east part, besides one partially in the town, on its western border. These localities were formerly known as Bacheller's, Fisk's, Underwood's and Smith's mills. At Bacheller's Mills a saw mill has been in active operation from the settlement of the town, manufacturing long and short lumber, shingles, etc. At Fi.sk's Mills Mr. Alden Wing, of Wayne, built and operated a saw mill and a grist mill between eighty and ninety years ago. This prop- 954 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. erty has passed through several hands in these many years. There is still at this place a saw mill and an excellent novelty mill. iVt Underwood's Mills, in early days, there were upon the water- power, a saw mill, shingle and clapboard mill, grist mill, wool carding and cloth dressing establishment, and tannery. Subsequently the North Wayne Scythe Company constructed extensive scythe works here. In 185? every building on the power was destroyed by fire. A new scythe shop and tannery were at once erected and put in opera- tion. The new tannery, however, shared the fate of the old one within a few years. Later a new saw mill was placed on the site of the old one, and is now in successful operation. The North Wayne Company occupied the new shop a few years and then suspended operations, when the late R. B. Dunn purchased the property. The Dunn Edge Tool Company operated the works until within a few years, when the business was again suspended. At Smith's Mills there was once a saw mill, erected partly in Fay- ette and partly in East Livermore, the saw holding the line between the two towns. An officer attempted to serve a process on an opera- tive in this mill. The fellow was a little too sharp for him. When an officer from one or the other of the counties appeared, his man was found at the wrong end of the log to make the service valid, conse- quently ir required the two to arrest the culprit. First Settlement and Early Settlers. — Chase Elkms located in town in 1781 and was the first man who settled here. " He was the first man who broke the wilderness for cultivation in this town." Vestiges still remain and mark the spot where this first settler's shanty stood. The rude hut was located about midway between Oak hill and Fayette Corner. Asa Wiggin came to the locality now called Fayette Corner and felled a few trees in 1779, but soon left and did not come to remain until after Mr. Elkins had made a clearing and a home. It is a well established fact that Mr. Elkin's son Chase, born January 7, 1784, was the first white child born in town, in honor of which Mr. Elkins was awarded a prize. Polly Judkins was the first female. She was born February 9, 1784. Among the early settlers were: Benjamin Clifford, William Mor- rill, Joel Judkins, Nathan Lane, James Bly, James Bamford, Stephen French, Richards Tilton, Eleazer Goodwin, Enoch Watson, Perley Dow, Jeremiah Tuck, Cyrus Baldwin, John Judkins, Henry Watson, Abner Talbot, Benjamin Bodge, Matthew Pettengill, Unight Brown, Benjamin Pike, John Berry, Abijah Crane, Joseph Anderson, Moses Judkins, Joshua Walton and Elnathan Wing. This Wing was captain of a coasting schooner and while he was away on a voyage his wife heard that the proprietors of Starling Plantation were to have a meet- ing to dispose of some lots of land. With a child in her arms, she traveled all the way from East Readfield, about ten miles, following TOWN OF FAYETTE. 955 a trail by spotted trees. She bought 150 acres of new land, paying for it a cow and a feather bed. Her husband afterward moved his family to the locality. While Elnathan and his sons, Benjamin and Joseph, were felling trees, one struck and killed him. Benjamin cleared and occupied the farm. Thomas Wing married Benjamin's daughter and settled on this farm sixty-two years ago. He is now eighty-one years of age, the oldest inhabitant in South Fayette. He says that there is not another person living between Fayette Corner and Wayne village who owns and lives on the same farm as at the time when he took up his resi- dence there. On this place was the first stoned-up well and the first brick chimney in town. The first framed and painted house built in town is still standing just across the green from the Baptist church at Fayette Corner, and has been occupied by Eliphalet S. Gordon for many years. It used to be known as the '• white house." Among those who followed these early settlers were: James Young, Turner Swift, Andrew Sturtevant, Ezra Fisk, Scott Wing, James Wat- son, Francis Hubbard, Joseph H., Thomas and Parker L. Underwood, John Lovejoy, John Bodge, Elias Craig, William Bussell, Reuben Ham, Israel Chase, John Hewett, Jeremiah Lane, a Mr. Norcross, Ru- fus Walton, Samuel Williams, Lewis Stacy, Oilman Bacheller, John Dane, Asa Hutchinson, Benjamin Palmer, James Lane, Joel Fuller, Samuel Page, John and Isaac Fellows, Samuel W^alton, Jonathan Per- kins, William Bamford, Captain True, Jesse, Jeremy, John, Samuel and Joseph Tuck, Joseph, Noah and Thomas Watson, Montgomery Morrison, Nathan Raymond, Rufus Davenport, Jacob Stevens and Harvey and Alden Josselyn. At one time there were nearly or quite one hundred persons m town by the name of Watson, and the name of Tuck followed closely upon it. There are but two of the former and four of the latter name now in town. In early days and for many years the Corner was the business cen- ter—the " hub " of all the town. At one time there were three meet- ing houses — Baptist, Free Baptist and Methodist — three taverns and five stores in the place. Solomon Bates was the first postmaster and the first tavern keeper. He was the father of Rev. George Bates, a prominent Universalist clergyman, and of Di". James Bates, once superintendent of the Maine Insane Hospital. Daniel Judkins suc- ceeded Esquire Bates in each position, keeping the tavern and holding the post office for many years. Among the store-keepers may be named: Elisha Pettengill, John A. Page, James LTnderwood, Jesse Aiken, Jotham Crane, John Haines, Richard Packard, Sullivan True, Dearborn Fellows, David Watson & Son, Gilman Bacheller and Merrill Smith. For many years there has been neither store nor tavern at the Corner, and the Free Baptist and 956 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Methodist churches disappeared long ago. However, since the dis- appearance of these churches a Methodist chapel has been erected. The main thoroughfare leading through this place was thronged with teams of horses and oxen, drawing clapboards and shingles from towns in Franklin and Oxford counties to Hallowell, and bringing back merchandise for the country trade. Daniel Judkins used to make the statement that any time when he stepped to the door of his tavern, summer or winter, night or day, he could hear the rumbling of wheels, the creaking of axles or the jingling of bells. The old Baptist meeting house, with its high galleries built on three sides of the audience room, was torn down and the present one erected more than seventy years ago. When the Bowdoinham Bap- tist A.ssociation met here in those days there were booths and shanties all round the green and along the roadside, where rum and other refreshments were dispensed to the hungry and thirsty assemblage. The pious laymen patronized freely and the preachers took generous drams as a stimulus for their sermons. The onh' post office in town was maintained here for many years. This, too, brought the townspeople together once a week, on Saturday afternoons, to get their mail and glean the news. This office was on the regular mail route from the Kennebec river to the Androscoggin, and a four-horse coach brought in the mail. When the Underwood road was built it changed the current of travel through the town, and the glory of Fayette Corner departed. After the building of this road Annis Tilton established on its line, at North Fayette, a tavern which, under his administration and that of his .successors, did a flourishing business until the completion of the Androscoggin railroad, when the patronage ceased and the hotel business in Fayette has been at a stand.still since that day. The first merchant who opened a store at Underwood's Mills — more familiarly known as the "Mills" — was Joseph H. Underwood. He was in active business in this place more than fifty-five years. He not only carried on his .store, but for several years was engaged in wool-carding, cloth-dressing and tanning. His business at one time was ,so extensive that he had accounts open with more than eight hun- dred people at the same time. His patronage extended all along the line from Andover, in Oxford county, to Edgecomb, in Lincoln county. He was the first to introduce and breed Hereford cattle to any extent in Maine. Merchants who followed him were: Jesse Aiken, Samuel Nason, Daniel Hutchinson, Howard B. Lovejoy, Wil- liam H. Thorn, Dean Smith, N. B. Buxton, Daniel Safford, Andrew Pinkham, Lowell Sanborn, W. D. Weymouth, G. & M. Nolan, J. S. W. Hewett, Frank Laughton, Fred A. Wing and Enoch Whittemore. Deacon Elias Craig owned and operated a grist mill here for many years. The deacon and Esquire Underwood were both practical jest- TOWN OF FAYETTE. 957 ers, and many of their mutual jokes have been handed down and have . afforded amusement even to the present generation. In the earlier days Henry Craig manufactured hats and John Bodge earthen ware in this place. Prominent among the original proprietors of Starling Plantation was one Esquire Emerson. When his estate was settled many lots were bought at auction by the early settlers. One Mr. Brown was also quite a heavy original owner. Nathaniel Oilman Bacheller bought of Robert Waugh the place on the hill near the Ridge, which has ever since been known as the Bacheller place. He formerly owned a farm and mill property in Kensington, N. H. On this farm, in re- cent years, the Boston & Maine Railroad Company have built a depot, and the old Bacheller house stands intact. With the proceeds of the sale of his New Hampshire property Mr. Bacheller bought in Fayette about 1,500 acres of new land and about 600 in Chestervile. He owned so much real estate that he bequeathed to each of nine of his children about 200 acres of land and made ample provision for the maintenance of two unmarried daughters. The first settler in the north part of the town was Daniel Bachel- ler. His wife did not see another white woman for six months after they moved he^e. Then three women came on snow shoes to visit her. They were Mrs. Wiggin and Mrs. Judkins, from Fayette Corner, and Mrs. Davis, from the Ridge. Mr. Bacheller planted orchards in his clearing, and later he raised two hundred bushels of pears, besides large lots of apples, and made large quantities of cider. David Walton was one of the first settlers in the Moose hill region. Mi\s. Walton was often seen going to church, at Fayette Corner, on Sundays. At times she would go on horseback, with one child in her arms and two on the horse behind her. In the summer season she frequently went on foot, with one child in her arms and leadings another by the hand. So careful was she of her shoes that she would often go barefoot until within a short distance of the church. So steadfast in the faith and so zealous to attend public worship were the saints in those days that they were determined to overcome any and all obstacles. Among the early residents there were firm believers in witchcraft. The wife of John Knowles had the reputa- tion of being a witch, and having the baleful power of the " evil eye." When somebody was churning and the butter was "long a com- ing," it was thought that Mrs. Knowles bewitched the cream. So a red-hot horseshoe was thrown into the churn. Straightway there was heard a most unearthly scream, and it was believed that the witch was so badly burned that she suffered for several days. Mrs. Harriet Crane, of Fayette Ridge, widow of Abijah Crane, jun., was born in 1802. She is the oldest person now living in town. Her father, the late David Fifield, was one of the first settlers on the 958 HISTORY OF KENXliBEC COUNTY. Ridg-e. She remembers events and relates incidents clearly that oc- curred in her childhood. Since Mrs. Crane was seventy years old she has set and sewed seventy patch-work quilts. Some of them contain from one thousand to two thousand pieces each. These are now the property of persons residing in several states of the Union. The aged lady retains her faculties to a remarkable degree and converses fluently and intelligently on general subjects. She is the mother of Rev. A. R. Crane, D.D., a prominent Baptist clergyman. Reuben Crane, son of Abijah Crane, sen., was a man who figured conspicuously in musical circles, and will long be remembered for his fine musical talents and for the sweetness and melody of his voice. For a long time he was the leading instructor of vocal music in this vicinity. For many years he was the leader of the choir in the Bap- tist church afthe Corner and the beloved superintendent of its Sab- bath school. Frederick A. Chase, nephew of Mr. Crane, inherited the musical talent of the Crane family to an eminent degree. He, too, has been a popular teacher of vocal music, and for many years has occupied the same position in the Baptist choir and Sabbath school that Mr. Crane held so long. At the age of more than three score and ten years, he still retains his musical ability and is yet an acknowledged leader in the service of song. His brother, Mr. wSimeon Chase, at the age of eighty-five years, does the greater part of the work on his farm, and still takes a lively interest in the affairs pertaining to the welfare of his town. At this advanced age he seems to possess a good share of vitality and apparently a firm hold on life. He is the oldest man in town. Cemeteries. — The old burying ground near the Mills is located about one mile south, on the old road leading to North Wayne. It is on an eminence commanding a beautiful view of the surrounding country. It is supposed that the spot was once used, to a limited ex- tent, bv the Indians for burial purposes. The names of nearly all the early families in this vicinity are to be found on the tomb-stones in this lot. Recently another beautiful spot, more conveniently situated and nearer the village, has been selected, in which several have already found their last resting place. At the Corner the cemetery adjoins the Baptist church grounds. Here, too, may be found the names of the very early settlers, as well as those of all the generations that have succeeded them. On Chase Elkins' head-stone m this lot is the following inscription: " He was the first man who broke the wilder- ness for cultivation in this town." A half mile distant from this cemetery Mr. E. H. Kent has a neatly graded and finely located ground. In it he has allowed others to bury when preferring to do so. Near the church, at the north, are two TOWN OF FAYETTE. 959 grounds, also one on the Fellows road. These are conveniently situated and neatly kept. Incorporation. — The town was incorporated February 28, 1795, taking its present name. The first town meeting was held April 13, 1795. Joseph Davis was chosen moderator, " to regulate the meet- ing;" Eleazer Goodwin, town clerk: Eleazer Goodwin, Benjamin Clif- ford and Ebenezer Hutchinson, selectmen. Another meeting was called for the fourth of May, at which Abijah Crane acted as modera- tor; John Knowles was chosen treasurer; David Knowles, constable; James Young, Francis Hubbard, Richard Tilton, Abijah Crane, vSam- uel Bacheller, Stephen Abbott and Joseph Anderson, surveyors of highways; John Knowles and Stephen Abbott, tythingmen; Asa Wig- gin, pound keeper (his barn being used for a pound); and Samuel Smith and Stephen French, hog-reefs. " Voted that swine should run at large by being yoked and 'rung according to law. Chose Abijah Crane and Francis Hubbard a com- mittee to assist the selectmen in dividing the town into districts of highway and schools. Voted ;^150 to be spent in the repair of high- ways, and that laborers on the highway shall be allowed four shillings per day till the last of September. A'oted to lay out £'?,0i in schooling and £%0 to defray town charges. A'oted that Mr. Daniel Rowell's house be the public place to put up warrants and advertisements." In 1790 the plantation contained 166 inhabitants. They steadily increased until the number reached more than one thousand. The last few decades show a corresponding decrease. The last census in- dicates but 649. Civil Lists. — The names of town clerks from the organization of the town are: Eleazer Goodwin, Solomon Bates, Joseph H. Under- wood, John A. Page, Gilman Bacheller, Ezra Fisk, Jotham Crane, James Underwood, Andrew Sturtevant, Howard B. Lovejoy, A. G. Underwood, J. H. Sturtevant, T. F. Palmer, Fred A. Wing, J. F. Ste- vens, J. S. W. Hewett and Lester R. Fellows. The names of the chairmen of the board of selectmen are: Eleazer Goodwin, Francis Hubbard, Solomon Bates, Joseph Davis, Ebenezer Turner, Ezra Fisk, Joseph H. Underwood, Charles Smith, Samuel Parker, Merrill Clough, Samuel Smith, Henry Craig, Jotham Crane, John Hewett, Abijah Crane, jun., John S. French, Lewis Chase, Mar- shall Lane, Peleg F. Pike, J. W. C. Jones, Dr. Noah Watson, F. A. Chase, Dr. A. G. French, A. G. Underwood, Dr. Charles Russell, J. S. W. Hewett, Elias H. Kent, George Underwood, Enoch Whittemore and H. J. Hutchinson. Superintending school committees: Rev. Mr. Bond, Rev. Arthur Drinkwater, Ezra Fisk, Joseph H. Underwood, Thomas Anderson, R. M. Wing, Marshall Lane, F. A. Chase, Dr. A. G. French, S. C. Tuck, George Underwood, Albion F. Watson, J. H. Sturtevant and Fred A. Wing. Those who have acted as supervisors of schools: F. A. Chase, •960 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. A. F. Watson, Jesse T. Parker, W. S. Hodgkins, George Underwood and Augustus Pease. Those who represented the town in the legislature before the separation from Massachusetts were: Solomon Bates, Ezra Fisk, Jo- seph H. Underwood, Samuel Tuck and Elisha Pettengill. Joseph H. Underwood was a member of the executive council in 1840, and Doctor Bates, a native of this lown, represented the district in congress one term. Churches. — In its early history this town was distinguished for its religious as well as its educational spirit. There is no record of any preaching during the first eleven years after the settlement of the town, but in 1790 Rev. Eliphalet Smith, from Massachusetts, visited the region. In 1792 a Baptist church was organized, consisting of twenty-three members, and July 1, 1802, a meeting house was erected at the Corner. This was taken down and the present one erected in 1887. Rev. Oliver Billings succeeded Mr. Smith in the pastorate, and served the church forty years, having for associate pastors during this time Reverends Morton, Houghton and Stevens. Among other early preachers may be mentioned: Reverends Drinkwater, Bond, Barrows and Avery; later, Reverends Nugent, Rawson, Weston, Bar- stow and Whittemore. Among the members of this church who have served as deacons are: Abijah Crane, Benjamin Palmer, Samuel Tuck, F. A. Chase, J. H. Sturtevant and Fred W. Small. A Methodist church was organized in 1827. A house of worship was erected and services maintained for a series of years. The house was subsequently moved to East Livermore, but a chapel was after- ward built and services resumed. About the time of the erection of the Methodist house, a Free Baptist church was organized, a house built here and religious services were conducted for several years. The building was subsequently removed. A union church was erected about 1825 at North Fayette. This house was consumed by fire in 1832. A new one, with fifty-two pews, was built the same year. Sev- -eral denominations held an interest in the house, certain Sabbaths in the year being set apart for each one to hold service. Some individ- uals had a vSunday or two each. Among the noted Methodist preachers who have been placed in ■charge here may be mentioned: Reverends Benjamin Foster, D. B. Randall, " Camp-meeting" John Allen, Copeland, Nickerson, Charles Munger and W. H. Fester. The Methodists own one-half of the house, and for many years have occupied it the greater portion of the time. This house is located at the extreme north part of the town, and ac- commodates a portion of Chesterville as well as Fayette. Following is a partial list of the names of those who have entered the ministry from this town: Oliver Billings, R. Watson, Oilman TOWN OP' FAYETTE. 961 Bacheller, John Billings, Lowell Porter, George Bates, S. B. Morse, A. R. Crane, A. E. Woodsnm, A. J. Sturtevant and J. Wesley Smith. Schools.— The early settlers of the town took a deep interest in educational matters, and zealously labored to establish schools for the instruction of the rising generation. These were early established, and as the population increased the facilities increa.sed in a corres- ponding degree until every locality had a school house situated suf- ficiently near to accommodate all. Thus they continued under the old district system until 1890, when the new and more progressive town system was adopted. There has been no graded system in Fayette, but since the passage of the free high school law this town has been very liberal in its enforcement. It is believed that no town of its size in Maine can boast of having sent out more teachers and more suc- cessful ones than Fayette. They have gone into all parts of the coun- try and into every grade of educational work. It is told by some of the older residents that when teachers presented themselves for ex- amination the committee invariably asked the question, " For what is Fayette noted?" The stereotyped answer being: " For its big oxen and its schoolma'ams." In the earlier days it was a usual thing to find from sixty to seventy- five pupils seated in the same school room, and not a rare occurrence to see one hundred. To day we often find six and rarely twenty-five. Organizations. — In the early forties — in Tippecanoe times — there was in town a temperance society, known as the Washing'tonians. This society flourished for a series of years, then ceased, though it left its general influence on the rising generation. At about the same time another society came into being, and was known as the Martha Washington Society, a ladies' organization. Its object was the fur- thering of temperance and charity. This, too, flourished for a time, accomplishing much good. In the intervening years, similar organi- zations have sprung up to fulfill their mission and pass away. At present there exists an order known as the Wide Awake Division of .Sons of Temperance, which is in excellent working condition. Con- nected with the temperance work is a fine dramatic club, which fur- nishes many enjoyable and profitable entertainments. The amount of good resulting from the workings of these societies, perhaps, is in- calculable, for it is safe to say that this town is remarkably free from that terrible vice, intemperance. A Grange was formed in 1875. Its membership has reached nearly or quite one hundred. Dr. A. G. French was the prime mover in this work. Its masters have been: Doctor French, John H. True, Josiah H. Sturtevant, Cyrus H. Tobin, Joseph F. Stevens, Octavus E. Stevens and John O. Fellows. Business Enterprises. — There is a saw mill at Fayette, one at North Fayette, and one at South Fayette. There are also novelty 962 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. works at South Fayette. The mill at Fayette is now in excellent condition and is doing- a good business in manufacturino- long lum- ber, clapboards and shingles. The one at North Fayette has been a busy one for many years. A few years since one of our most enterprising farmers conceived the idea that associated dairying would be a profitable indu.stry to in- troduce into town, and by perseverance in this direction the object was accomplished and the factory established at North Fayette. The presidents of this association have been: The late Dr. Charles Russell, Osbert L. Basford, Edwin R. French and Enoch Whittemore. Many of the early settlers were from the fruit-growing regions of southern New Hampshire and northern Ma.ssachusetts. hence they early conceived the importance of planting fruit trees. The forest on many a hilltop and hillside yielded to the apple and the pear orchards, remnants of which can now be seen in some localities. As these old orchards failed new ones were planted, and the acreage has been so increased that the raising of fruit has become a very important indus- try in the town, from which source a liberal revenue is realized. Mr. Boardman in Chapter VIII. has noticed the prominence of Fayette m stock raising. Until recent years this was the banner town of Maine for fine oxen, but they are now giving place, in a measure, to the dairy cow. Timber lands are yielding quite an income in these latter years. In some localities there is a large amount being cut each year, and yet there seems to be but little diminution in quantity. Property appears to be more evenly distributed in this town than in almost any other within the writer's knowledge. We have no wealthy aristocrats and there are few who lean upon charity for sup- port. Post Offices.— Fayette post office was established April 1, 1804, with Solomon Bates as postmaster. Daniel Judkins was appointed April 21, 1822. For forty-.seven years this, the only post office in town, was located at Fayette Corner. April 2, 1851, it was removed to the Mills and Howard B. Lovejoy was appointed postmaster to succeed Daniel Judkins.* Previous to this change the Mills people depended principally upon the Kents Hill office for their mail, the merchants in turn sending for and distributing the same to the patrons. Many has been the time that the writer has been dispatched on honseback or otherwise for the mail, when it fell to the lot of his father to perform this office. * Isaac Randall, 2d, was appointed May 34, 1853; Howard B. Lovejoy, Febru- ary 28, 1854; Gervis Nolin, April 26, 1869; Wesley D. Weymouth, January 24, 1872; Lowell Sanborn, August 29, 1873; Frank A. Nolin, January 29, 1878; John S. W. Hewett, April 15, 1878; Fred .4. Wing, March 10, 1881; George Underwood, July 5, 1887; Edward F. Wyman, March 8, 1892. TOWN OF FAYETTE. 963 The Fayette Corner office was established as Fayette Ridge, June 24, 1858, in charge of Richard C. Turner. Cyrus B. Judkins was ap- pointed to succeed him December 14, 1874. The name was changed to Fayette Corner, January 26, 1875, and he was continued as post- master. North Fayette post office was established May 20, 1851, with .Sam- uel S. Walton in charge. William Irish succeeded April 29, 1859, and Thomas F. Palmer was appointed May 31, 1865. Fayette is located five miles distant, and midway between the Farmington branch and the main stem of the Maine Central railroad, consequently we labor under the disadvantage of higher transporta- tion than that of railroad towns. Whenever the contemplated and already chartered railroad shall be constructed, in all probability it will pass up the Thirty Mile river, so-called, entering the towns of Wayne, Fayette, Mt. Vernon and Vienna, touching or going in close proximity to seven excellent water powers in a distance of fifteen miles, and then will Fayette be capable of competing with any of her sister towns in manufacturing. If the author were writing a volume on Fayette, instead of a single chapter for a volume of larger scope, it would be a pleasure to treat more fully the genealogy of the early pioneers and their immediate successors, and record more fully events in the town's progress, which the present limit of space prevents. Before closing we would ac- knowledge the kindness of the aged ladies, Mrs. Harriet Fifield Crane and Mrs. Elizabeth Elkins Stevens, daughter of Chase Elkins, second — named in this chapter — for the items of interest gathered from them and probably not obtainable elsewhere. We would also extend our thanks to Thomas Wing, Benjamin Bacheller, Reuben Ham and Rev. A. R. Crane, D.D., for the substantial facts obtained from them; and we would not forget to mention the name of our fellow townsman, A. F. Watson, for his ceaseless and untiring efforts in obtaining data for this work.* PERSONAL PARAGRAPHS. George Bamford is a son of Daniel and Orilla Bamford, and grand- son of William Bamford, who came to the farm where George lives in early life and died here in 1836, leaving one son, Daniel. The latter died in 1886 and left seven children: Mary (Mrs. John Fellows), Jane (Mrs. Jonathan Pike), Augusta, William, James, George and Daniel E., who owns the old homestead with George. The latter married Jennie, daughter of John Knowles,and they have two children— John K. and George M. Osbert L. Basford, born in 1843, is a son of David and Elizabeth * Mr. Underwood's responsibility for this chapter ends here. 61 964 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. (Coffin) Basford, and grandson of John Basford, of New Hampshire, who had four sons. David had two sons: James L., of Boston, and Osbert L., who married May, daughter of Mark Stevens. Their chil- dren are: Herman L., died June 18, 1892, and Birdena L. Mr. Basford came to Fayette in 1861 and in 1862 enlisted m Company E, 24th Maine. Returning to Fayette, he has since been a farmer and is now serving his fourth term as selectman. His father died in January, 1891. Oliver Billings'- was born in Dedham, Mass., May 8, 1800, and died at Fayette, Me., June 13,1880. He was a son of Elkanah Billings and Katherine Morse, and a nephew of Oliver Billings, a prominent Baptist divine. In 1808 his parents removed to Chesterville, Frank- lin county, Me., where they resided the remainder of their lives. Jan- uary 31, 1829, Oliver married Cynthia French, of Chesterville, daugh- ter of Dearborn and Anna French. Mrs. Billings was a person of strong character and held a high rank among the intelligent and use- ful women of her time. She died December 2, 1878. Had she lived a few weeks longer they would have celebrated their golden wedding, for which preparations were being made. Their children are: Anna Catharine, Helen Luette, George Weston, Loannas Cyrillo, Azora La- villa and Linn Leroy. These are all living save Loannas, who died June 3, 1871. Mr. Billings remained in Chesterville seven years subsequent to his marriage. He then purchased the Asa Hutchinson place in Fay- ette, and resided on the same until March, 1854, when he purchased the Nathan Burgess farm, located on Oak hill, and there passed the residue of his life. His occupation was farming, and his thoroughly tilled acres and the well kept and tidy appearance of the buildings on the homestead attest the quality of his work and indicate that he was ever faithful to duty. He, however, in his younger days made quite a vocation of school teaching. He taught seven successive winters in Boothbay. He also taught in Mt. Vernon, Chesterville and Fay- ette. He was several times called to fill different offices in the gift of his townsmen. Religiously he was broad and liberal in his views. Politically he was a whig, believing firmly in the principles laid down by Clay and Webster. His character was beyond reproach and his integrity never in question. His carriage was always dignified and his language courtly and respectful toward persons of all classes. Henry H. Bodge, born in Fayette in 1829, is a son of Moulton and Louisa (Lovejoy) Bodge, who had three children: Olive (Mrs. Warren C. Jones), Sarah (Mrs. J. S. W. Hewett) and Henry H., who married Charlotte, daughter of Daniel Ormsby. Their children are: Mary (Mrs. Harry Bamford), Thomas H., of Augusta, and Frank H. Mr. * Sketch by George Underwood. 966 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Bodge is a grandson of John Bodge, who first started a pottery in Fay- ette. His father and mother died in 1873, and were both buried at one time. Arthur D. Chase, born in Fayette in 1833, is a son of Lewis and Sally Chase, and grandson of Israel Chase. Lewis Chase was a colo- nel in the state militia. He was captain of Company H, 14th Maine, in the civil war. His father, Israel Chase, was one of the first settlers of Fayette, a man of some note in the early history of the town. He served as representative in the state legislature. Arthur D. Chase married Eliza A. E., daughter of Rev. James Smith, of Fayette. She died leaving one son, Arthur G. M. He married for his second wife, Abbie A. Stinchfield, and they have four sons: Lewis H., Ralph F., Russell M. and Leon G. Mr. Chase went into the war in 1861 in the 14th Maine Infantry and afterward in the 1st Maine Heavy Artillery, where he served until the close of the war, and has since then been a farmer. Frederick A. Chase, born in Fayette in 1819, is a son of Israel and Betsey Chase, and grandson of Simeon Chase, of Berkeley, Mass. He married Rachel L., daughter of Andrew Sturtevant, and had three children: Frederick V., who is a lawyer in Portland ; Mary A., who married Rev. Ansley E. Woodsum, and Ward B. Mr. Chase has been a school teacher eight years and has taught music fifty terms. He was one of the selectmen for thirteen years, was supervisor of schools for some years, and in 1869-70 he represented his district in the legis- lature. Boardman V. Crane, born in 1832, is a son of Reuben and Mary Crane, and grandson of Abijah Crane, who came to Fayette about 1793 and settled on a farm here. He had four sons. Reuben staid on the farm and had one son and three daughters: Dulcina M. (Mrs. Luther D. Emersonj, L. Maria (died May 3, 1887, in Troy, N. Y.), and Annie J. (Mrs. William Whitman). Boardman V. married Eliza Ryer- son, and had three children: Gertrude A., Guy C. (who died in 1888) and Willis B. Mr. Crane is a farmer and lives on the farm settled by his grandfather. His mother's father was Samuel Tuck. John O. Fellows, born in 1842, is a son of John and Sally (Page) Fellows, and grandson of Aaron Fellows. John Fellows died in 1870 and left five children: Nathan P., Henry D., Benjamin P., Elizabeth N. (Mrs. Abel Barker) and John O., who married Mary, daughter of Daniel Bamford, and had four children: Laura E., who died in 1878; Charles A., Nettie M. (Mrs. Mellen Fellows) and George H., who died in infancy. Mr. Fellows was one of the selectmen in 1888, '89 and '90, and is a farmer on the farm where his father settled when married. Lester R. Fellows, born in 1866, is a son of Isaac N. and Lucy A. (Watson) Fellows, and grandson of Isaac, who came to the farm where Lester R. now lives about 1800. His only son, Isaac N., died in 1889, TOWN OF FAYETTE. 967 leaving one son, Lester R., who married Cora B., daughter of Hiram S. Rice. They have had two children: Harold N., born January 18, 1891, died March 16, 1891; and Lucie A., born July 17, 1892. Albion F. Gile, born in Mt. Vernon in 1834, is a son of Joseph and Sarah (Porter) Gile, the latter a daughter of Captain Isaac Porter, of Cape Cod. Joseph Gile's children were: Isaac P., Edwin T., Albion F., Charles K. and Caroline A. (Mrs. Seth W. Johnson). Albion F. married Arabel, daughter of Reuel Palmer. Their children are: El- mer E., Charles K., Irving B., Anice B., Gertie, Mearl L. and Ethel M. He came to Fayette in 1850 and is a farmer. Albion Gordon, farmer, born in Readfield in 1841, is a son of Stephen and Lovina Gordon, and grandson of Daniel Gordon. Stephen Gordon's sons were: Harrison, Albion, Daniel, Nelson D., Loring and Stephen O. A. Albion married Nettie, daughter of George Keith, and they have one daughter, Alberta. Mr. Gordon came to Fayette in 1879, prior to which time he worked in the oil- cloth factory in Readfield for fourteen years. He has been one of the selectmen since 1887. John S. W. Hewett, born in Hallowell, Me., in 183.i, is a son of John and Betsey (Haines) Hewett, and grandson of John Hewett, who came from Massachusetts in 1810, and settled in Fayette on the farm where John S. W. now lives. Mr. Hewett came to Fayette in 1858, and has been prominently connected with the town as selectman, treasurer and collector nine years, and one year on the school board. He was postmaster at Fayette from April, 1878, to March, 1881. He has also been deputy sheriff for one term. He is now a farmer on the farm which his grandfather took from the Plymouth Company. He married Sarah M., daughter of Moulton Bodge. Their children are Alice M. and Warren S. Willard S. Hodgkins, born in 1851, is a son of Henry T. and Ann G. (Stinchfield) Hodgkins, and grandson of True Hodgkins, who came from New Hampshire and settled in Vienna. Henry Hodgkin's chil- dren were: Willard S., Everett, Elizabeth, Lemuel B. and Alice H. Willard S. began teaching school when but sixteen and has taught nearly every winter since; he was .supervisor of schools for one term. He came to the farm where he now lives in 1880. He married Au- gusta, daughter of Ebenezer and Sarah (Bryant) Chase, of Jay, Me. She was born January 25, 1852. They have an adopted daughter, Helen B. Hodgkins, born January 10, 1885. Moses H. Hubbard, born in Fayette in 1839, is a son of Moses and Betsey (Sweet) Hubbard, and grandson of Francis Hubbard, who had four sons: John, Mo.ses, Richard and Samuel. Moses settled on the farm opposite his father's. He had ten children. The two sons were Moses H. and John, who died in 1887. Moses H. married Elvira, daughter of Luke Chandler, of Wells. They had two children: Ida 968 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. M., who died in December, 1887, and Milo A., who now lives with his father, who is a farmer. Moses T. Jones, born in Fayette in 1833, is one of the three sons of J. W. C. and Betsey (Tuck) Jones, and grandson of Sylvester Jones, who came to Fayette in 1802 and settled on the farm where Leonard Lothrop now lives, and had eight sons and one daughter. J. W. C. Jones had three sons and five daughters. Those now living are: Re- becca J. (Mrs. Smith), Ella M. (Mrs. Alger) and Moses T., who mar- ried .Sophia, daughter of Samuel Judkins. They have two daughters: Addie M. and Kate T. Mr. Jones was in the late war in the 2d Maine Battery, and in 1865 he returned and took the farm where he now lives, where he and his mother were both born, a part of the land taken by his grandfather Tuck about 1790. His father died in 1885. He was selectman, collector and treasurer at different times for six- teen years. Elias H. Kent. — Charles Kent and two of his brothers came to Maine prior to 1798, and settled in Readfield on the hill that has since been known as Kents Hill. Charles, who was a farmer, was the father of Barker Kent, who was born at Kents Hill in 1793. Barker Kent married Eliza, a daughter of Francis and Kate (Cofren) Hunt. Like his father, he was a farmer. He settled in Fayette shortly after his marriage, and there he passed the remainder of his life. Elias H. Kent, one of his six sons, was born in 1826. Like most farmers' sons of that day he passed his boyhood on the farm, receiv- ing the advantages of the schools of the town. He gave his attention to agriculture until 1849, when he went to Rocky Point, in the town of Warwick, R. L, where he had charge of a popular summer resort until 1881. In 1880 he was chosen to represent his district in the Rhode Island .state legislature. He married Amanda M., a daughter of Daniel and Sally (Baldwin) Judkins. Their only child, Lillian F., died in 1863. In 1880 he bought the Colonel Lewis Chase farm at Fayette Corner, and in that and the following year he erected the substantial farm buildings shown in the accompanying illustration. On returning to his native town he resumed the vocation of his early manhood and is now classed with the most thorough and successful farmers of this picturesque locality. Leonard C. Lothrop, born in 1821, is one of five sons of Thomas and Cynthia (Brett) Lothrop, the others being: Osbert, Ebenezer, Thomas and Rufus. His grandfather was Captain Daniel Lothrop, of Massachusetts. Leonard C. married Sarah F., daughter of Daniel and Sarah (Baldwin) Judkins, and has two children: John C, who married Nettie M., daughter of Reuben and Nancy (Tuck) Crane, and is a farmer near his father; and Lillian F., who is a school teacher. Mr. Lothrop has lived on his present farm since 1855. »oo HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. M., who died in December, 1887, and Milo A., who now lives with his father, who is a farmer. Moses T. Jones, born in Fayette in 1833, is one of the three sons of J. W. C. and Betsey (Tuck) Jones, and grandson of Sylvester Jones, who came to Fayette in 1802 and settled on the farm where Leonard Lothrop now lives, and had eight sons and one daughter. J. W. C. Jones had three sons and five daughters. Those now living are: Re- becca J. (Mrs. Smith), Ella M. (Mrs. Alger) and Moses T., who mar- ried Sophia, daughter of Samuel Judkins. They have two daughters: Addie M. and Kate T. Mr. Jones was in the late war in the 2d Maine Battery, and in 186/5 he returned and took the farm where he now lives, where he and his mother were both born, a part of the land taken by his grandfather Tuck about 1790. His father died in 1885. He was selectman, collector and treasurer at different times for six- teen years. Elias H. Kent. — Charles Kent and two of his brothers came to Maine prior to 1793, and settled in Readfield on the hill that has since been known as Kents Hill. Charles, who was a farmer, was the father of Barker Kent, who was born at Kents Hill in 1793. Barker Kent married Eliza, a daughter of Francis and Kate (Cofren) Hunt. Like his father, he was a farmer. He settled in Fayette shortly after his marriage, and there he passed the remainder of his life. Elias H. Kent, one of his six sons, was born in 1826. Like most farmers' sons of that day he passed his boyhood on the farm, receiv- ing the advantages of the schools of the town. He gave his attention to agriculture until 1849, when he went to Rocky Point, in the town of Warwick, R. L, where he had charge of a popular summer resort until 1881. In 1880 he was chosen to represent his district in the Rhode Island .state legislature. He married Amanda M., a daughter of Daniel and Sally (Baldwin) Judkins. Their only child, Lillian F., died in 1863. In 1880 he bought the Colonel Lewis Chase farm at Fayette Corner, and in that and the following year he erected the substantial farm buildings shown in the accompanying illustration. On returning to his native town he resumed the vocation of his early manhood and is now classed with the most thorough and successful farmers of this picturesque locality. Leonard C. Lothrop, born in 1821, is one of five sons of Thomas and Cynthia (Brett) Lothrop, the others being: Osbert, Ebenezer, Thomas and Rufus. His grandfather was Captain Daniel Lothrop, of Massachusetts. Leonard C. married Sarah F., daughter of Daniel and Sarah (Baldwin) Judkins, and has two children: John C, who married Nettie M., daughter of Reuben and Nancy (Tuck) Crane, and is a farmer near his father; and Lillian F., who is a school teacher. Mr. Lothrop has lived on his present farm since 1855. 970 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. in 1863 was made lieutenant of the 80th U. S. C. T., and at the close of the war was acting regimental quartermaster of the same. He re- turned to Fayette and held various town offices until 1873, when he represented his district in the legislature. He has since then been clerk in the second auditor's office in Washington, and is now postal clerk in the United States senate. John H. True, born in 1836, is one of seven sons of Moses F. and Eleanor (Kyle) True, grandson of Edward, and great-grandson of Thomas True. Edward True came to Fayette about 1800 and had eight sons. Moses True's sons were: John H., Edward M., Moses W., Charles E., Amos K., William F. and one who died. John H. mar- ried Helen E., daughter of Cyrus Brown, and they have five chil- dren: Winnie Ona (Mrs. R. A. Bryant), Cyrus H., Birdie E.(Mrs. Wal- lace W. Farrington), Katie M. (Mrs. George W. Farrington) and Charles E. Mr. True was in the late war as first lieutenant in 24th Maine. He has been a bookkeeper and is now a farmer. Jesse D. Tuck, born in 1844, is a son of Jonathan and Mahala (Hilton) Tuck, and grandson of Jesse Tuck, who came to Fayette about 1795 and settled on the farm where Jesse D. now lives. His children were: Samuel, Jonathan, Madison, Mary and Nancy. Jona- than had two children: J. Granville and Jesse D., who married Olive, daughter of Lot P. Nelson. Their children are: Herbert J. and Mary E. Jonathan Tuck was selectman in Fayette for several years and was in the legislature one year. He died in 1868 and his wife died in 1887. Hon. Joseph Hall Underwood* was born in Amherst, N. H., June 13, 1783, and died in Fayette, Me.. November 8, 1867. His parents were Thomas and Sally (Gage) Underwood. He received such an education as the common schools and academies afforded at the time of his youth. He came to Maine in his early manhood, and taught school in Thomaston, Readfield, Fayette and other towns. He finally settled in Fayette and commenced his successful mercantile and business career, which extended through more than fifty-five years. He was one of the best known business men in Kennebec county. He was twice married. His first wife, Mary Aiken, of Merrimac, N. H., was born July 31, 1784, and died July 22, 1822. Her children were: Joseph Hall Underwood, jun., who died in infancy; Mary Aiken, Eliza Hall, Joseph Hall, jun., Thomas Parker and Sarah Ann. His second wife, sister of the first, was Jane Aiken, who survived him several years. She was born July 14, 1799, and died October 24, 1884. Her children were: Jane Aiken, Albert Gallatin, Henry Clay, George, Gilbert and Helen. One child of the first wife and four chil- dren of the second wife are the only present survivors of this large family. Both wives were women of superior talents and attainments. *Biographical sketch by Albion F. Watson. ^^^...'^^^^^^....^^.^^^ 972 HISTORY OF KEXNEBEC COUNTY. Mr. Underwood, in his time, was the foremost citizen of Fayette,, held the most prominent position in society, and always exerted a powerful influence in public affairs. He was always popular with his townsmen, and was elected to office many times by their suffrages. He was a leading whig politician in the state of Maine. He repre- sented the town of his adoption in the general court of Massa- chusetts, and afterward served several terms as representative and one term as senator in the Maine legislature. Still later he was a mem- ber of Governor Edward Kent's council. He was also a candidate for presidential elector. Influential men of his party, believing that the use of his name would add strength to their ticket, urgently so- licited Mr. Underwood to become a candidate for gubernatorial or congressional honors, but he respectfully declined, preferring to attend to his business affairs, rather than to go farther in politics. His keen sense of justice always led him to espouse the right side of every moral question. In all his business transactions he was methodical and exact to a remarkable degree. In personal presence and bearing- he was ever dignified and gentlemanly. He possessed a never failing fund of wit and humor, and highly enjoyed a good joke and a hearty laugh. Every worthy cause, and every social improvement had his hearty cooperation. He was a firm friend of education, and a strong patron of institutions of learning. His tendencies were progressive, and in his views he was broad and liberal. None rejoiced more than he at the onward march of science, civilization and true Christianity. Gilbert Underwood, born in 1835, is a son of Joseph H. and Jane (Aikin) Underwood. The early ancestors of the Aikin family came from Scotland to Massachusetts m the 17th century. Mr. Underwood married Annie, daughter of John A. Holmes, of Readfield, and they have three children: Joseph H., Emma J. and May H. He is a farmer and breeder of Hereford cattle. He came to the farm where he now lives in 1877, having lived for ten years on the old homestead, where his father died in 1867. Helen Underwood Goodwin is the youngest child of Joseph H. Underwood. September 7, 1867, she was married to William H. Good- win, son of Beniah C. and Martha (Rice) Goodwin. He was born Jan- uary 26, 1839, at Conway, N. H., and removed to Mercer, Me., with his parents, about 1850. He received the advantages of the common schools of his day, and on arriving at man's estate he turned his atten- tion to mercantile pursuits. In 1865 he became connected with the hardware firm of Smith, Tibbets & Co., of Portland, and was traveling salesman for that house until his death, which occurred December 4, 1885. His thorough business habits and genial bearing especially fitted him for the place he filled in life. His last resting place is in the Wing family cemetery in Wayne, where an Italian marble shaft TOWN OF FAYETTE. 973 on a granite base has been erected to his memory by his loving wife. His kind-hearted generosity made him ever ready with cheering words and a helping hand to assist the needy and unfortunate. Mrs. Goodwin appears to have inherited a large share of her father's executive ability and keen bu.siness foresight. She is the only one of his large family who was born in the large brick house shown in the accompanying illustration. The bricks for its construction were burned on the farm, and during the building of the structure, in 1838, Mr. Underwood gave his personal attention to the selection of the bricks used. During his whole after life the care of his neatly kept home and its surroundings made them an ornament to his adopted town. John A. Wing, born in 1829, is one of three sons (Albert, John and Charles) of Alden and Charity (Stevens) Wing, and a grandson of Allen Wing, who came to Wayne about 1787. John A. married Lucretia, daughter of John S. French, of Fayette, and their children are: Fred A., Albert F., Frank, who died in 1877, and two that died in infancy. Mr. Wing came to Fayette in 1855, and since his father's death, in 1871, has lived on the farm where he now resides. Oscar E. Young, born in 1861, is a son of Chandler W. and Villa (Tobin) Young, who came to Fayette in 1868, and grandson of Joshua, who lived in East Livermore. Chandler Young died in 1890 and left two children: Oscar E. and Kate B. Oscar E. graduated at Kents Hill in 1881, and has devoted most of his time to writing articles for maga- zines and papers, more especially the Chicago Sim. He has also written and published a volume of poems. He married Eva J., daughter of John Dorsey, of Portland, and lives on the farm his father left, with his mother. He has one daughter, Ouida Estelle, born June 5, 1892. Those who have entered the legal profession from Fayette are: Silas Bates, Samuel Tuck, Parker Tuck, Phillip Stubbs, Enoch Mar- shall, William Marshall, Oliver Bacheller, David True, Horatio D. Hutchinson, David F. Crane, Franklin Fisk, Albert Fellows and Wil- liam Richards. It is not known who the man was who set the first broken limb or administered the first dose of calomel in this town. Among the early physicians was Doctor Caswell. He was followed by Doctors Hale, Chase, Smith, Fuller, Lambright, Watson, French and Russell. Those who have entered the medical profession from the town are: James Bates, Joseph Bacheller, Hiram Bates, Lemuel Russell, Noah Watson, Isaac Palmer, Lewis Watson, Samuel Chase, Albert G. French, James B. Cochran, George B. Crane, Willis A. Russell, Charles H. Wing and Lincoln French. CHAPTER XXXVII. TOWN OF VIENNA. Opposition to Incorporation. — Plantation Names. — First Settlers. — Enlargements. — Population and Valuation. — Post OflSces and Postmasters. — Traders. — Good Templars. — Union Hall. — Mills in'^Various Localities. — Manufactures. — Churches. — Old Yellow Meeting^House. — Cemeteries. — Civil Lists. — Per- sonal Paragraphs. VIENNA, the most northwesterly town of Kennebec county, was incorporated February 20, 1802, Jedidiah Prescott being au- thorized to call the first meeting. This township, when a plan- tation, was named Goshen. It was settled about 1786, the titles being given by Jedidiah Prescott, of Winthrop, and Nathaniel Whittier, of Readfield, who had purchased it from Massachusetts proprietors, and it was surveyed by Mr. Prescott in 1792. In 1800 thirty-five inhabitants of the place — then called Wyman's plantation — petitioned for incorporation, representing the plantation to contain sixty ratable polls. Among the signers were Noah Pres- cott, Joseph Chapman, Timothy White, Abel Whittier and John Carr. An ineffectual remonstrance was made by several other of the inhab- itants on the ground that "the petitioners were inhabitants of a place known to them by the name of Goshen, a tract of land wide from them by nature's laws," and that Chester was conveniently accessible for religious and town purposes. The first settlers were: Joshua Rowland, ^ohn Thompson, Patrick Gilbraith, Noah Prescott and John and William Allen. Following the.se were: Arnold Wethren, James and Robert Cofren, Jonathan ■Gordon, Jedidiah, Abel and Nathaniel Whittier, Gideon Wells, Elijah Bunker, Daniel Matthews, Benjamin Porter, Timothy White, Caleb Brown and Joshua Moore. At the first town meeting, which was held April 5, 1802, Noah Prescott was chosen moderator and Daniel Mor- rell, clerk. The selectmen chosen were: Jacob Graves, James Cofren and Joshua Moore. The places of holding the town meetings from that time to the present have been: In 1802, at the dwelling hou.se of Arnold Wethren; 1803, at house of Elisha Johnson; 1804, at Nathaniel Whittier's, and in 1805, at Moses Sanborn's. For the next nine years it was held in school houses. From 1815 to 1828 it was held in the " new meeting TOWN OF VIENNA. 975 house "—evidently the old Methodist church. From 1828 to 1848 it was entered on the records as being held at " the large meeting house," which must mean the old "Yellow" meeting house; and from 1848 to 1855 in No. 4 school house. Since that time the model town house, generously built and presented to his native town by Joseph M. Whittier, of Boston, has been used. Vienna has been enlarged by two strips of territory taken from Rome— the first in 1814 and the last in 1833. It was the one hundred and thirty-second town incorporated, and had in 1850 a population of 871; 1860, 878; 1870, 740; 1880, 644; and in 1890, 495. Its valuation in 1860 was $151,024; 1870, $200,015; 1880, $167,316; and in 1890 it was $162,724. Post Offices. — North Vienna post office, the oldest in town, was established March 21, 1808, as Vienna. The name was changed to North Vienna March 20, 1854. Its postmasters, with dates of appoint- ment, have been: Elisha Johnson, March 21, 1808; Levi Johnson, April, 1825; George K. Porter, July, 1845; Alvan Bradley, March, 1847; Ira Neal, June, 1852; Amos C. Hodgkins, March, 1853; Sanders Morrill, March, 1854; Nathaniel Cochran, March, 1862; Henry Dowst, March, 1866; John Hall, October, 1866; Noah G. Cofren, March, 1873; Jacob S. Graves, April, 1874; Henry Whittier, September, 1885; Walter C. Pierce, June, 1887; and Henry C. Mason, July, 1889. Vienna post office was established March 20, 1854, with Rufus W. Mansur as postmaster. His successors have been: Ira Neal, Novem- ber, 1856; Hiram S. Abbott, July, 1861; Josiah Morrill, February, 1867; Henry Dowst, April, 1869; H. C. Whittier, February, 1886; Lewis F. Gould, July, 1887; and Laforest Dowst, June, 1889. Mails are brought to the two post offices daily by a stage that leaves North Vienna each morning, reaching Augusta the same forenoon, and returning in the afternoon, connecting at Readfield station each way with trains on the Maine Central. Stores. — Vienna village has exceptionally pleasant situation and surroundings. Its local importance was not fully established till in 1854, after a long, determined, bitter fight, it obtained the post office bearing the name of the town. But the mills had developed a center of business and North Vienna had to submit to the inevitable. Captain Samuel Mowers was one of the first traders at, Vienna vil- lage. Fred Stuart, Daniel Mowers and Lewis Bradley were the next. Up to this time the traders had sold liquor by the drink in public bars. But the very day Lewis Bradley began trade he invited his neighbors to come and take a free drink; then, taking a saw, he cut away the bar and told them he was done with the liquor traffic. That was about 1837, and was the last store bar in Vienna, although other stores sold liquor after that. Franklin Dearborn, Nathaniel Mowers, James Al- len, Gerry Graves, Josiah Morrill. James Scales, James Wright, Daniel 976 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Brown, Rufus Maasur, Byron Jewell and Hiram S. Abbott were suc- cessive traders till 1866, when Henry Dowst bought Mr. Abbott's stock and has been in business for twenty-six years. He built his present store in 1874. Good Templ.\rs.— The only representative the various secret so- cieties have in town is Vienna Lodge, No. 88, of Good Templars, organized in 1887, with twenty charter members. The presiding officers have been: Lendall C. Davis, Henry Graves, Mrs. E. N. Allen, E. N. Allen, Alice M. Wait and Nettie Kimball. Guy E. Healey, Nel- lie Lawton, Charles Dearborn, Arthur Davis and Eugene Wait have held the office of secretary. The Lodge meets in Union Hall and has about thirty members. Union Hall, at the village, built by subscription in 1888, is kept for miscellaneous public gatherings. As a very proper recognition of their enterprise in its erection, lady officers are chosen. Mills. — Probably the first taskmaster the stoutly flowing stream at Vienna village ever met was Patrick Gilbraith, who laid a dam across its ancient bed and built a grist mill about 1800, compelling the lusty vagrant to tread a wheel which should grind the corn and the wheat of the hard-working settlers. Mr. Gilbraith and his son, Benjamin, ran the mill till Nathaniel Mooers, from Deerfield, N. H., became its purchaser in 1819. After many years' service the mill was destroyed by fire and was rebuilt in 1840 by Mr. Mooers and his son, Jabez S. In 1847 Timothy Mooers, father of the present proprietor, bought the property and rented it for the next sixteen years to John Lord. George H. Mooers has been in possession since 1870, and still does custom grinding. On the middle dam stood a carding and fulling mill that was not tjsed for these purposes after 183(». Josiah Bradley owned it and put a shingle machine in the building. On the west side of the stream Josiah and Jonathan Bradley, Jacob Graves and Nathaniel Mooers built, in 1845, a new saw mill in the place of an old one. The next year they sold the property to Sewell B. Gordon, who al.so bought the old fulling mill property a few years later and operated the saw and shingle mill till about 1870. George H. Wills was the next owner. In 1872 he tore away the fulling mill building and built a saw mill in its place. Five years later he sold the dam to Henry Trask, and he in 1888 to Perley Whittier, the present owner, who built works in which he cuts staves and does all branhes of cooperage. Mr. Whittier and his father have been the only stave and barrel manufacturers in Vienna. The first machinery on the lower dam was a fulling mill, probably built by Simpson, who had used and abandoned it before 1825. About 1838 Freeman Brown and Thomas C. Norris built the present dam, and on the west side of the stream a bark mill, which stood idle TOWN OF VIENNA. 977 till 1845, when Mr. Norris erected the building now standing on the •east side, and made shoe pegs in it for the next thirty years. Here was first used Sylvanus Fairbanks' machine for sharpening pegs both ways — the first ever invented. Mr. Norris also added a shingle machine and steam power, for use when water was low. Augustus Smart was the next owner of the property and William Tyler the next, and he sold it to James and Henry Trask and Daniel Lawton. Henry Trask bought the interests of his partners and is now making handles for hoes, forks and shovels. On the Cofren brook stood a pioneer grist mill that was active and useful in its day, but had ground its last grist before 1820. Even tra- dition has failed to give its builder a name. N. P. Mooers owns the spot. Another grist mill that served its day and generation, and came to an honorable dissolution about 1830, was run by the Ladd brook. Tradition has also neglected to assign a name to its builder or owner. A saw mill standing on the McGurdy stream, built by Nathaniel Cochran and Arnold Wethren about 1830, was in operation till de- stroyed by fire in 1858. Thomas K. Dow was its last proprietor and J. S. Graves now owns the real estate. Near the graveyard in the Chesley neighborhood, Sylvanus Fairbanks built, in 186(>, a rake fac- tory, on the outlet of Beaver pond, and made rake and spade handles ten years. Mr. Fairbanks, while here, invented the first hollow arbor for wood turning. On a brook that ran through his farm in the northwest part of the town, Lyman Whitlier built, in 1858, a dam and a mill for cutting bar- rel staves. The business grew to such proportions in nine years that the water supply became insufficient, and he added steam power. After his death, in 1869, his son, Perley Whittier, operated the mill for awhile and then sold the property to his brother, Lyman F.Whit- tier, and John W. Hall, who continued the various branches of cooper- ing. Mr. Whittier subsequently bought his partner out and added a circular saw and a shingle machine to the works. Litigation and changes in ownership have since succeeded each other, destroying the business and the value of the property. Brick were made on Jedidiah Whittier's land and in several other places in town. About the same time large quantities of lime were burned in the northwest part of the town by the Curriers. Wagons and carriages have been built in Vienna village by Henry Colby, Jacob C. Gordon and Sewell B. Gordon. The blacksmiths have been: James Robinson, David Wait, Webster, Warren Folsom, Levi Brown, Charles Tompkins, Jethro Weeks and Samuel Davis. Churches.— Methodism took strong early root in Vienna. Jesse Lee preached in Vienna (then Goshen) Monday, December 8, 1794, -and again on Monday, August 29, 1808, putting up with James Coch- 978 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. ran each time. The first cla.s.s was formed by James Wager about 1794, consisting of James Cofren, Elihu Johnson and Jedidiah Whit- tier and their wives, and Nathaniel Whittier and Daniel Morrell. Awhile after about half the members of the church, which had be- come strong, seceded and formed a new church of the order known as Christian Band. In 1828 the Maine Conference held its annual session in Vienna, Bishop Redding presiding— a historic event. No Methodist society as small and no town as remote and obscure has been thus honored before or since. The explanation is probably this. Reverend Oliver Beale, secretary for six consecutive years of the Maine Conference, had been preaching at Vienna with great success. The church lad doubled in membership; it had a meeting house built before 1815, and was the dominant religious organization in town. To encourage and reward such zeal and growth, the denomination awarded its great yearly meeting to Vienna. The " Yellow " meeting hou.se was then in its prime and the daily sessions of the conference were divided between it and the new house, which was so much the smaller of the two that it is still remembered by the name of the " little " church. The old meeting house, which stood on the old road, about twenty rods south of the east part of the present Franklin cemetery, was in use till the present church was built in 1841. Vienna was probably connected with Livermore from 1805 to 1815, when it first appears on the minutes, and Isaiah Chandler and E. W. CofBn were the preachers till 1817, when it was again connected with Livermore for eight years, and from 1825 to 1830 with Strong circuit, after which it again appears on the minutes. The appointments were: Greenleaf Greeley, 1830; James Warren and Dudley Greeley, 1832; Phillip Ayer, 1833; Aaron P\iller, 1834; Lsaac Downing, 1835; D. B. Randall and John Cleaveland, 1837; Charles L. Browning and D. B. Randall, 1838; R. C. Bailey, C. W. Morse and Francis Drew, 1839; George Child and James Farrington, 1841; Joseph Lull, 1842; Ira T. Thurston, 1843; Peter Burgess, 1844; S. B. Bracket, 1845; C. C. Mason, 1846; M. E. King, 1886; A. C. Trafton, 1887; Hezekiah Chase, 1889; and Elbridge Gerry, 1891. The Free Baptist Church was organized in the red school house, January 22, 1820, with twent5'-.six members. The present church was built in 1840, by Baptists and members of the Christian denomination, who united in calling themselves the Union Chapel Society — a name they still bear. Their preachers have been: Joseph Briggs, Jonathan Bradley, T. Libby, Joseph Edgecomb (who preached twenty-sixyears), vSelden Bean, D. Allen, Brooks, Cam.pbell, Morse, Otis Andrews, S. P. Morrill, J. H. Bartlett, Lucien C. Graves, Albert C. Brown and F. Starbird. Deacon Nathaniel Graves, a member of the legisla- TOWN OF VIENNA. 979 ture and county commissioner several terms, was church clerk for thirty-five years. The present membership is fifty-seven. The second house built for religious purposes in Vienna was the old " Yellow " meeting house, erected on land given by Abel Whit- tier, by the seceders from the first Methodist society, before 1828, and possibly before 1820. The house stood one-half mile south of the Methodist burying ground. It was the largest church ever in town, and all its appointments were on the same broad gauge as its creed. The record of the first town meeting held within its walls (1828) reads: " in the large Meeting House." The architecture of the inside was quaint, with a decidedly fantastic appearance. A stout, roomy gal- lery extended on three sides, with " negro " pews in two corners. The pews below are described as being very high, with doors strong enough for a stable. The pulpit was a huge drum, ten feet high; en- tered by a door and mounted by inside winding stairs. Around the ceiling was a heavy ornate cornice, which, with the pulpit, was painted a sky blue. This old landmark was removed in 1848. Cemeteries.— The oldest grave yard in Vienna has long been known as the Methodist ground. It is situated on land given by Cap- tain Osgood, and is contiguous to, and just east of, the Franklin Ceme- tery, and used to front on the old north and south road, now aban- doned. William Franklin Whittier, a native of Vienna, now a resident of California, in 1861 donated the land for the Franklin Cemetery, which was laid out in 1864. The grounds are handsomely arranged and neatly kept, and contain many tasteful and durable monuments. Vienna Cemetery Association was organized in 1890 for the pur- pose of taking better care of the old burying ground that was origi- nally laid out on John Bradley's land before 1800. This yard con- tains more graves than any other in town, and is most beautifully situated, with cheerful surroundings. All its arrangements indicate the best of care, and its many white marbles are a credit to any com- munity. Samuel Davis is president and M. F. Eaton is secretary of the association. Two private grounds mark the resting places of the Sevey and Porter families. Civil Lists. — The selectmen, with the year of first election and the number of years of service of each, have been: 1802. Jacob Graves, 13, James Cofren, Joshua Moore, 9; 1803, Noah Prescott; 1804, Robert Cofren, 3; 1805, Nathaniel Whittier, 15; 1806, Benjamin Porter, 7; 1807, Josiah Bradley, 6; 1808, Joseph Morrill, 2: 1810, James Chapman, 12, Arnold Wethren, Jonathan Bradley, 2; 1817, Ozem Dowst, 17; 1821, John Porter, 2, John Mooers, 2; 1825, John Marden, 3; 1826, Nathaniel Graves, 21; 1828, Epaphras Johnson, 3; 1881, Levi Johnson, 980 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Andrew Neal, 2; 1832, Levi Greeley; 1835, Moses Brown, 14; 1838, Jo- siah P. Mooers; 1840, Isaac N. Whittier, 2; 1841, Daniel Brown, 2; 1842, James H. Porter, 14; 1848, Timothy C. Bradley; 1844, Levi Brown, 3; 1845, Alvan Bradley; 1846, James Sanborn, 4; 1848, Dennis Gorden, Daniel Tozer; 1849, Thomas C. Norris, 3; 1854, John Berry, 3, Nathan Gilman; 1856, Blake T. Dow, 2, Josiah Brown, 2; 1857, Jo- siah Morrill, 19; 1858, Gerry Graves, 2: 1859, Sewall Eaton, 3, Thomas F. Hovey, 2; 1861, Henry Dowst, 7; 1862, Ruel W. Smart, 2; 1867, Jacob Robie; 1868, Willis P. Brown, 7, Albion G. Whittier, 11; 1870, Jacob S. Woods; 1871, Allen B. Wing; 1872, Charles K. Besse; 1873, Henry Graves, 7, William T. Morrill; 1875, A. F. Smart, 3; 1876, M. F. Eaton, 7; 1879, S. Wesley Carr, 6, Sanders Morrill; 1882, Orman French, 2; 1883, D. W. Griffin, Charles E. Morrill; 1885, N. G. San- born, 4; and, 1889, Josephus Brown, 4. The Town Clerks, with date of first election have been: 1802, Daniel Morrill; 1807, Jacob Graves; 1810, Nathaniel Whittier; 1821, James Chapman; 1829, Nathaniel Graves; 1834, Lewis Bradley; 1836, Jonathan Graves; 1838, Isaac N. Whittier; 1841, Franklin Dearborn; 1842, Jabez S. Mooers; 1848, Josiah P. Mooers; 1852, A. Bradley; 1853, Thomas C. Norris; 1857, Gerry Graves; 1867, Josiah Morrill; 1869, Henry Dowst; and since 1889, M. F. Eaton. The Town Treasurers have been: 1802, Arnold Wethren; 1804, Gideon Wells; 1805, Elisha Johnson; 1807, Barnard Kimball; 1809, Nathaniel Morrill; 1810, James Cofren; 1812, Joshua Moores; 1817, Jacob Graves; 1825, Nathaniel Whittier; 1834, Ozem Dowst; 1836, John Marden; 1844, James Porter; 1845, Benjamin Porter; 1847, Thomas C. Norris; 1849, Gerry Graves; 1851, J. P. Mooers; 1852, A. Bradley; 1858, Nathaniel Graves; 1865, Josiah Morrill; 1867, James Porter; 1868, Henry Graves; 1877, Jonathan Graves; 1879, S. B. Gorden; and since 1886, E. N. Allen. PERSONAL PARAGRAPHS. Elbridge N. Allen, born in 1854 in New Sharon, is a son of Ben- jamin F. and Sarah B. (Neal) Allen, and grandson of John Allen, of Vienna. He came to Vienna in 1864, and since 1875 has run a car- riage and sleigh shop. In 1879 he began to manufacture burial caskets, and is also engaged in undertaking and carriage trimming. He has been town treasurer since 1886, and has served on board of health since 1889. He married Emma L. Knowlton, and they have one daughter, Lillian N. Charles K. Besse.— In the last century Jabez Besse came from Massachusetts to Wayne and engaged in farming. Here, in 1790, his son, Edmund P., was born, lived and died. Edmund married Alice, daughter of Charles Kent, of Kents Hill, Readfield. She was born in 1791 and died in 1875, having borne her husband five children: Mary, -cs Brown, 14; 18:is ] |S41, Daniel Brown, 2: C. Bradley; 1844, Levi Sanborn, 4; 1848. Dennis Xunis, 3; 1854, John Berry, -J, Josiah Brown, 2; 1857, Jo- S59. Sewall Eaton, 3, Thomas -^62, Ruel W. Smart, 2; 1867, Albion G. Whittier, 11; 1870, 1872, Charles K. Besse; 1873 75, A. F. Smart, 3; 1870, V. - ..id:-. Morrill; 1882, ( 'rman 1885, N. G. San. Mass.. son, }'. , daughter oi * 1791 and diec 'on have been: 1802, 'mniel Whittier; 1821, 1. Lewis Bradley; 1836, I , Franklin Dearborn; 1852, A. Bradley; 1853, Josiah Morrill; 1869, \rnold Wethren; 1804, ..rnard Kimball; 1809, Joshua Moores; 1817, izem Dowst; 1836, John : 'Drter; 1847, Thomas C. 1852, A.Bradley; 1858, r. James Porter; 1868, B. Gorden; and since • ron, is a son of Hen- j, . .son of John Allen, of 4, anil -Since 1875 has run a car- II to manufacture burial caskets, i carriage trimming. He has Ms served on board of health .uowlton, and they have one :ury Jabea Besse came from ■'ming. Here, in 1790, his Edmund married Alice, idfield. Shewasbori- - md five children: M.- 982 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Mary Brown, and grandson of Jesse Brown, who came to Vienna from New Hampshire, and had three sons: John B., Josiah and Willis P. Mr. Brown is a farmer on the farm where his father died in 1891. He married Lizzie J. Maddocks, who died December 30, 1888. He has been selectman since 1889. Willis P. Brown, born in 1821, is a son of Jesse (1779-1852) and Sally (Bacheldor) Brown. Their children were: Sally, Abigail, John B., Josiah and Willis P., who married Sibyl H., daughter of Stephen Holland. She died in 1889. Their only son, Lewis L., died in 1877. Mr. Brown worked for several years in Massachusetts, and in 1850 returned to Vienna, where he has since been a farmer. He was select- man for seven years, and also collector for several years. Charles W. Cameron, born in 1839, in Southport, Me., is a son of William R. and Julia A. Cameron, grandson of John, and great-grand- son of John Cameron, who came from Scotland. He went to sea with his father when a boy, and followed the sea until 1870, when he moved to Vienna. He married Roxy Brown, who died in 1877, leaving two children: Freeman W. and Ruble L. His second wife was Ida E. Whittier. Stephen Wesley Carr, born in 1843, is a son of Stephen and Betsey Carr, and grandson of James Carr. Mr. Carr carried on a carriage and repair shop on the old homestead for some fifteen years prior to 1883, when he sold the homestead and bought another farm in Vienna, which he has since carried on. He married Sarah, widow of his brother, George W., and daughter of Ira and Sarah (Brown) Sevey, who came to Vienna from Deerfield, N. H., in 1798. Mr. Carr has been selectman five years, two years chairman of the board, and road commissioner one year. Adin B. Comstock, born in Blackstone, Mass., in 1829, is a son of Stephen and Olive Comstock, and grandson of Caleb Comstock, who was born in Oxbridge, Mass. He married Mary B. Sevey, and came to Vienna in 1855. She died in 1860, leaving three children: Charles N., who died; Hiram A., who is a blacksmith; and Ira A. In 1873 he married Mrs. Charlotte Brown. She had one daughter, Edith J. Brown. Their children are: Ethel M., Elena C, Charles F. and Ella R. He has lived on his present farm since 1873. Samuel Davis, born in 1838, is a son of Captain Samuel and Mary (Stain) Davis, and grandson of Samuel B. Davis, whose father came from England. Mr. Davis served in the late war, in the 4th Maine Band, enlisting in 1861. In 1867 he came to Vienna, where he has since carried on a blacksmith shop. His wife was Lucy CoUey. Their children are: Edna E. (Mrs. William Carson), and May V. Henry Dowst, born in Vienna in 1817, is a son of Ozem and Betsey (Burrill) Dowst, who came from New Hampshire to Vienna about 1810. Henry married Mary J. Blackstone, who died in 1864. Their TOWN OF VIENNA. y«.i children were: Dana M., died in the army; Selden M., died in Wash ington returning from the army; John A,, Henry F. and Laforest. He married for his second wife, Mary J. Brainard. He was a farmer until 1866, when he started in trade at Vienna, where he has since kept a general store, in connection with his son, Laforest, who is postmaster at Vienna. He was on the board of selectmen for some sixteen years and was town clerk for twenty years. He was in the legislature in 1874. Jacob S. Graves, son of Joseph, and grandson of Joseph Graves, was born in Vassalboro in 1830. His father (born 1771) and his grand- father were natives of Brentwood. The family is descended from Thomas Graves, who came from Gravesend, England, to New England in 1630, under contract made in London in 1629 with the New England Company, as land surveyor, builder of dams, bridges, forts, etc., and as mineralogist, a contract now in possession of the New England Historical Society. Jacob S. Graves' maternal grandfather, Jonathan Carlton, of Newburyport, Mass., served through the revolution and was at the battle of Bunker Hill. His wife was a daughter of Na- thaniel Cochrane, a son of James Cochrane, an early settler of Vienna. Mr. Graves is engaged in farming and has been connected with the Portland Transcript for thirty-five years. Woodbury Hall, born in 1832 in Georgetown, Me., is a son of Thomas O. and Sarah E. Hall, and grandson of John Hall, who had four sons: William, Thomas, Woodbury and John. Thomas Hall's sons were: William J., Thomas S., Charles B., George W. and Wood- bury. The last named married Mary E. Dodge, and their children are: Etta M., Edgar W., Lizzie C, Fred E., Belle D., Thomas O. and one that died, Winfield H. Mr. Hall is a ship carpenter by trade. He worked in the ship-yard at Bath, Me., for fourteen years prior to 1861, when he enlisted in Company D, 3d Maine, and was made first lieutenant. After being in twenty-two battles he returned to Vienna, where his father had died in 1863, and has since been a farmer. William H. Morrell, born in 1823, is one of four sons of Daniel and Hannah (Courier) Morrell. His brothers were vSaunders, Dexter and Oliver. His grandfather was Daniel Morrell, who came to Vienna from Massachusetts in 1795. William H. married Angeline, daughter of Jonathan, and granddaughter of Jacob Graves, who died in Vienna in 1843. Their children are: Fred B., who lives in Dakota; Lillian A., Mabel E. and Eva A., who died in 1873. Laforest Porter, born in Vienna in 1852, is a son of Benjamin and Abigail Porter, and grandson of Benjamin Porter, who came to Vienna in early life. Laforest married Jennie, daughter of Wellington French, of Mt. Vernon, and they have one daughter, Minnie E. Mr. Porter lives on the old homestead where his father died in 1868. Sewall Prescott, born in Vienna in 1825, is a son of Jedidiah (1787- 984 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. 1855) and Olive Prescott, and grandson of John Prescott. Jedidiah had three sons: John C, Jedidiah and Sewall. He married Sarah A., daughter of Moses Brown. Their children were: Moses B., who died in 1890; James L., who lives in Mt. Vernon; Delia A., Nettie E. and Leslie, who died in infancy. Mr. Prescott lived in Somerset county after marriage until 1861, when he came to Vienna, where he has since lived. The Whittier Family.— In 1638 the British ship Confidence brought to this country a lad of sixteen, Thomas Whittier, who set- tled in Massachusetts, and in 1645 married Ruth Green, of Salisbury. From this marriage sprang the American branch, somewhat numer- ous in members, of the ancient English family of Whittier. vSome of the descendants of Thomas removed to New Hampshire, and in 1780 it is recorded that three Whittier brothers came from there to Read- field, Me., made a clearing, planted a crop of potatoes, and returned to their native state. The first member of the family, however, who came to stay, was Nathaniel Whittier, born in Salisbury, Massachu- setts, February 23, 1743. He married, in 1766, Elizabeth, daughter of Jedidiah and Hannah Prescott, of Brentwood, New Hampshire, where Elizabeth was born, January 5, 1745. Nathaniel, with his brother-in-law, Jedidiah Prescott, jun., pur- chased the town of Vienna from the commonwealth of Massachusetts, and disposed of a large amount of the land at a nominal price in order to further its settlement. He also divided among his sons — Thomas, Jedidiah, Abel, Nathaniel and Levi — a large tract of land lying in the northern part of the town where, with the exception of Thomas, they resided the rest of their lives. Nathaniel, the father, died at Readfield, April 7, 1795. Nathaniel, jun., was born there February 26, 1783, and was one of the early set- tlers of Vienna, removing there soon after his father bought the town. A part of the land which fell to his .share is still in possession of the family, the houses shown in the accompanying illustration having been erected upon it by himself and his brother Abel. October 29, 1804, Nathaniel' married at Mt. Vernon, Me., Nancy, daughter of James Merrill. She was born in Raymond, New Hampshire, January 22, 1785, and died in Vienna, January 2, 1843. His second wife was Mrs. Sarah (Bodwell) Jayne, of Augusta. Nathaniel was prominent in shaping the affairs of his town, and at various times held nearly all the public offices in its gift. He was an earnest Christian, and a val- ued member of the Methodist Episcopal church. His death occurred at Vienna, February 27, 1869. Of his twelve children, but five are now alive: John, living in Waltham, Mass.; Nathaniel and Cyrus, of New Sharon, Me.; and Simon and Frank, now residents of California, Frank being a wealthy merchant in San Francisco. Abel, an older brother of Nathaniel, of Vienna (son of the original TOWN OF VIENNA. 985 Nathaniel of that town), was born at Readfield, February 24, 1781, and married his cousin, Lois Prescott, December 25, 1806. He built the house north of the church about 1805, and died there August 5, 1829. The house south of the church was built by his brother, Nathaniel. Abel's children were: Henry D., b. October 14, 1807, d. April 7, 1876; Isaac N., b. March 28, 1809, d. October 29, 1847; Mary J., b. September 29, 1810, d. February 10, 1869; Betsey, b. April 21, 1812, d. October 9, 1850; Lois, b. April 23, 1814, d. November 12, 1863; David, b. July 24, 1815, d. October 19, 1869; Harriet (Mrs. Craig, of Waltham, Mass.), b. October 27, 1816; Hannah (who married her second cousin, George B. Whittier, of Vienna), b. April 28, 1818; Joanna, b. October 19, 1819, d. September 23, 1883; Nancy (Mrs. Soper, of Vienna), b. November 30, 1821; Lewis, b. October 10, 1823. d. May 3, 1855; Robert R., b. June 27, 1825, d. March 28, 1886; and Abel C, of Westford, Mass., b. October 23, 1828. Nancy married, June 6, 1869, Jesse Soper, a prominent and wealthy farmer of South Chesterville. Me. He died August 31, 1872. Mrs. Soper, now a remarkably preserved old lady of seventy-one years, lived in Farmington, Me., for nearly eight years succeeding her husband's death, and, then, after visiting Massachusetts and other states, came, in 1889, to live with her nephew, Hiram N. Whittier, in the house originally built by her uncle, Nathaniel, on land given him by his father. Hiram N. Whittier, born in 1847, is a son of George B. and Han- nah Whittier, who was a daughter of Abel Whittier, of Vienna. George B. was a son of Nathaniel Whittier, of Mt. Vernon, and they were both descendants of Thomas Whittier, who came to America in 1638 and died in 1696. Hiram N. married Augusta H., daughter of Rev. Selden Bean, and their children are: Lilla M., Lucy E. and Laura A. Mr. Whittier is a farmer and lives on land first settled by Na- thaniel Whittier. Perley Whittier, one of six children of Lyman and Judith (Brown) Whittier, and a grandson of Nathaniel Whittier, married Marinda C. Landers, of Belgrade. Their children are: Ernest T., Albert L.. Viola E., Sadie M., Charlie L., Arthur P. and Lottie M. Of Lyman Whittier's six children, but three are living. Perley was a soldier in the late war with Company K, 24th Maine, and was under General Banks at the siege of Port Hudson. Jacob S. Woods.— When the war of 1812 broke out. Captain Henry Woods, who, in 1806, had come from Nottingham Square, N. H., to Belgrade, threw a saddle on his horse, and spurred across country to join the American forces at Sackett's Harbor, N. Y. In this war he was killed, leaving a widow, Alice (Fitch), who died in Belgrade in March, 18B0, and ten children, nine of whom reached years of matu- rity. Sampson, the youngest son, born May 30, 1794, came to Belgrade TOWN OF VIENNA. 987 with his parents, and followed farming for a living. He married Dorothy Wadleigh, who bore him eight children: Jacob S., vSampson, Dolly Jane, Emily, Luther, Greenleaf W., Martin V. and Ellen C. Jacob S., the oldest child, and subject of this sketch, was born Oc- tober 8, 1815, in Mt. Vernon, whither his father removed at the time of his marriage, and where he resided until his death, August 14, 1865. Jacob S. attended the district schools of his native town through boyhood, and assisted his father on the farm until he reached man's estate. He then worked for a number of years in saw mills at Hallowell and Bath, and in 1851, during the gold excitement on the Pacific slope, went to California, where he remained several years. Returning from the West to Mt. Vernon, he lived in that town a short time, and May 16, 1854, removed to Vienna, settling on a farm he had purchased of Columbus Hale. For a number of years, at various times, he was selectman, constable and collector of taxes, but he did not seek public office, preferring farming to politics, and contented himself with successfully cultivating the soil until his death, Septem- ber 22, 1885. Mr. Woods was twice married, his first wife being a second cousin, Lovisa Woods, of Mt. Vernon, whom he espoused in 1838, and by whom he had three children: Herbert, born in 1839; Frederick, 1842; and Sampson, who died in infancy. Herbert died in 1865, and Fred- erick is now a wealthy merchant in California. In 1848 Mr. Woods married his second wife, Margaret .S. Higgins, of Bath, who bore him two children: Emma, born July 9, 1849, who married True French, of Mt. Vernon, in September, 1872, with whom she is now living in Illinois; and Carrie, born October 29, 1856, who married Cordis E. Bean, of Vienna, in March, 1880, with whom and her mother she is now living on the old homestead in Vienna. CHAPTER XXXVIII. TOWN OF ROME. Incorporation. — Natural Features.— First Inhabitants. — Population and Valua- tion.— Schools. — Mills.— Post Office. — Stores. —Religious Matters. — Burial Places. — Civil Lists. — Personal Paragraphs. THE town of Rome was incorporated from the plantation of West Pond, March 6, 1804, as the one hundred and fiftieth town in the province of Maine. It is situated twenty miles northwest from Augusta, with which it is connected by a daily stage running to New Sharon. It has seven times as many hills as the eternal city whose name it bears, and granite enough to rebuild the old Roman capital. About one-fourth of its surface is preempted by ponds, the largest two bearing the suggestive names of Great and Long. The pioneer settlers came at the close of the revolutionary war, in which several of them had served. One of these, John Rogers, who was sergeant of the guard that marched Major Andre to the gallows, and was in the thick of the fight, and saw Lord Cornwallis surrender his sword at Yorktown, told his grandson, John Rogers Prescott, who owns and lives on the original farm, that when he chopped and cleared his first acre no trees had been cut in all that region, except a few by hunters. Joseph Hall, Benjamin Furbush, Stephen Philbrick, Joseph Halbo, Trip Mosher and Starbird Turner are believed to have been Mr. Rogers' associates and neighbors — the first settlers. They were a brave lot of men, and their wives were equally courageous, or they would never have subdued and possessed the land. The glacier that halted and squatted on Rome, dumped its deck-load of stone in streaks — generally leaving the valleys quite free from rocks. With a pre- dominance of gravel and sand, and a valuable addition of clay, there are some excellent farms lying between the windrows of stone. The farmers in the main are comfortable, thrifty and independent. They raise the usual variety of crops, and grow valuable stock. When incorporated, the population was about 300; in 1830 it was 830; in 1860 the town had attained its greatest census figure— 864; in 1870, 725; in 1880, 606; and in 1890, 500. The taxed valuation in 1890 was $102,117. The real estate in 1891 was assessed at $66,500, and the TOWN OF ROME. 989 personal estate at $19,288. The taxes for 1892 amounted to the un- usual figure of nearly five cents on each dollar of assessment. Dur- ing the year ending February, 1892, the highways cost $167, and the support of the poor, $392. The town at one time owned a farm for its paupers, but this was sold and the old system of contracting for board with the lowest bidder was resumed. The town, with a school population of 150, is divided into six districts, in which 118 pupils attended school in 1891. The amount paid to teachers, and for the support of school houses in 1891, was $416.90, and for books $202. The town house, which is situated at the Corner, where the stores and post office have long been located, was built in 1843. Fifty years ago, when there was considerable travel on the stage line from Hallowell and Augusta to Farmington, and a great deal of teaming over the same roads, Stephen Morrell opened his house and kept a tavern. He was succeeded by Thomas Whittier, on the New Sharon road, and he by his son, Charles, at the Corner. George Ab- bott was the next and the last. A mile northeast. Ivory Blaisdell kept a tavern where Elbridge Blaisdell lives. Mills.— The first grist mill in Rome was built before 1820, by Joel Richardson, son of Joel Richardson, of North Belgrade. Luke Rob- bins, the next owner, built an addition and put in another run of stone about 1830. Fifteen years later Isaiah Blanchard bought the property, and in turn .sold it to Simon Robbins, a son of Luke Robbins. Simon followed the business till his death in 1865. John Grant was the next proprietor, and Pardue Brownell was the last. The mill ceased grind- ing fifteen years ago and is entirely dilapidated. On the outlet of Allen pond, Thomas Whittier built a saw mill about 1840. Twenty rods below he put up a shingle mill in 1846, kept it in operation fifteen years, and then tore it down. In 1865 he sold the saw mill to Moses French, who put two runs of stone in the build- ing, and ground grain till his death, in ISSO. Very little grinding was done after that. Post Office. — Rome has had but one post office, and that took the name of the town, January 19, 1830, with Stephen Morrell the first postmaster. His successors have been: Thomas Whittier, appointed August, 1837; John T. Fifield, September, 1862; Charles H. Whittier, February, 1863; Christopher Tracy, October, 1868; Ira B. Tracy, March, 1873; Almond Works, February, 1874; George H. Abbott, April, 1880; Lizzie A. Abbott, September, 1883; Edward Phillips, January, 1886; Everett A. Watson, January, 1887; and Manley H. Blaisdell, August, 1889. Stores. — Simon Robbins kept store merchandise in one corner of his grist mill and was probably the first trader in Rome. The first store at the Corner was built by Charles Whittier about 1840. He traded in it till it burned, when he built another. Amaziah Tracy 990 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. and Ira Blaisdell were his successors, and then Christopher Tracy, who was the second to be burned out. Selden Works built the third store, and after two years' trade he was the third victim of fire. He rebuilt at once, and George Abbott was the next trader. Edward Phillips succeeded him and was the fourth merchant to lose his store by fire. Everett Watson built the fifth store, which he sold to the present trader, Manley H. Blaisdell. Ira Blaisdell had a store during the civil war in what is now Watson's blacksmith shop. A half mile from the Corner, on the back road to Mercer, Elder James Tibbetts built and ran a store seven years. Holmes & Blaisdell kept it next, after which the building was inoved to Ivory Blaisdell's farm and he there sold goods for ten years. In the northwest part of the town A. K. P. Dudley is trading in a store which he opened in 1880, and less than a mile from him S. W. Clement has also been in the same business since 1885. Religious Interests.— Of ordinary church organization and de- nominational history Rome has but a limited amount. She has no church buildings, and has never had any. But from these statements it must not be thought that she has been wanting in moral convic- tions and religious gatherings. The older inhabitants tell with satis- faction of neighborhood prayer meetings held in private houses in years gone by, where men and women were profoundly affected in their united worship of God. The first society was organized by the Free Baptists of the order known as Buzzelites. Lemuel and Asa Turner, Ivory Blaisdell and Samuel Varney were prominent members. The present Free Baptist society was organized in 1858, by Elder Samuel Hutchins, and consisted of the following members: Robert Hussey, Israel Estes and wife, John Hammond and wife, William Smith, George Mosher, Ira Foster, Abigail Wentworth, Christopher Tracy and wife and Daniel Allen and wife. John Hammond and Ephraim Nolls have been the principal preachers, and the meetings are held in school houses and in the town house. Cemeteries in Rome are somewhat numerous, numbering twelve or more. They are known as the Furbush, Chesley, two on the Daniel Allen farm, Hayes, Goodrich, Benjamin Fairbanks, Elisha Turner, Robbins, Lemuel Turner, Rankins, Mo.ses Chute and an old ground on Ansel W. Richardson's land, that shows no traces of ever having been used for that purpose. Civil Lists. — The Selectmen of Rome, with the year of the first election and the number of years of service of each, have been: 1804, David McGaffey, 7, John Locke, 6, Samuel Gilman, 9; 1805, Stephen Philbrick, 2; 1806, Nathan Covel; 1811, Andrew McGaffey, John Gil- breth, 3, Elias Foster, 3; 1813, Robert Hussey, 4, Ezekiel Page; 1815, Isaiah Mills, 5: 1816, William Bly, 8, Joseph Knight; 1817, John Phil- brick, John Colbath, 3; 1818, James Philbrick, Luke Robbins; 1819, TOWN OF ROME. 991 Richard Furbush, Cyrus Osborn, Christopher Knight: 1820, Samuel Goodridge, 16; 1822, Hosea Spaulding, 8; 1823, Stephen Morrell, Jona- than Palmer: 1824, Nathaniel Tuttle, 2: 1826, George Dunn, 4; 1829, Job N. Tuttle, 5; 1831, no record of meeting: 1834, Thomas Whittier, 10, Nathaniel Morrell, 5; 1836, James L. Varney, 4: 1838, Ansel Rich- ardson, 2, Benjamin Folsom, 2: 1840, Nathaniel Staples, 2, Jonathan Prescott, Ebenezer Tracy, 7, John Hersom; 1842, John Towle, 2; 1844, William Bly : 1845, Bainbridge Wade : 1850, Nathan P. Martin, 7, Thomas Tracy, 4, Benjamin Philbrick, 3: 1853, John T. Fifield, 7, David Rockward: 1855, Samuel Goodridge: 1856, James Tibbetts, 3, Hiram Towle, 3: 1857. Benjamin F. Mitchell, 6: 1858, Na- than P. Marten, 3; 1859, William Hoyt, 2; 1860, Charles H. Whittier 8, Eleazer Kelley, 5: 1862, Christopher Tracy, 7; 1865, Otis Goodwin Elbridge A. Dutton: 1866, Russel Clement; 1868, R. L. Folsom, 3 1869, John R. Prescott, 6, Elbridge Blaisdell, 6: 1873, A. Tracy, 2 Selden Works; 1874, A. W. Richardson, 2: 1877, William H. Charles 3; 1878, T. S. Golder, 4, George Tracy, 4: 1879, A. K. P. Dudley. 2; 1880, William A. Knight, 5; 1882, Ira B. Tracy, 2, S. W. Clement, 1, Elbridge M.' Tracy, 2; 1884, William Blaisdell: 1885, John E. Earn- ham; 1886, E. S. Phillips; 1887, H. W. Maguire, 3; 1888, Benjamin F Charles, 2, L. G. Marten; 1890, A. H. Colder; 1891, A. P. Dudley, 2 1892, Elbridge Blaisdell. The Town Clerks, with the years of election, have been: John Locke, 1804; David McGaffey, 1807; John Gilbreth, 1814; Isaiah Mills, 1815: Richard Furbush, 1819; Elias Foster, 1820; Isaiah Mills, 1821; Hosea Spaulding, 1823; Samuel Goodridge, 1825; George Dunn, 1829; Samuel Goodridge, 1830; Job H. Tuttle, 1832; Stephen Morrell, 1833; Job H. Tuttle, 1834; Stephen Morrell, 1836; Job H. Tuttle, 1837; Ste- phen Morrell, 1841 ; John Turner, 1842; David Rockward, 1843; Na- thaniel Morrell, 1845; David Rockward, 1847; N. Morrell, 1848; David Rockward, 1849; Amaziah Tracy, 1850; David Rockward, 1855; Ira T. Blaisdell, 1856; Stephen Tracy, 1862; Charles H. Whittier, 1865; Ira B. Tracy, 1869; Almond Works, 1873; Levi Whitcomb, 1876; George Tracy, 1878; Almond Works, 1879; and H. W. Maguire in 1880— still in office. The Treasurers have been: David McGaffey, 1804; John Locke, 1806; Edward Locke, 1807; William Allen, 1808; David McGaffey, 1811; John Gilbreth, 1814; Isaiah Mills, 1815; William Allen, 1816; Richard Fur- nish, 1817: Isaiah iMills, 1818; Elias Foster, 1819; John Goodridge, 1821; Stephen Morrell, 1824; James L. Varney, 1832; Hosea Spaulding, 1836; Stephen Morrell, 1837; John Turner, 1839; Christopher Knight, 1841: Moses Blanchard, 1842; Jere Goodridge, 1S43: Eben Tracy, 1844; Otis Goodwin, 1845; Eben Tracy, 1853; Otis Goodwin, 1854; C. Tracy, 1858; John Fletcher, 1860; Otis Goodwin, 1869; J. H. Goodwin, 1876: J. B. Tracy, 1878; J. H. Goodwin, 1879; Manley H. Blaisdell, 1882: and A. H. Golder since 1891. HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. PERSONAL PARAGRAPHS. Eli Blaisdell (1807-1882) was a son of Elijah, who settled in Rome in 1807 and died there in 1845, leaving eight sons. Eli married Pau- lina, daughter of Asa Turner, and granddaughter of Starbird Turner, who was a soldier in the revolution and died in Rome in 1838. Their children were: Stilman, Jeanette, Almeda, Asa H., Sarah, Frank and Marcia. Asa married Josie Davis and lives with Frank on the old homestead, where their father settled when he was married. Frank married Mary Hodgeson and has two daughters: Delma and Carrie. Albion P. Dudley, born in Rome m 1863, is a son of Albion K. P. and Margaret (Tuttle) Dudley, who came to Rome in 1862, and had five children: Asahel M., Uriah T., William P., Albion P. and Ellen E. Albion P. went to California in 1887, after having been in gro- cery stores in Augusta and Waterville for two years. He returned to Rome and is now chairman of the board of selectmen and a mem- ber of the school committee. Alanson Farnham, born in 1831, is a son of Halloway and Ann Farnham. His wife was Charlotte Watson, of Rome. Mr. Farnham has been for the past twenty-two years connected with the spool mills at Belgrade Mills. He moved to his present home in 1870, where he does some farming. Albert H. Colder, born in Waterville in 1842, is a son of William Colder, who kept a shoe store for thirty years at Waterville previous to his coming to Belgrade Mills, where he died in 1875. Albert H. went to Boston in 1864, where he was in business until 1887, excepting four years spent in California. He moved to Rome in 1887, where he is a farmer. He served one year on the board of selectmen and is now treasurer of the town. His wife was Mildred French, who died in 1886. Edward L. Richardson, born in 1854, is a son of Ansel W. and Hannah D. (Barton) Richardson, and grandson of Ansel and Wealthy Richardson, who were married in 1820. Their children were: Ange- line F., Laurinda H., Ansel W., Martha A., Rowena W. and Clemen- tina F. Ansel's father, Joel, was a son of Joel Richardson, who came from Attleboro, Mass., and settled in Belgrade. Ansel W. Richard- son's first wife died in 1860, and in 1864 he married Annette Crowell, of Smithfield. Edward L. married Laura A. Page, of Belgrade, and has two children: Carroll R. and Irma. His only brother is Henry S. George S. Tibbetts, born in Berwick, Me., in 1833, is a son of Jesse and Ruth, and grandson of Ephraim Tibbetts, who had four sons; Ephraim, vStephen, John and Jesse. Jesse had five sons: Je.sse, George S., Daniel, Charles and Isaac. George S. married Ellen E. Welts, and they have one son, Charles H. Mr. Tibbetts came to the farm where he now lives in 1870. He is a stone mason by trade, though now a farmer. CHAPTER XXXIX. TOWN OF BELGRADE.* By J. Cl-AIR MINOT. Location. — Physical Characteristics. — First Settlers. — Incorporation and Early Events. — Civil and Political History. — Churches. — Societies. — Cemeteries. — Schools. — Industries and People. — Villages and Post Offices. — Personal Paragraphs. THE town of Belgrade is situated in the northwestern part of Ken- nebec county, bordering on Somerset county, ten miles from Augusta, with which city it is connected by a stage line. It is on the Maine Central railroad, sixty-eight miles from Portland, and about the same distance from Bangor. Whatever advantages other towns of old Kennebec may have over Belgrade in respect to popula- tion or prosperity, there are some things in which few can equal it. Among these are irregularity of shape and amount of water surface in it and around it. Seven towns border upon it: Smithiield and Oak- land on the north, Rome and Mt. Vernon on the west, Readfield and Manchester on the south, and Sidney on the east. Besides these towns, five large lakes or ponds form part of its boundary lines and make its outline extremely irregular. McGrath pond and Richardson pond — otherwise known as Little pond, Ellis pond, or Rowe pond — lie on the northeast, between Belgrade and Oakland. A little stream, about a mile long, connects them with Great pond, which is the largest and most irregular of all, and, while lying on the north and east boundaries, extends south into the center of the town. It contains several large islands, among them being Hoyt's, Oak and Pine. A stream at Belgrade Mills, half a mile long, flows from Great pond into Long pond, which, for over five miles, rn^rks the western boundary of the town. This body of water is so narrow at one place — the " Narrows" — that a bridge has been built con- necting Belgrade and Rome. From the south extremity of Long * If there is anything of value and interest to the reader in this brief sketcli of my native town, the preparation of which has been so pleasant to me, let the credit be given to the memory of my grandfather, the late John S. Minot, who possessed a remarkable knowledge of local history, and dictated to me, when a lad, much of the material contained in this chapter. — J. C. M. 994 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. pond issues Belgrade stream, a sluggish, meandering current, not less than ten miles in length, for two miles on the line between Belgrade and Mt. Vernon, then flowing for about the same distance in the lat- ter town, the rest of its winding course being through the south part of Belgrade. At last it empties into Messalonskee lake, commonly called Snow pond, a beautiful sheet of water, for about six miles the eastern boundary of the town. The north end of this pond is in Oak- land, and its outlet flows into the Kennebec at Waterville. Thus the water of all these lakes and streams, after flowing from the northeast- ern part of Belgrade around the town to very near its starting point, at last finds its way to the ocean. Many smaller ponds and streams are within the town, Hamilton pond and vStuart pond in the central part being among the prettiest by nature. It is hard to state the exact area of Belgrade. Its greatest meas- urement, from Smithfield on the north to Manchester on the south, is fourteen miles; at other places it measures only five or six miles in the same direction. Its measurement east and west varies from about a mile at North Belgrade to three miles at other places, and even six miles at the center. Much of its area, as has been shown, is covered by water; a large portion is covered by forests. The surface of the town is uneven. Were it different it would not be the true New England town that it is. In the northern and west- ern parts the hills are highest and most prominent, while in the cen- tral and southern portions the surface is more gently rolling, and level and low in places. The principal hills are Belgrade, Bickford's, Lord's and those of the so-called west road. Beautiful and grand indeed, and hard to excel even in Maine, is the varied and extended land- scape which stretches away from the observer upon some of these elevations. The White mountains of New Hampshire and the mount- ains of northern Maine can be plainly seen on clear days. First Settlers. — Most of what is now Belgrade was formerly in- cluded in Washington Plantation, and previous to that was an un- known part of the great Plymouth grant, with wild beasts and wild men for inhabitants. The beginning of the change toward civiliza- tion was not made until 1774. Back of that date nothing is known of the region now called Belgrade. Even Indian legends and traditions are lacking, and no aboriginal burial places can be located, though some have imagined that certain peculiarly shaped mounds are the work of the red men's hands. Hunters and explorers doubtless passed through the forests here, but they did not stop and they left no trace behind them. Philip Snow, doubtless from Massachusetts, was the first to open the way to white settlers, and show the trackless wilderness that it had found its master. For several years he hunted in .Sidney, then very thinly settled; and in 1774, with a hunter's yearning for new TOWN OF BELGRADE. 995 grounds, he crossed the large bod}^ of water to the west of that town and landed on the Belgrade shore. Tradition claims for him the honor of being the first white man to cross this beautiful lake, and to this day it is called Snow pond, though its old Indian name, Messa- lonskee, still clings to it. He landed on the farm now owned by Damren Brothers, on the Oakland road, about two miles north of Bel- grade Depot, and not far from the shore of the pond he built a log hut, the first dwelling place erected in town. Philip Snow brought no wife or family with him, and came more with the intention of hunting than of making a permanent home, but with his arrival be- gins the known history of the town. Mt. Philip, near Belgrade Mills, was named in honor of his famous hunting exploits in its vicinity, and that, with Snow pond, will perpetuate his memory here. That same year, a few months later than Snow, two more settlers came across the pond and established homes in the forests along its shore, not far from the hut of the hunter. Simeon Wyman came with his family from Massachusetts, and settled on the south slope of Belgrade hill, on the farm now owned by his descendant, Charles Wyman. This family, which has ever since been a prominent one in Belgrade, was the first white family in town, and this farm was the first one to be cleared. Afterward his son, David, kept a public house there for many years, the old tavern build- ing being burned in 1875. Shortly after Simeon Wyman began to found his home, Joel Richardson, an unmarried man, twenty-four years of age, came from Attleboro, Mass. He came up the east side of the Kennebec, and with only his axe and gun, crossed Sidney and Snow pond and settled on the north slope of Belgrade hill, near the present railroad station. During the revolutionary war, then under way, the Massachusetts authorities drafted Richardson to serve in the army. He started for the seat of war, but when he had gone a part of the distance he met a negro whom he hired to go as a substitute. The colored man went to the war and Richardson returned to the farm he was clearing. This is all Belgrade did to free America from British rule. In 1776 Joel Richardson married Sarah, the daughter of his neighbor, Simeon Wyman, but no record is known which shows the exact date or who married them. This was the first couple mar- ried in the present limits of Belgrade. The first white child born in town was Simeon, son of Simeon and Thankful Wyman, born April 20, 1775, the day after the Lexington fight. This family had six chil- dren when they settled here in 1774. There is a story that these early settlers, during their first summer here, di.scovered the large intervale now known as Weston's meadow, a great opening in the forest where grass grew abundantly, and hauled hay from there, a distance of over four miles, to support their stock during the long, cold winter that followed. Of course their own 996 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. clearings soon began to be productive. The first horse ever brought to town belonged to Simeon Wyman, and the night after its arrival became homesick and swam back across Snow pond to Sidney. Richardson and Wyman were soon followed by other families, and in 1790, sixteen years after they came, Washington Plantation had a population of 159 souls. In the case of many of the early settlers the date of arrival and the place whence they came are unknown or un- certain. Caleb Page came from New Hampshire in 1775 and settled on the north slope of Belgrade hill. He cleared an immense farm and kept a tavern there, where he died in 1830. James Lombard, the first to settle near Belgrade depot, came about 1776 from Barnstable, Mass., to the farm now owned by C. A. Yeaton. Doctor Williams, about 1780, settled on the farm now owned by Hon. C. M. Weston. A few years later he sold it to John V. Davis, who came from Augusta. Abram Page came from New Hampshire in 1784 to the farm of Sam- uel Spaulding. He died in 1822. Chase Page, his brother, also came in 1784, from Kensington, N. H., and cleared the farm now owned by Hon. George E. Minot, about a mile west of the depot. In 1804 he sold the farm to Captain James Minot, who came with his family from Concord, Mass. Eleazer Burbank, who came from near Portland, lived, from 1778 until his death in 1840, on the farm of G. J. Cum- mings. He was the father of eleven children, some of whom have won high names for themselves. Elisha Mosher came from Nan- tucket, Mass., about 1788, and setiled on the place now owned by James Tibbetts, at the Depot. Samuel Taylor came from Augusta in 1790 to Belgrade hill, and cleared the farm of vSamuel E. Judkins. He died in 1856. Valentine Rollins came from New Hampshire about 1790 and settled on the farm of Isaac Weaver, where he died. He had nine children. Benjamin Bisbee, a Baptist minister, came from Sandwich, Mass., about 1790, to the farm of Joseph Knowles, near the steam bridge. Paul Yeaton, a revolutionary soldier, first brought this numerous family's name to Belgrade from Great Falls, N. H., in 1794, and lived on the farm of Edwin F. Yeaton until he died in 1856, at the age of ninety-six years. Four of his eight children are still living, each being over eighty years of age. His brothers, Philip and Joshua, came soon after him. Hezekiah Sawtelle came from Groton, Mass., in 1792. In 1785 Samuel, Reuben, David and Benjamin Frost, all brothers, and John, Moses, Nahum and .Samuel Austin, the first three being brothers, all came with their families from the western part of Maine. Most of them settled near the central part of the town. Joseph Greely came about 1780 and bought the farm of Philip .Snow, who then left town, and thus the last part of his life is as much of a mystery to the local historian as the first part is. Greely 's wife was shunned by the super- TOWN OF BELGRADE. 997 stitious ones of the times, who firmly believed her to be a witch. John Rockwood came from Oxford, Mass., in ISOO, and settled on the farm of Albion Rockwood, where he died September 15, 1874, at the age of one hundred years. He was the father of seventeen children. Among many other early settlers of the town who came before 1800 were the following, a great part of whom came with their fami- lies from Massachusetts or New Hampshire; Aaron Page, Simeon Clark, David Mosber, Ezekiel Page, David Buffington, Joseph Linnell, Cornelius Tilton, Roberson Mills, Noah Cluff, J. Nudd, Hamilton, Jonah Davenport, Seth Paine, Samuel Brown, Robert Townsend, Joseph Sylvester, Samuel Smith, Andrew Kimball, George Penney, John Crosby, Ezekiel Crowell, Moses Carr, Abraham Wellman, Jacob Jones, Jonathan and William Stevens, Simon Lord, Anderson Taylor, David Farnham, Joseph Joiles, Nathaniel Branch, Isaac Page, Daniel Mosher, Abijah Bickford, Joel Proctor, Amos Page, Jabeth Robinson, Elisha Bisbee, Jonathan Wyman, Henry Kinney, Ebenezer Oilman, Caleb Tinkham, John Littlefield, John Abbott, Zachariah Hussey, John Hersom, Matthew Farnham, Shadrack Rollins, Asa Littlefield, Moses Tibbetts, Asa Libby, Robert Rowe, James Mills, Edward Mer- chant, Eliphalet Dudley, David Champney, Joseph Oodey, Nicholas Lord, Samuel Stuart, Jepiah Hall, Noyes Smith and Samuel Bach- eldor. Of course, a large proportion of the present population directly descended from these first settlers and bear their names, but it is sur- prising that so many of the old names, so prominent here less than a century ago, have no representatives now in town. Incorporation and Early Events.— Before Washington Planta- tion was organized the territory was surveyed and mapped about 1780, by Doctor Williams and John Jones, both of whom lived here. In 1796 the population of Washington Plantation was about 250, quite a town for those days, and the inhabitants began to desire the greater rights and privileges which their incorporation as a town would grant them. Accordingly a petition was signed by the citizens and sent to the general court of Massachusetts, praying that Washington Planta- tion be incorporated into a town with the name of Belgrade. Why this name was chosen is uncertain, but it was selected by John V. Davis, who had traveled in Europe when a young man, and had been a clerk under the English government in the East Indies. It is thought to have been named in honor of the city of Belgrade, in southeastern Europe, but whether Davis ever visited that city, or what special reason he had for borrowing its name, is unknown. The petition was received with favor by the general court, and the incorporation act, after being passed by both branches, was signed by Samuel Adams, governor of Massachusetts, February 3, 1796, making yy» HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Belgrade the one hundred and second town in the district of Maine to be incorporated, and the thirteenth in what is now Kennebec county. Witham Brooks, who signed himself a " Justis of Peas," was author- ized by the incorporation act to issue a warrant to some suitable person iu Belgrade, who should call a meeting of the inhabitants to effect the town organization and elect officers. He selected John V. Davis, who, by virtue of this authority, issued a warrant announc- ing the dwelling house of Joseph Greely as the place, and March 8, 1796, at 10 A. M., as the time of the first town meeting of the new town of Belgrade. According to the records and local tradition, this John V. Davis was the leading man in town at this time and for several years later. He had come from Massachusetts to Augusta in 1792, and soon after moved here. x\bout 1800 he moved back to Augusta, where for over twenty years he was very prominent in political and business circles, held important city, county and state offices; drew $10,000 in a lottery, fought a duel, indulged in costly experiments in breeding fancy stock, built an elegant mansion and surrounded it with grounds not equalled in the state; then sold this and moved to a farm in Wayne. In 1830 he was appointed to a clerkship in Wash- ington, where he served until he died, in 1848, at the age of seventy- nine. He married a Hallowell lady, and had ten children. He was a fine scholar and brilliant speaker, shrewd in politics but not always in business, and was rather haughty and aristocratic, priding himself greatly on his descent from the noble Vassall family of England. He wore spectacles, an unusual thing for those times, and to this day he is spoken of as " Spec " Davis. At the time and place appointed for the first town meeting about fifty voters assembled, Belgrade was formally organized as a town and the first board of officers elected. Five town meetings were held dur- ing 1796, and at one of these $80 was rai.sed for schools, $600 for high- ways and $120 for town expenses; at another Abraham Page was chosen town collector, and two cents for each dollar collected was to be his pay. Among town officers regularly elected during these early years were hog reeves and field drivers. Fences seem not to have been fashionable in those days, and farmers were apt to be careless as to whether their live stock remained near home or not. Thus arose the need of these officers and also that of a pound keeper. For a long time the town pound, an enclosure for stray animals, was located on Pine plains, so-called, near the old town house, and the pound keeper was far from being the unimportant officer he is now. Tything men, who enforced the observance of the vSabbath, were also regularly chosen. At the present time the need of these officers, except perhaps in the case of the last named, is not so pressing. At these early meetings much time was used in discussing whether TOWN OF BELGRADE. 999 to " except " or " not to except" certain roads which the selectmen had laid out, and it was many years — as the growth of the town de- manded—before all the roads that now thread Belgrade were in use. The question of highways and bridges has never ceased to be an im- portant and much discussed one, and much of the welfare of the town still depends upon its thoughtful treatment. This same year (1796), by consent of the general court of Massa- chusetts, a small part of Sidney was annexed to Belgrade. The part thus joined lies between Belgrade hill and the Oakland line. At a special town meeting called to consider the question of receiving this tract of land, it was voted by a majority of eight to accept it as part of the town. Then the voters repented of their decision and, holding another meeting, voted to reconsider the first vote. But the general court seemed to have little regard for their likes and dislikes, and made the town receive the tract, whether it would or not. Nearly half a century later another acquisition of territory was made by the annexation of part of Dearborn. This town was situated northwest of Belgrade, and previous to its incorporation, in 1812, was known as West Pond Plantation. As it did not thrive much in popu- lation or industry, it petitioned to the Maine legislature to be annexed to some of the surrounding towns. In answer to this petition an act was passed in 1839 annexing the southern half to Belgrade and divid- ing the rest between Waterville and Smithfield. Thus the name Dear- born pas.sed from the map. The area of land then gained by this town is that lying north of the .stream at North Belgrade, and con- stitutes about one-fifth of the whole town. The population was in- creased about three hundred, and the size of the town made the same as it is to-day. This addition of territory also was made in opposition to the wishes of the inhabitants of Belgrade, and at a special meeting they vehemently protested against being forced to take upon their hands the greater part of impoverished and pauper-laden Dearborn. They instructed their representative in the legislature, Ephraim Tib- betts, to use every possible means to defeat the measure, but it was necessary to do something with Dearborn, and the prayer of its inhab- itants for annexation was granted. Two years later the inhabitants of a considerable part of Rome petitioned to the legislature to be set off from that town and joined to Belgrade, but the legislature was merciful to Belgrade in this case, and refused to grant what they asked. For many years after its incorporation the town felt the need of a public meeting place of some kind. The town meetings were gen- erally held at dwelling houses, sometimes at Joseph Greely's, at other times at the house of Samuel Smith, near Rockwood"s Corner, at Joseph Linnell's house, at the tavern of John Crosby, near the steam bridge, and m 1811 the election was held at the barn of Wentworth Stuart. 1000 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. In 1806 a motion was made to build a town house, but it was defeated. It was brought up at every town meeting for several years, but until 1813 did not meet with the favor of the taxpayers. Then it was voted to raise $200 to build such a structure, and the site selected was near the burying ground at Pinkham's Corner. Hezekiah Sawtelle, Moses Carr and Sherebiah Clark were appointed a committee to superintend its construction. It was first occupied about 1815, but was not entirely completed until 1834. All town meetings were held there until 1873. In 1872 a case of small pox appeared in town, and the victim, who was an Indian visiting here, was carried to the town house, for want of a better place, and a man hired to take care of him. He soon recovered and left town, but the town authorities did not like the idea of hold- ing public meetings in a small pox hospital, so they hired Masonic Hall, at the Depot, where town meetings and elections have been held since. The old town house has been repaired and altered, and is now used for a hearse house. Until 1849 the town's poor were boarded out to whoever would take them the cheapest. Several fruitful families have kept up the supply of persons depending upon the town for support, though at this time Belgrade is nearer being free from paupers than ever before. In 1849 the town bought for $700 the farm of Moses White, situated in the north end of the town, near Great pond, which was used as a poor farm until 1887, when it was sold by George B. Staples for $800. A year of the old system of boarding out the paupers was tried again, but in 1888 the farm of Noah Hersom was bought for $1,000, and is now used as the town poor farm. After the revolutionary war nearly every town of any size in the country maintained one or more militia companies, and about 1800 two were organized in this town. One, known as the East company, was made up of men from the neighborhood of Belgrade hill and the Depot; the other, known as the West company, of men from the west- ern portion of the town. They had four regular meetings each year for inspection and practice, called " trainings," besides the annual muster of the brigade, which was usually held at Waterville. When the second war with England broke out the roll of the two companies was as follows: East Company. — Captain, James Minot; lieutenant, John Page; en- sign, Jesse Page; sergeants, Richard Mills, Lewis Page, Samuel Page and Lemuel Lombard; corporals, Charles Lombard, Wentworth Stuart, Beriah Fall and James Block, jun.; musicians, David Wyman, Davi- son Hubbard, David Mosher and Jeremiah Tilton; and 49 privates. West Company. — Captain, Joseph vSylvester; lieutenant, Levi Bean; ensign, Isaac Lord; sergeants, Daniel Stevens, Samuel Smith, John Sylvester and William Stevens, jun.; corporals, Jonathan H. Hill, TOWN OF BELGRADE. 1001 Ephraim Tibbetts, William Wells and Samuel Tucker; musicians, Samuel Littlefield and Isaac Farnham; and 36 privates. During the first part of the war they remained at their peaceful vocations in Belgrade, but in 1814 were ordered to Augusta. Here they staid a few weeks, and then, with several other companies, were ordered to the coast to prevent the British from ascending the Ken- nebec. They marched to the mouth of the river, to Wiscasset and several other seaport towns, and finally returned safely home without having fired a hostile gun. Thus far the war record of Belgrade was not a very brilliant one, but in the late civil war few small towns did more for the cause of the Union, as another chapter shows. The or- ganization of these companies was kept up until about 1845, since which time no military company has existed here. The year 1816, which is remembered throughout New England as the cold season, brought special hardships to the people of Belgrade. Not even in the days of the first settlers, twenty-five years before, when hunting and fishing, as well as tilling the soil, were depended upon to furnish food, and when what few store supplies the settlers had were brought upon their backs many miles through the woods from Hallowell and Gardiner, was there more suffering or privation among the inhabitants. The crops were all failures, and less than twenty-five bushels of corn were raised in town. Paul Yeaton, who raised twelve bushels from several acres of land, was regarded as a wonderfully fortunate man. The snow storm of June 12th drove the men from the fields, and snow began to fall again in October. The next spring the price of hay was $20 a ton and higher; wheat, 15 shil- lings a bushel; potatoes, 4 shillings; and corn, $2. These were ex- ceedingly high prices for the times, and no less than a score of fami- lies in town, becoming discouraged and fearing the cold season would be followed by another like it, moved away. Most of them moved to Ohio, then regarded as the land of promise. There were twenty-eight births in town during the cold season. The summer and fall of 1825 are remembered as the dry season, and the old inhabitants say that no year this century has been its equal in this respect. In the early autumn raged the only destructive forest fire that Belgrade has ever known. It started in the southwest- ern part of the town, on the Mt. Vernon line, and burned over most of the region lying between the Wing's mill road and the road run- ning south from Rockwood's Corner, including what is now known as " Location," Weston's meadow, and the large tracts of neighboring forest. Most of the land was wooded, and the fire raged for a week, laying waste in all four or five hundred acres. The people in the vicinity fought the fire night and day to protect their lands and homes, and tried to stop its course by ploughing long strips, and with difficulty got it under control when it had reached the roads K^'O^ HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. before mentioned. Many families had their possessions ready for instant flight, and it was a time of dismay and terror to all this part of the town. Civil and Political.— The men who manage the affairs of a town are generally its most prominent and substantial citizens, and so it is valuable to preserve the lists of those to whom their fellow townsmen have committed these responsible trusts. Following is a list of the clerks, selectmen and treasurers of Belgrade since its incorporation. With each man's name is the year of his first election and the whole number of years he served : ToivnClerks.—YlOiQ^ Benjamin Bisbee, 10: 1806, Moses Carr, 9; ISOS, Hezekiah Sawtelle, 2; 1817, John Rockwood, 2; 1819, Moses Page, 9; 1828, Joel Spaulding. 10; 1837, Stephen Smith; 1839. John S. Minot, 5; 1842, George Smith; 1845, Ariel Hinkley, 15; 1860, A. H. Wyman; 1861, C. A. Yeaton, 7; 1868, John C. Taylor, 3; 1869, George E. Minot; 1872, James C. Mosher, 20. Selectmen.— \1^Q^ John V. Davis, Joseph Sylvester, 2, James Lom- bard, 16; 1797, Simeon Clark, 2, Andrew Kimball, Paul Yeaton, 2; 1798, Joel Richardson, 10; 1799, George Penney, 12; 1802, John Rock- wood, 15; 1803, Moses Carr, 2; 1807, John Rollins; 1808, John Chand- ler, 13, Sherebiah Clark, 6; 1809, Seth Paine, 2; 1815, Hezekiah Sawtelle, 2; 1816, Samuel C. Clark, 3; 1819, Moses Page, 13, Richard Mills, 4; 1822, Solomon Easty, jun., 11, John Page, 7; 1824, Samuel Taylor; 1827, Hannibal Dillingham, 2: 1831, Samuel Frost; 1832, Jos- eph Taylor, 2; 1833, Anson P. Morrill; 1835, Wentworth Stuart, 3; 1837, George Richardson, 4; 18.39, Thomas Eldred, 13; 1842, Jacob Main, 3, Joseph S. Cummings, 2; 1843, Adam Wilber, 2; 1844, Paul Yeaton, jun., 2; 1845, Greenlief Wing; 1846, Stephen Smith, Joseph Stuart, 4; 1847, John S. Minot, George Smith, 6; 1848, James H. Mosher, 11, Rufus K. Stuart; 1849, Isaac Weaver, 3; 1850, Cyrus Weston; 1852, Joel Richardson, Samuel Kimball; 1853, Andrew Yeaton, 3; 1855, Al- mond H. Wyman; 1856, Ichabod Smith, Emery Tillson; 1857, Charles D. Heald, 2, Reuel W. Mosher, 4; 1858, Reuel S. Page, 2; 1859, Samuel E. Judkins, 4, Hiram Goodwin; 1860, Charles B. Crowell, 3; 1861, David Rockwood; 1865, David Colder, Gilmon J. Page, 7, James Alex- ander, 2; 1867, C. A. Yeaton, 8: 1868, Crowell Taylor; 1869, John Partridge, William H. Hersum; 1870, George H. Ward, 2, Henry W. Golder; 1872, C. M. Weston, 2, B. F. Mitchell, 4, A. E. Faught, 3; 1873, M. H. Alexander; 1876, Charles H. Wyman, 14; 1877, George W. Cottle, 4; 1878. Sewell Spaulding, 6; 1879, Samuel Y. Spauldmg, 2; 1880, John C. Taylor; 1884, Edwin F.Yeaton, 4; 1886, George E. Minot, 2, E. H. Mosher, 2; 1888, Joseph Hersum; 1889, Charles H. Hallett, 4. Treasurers.— \l'd%, Samuel Smith, 5; 1799, Ezekiel Crowell, 2; 1801, John Crosby, 2; 1803, Ander.son Taylor, 2; 1807, John Rockwood; 1808, Eleazer Burbank; 1809, Cornelius Tilton, 2; 1811, James Lombard, 2; TOWN OF BELGRADE. 1003 1813, Sherebiah Clark, 3; 1816, Samuel Taylor, 3; 1819, David Wyman; 1820, Wentworth Stuart, 3; 1821, Calvin Stuart; 1822, Samuel Austin, 3; 1825, Samuel Page, 8; 1827, Silas Richardson, 2; 1832, Anson P. Morrill; 1833. John Hoxie, 2; 1836, John S. Minot, 9; 1841, Charles Page; 1842, Daniel Stevens; 1843, Stephen Smith; 1844, Andrew Yea- ton; 1845, Amos Rollins, 1846, George Smith; 1847, Rufus K. Stuart, 2; 1848, David L. Page; 1849, Ariel Hinkley, 6; 1855, Joseph Taylor; 1856, Reuel S. Page; 1858, Rufus Hill; 1860, Albert Caswell, 5; 1861, Horace Bartlett, 4; 1869, Samuel Whitehouse; 1877, L. W. Bachelder, 15; 1892, John H. Thing. The fact that many of these officers were reelected so many times shows both their popularity among their fellow citizens and the effi- cient and faithful service they rendered the town. For almost a cen- tury the servants of the town have managed its affairs well, and in very few cases have any of them been false to their trust. Two only have so basely betrayed the confidence of their townsmen as to feel the strong hand of the law, and these two exceptions only prove the rule of the honesty and ability of Belgrade's town officers. In 1813 Simon Lord, the collector of the town, forged an order on the treasury. His crime was at once detected, and he served a term of years in the Massachusetts state prison. The second case was that of Albert Cas- well, who was a prominent citizen of the town, and for five years had been town treasurer. At the March election of 1869 he failed to be reelected, and late the following night a fire broke out in his store at the Depot. The neighbors rushed in and extinguished it, and were somewhat surprised to find in the midst of the flames the trunk con- taining the treasurer's books, which was usually kept in another part of the building. The books were somewhat damaged, but a careful examination soon showed that for years he had carried on a systematic method of defrauding the town out of large sums, and it was at once thought that he had attempted to burn the building to conceal his crime. He was unable to make good the deficiency, and his bonds- men, R. K. Stuart, John Partridge and George Wadleigh, were obliged to come forward and do it for him. Caswell was indicted, and kept in jail for a time, but he made over his store and other property to his bondsmen, so that their loss was small, and he was never brought to trial. Soon afterward he left town. In few towns has so strong party feeling been carried into munic- ipal elections, and party lines so closely drawn there, as has been the case of Belgrade. The party which has polled the most votes at state and national elections, when party lines were drawn on the great is- sues of the day, has, in most cases, controlled the municipal elections. Previous to 1840 the old federalist and then the whig party cast a majority of the votes in town, but the annexation of Dearborn in that year gave the democrats a majority. After that the political fortunes 1004 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. varied. From the organization of the republican party in 1856 it was the dominant party until about 1878, when the greenback movement thinned their ranks and again gave the democrats a small majority, which they have retained most of the time to the present; and to-day Belgrade is one of the very few towns in Kennebec county where the republicans are in a minority. A few score years ago there was rather more political unanimity in Belgrade than at present. In 1796, when the town voted for the first time for pre.sident, 25 votes were cast and every one was for Stephen Longfellow, of Portland, the federalist candidate for elector. In 1888 141 votes were cast for Harrison and 150 for Cleveland. In 1820, for the election of Maine's first governor, William King received 100 of the 104 votes cast. In 1890 Burleigh, the republican candidate, received 123 votes, and Thompson, the democratic candidate, 135. At one presidential election, 1876, there was no vote on account of some illegality in the warrant. The vote on the question of Maine's separation from Massachu- setts at the several times when such vote was taken was as follows; 1796, yeas 24, nays 1; 1807, yeas 68, nays 35; 1816, May 20, yeas 66, nays 7; 1816, September 2, yeas 62, nays 12; 1819, July 20, yeas 84, nays 8. At this last vote the separation movement in Maine was sue- cessful, and the vote for a delegate from Belgrade to the constitu tional convention at Portland that year was: Rev. Elias Taylor 61 John Chandler 20, Samuel Titcomb 10, John Rockwood 5. The vote on the adoption of the constitution framed at this convention was taken December 6th— yeas 28, nays 2. In 1798 a convention was held at Hallowell in relation to dividing Lincoln county into two counties, and Samuel Smith was sent as delegate from this town. The vote for delegate to the Brunswick convention of 1816 was: John Chandler 49 votes, Moses Carr 21. In 1806 Moses Carr was sent as representative to the general court of Massachusetts, and was reelected each year until 1813, when Shere- biah Clark was chosen, receiving 36 votes, with none opposed — the only instance of the unanimous election of a representative in the his- tory of the town. He was followed in 1819 by Samuel Titcomb. Churches. — The inhabitants of Belgrade are called a law-abiding and God-fearing people, as the world goes, but the strong religious feeling that pervaded the town in the good old times is lacking to- day, as it is in nearly all country districts of Maine. Churches and parish organizations once played an important part in the affairs of the town, and every Sunday witnessed worship in several churches, but to-day there is no regular place of public worship open in Bel- grade. Perhaps this is not due to a total lack of religious interest so much as to the fact that there are so many different beliefs and creeds represented in town, and so few belonging to any one of these, that it TOWN OF BELGRADE. 1005 is almost impossible for each to support a church, while the spirit of union seems to be lacking. Sometimes, however, as was often the case in the early days, small religious gatherings are held at dwelling houses, school houses, or some other convenient place. Until 1826 all religious services in town were held in that way, but since then four places of public worship have been erected. The first hou.se of worship was built in 1826-7 at Rockwood's Corner, and was known as the vSouth meeting house. It stands there still, a long, white, steeple-less structure, but little occupied of late. It was built principally by the Baptist denomination, and has always been called a Baptist church, although members of other denomina- tions helped in its construction and have worshipped there from time to time. It was dedicated July 18, 1828. Rev. Elias Taylor first preached there, and was pastor of the church for many years. He was followed by Lucius Packard, D. McMaster, Asa W. Cummings, T. Goldthwait, Z. Morton, Adam Wilson, E. Cox, D. B. Small and J. S. Cummings, all ordained ministers; while others have occupied its pulpit temporarily at different times. The membership of the Bap- tist .society here was 108 in 1831, 80 in 1833, 60 in 1840, 66 in 1844, 52 in 1855, 39 in 1860, and has since decreased so that it is now practically dead. Through the efforts of John Pitts and Samuel Titcomb, two wealthy and influential men who lived near Belgrade hill, a church was built there in 1827, and dedicated the following year. It was one of those churches common to the old days, with no fire-place or chance for stove within it, and worshipping there in cold weather must have been a strain on the piety of even those good people. It was built by a union of the Unitarians and Freewill Baptists, and its cost was about $1,300. William Farmer, who was also principal for a time of the old Titcomb Academy near by, was its first pastor and preached there for many years. Samuel Hutchins also occupied its pulpit sev- eral years, and others from time to time, but the church has had no other regular pastors. It was occupied more or less regularly until 1885, when the spirit of their fathers seemed to desert the residents of the Hill, and by special act of the legislature the old church was torn down and the timbers sold to Benjamin Gleason. He hauled them to his farm in Oakland and made them.into a barn. In 1839 the Quakers, or Friends, of whom there were quite a large number then in town, built a small meeting house in the southwest corner of the Quaker burying ground, about a mile north of the depot. They occupied it until 1853, when it was hauled by ox teams a mile further north, near the farm now owned by Frank Page. Here they held meetings for several years, but the society gradually died out, and the structure was sold to Joseph Taylor for a barn. It was burned in 1880. 1006 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. By the combined efforts of the Adventists and the Methodists a small church was built at Belgrade Mills in 1870. The greater part of its cost was contributed by David Colder, one of the most promi- nent and public spirited men of his day in Belgrade. At present it is but little used. The Adventist camp ground at Lakeside has a fame extending far beyond the limits of Maine, and for a week or two each autumn thou- sands are attracted here, both by religious zeal and by the beautiful surroundings of the picturesque spot. It is situated in a hardwood grove on the western shore of Snow pond, about midway in its length, and is as charming and romantic a spot as one can desire to find. Not least among the attractions of the place is a spring of pure water of unusually beneficial quality, quantities of which are often shipped to distant places. The line of the Maine Central runs through the grounds, which are but a short distance from the North Belgrade sta- tion. Facing the speaker's stand are seats enough for a large multi- tude, on gently rising ground, so that persons in the rear can easily hear and see, while back of these, in a semi-circle, are two scores of cottages, with numerous other buildings and tents. Overhead is a thick canopy of leafy branches, which furnishes ample protection against the sun, while in the evening and in stormy weather the meetings are held in a large canvas pavilion. The Adventists first began to worship in this beautiful temple of nature on the lake front in 1880, and since then have made many improvements there. It was situated on the farm of Frank Hallett, but they secured a lease of it for a long term of years. Societies. — Exclusive of religious societies and organizations quite a number of organized bodies have existed at different times in Belgrade. Some existed so long ago and were so short lived that nothing remains of them now but a memory; some have not even left so much as that, while others are to-day live forces among the people of the town. The lyceum, declaiming society, singing school arid temperance club were prominent factors years ago, while the great orders, of which a few are now represented here, were unknown. In the days before the famous Maine law, and during the early years of temperance agitation in the state, the better class of people organized several societies against, the evils of the liquor traffic. One of these, called the Belgrade Temperance Society, of which Elias Taylor was president, and John S. Minot secretary, had 276 members when orga- nized May 11, 1833, and for several years was a powerful force in the good work. Another, the Sons of Temperance, was composed entirely of young men, and had a short life. Recent years have not entirely removed the need of such societies. In 1825 some of the citizens saw the good that would arise from having a library in their midst, and an organization was formed to TOWN OF BELGRADE. 1007 procure books for a circulating library. It was called the Belgrade Social Library, and John Hoxie, who lived on the place now owned by Edmund Yeaton, was its librarian. The management was in the hands of five trustees, elected each year, and those who served in this capacity during the five years of the library's existence were: John Pitts, John Rockwood, Samuel Taylor, Moses Page, Cyrus Weston, Reuben C. Morrill, Charles Page, George Richardson, Hannibal Dil- lingham, Richard Mills, David Wyman, Silas Richardson, John S. Minot, Joseph Taylor and Daniel Stevens. In 1868 the library move- ment was revived, and with money raised by a course of sociables new books were bought and a new Belgrade Social Library brought into existence. William Y. Bartlett and Dr. W. W. Springer were in turn librarians. The books were read and re-read, and finally became scattered beyond all hope of recall, while, as no money was raised to buy more, the fate of the library was soon sealed. Relief Lodge, No. 108, F. & A. M., at Belgrade Depot, was insti- tuted May 8, 1862. Its charter members were: J. C. Mosher, A. P. Crooker, I. W. Damon, W. W. Springer, L. B. Weston, G. J. Penney, David Golder, John W. Greely, S. E. Judkins and C. W. Stuart, of whom but three are now living. Its masters have been: J. C. Mosher, A. P. Crooker, C. A. Yeaton, B. F. Mitchell, J. M. Rockwood, Frank ~Yeaton, James Tibbetts and E. C. Taylor. At one time its member- ship was over one hundred and it was one of the foremost Lodges of the state, but recently its condition has been less prosperous. Its early meetings were held in the small hall in the store of R. K. Stuart, but in 1873 the Lodge built Masonic Hall at the Depot, with rooms on the second floor for its own meetings and a large hall below, which has been used for town elections, public meetings and entertainments. The Iron Clad Reform Club was organized at North Belgrade in 1876, and was one of the temperance organizations which have existed a few years in town. In 1878 the club built Iron Clad Hall at that place, and the following members were elected trustees of the structure: Alpheus Spaulding, Joseph Merrow, Jacob Furbush, Jacob Willey, Charles Bickford and Milford Bickford. It has been used for public meetings and entertainments, for the meetings of the Good Templars' Lodge, and for occasional religious services by the Free- will Baptists, a denomination which has had a society for many years in this part of the town. Belgrade Grange, No. 292, P. of H., was organized September 10, 1887, by Deputy Watson, of Oakland, and received its charter soon after. Its number of charter members was twenty-six and its total roll was afterward increased to fifty-six, though it has fewer members now. Its meetings have been held in Masonic Hall, and its masters have been C. M. Weston and James Tibbetts. Cyclone Lodge, No. 344, I. O. G. T., at North Belgrade, was char- 1008 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. tered July 29, 1884, and has held regular meetings since then at Iron Clad Hall. It had twenty charter members, and has since received about thirty new members. Its chief templars have been: Charles Hutchins, A. M. Alexander, L. E. Watson, H. M. Merrow, A. P. Wat- son, Walter Stuart, Edwin Huff, A. M. Branch, A. P. Wyman and Leslie Hersom. Cemeteries. — There are four public burial places in Belgrade. One is situated at North Belgrade, in what was once Dearborn, and is a very old burying ground, containing the remains of many o/ the early inhabitants of that part of the town. It is a small plot of ground, and is situated near the shore of the pond on a low level — too low, in fact, to be used for such a purpose. It is not much used now. The Quaker burying ground, as its name indicates, contains only the remains of members of the denomination of Friends, once a lead- ing sect of the town. It is a small, three-sided tract of land, and was formerly a part of the farm of Eleazer Burbank, by whom it was pre- sented to the Society of Friends, of which he was a member. Their meeting house once stood in one corner of it. Few burials have been made here in recent years. A short distance from this, and on the large tract near Pinkham's Corner, called Pine plains, are the two burying grounds known re- spectively as the Old and New cemeteries, which are the largest and most important of the town. The former lies on the north side of the road, and originally was just an acre in size, containing 160 lots. It was first occupied in 1814, and David Farnham is said to have been the first person buried there. Since then large additions of land have been made on either side, and now it contains many hundred graves and has room for but few more. The location is a beautiful one, while the care it receives adds greatly to the beauty of this popu- lous but silent city of the dead. Beside the road which runs by is a tomb of Norridgewock granite built by the town in 1885, at a cost of $500. Hannah, wife of Asael Littlefield, is buried in this cemetery. The headstone says she died January 5, 1S6S, aged 106 years and 6 months. Owing to the crowded condition of this cemetery the town bought of Vassal D. Pinkham, in 1888, a large tract of land lying across the road almost directly opposite this. This was enclosed and divided into lots, and although it is much larger than the old cemetery, it is fast falling up. It is high and level, and in beauty of location is equal to the other, while its dry, sandy soil makes it especially adapted to the uses of a burying ground. In its northeastern corner, near the road, is a small tract, now overgrown with trees, which contains the oldest known graves in the town. Many of the old .slate headstones have crumbled away or become covered in the soil, but quite a num- ber remain, and on some of these the dates of deaths, several years TOWN OF BELGRADE. 1009 before this century opened, can be deciphered. This little plot was doubtless the first burial place used by the early settlers, but upon the occupation of the large cemetery across the road in 1814, many of the bodies were removed there and burials were no longer made here. Schools.— The earliest schools of the town were kept in dwelling houses, and when Belgrade was incorporated in 1790 a committee of three— Captain Samuel Smith, Anderson Taylor and Joseph Greely— was appointed to divide the town into districts. They divided the town into five districts, and the number has been gradually increased until now there are eighteen, though schools are not held in all of them. The town has persistently clung to the district system. The school houses, with the exception of two more modern ones at the Depot and Mills, are of the little, old-fashioned kind so common to New England hills and valleys. In the good old times these used to be crowded, but there are fewer young people now, and many go away to higher schools after receiving a start in the little red school house, so that the average to each school is much smaller than formerly. The whole number of pupils registered in 1891-2 in the different schools in town was 470, some districts having three terms, others two each year, and each district averaging about twenty-one weeks in all. In 1796 the town raised $80 for support of schools, and in 1892 the grant was $1,500. At times the schools have been under the charge of a committee and at others under a supervisor, as is now the case. For the present good standing of the schools, with their more competent teachers and more beneficial work than formerly, the town is much indebted to H. F. D. Wyman, who, both as supervisor and citizen, has taken a keen interest in them for many years. Free high schools have been held in town, but the need of one to-day is not met. Titcomb Academy, built on Belgrade hill in 1829, the only institution of higher education there has been in town, is treated in another chapter. Industries and People. — Belgrade always has been and always will be a farming town. Few other industries except those incidental to nearly all agricultural communities, have occupied the attention of the inhabitants. Its resources and advantages for agriculture need not be dwelt upon here. In this it is prosperous, and there are few abandoned farms here to-day. Orcharding is carried on quite exten- sively, and as an apple town it is famous. The best orchards are on Belgrade hill and in the west part of the town. More or less lumber- ing is done in its woods each winter. With the exception of the period when one Morgan operated a slate quarry on the farm of Albion Rockwood, no mining has been done in town. No newspaper has been published in Belgrade. Joseph W. Russell, who was at the Mills in 1844-5, is the only lawyer who has hung out his sign in town. 1010 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. and Ward Safford, who has practiced here many years, is the only dentist the town has had. Doctor Williams, who was here before the town was incorporated, was the first physician in this vicinity, and Doctor Hemmenway, who came before this century opened, practiced here many years. Others who have practiced medicine in town since then have been: Doctors Sandborn, Joshua Davis, Aaron Crooker, W. W. Springer for forty years, L. J. Crooker, George A. Field, Holmes, Burbank, Huntington, George S. Currier, B. F. Neal and L. E. Reynolds, who came in 1887 from Lubec, and is now the only physician. The population in 1790 was 159; in 1810,800 (about); in 1820, 1,121; in 1830, 1,375; in 1840, 1,784; in 1850, 1,722; in 1860, 1,592; in 1870, 1,485; in 1880, 1,321; in 1890, 1,090. In 1890 the valuation was: polls, 361; estates, $471,889. The population was largest just after the an- nexation of Dearborn, and every census since has seen a large decrease. The fate of Belgrade is only that of most of the rural dis- tricts of Maine. The valuation has not fallen away in proportion to the decrease in population, but is larger than thirty years ago. Many things have combined to cau.se this decrease in population and retard the progress of the town. Families are much smaller than a century or half a century ago, and Belgrade has been known far and wide as a good town to emigrate from. No town can make advancement when it is being drained of its very life blood, as a steady stream of young men and young women go from its homes to neighboring cities and distant states. They cannot say there is no chance for them here, for most who have remained behind have been happy and prosperous, and some have won high names for themselves, but the discontent and ambition common to young people in all country places have led them away by the hundreds. A traveler may drive for miles along the roads of Belgrade and pass scarcely a single home which has not its representatives in the cities of Maine, in Massachusetts, or in the West. Belgrade men have found their way everywhere, and by their brain and muscle have made many cities and towns far away much richer, though the loss to their native place cannot be estimated. Many by their lives have won endearing names in the world, and their fame will make the name of Belgrade ever a respected one for the sons she has sent forth, as well as for those who have staid at home to win honor in town and countv. As examples of the kind of men the outside world has en- ticed away from Belgrade a few may be mentioned. The lives and works of Anson P. and Lot M. Morrill belong to the state and nation, but Belgrade claims a large share of the honor, as both were born in the north part of the town, the former in June, 1803, the latter in May, 1811. Both were leaders in local politics as young men, and since they moved away both have been governors of TOWN OF BELGRADE. 1011 Maine and members of congress, and Lot M. has been a member of the United States senate and secretary of the United States treasury. No Maine town but Livermore has produced brothers like these. Horace Austin went from Belgrade to Minnesota about 1853, and has since been governor of that state, an auditor of the United vStates treasury, and has held other high offices. The late Judge Titcomb, of Augusta, was born here in 1820. Charles A. Austin, who went to Dakota in 1880, has won bright laurels in legislative and legal circles there. Campbell Bacheldor was a poor boy, but his energy enabled him to graduate from Colby, and he has since worn the ermine in California. John S. Case was born on the farm of George Worcester, and went to school but six weeks in his life, but since he left Belgrade he has been mayor of Rockland, presidential elector in 1884, representative to the legislature, and is president of the Rockland National Bank. George W. Knox, who died in Washington in 1892, at the head of the greatest private express concern in the country, and who was one of the wealthiest and most influential men of his adopted city, was born in Belgrade, July 4, 1829. He was a poor boy, and for many years before he began to build up his immense express business he was connected with various railroads, being conductor of the special train that bore President Lincoln on his famous ride from Baltimore to Washington. From his resemblance to the martyred president he was selected as the model of a famous statue of Lincoln in Washing- ton. In all hisprosperity he was ever loyal to his native town. John F. Spaulding was born here in 1828, was a Bowdoin graduate of 1853, and became a celebrated Protestant Episcopal clergyman in Massachusetts and Pennsylvania. For many years he has held the high position of bishop of Colorado. Many other sons of Belgrade, who have strayed away and have given the town as great cause as these to be proud of them, are equally deserving of mention, but space forbids. Villages and Post Offices.— Belgrade has no large villages. Being strictly an agricultural town, its population is scattered over its whole area. There are four post offices within its limits: Belgrade, North Belgrade, Belgrade Mills and Lakeside; while at the Mills and Depot (Belgrade P. O.) are small villages. From the time Belgrade was incorporated until 1840 it was the leading thoroughfare of all travel from the cities along the river to New Portland, Anson, Nor- ridgewock and other towns in that vicinity. The great amount of teaming over this route at all times of the year made all business much brisker along the line, and was the chief support of many a public house, or tavern, as they were always called. Stimulated not a little by this travel, the first small village of the town sprang up at the place where this route crossed Belgrade stream. On account of the bridge at this point, the village was called, in local 1012 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. parlance, " The Bridge," a name which is still often applied to the vicinity. Here, at the opening of this century, John Crosby kept a tavern. He built the large structure now known as the Wyman House, and was drowned in Snow pond in 1805, while boating some limestone from the Sidney shore. Such was the hospitality of the people, and so little stock did a place need to have in order to be called a store, that it is hard to say who were all the early tavern keepers and traders. On the premises now occupied by Taylor & Son, Solomon Hoxie erected a large building, the basement of which was used for many years as a .store, and the upper stories as a tavern. He traded for awhile, but died at last a prisoner for debt. Moses Page was in company with him. Others who traded here were : Robert Wells, Eri Wells, Palmer Branch and Adams & Noble. In 1837 it was first used as a tavern, when H. Bur- gess hung out his sign here. Other landlords who succeeded him were : Elias Taylor, David Blunt, Smith L. Gale, Edward P. Gilkey and Alonzo Rogers. In 1855, while owned by Mr. Rogers, the old tavern was burned. William Rogers came from Massachusetts, and in 1823 built a house below the stream, on the place now owned by J. O. Rogers. This was burned before fairly completed, and the next year he built another, which still stands, and which he used as a tavern for fifteen years. William Wyman came from Hallowell in 1828 and occupied the old house which John Crosby had built. He traded here for many years, and for half a century was the most eccentric character of the town. He was father of a large but singularly unfortunate family, four of whom afterward became insane; and three sons — William, Wallace and Wellington — were drowned in Snow pond in October, 1859. In 1834 Stephen Page built the house now owned by Reuel Williams, where he traded for many years. Isaac Weaver kept a store there afterward, and finally it was occupied by Dr. Joshua Davis, who traded there until about 1852, and was the last merchant in the little village around the bridge. The building of the railroad through Belgrade in 1848-9 was the cause of many changes, but of none more marked than the disappear- ance of the old village at the bridge and the growth of a new one a short distance away, near the track. To this were transferred the business interests of the town and the gathering places of the country loafers. On account of the great hill at the Depot and the bog beyond, it was a hard part of the line to construct, but the straight stretch of track here is one of the longest on the whole road. The first regular train ran through here December 6, 1849. Two stations were established in town : one in the south part, not far from the bridge, called Belgrade, and one near Belgrade hill, called North Belgrade, a name which still commonly appears, though, to TOWN OF BELGRADE. 1013 avoid confusion in telegraphing, it has recently been changed to Mes- salonskee. The first station agent at Belgrade was Lemuel Lombard. He was followed by George Richardson, the faithful servant of the road (who was greatly surprised that the trains were to run on rainy days), Albert Caswell and the present efficient incumbent, J. C. Mosher. At North Belgrade the agents have been : Charles Richard- son, James Lowe and Frank H. Judkins. To distinguish the village which began to grow up around the station of Belgrade upon the completion of the railroad, from the old village below at the bridge, it was called the " Depot," and is com- monly so spoken of now. Before the building of the railroad the tract had been a large " common," destitute of habitations, but with the chief highway of the town running through it. Here was soon the leading village of the town. George Richardson built a hotel here, known as the Railroad House, in 1851. He was soon followed in its manage- ment by Leonard & Stuart. Other landlords since them have been: J. Manter, C. Young, Samuel Whitehouse and Leander Yeaton, who took possession in 1877 and is still landlord. It has been the principal hotel of the village, though the so called Miller House, built in 1851, by Frederick Spencer, has been used at times as a public house and at other times as a store. Those who have been landlords or merchants there since Spencer are : A. Kimball, Stephen Worcester, A. J. Mills, A. K. P. Mace and H. C. Minot. Solomon Leonard, from Augusta, built a large store and dwelling near the station in 1850. Two years later Watson Leonard and C. W. Stuart began to trade there and remained in business fifteen years. They were followed in 1867 by A. Hammond & Sons, who are still prominent merchants of the town. In 1854 Rufus Hill built the store above the hotel and traded there until his death in 1864. Others who have occupied the store since have been : Samuel Whitehouse, Alex- ander & Goodwin, Tibbitts & Damren and C. W. Safford. In 1860 Dr. Aaron Crooker built a large store and dwelling on the site of the store formerly owned by George Starrett, and burned m 1852. Albert Caswell occupied it in 1863-4, and was followed by Eldred & Stuart, who traded until 1887, when the old firm was dis- solved, and R. K. Stuart, Esq., has continued the business alone. In 1887 Lincoln A. Bartlett and Herbert Wadleigh built a large store and steam grist mill on the east side of the track and established a prosperous business. In 1891 Mr. Bartlett bought out the interest of his partner. Among others who have kept stores at the Depot in past years have been: Tibbetts Brothers, in store now owned by Paul Hammond; Jared Trask,4n house owned by Charles Stevens; W. Y. Bartlett, in a building opposite the station, now removed ; and Albert Caswell, in house afterward burned, on the site of Mrs. Braley's house. 64 1014 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. There are about twenty-five dwelling houses in the village. But few enterprises outside of the minor industries common to all villages have been started here, and its chief support has been the railroad. In 1831 David Tibbetts built a tannery near the house of Hartwell White, below the stream, which he operated for six years. Edmund Williams, in 1883, started a brick yard a few rods south of the station, on the west side of the track. The clay was excellent and the location as good as could be desired. Soon after three prominent Belgrade men — George R. Stevens, James Tibbetts and George E. Minot — went into partnership with him, and did business on an extensive scale, pressing the bricks by steam and building large sheds and buildings. In the winter they utilized the steam engine to saw shingles. For several years the business prospered, and employment was given to many, but the enterprise was destined to a short life, and for various reasons the manufacture of bricks was discontinued, the engine sold and the great sheds torn down. In 1885 J. C. Taylor & Son established a corn canning factory near the stream bridge, and each fall do a brisk though not extensive busi- ness in canning a fine quality of sweet corn. They also can apples. Besides its railroad connection, the village is on the daily stage line from Augusta to Belgrade Mills, Rome and New Sharon, now owned by J. H. Thing. A post office was established at the old village at the bridge August 24, 1821, with John Hoxie as postmaster. It was kept in the old tavern there. Robert Wills was appointed nine years later, and William Rogers in April, 1833. Frederick Spencer, who kept the office in the new village at the depot, was appointed in May, 1853. His successors have been: William Y. Bartlett, December 18, 1860 ; James Tibbetts, January 24, 1883 ; Edwin C. Taylor, July 20, 1885 ; and Lincoln A. Bartlett, who has been postmaster since April 2, 1889. Although there has been no public house or store for many years on Belgrade hill, the same travel that during the first half of the cen- tury was so important to the southern part of the town, helped not a little to make this a much busier place than it is now. Besides the taverns kept by Caleb Page and David Wyman, as mentioned else- where, Thomas Eldred, who came from East Pittston in 1830, kept a public house for many years in the large house now owned by William Eldred. Anson P. Morrill, of national fame, when a young man kept a small store on the hill, and this being burned, he traded in company with Sidney Norton in a small building near the forks of the road there. David Blunt afterward kept tavern in the same building, and next William Tilton, who hung himself there. Gustavus Clark and John Sandford were in turn landlords in the same house. Near by William Wing kept a store, and in turn William Bowman, David Pol- lard, Samuel Wyman and Sandborn Brothers traded at the same stand. TOWN OF BELGRADE. 1015 The building was hauled further north, and is now the dwelling house of William Keeler. Not far from Belgrade hill, and near the Adventist camp ground, is the station of North Belgrade, on the shore of the lake. There is no village here, but Charles Richardson has kept a store near the sta- tion for many years. April 30, 1880, a post office was established here, with the name of Lakeside, and James Lowe was appointed postmas- ter. He was succeeded in April, 1886, by Charles Richardson, who held the office until the appointment of Frank H. Judkins, October 27, 1891. The stream at North Belgrade which formerly separated Belgrade from Dearborn has been, and is now, the scene of some manufactur- ing enterprise, though there can scarcely be said to be a village there. It is often called Spaulding's Mills. Three dams have been built on this stream, and two are now used; of the other, known as the old Butler dam, only a few remains are to be seen. Captain Henry Richardson, one of the first settlers in this vicinity, is said to have built the first dam here before this century opened, and to have run a grist mill, of which his son, Oliver, afterward had charge. Jeremiah Tilton had a saw mill on this dam, and Holman Johnson owned a shovel handle factory here. In 1867 John and James Alexander built a saw and grist mill on this dam, which they ran for several years. The former met his death while working here. In 187e* Spauldmg Brothers began to manufacture scythe and axe boxes in this mill, and a few years ago the name of the firm was changed to Spaulding & Bickford, who are still doing business here. Peaslee Morrill, the father of governors and congressmen, was a trader here for many years, and some of his sons were in business with him. Esquire Morrill was a prominent and influential man in this vicinity. Jeremiah Tilton, who built the store now owned by Joseph Merrow, was also a trader here many years ago. Solomon Lombard, George Blake, Alexander Brothers and Joseph Merrow have traded here, but there is now no store in this part of the town. Where the stream runs into Great pond Jonathan Palmer built a dam about 1840, and operated a saw mill there, which was afterward burned. He rebuilt, and after passing through various hands it has been owned for the past twenty years by John Damren. It was burned in February, 1889, but Mr. Damren has rebuilt, and is doing a brisk business sawing lumber and shingles. Quite a number of cottages have been built by Augusta, Water- ville and Oakland parties along the shore of the pond, on the farm of George R. Gleason, and the increasing number of those who come to this vicinity each season shows that the beauty of scenery here and the fine chances for fishing are becoming appreciated by others than the residents of the town. A post office was established here, under the name of Dearborn, 1016 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. December 23, 1818, with Peaslee Morrill in charge. This is the oldest of the four offices in town. In March, 1840, the town of Dearborn having passed from existence, the name of the office was changed to North Belgrade, and in April of the next year Thomas Eldred became postmaster. The subsequent appointments have been: Almond H. Wyman, July, 1845; Hiram Goodwin, March, 1854; Crowell Taylor, March, 1855; Almond H. Wyman, February, 1859; Jeremiah Tilton, December, 1861; Lemuel Lombard, January, 1864; James Alexander, January, 1865; Joseph Merrow. November, 1873, and Edward Rollins, August, 1886. At Belgrade Mills we find the second small village of the town. Ninety years ago this was called Locke's Mills, and later Chandler's Mills, a name by which it is often known to-day. It is situated on the short stream connecting Great and Long ponds, and separating Bel- grade from Rome. It is six miles from the Depot, with which place there are daily stage connections. John Jones built the first dam across this stream before this century opened, and about 1800 John Locke established a grist mill here, the first one in the town. Next after him John Chandler and John Goodrich ran a saw and grist mill together, and then dissolved partnership and operated separate mills for many years. Both were prominent men in town. The grist mill of Chandler was burned in 1820, but was rebuilt. For the past twenty years or more Nathaniel Morrill has operated a saw and grist mill on the same site, but now a grist mill is not so necessary an establish- ment in a town as in the old days. Adam Wilbur ran two carding machines and a fulling mill here, and dressed and colored cloth for many years before his death in 1854. Then Thomas Golder and George Goodrich began the manufacture of excelsior in the same building. This being burned, David Golder built the present excelsior mill in 1871, and soon sold it to Nathaniel Towle and S. C. Mills, who sold it after a few years to Towle & Austin. E. W. Towle Is the present owners. Once an extensive business in tanning was done at the tannery of Whitten & Southwick, which was burned in 1845. David Golder rebuilt it, and it has passed through several hands, but is not operated now. But the leading manufacturing industry of the Mills and of the town, and the chief support of this little village, is the spool factory of Henry W. Golder. In 1852 Frank Harnden and J. H. Thompson built a spool factory here, and soon after sold out to David Golder, who, in company with several partners at different times, carried on the busi- ness until his death in 1882. Since then his son, Henry W., has owned and operated the factory. The old building was burned in 1885, but a new and better one was quickly erected, and great improvements made on the dam. From twenty to twenty-five men are employed, and the business is a credit and benefit to the town. TOWN OF BELGRADE. 1017 The first trader in the little village that began to grow here three- quarters of a century ago was John Chandler, on the site of the pres- ent large Golder store, which was afterward built and occupied by George Robinson. Since Robinson the traders in this store have been: Robert T. Whitten, Isaac N. Pray, Alfred Leathers, Samuel Lawton, Farnham & Williams, David Golder, Henry and Thomas Golder, and the present occupant, Charles H. Kelley. Joseph Chandler built the stone store in 1838, and traded there many years. Charles D. Heald and Howard Chandler have since traded there. Others who have traded at the Mills have been: Joshua Frost, Joshua Lord, Alexander Austin and Morrison Chandler. About 1831 Joseph Chandler built the large house now owned by Mrs. Rollins, which was used for many years as a tavern, among its landlords being Joseph Rollins, David Rockwood and John Libby. Hiram Savage kept a tavern here in a building recently remodeled, and now the handsome residence of Henry W. Golder. Other land- lords in the same house were: Charles Merrow, Luther Allen, Howard Maxwell and William Cummings. George H. Foster kept a tavern in a house afterward burned in 1873. The Mills felt a loss of travel and trade after the building of the railroad through the south part of the town, and for a long time no public house was maintained here. A few years ago, however, the increasing number of summer visitors encouraged Charles Austin to open a hotel, the Central House, which has recently been greatly enlarged. Belgrade Mills is a pretty village and splendidly located, and the opportunity it offers to a pleasure seeker or a fisherman is hard to beat, even around Belgrade, famous for its natural scenery and fishing grounds. Many hundreds of summer visitors come here each season from outside of the state, and the whole neighborhood, with the shores and islands of the .surrounding ponds, is literally taken posses- sion of by them. The number increases each year, so that the place is winning no mean name as a summer resort, and the benefit to the town is not to be lightly estimated. A ladies' Village Improvement Society is doing much to make the place neat and attractive and to make practical improvements. Belgrade Mills was made a post office, with Joseph Chandler as postmaster, January 13, 1829. His successors have been: Robert T. Whitten, appointed August 12, 1841; Joseph W. Russell, July, 1845 Alexander Austin, October, 1845; George H. Foster, February, 1852 Ezekiel Elliott, December, 1857; Charles D. Heald, September, 1861 David Golder, February, 1867; Henry W. Golder, November, 1882 Thomas 8. Golder, August, 1888; and Charles H. Kelley, appointed December 17, 1890.* * Mr. Minot's responsibility for this chapter ends here.— [Ed. lUlS HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. PERSONAL PARAGRAPHS. Hermon H. Ada^is, the fifth of the ten children of Dr. Enoch Ad- ams, of Litchfield, Me., and of Mary (Case) Adams, his wife, was born in that town August 25, 1856. The earlier years of his life were passed in Litchfield and his education was completed at Kents Hill. Soon after leaving- school he married Hattie M., daughter of Crowell Taylor, of Belgrade, and removed to that town, where he has since resided. In 1876 he engaged in school teaching at Oakland, and the following year began farming on Belgrade hill. In 1880 he took up his residence on the Rollins farm, which he subsequently acquired, and where he now lives. His first wife died in 1885, leaving one son, Reuel Smith Adams. He afterward married Effie M., daughter of Jonathan and Abbie (Martin) Philbrick, of Mt. Vernon. Of this union were born three children: Mary, who died in infancy; Enoch H. and Frank C. Adams. Though still a young man, Mr. Adams has become prominently identified with the institutions and progressive movements of his sec- tion. In 1890 he was elected to represent the towns of Winthrop, Rome and Belgrade in the lower house of the state legislature, where he served on the committees on engrossed bills and on the State Re- form School. He is a republican in politics and has always con- sistently represented the principles and tenets of that party. He has taken an active interest in the cause of education in the town of Bel- grade, and for a number of years has served as school commissioner in that town. By industry and economy he has succeeded in acquir- ing some of the best farm property in Belgrade, and devotes his time to farming when not engaged in the performance of public duties. He is connected in religious matters with the Society of Friends, and has, by his consistent and earnest course of life, the integrity and uprightness of his conduct, entitled himself to the respect and esteem of the entire community. Moses H. Alexander, born in 1834 and died in 1876, was a son of John Alexander, who was born in Cork, Ireland, in 1778, and died in Belgrade in 1880. His wife was Jane Dunlap. Mr. Alexander was educated in the schools of the town and at Titcomb Academy. He was a teacher and farmer, and at the time of his death owned the farm his father bought of John Pitts when he came to the town. Since Mr. Alexander's death his widow and sons have carried on the farm. He married in 1862, Adelia M. Cummings, sister of Greenwood and Warren Cummings, of this town. Their children are: Herbert, Harry L. and Delia H.; and two that died— Annie P. and Leslie M. William D. Alexander, eldest brother of Moses H., was born in 1829, and is a farmer near where his father settled. He married Mary C, daughter of Benjamin and Lucy Leighton, and granddaughter of TOWN OF BELGRADE. 1019 Isaac Leighton. Their children were: Jane and Frank, deceased; and Frank William. Charles H. Austin, born in 1844, is the youngest son of Nahum and Jane Austin. He was a farmer until 1867, since then has been a spool maker, and has kept the Central House, Belgrade Mills, since 1870. He married Abbie K., daughter of Mark Lord. They have one daugh- ter, Jennie. Horace R. Austin, farmer, born in 1852, is the only surviving child of Horace and Lovina (Tucker) Austin, and grandson of Samuel and Annie (Carpenter) Austin. He married Laura A., daughter of Wil- liam B. Dunlap, and they have one daughter, Edith C. Samuel Austin, born in 1834, is a son of Samuel and Dorcas (Yea- ton) Austin. He has been spool maker since 1854. He married Eliza E., daughter of William and Lois (Farnham) Kelly, and granddaugh- ter of Seth Kelly. Their two daughters are: Mary L. (Mrs. Jerome Damren) and Luona Belle (Mrs. F. W. Simmons). L. Wesley Bachelder, son of John and vSarah T. (Clough) Bachelder, was born in 1844. He was employed by the Maine Central Railroad Company from 1860 until 1891, and after 1872 was section superin- tendent. He was treasurer of the town from 1876 to 1892. He mar- ried Martha A., daughter of Jacob Clough. Greenleaf G. Bartlett, born in 1836, is the only survivor of a family of nine children of Peter D. and Emily (Brown) Bartlett, and grand- son of Timothy Bartlett, who came from Belfast, Me., to Mt. Vernon. Mr. Bartlett is a farmer on the place where his father settled in early life. He married Lizzie, daughter of Daniel Hill. She died leaving two children — Lincoln A., and a daughter that died. His present wife is Christina, a sister of his first wife. They have one daughter, Angie O. Martin Bickford, born in 1858, is one of eight children of Seth, grandson of Asa, and great-grandson of William, who with his father, Benjamin Bickford, came from New Hampshire to this town. Since 1887 Mr. Bickford has been a member of the firm of Spaulding & Bickford, manufacturers, having been employed in the same shop for several years previous. He married Marcia E., daughter of Hiram, and granddaughter of Benjamin Snow. Their children are: Harold D., Emily L. and Ralph C. John Brown, born in Vienna in 1819, was the youngest child of Eliphalet and Abigail (Smith) Brown, who came to Vienna from New Hampshire in 1800. Mr. Brown followed the sea for fifteen years and served in the late war twenty-one months; enlisted in the 1st Maine Heavy Artillery and was transferred to the man-of-war Arizuois. He married Sophia W., daughter of Nathaniel Neal, and they have two children: Mary C. and James A. 1020 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Eleazer Burbank, a Quaker, came from Westbrook, Mass., in 1800, and settled on the farm in Belgrade now owned by Greenwood Cum- mings. He married Mary Brackett. Silas, one of their eleven chil- dren, married Lucretia Hersum, and had three children. The youngest, Mary Arvilla, married Asa Dunn, who died in 1864. Their children were: Ellen A. (Mrs. Frank P. Spaulding), Alice A., and Mary Etta (Mrs. Charles S. Hersum). Mrs. Dunn married for her second husband Sewall Spaulding, who is a farmer and occupies the farm owned by Mr. Dunn. Mr. Spaulding's former wife was Frances L. Cottle, who died leaving two sons: Henry B. and Frank P. Henry P. Chandler, born in 1838, is one of six children of John and Nancy (Yeaton) Chandler, and grandson of John Chandler. Mr. Chandler is a farmer on the Ichabod Smith farm. Before buying this farm he was for twenty years a resident of Blanchard, Me. He mar- ried Mary E., daughter of Benjamin Blackstone. Their children are: Ida L., John, Elmer, Myrtie M., C. F., and two sons who died in infancy. George W. Cottle, born in Pittston in 1832, is a son of Daniel and Sarah K. Cottle, and grandson of Ananias Cottle. He came to Bel- grade in 1854, where he has been a farmer. He now owns a part of the original Doctor Williams farm. He married Margaret, daughter of Campbell Wyman. They have one son, Arthur L. Greenwood J. Cummings, born in Sidney in 1822, is one of ten children of Joseph S. and Ann P. (Prescott) Cummings, and grand.son of Eleazer Cummings. He came to Belgrade in 1858, and bought the Eleazer Burbank farm of 180 acres, where he has since been a farmer. He married Harriet N., daughter of David and Martha (Page) Mosher, and granddaughter of Daniel Mosher. Their children are: Vesta C. (Mrs. A. R. Chase), Arthur R., Charles F., Hattie M. (now a trained nurse), and Annie B. (Mrs. C. E. Woodman). Warren P. Cummings, brother of Greenwood J., was born in 1828 in Sidney, came to Belgrade in 1837 with his parents, and in 1850 bought the Moses Page farm, where he now lives, engaged in the business of farming and butchering. He married Sarah, daughter of Benjamin and Sally (Taylor) Bowman. Their children are: Ida M. (Mrs. Manley M. Judkins), Elmer W. (now station agent at South Gardiner), and Sarah Louisa (deceased). Ida M. and her husband live with her father, and have two children: Edna L. and Sarah B. Rev. Joseph S. Cummings, born in 1834, is a son of Seth G. and Mary A. (vSawtelle) Cummings, and grandson of Eleazer Cummings. He was educated in the schools of the town and at Kents Hill Semi- nary. He has taught school twenty-nine winters, devoting the sum- mers to farming. For the last twenty-five years he has been a Baptist preacher. He married Amanda J., daughter of John Hersom, and their children are: John M., Inez, Callie, Joseph (deceased), and Guy. TOWN OF BELGRADE. 1021 George Edward Damren is a son of Samuel R. and Olive A. (Jor- dan) Damren, and grandson of Joshua Damren, who came to Belgrade from Hallowell with his two brothers, William and Dustin. Mr. Damren is a farmer on his father's homestead. He married Alice M. Dorr, and has one son, Irving H. James H. Dunlap, born in 1842, is one of eight children of William B. and Lucy A. (Fifield) Dunlap, and grandson of Ebenezer Dunlap, of Monmouth. William B. was nine years whale fishing from New Bedford, Mass., and came from there to Belgrade in 1835. Mr. Dunlap ■was in Boston from 1862 until 1883, when he came back to Belgrade, where he is a farmer. He married Maggie Cameron. George A. Farnham, born in 1837, son of David and Sarah (Kelley) Farnham, and grandson of David Farnham, is a house painter and farmer. In 1865 he bought the Edward Merchant homestead, where he has since lived. He married Lydia J., daughter of John and Mary (Yeaton) Spaulding. Their children are: H. Everett, Elnora, Mary B., Carrie L., Francis E. and George Bertrand. H. Everett is general secretary of the Y. M. C. A. of Pennsylvania. The daughters are all teachers. Dexter Foster came from Blackstone, Mass., to Belgrade, where he died in 1816, leaving four sons: Dexter, John, George H. and Herman. George H. had eight children, of whom the second, George C, married Mary D. Greenleaf, and was a farmer until his death in 1885. Their children were: Frank Chester, Elnora, Fred and Edgar L. The oldest and youngest are living and occupy the homestead with their mother, and are farmers. Frank C. married Susan E., daughter of William E. Lord, and they have one daughter, Ethel C. Henry O. Frost, born in 1844, is a son of AVilliam M. and Dorcas (Gowell) Frost, and grandson of Samuel Frost, who came to Belgrade from Lebanon, Me., about 1800. Mr. Frost is a farmer on the farm where his father has lived for the last fifty years. He married Alice, daughter of Nathaniel Towle. B. Frank Gleason, son of Benjamin and Caroline (Mclntire) Glea- son, was born in 1861. He is a farmer, and since April, 1887, has owned and occupied the William F. Eldred farm of two hundred acres at Belgrade hill. He married Lena M., daughter of Henry Allen and Cornelia (Townsend) Hallett. Their children are: Bessie E. and Elmo A. B. Henry W. Colder is the youngest of three children of David and Elizabeth (Stone) Colder. He was educated in the schools of Augusta, at Kents Hill Seminary, and at the United States Naval Academy. He was one year in the late war in the 28th Maine, as lieutenant. From 1864 until his father's death, in 1882, he was the latter's partner in the spool manufactory at Belgrade Mills. He was three years one of the firm of Colder Brothers, and since 1885 has owned and run the busi- 1022 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. ness alone. Mr. Golder was selectman one year, and postmaster four years. He married Elvira F., daughter of Joseph Chandler, and their only child is Maude E. David Golder formerly owned a .saw mill in Augusta, on the east side of the river, at what was then called Riggs' brook. He was for several years in the lumber business, on both ends of the Kennebec dam. Simon Guptill, born in 1838, is one of three surviving sons of Nat and Sally (Yeaton) Guptill, and grandson of Nathaniel and Mary (Libby) Guptill, who came to Belgrade in 1806, and bought of Paul Yeaton the farm where he had settled twelve years before. Mr. Guptill now owns and occupies his grandfather's farm, and owns in all 260 acres. Charles H. Hallett, born in 1843, is the only son of Franklin and Betsey (Damren; Hallett, grandson of Josiah M., and great-grandson of Solomon Hallett, who came from Cape Cod, Mass., to Waterville about 1790. Mr. Hallett is a farmer on the place where his grand- father settled about 1820; and it is on this farm that the Second Ad- vent camp ground and the Lakeside mineral springs are located. He married Josephine T., daughter of David Lowe, and she died leaving one son, Bertrand D. Abner Hammond, born in Sidney in 1819, a son of Paul and Cath- erine (Mason) Hammond, and grandson of Paul Hammond, was a farmer in Sidney until 1867, when he came to Belgrade Depot, and the following January began mercantile business, which he still con- tinues. His first wife, Rebecca L. Nash, died leaving two sons: Paul and A. Elliott. His present wife was Mrs. Mary A. Yeaton, daughter of Richard Yeaton. She had two sons by her former marriage: How- ard L. and George Yeaton. William H. Hersum, farmer and stone mason, born in 1834, is a son of James and Tamesen (Blaisdell) Hersum. James came to Bel- grade in 1821 from Lebanon, Me. William H. married Cynthia, daughter of Reuben Wentworth, and their children are: James R., Charles S., Alice V., William O., Ernest L., Arthur L., Cyrena W. and Tabor G. Joseph Hersum, born 1836, died 1889, was a brother of William H. He was a farmer on the place where his father settled in 1821, and died in 1850, and the family burying lot is on the farm, near the resi- dence. Mr. Hersum married Excey, daughter of Reuben Wentworth. Their children were: Andrew J., born in 1864; Reuben W. and Efiie L. Andrew J. has run the farm since his father's death. Harrison Hill, born in 1836, one of six children of Daniel, and grandson of Joseph Hill, is a farmer on a part of his father's home- stead. He married Hannah, daughter of Elias Sherburne. She died leaving one daughter, Etta, who married James Hewett. TOWN OF BELGRADE. 1023 Daniel L. Jones, son of Daniel L. Jones, sen., was born in 1840. He went to California in 1858. and was engaged in mining there five years, and three years in Montana. After working five years in a wire shop in Worcester, Mass., he came to Belgrade, where he has been a farmer. He married Ella L. Blackmer, of Ma.ssachusetts, who died in 1891. His present wife was Edith Worthington. Mr. Jones' father was a native of Leeds, and later removed to Brighton, where he was a trader. He held various town offices, and was representative to the legislature. Samuel E. Judkins, born in 1819, is the only son of Elisha and Sally (Whittier) Judkins. His grandfather was among the early set- tlers of Readfield. Mr. Judkins came to Belgrade with his parents in 1827. In 1863 he bought the Samuel Taylor farm of one hundred acres, where he now lives. He has one sister. Nancy Judkins Axtell, now of Wisconsin. He married Margaret K. Coy, who died leaving seven children: Amanda, Susia, Viola, Leonia, Frank H., Manley M. and Stanley L. Only the three last named are living. In 1866 Mr. Judkins married his present wife, who was Belle Severance. Their children are: Lizzie A. (deceased), Clara E. and Nettie B. Frank H. Judkins, son of Samuel E., was born in 1853. He was in the freight office of the Maine Central railroad at Waterville two years, and in 1879 became to North Belgrade, where he has since been the company's agent. Since October 28, 1891, he has been postmaster of the Lakeside office. He married Ella, daughter of Charles Rich- ardson, and their children are: Lester F., Nina A. and Forest C. Charles H. Kelley, born in Rome in 1846, is a son of William and Eunice (Varnum) Kelley, and grandson of Seth Kelley, who came to Belgrade from Cape Cod, Mass. Charles H. was clerk in stores at Belgrade Mills and New Sharon several years, then started a small store at Belgrade Mills, and in November, 1890, bought of Thomas S. Colder the store which he has since conducted. He has been post- master since January 1, 1891, succeeding Thomas S. Colder. He mar- ried Sylvina, daughter of George Brann. William E. Lord, born in 1831. was the only child of John and Susan (Bradbury) Lord, and grandson of William Lord, who died in New Hampshire. His widow married Wentworth Hayes, and came to Belgrade in 1790, and bought of a Mr. Hodgden the farm where Mr. Lord now lives. John Lord's first wife was Hannah Austin, and they had two sons, John and Nathaniel, both deceased. William E. is a farmer, butcher and cattle broker. He married Abbie, sister of George W. Cottle. Their children are: Mary, Susan E., J. Frank, Laura, William E., jun., Sadie, Alice and Fred. George E. Minot.— This family is traced to Thomas Minot', sec- retary to the Abbot of Walden, by whom he was advanced to great possessions. His son, George', was born August 4, 1594, in vSafron, Walden, Essex, England. He came to New England among the first 1024 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. settlers of Dorchester, where he was for thirty years a ruling elder in the church. His sons were: James, John, Stephen and Samuel. Jamas', the eldest son of John", born September 14, 1653, was grad- uated at Harvard College in 1675, and located at Concord, Mass., about 1680. He was a minister of the Gospel as well as a physician, and the epitaph upon his tombstone records at length his many virtues and great usefulness. Hon. James Minot"", his fifth child, was one of the most distinguished men of his time and a member of the king's council. He married Martha Lane in 1716. His eldest son, John", had a son John', and he a .son, James', who settled in Belgrade, Me., in 1804. James Minot" located on the place now occupied by George E. Minot, purchasing the land of Chase Page, and engaged in farming until his death in 1859, serving meantime as a captain in the state militia. He married Elizabeth Rogers, of Groton, Mass., and had a family of ten children, of whom seven attained years of maturity. MlNOT HOMESTEAD, Belgrade, Me of GEORGE E. MINOT. John S. Minot" was born on the old place in Belgrade July 5, 1805, and passed his entire life there, engaged in tilling the soil and in the performance of the public duties that were thrust upon him. He re- ceived an excellent academic education at Bloomfield and at Kents Hill, and filled many offices of trust and responsibility during his life, including all the town offices of Belgrade, and represented this dis- trict in the legislature of 1866. He married in 1835, Olive, daughter \ ~^^^,^^ TOWN OF BELGRADE. 1025 of Holmes Tillson, of Sidney, her mother being a member of the well known Packard family, of Bridgewater, Mass. They had four chil- dren: George E.'°, Edwin G.'°, and two daughters who died in infancy. John S. Minot" died January 21, 1890. His widow is still living. Ed- win G. Minot, born January 17, 1839, enlisted in Company M, 1st Maine Heavy Artillery, during the late war, was wounded at Peters- burg, Va., June 18, 1864, and died in hospital September 17, 1864. George E. Minot'", born October 22, 1836, on the family homestead in Belgrade, received his academic education at Belgrade Academy and the Maine Wesleyan Seminary, and has continued to reside where, in 1804. his grandfather first settled. He has devoted his at- tention to farming, and has been prominently identified with the political interests of the republican party in his locality, serving upon the town and county committees and occupying several positions of importance. Besides serving as town clerk of Belgrade, as a member of the school board and selectman, he was a member of the state senate in 1870 and 1871. In 1876, 1877 and 1878 he served as chief clerk in the office of the secretary of state, at Augusta, and in 1881, 1882, 1883 and 1884 acted as assistant secretary of the senate. He also filled the position of messenger in the national house of representatives, 51st Congress. He was for eight years one of the trustees of the old Ken- nebec Agricultural Society, the last two years serving as president. He is a member of Belgrade Grange and of Relief Lodge, A. F. & A. M., of Belgrade. Mr. Minot married, in*1866, Effie C, daughter of Daniel and Clara Parcher, of North Leeds. Their children (the elev- enth generation here traceable) are: George L., engaged in farming with his father; J. Clair, who is fitting himself for a professional career, and Blanch S., who resides with her parents. James C. Mosher, born in 1837, was the only son of James and Sarah H. (Wellman) Mosher, and grandson of Elisha Mosher, who came to Belgrade from Dartmouth, Mass. Mr. Mosher began work on the railroad in Belgrade in 1853, and continued on track work until 1871, when he was made agent for the company at Belgrade, which position he held until his death, August 2, 1892. He was a charter member and past master of Relief Lodge, F. & A. M. He married Mary J., daughter of Edward Merchant. Their children are: Cora A. (Mrs. A. E. Hammond), Edward H., Lilla M., Eva E., J. Irving, living at home, and Lindley H., deceased. David L. Page, born 1816 and died 1885, was a son of Lewis and Hannah (Churchill) Page, grandson of Abraham and great-grandson of James Page. Abraham came to Belgrade from Augusta in about 1788, and from New Hampshire in about 1784. David L. married Aurelia, daughter of Daniel and Sally (Andrews) Parcher. Their only child is Ellen A., wife of Freeman G. Yeaton. Gilman J. Page, born in 1828, is the next to the youngest of nine 1026 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. children of Ezekiel (1786-1864), and grandson of Amos Page. His mother was Sarah Richardson. Mr. Page is a farmer on the place where his father settled about one hundred 3'ears ago. He has taught school several winters. He married Alvira G., daughter of Andrew Yeaton. Their children are : Laura A.. Frank A., Henry J., Edwin L., Delia E. (deceased), Carrie M., Charles O., Mmella E., Alia R. and Andrew E. Frank A. Page, son of Oilman J. Page, was born in 1860. In 1885 he bought the Joseph Taylor farm, near his father, and is a farmer and orchardist, and also carries on a meat business at Oakland. He mar- ried Hannah, daughter of Jefferson Hersom, and their children are: Harold H. and Mabel E. John Partridge, born in 1821, was a son of Moses and Ruth (Rock- wood) Partridge. He came to Belgrade in 1851 and was a farmer and dealer in produce, until his death in 1890. He served about one year in the 5th Maine Battery, until the war closed. He married Susan R., daughter of John and Thankful C. (Moshier) Page, and granddaughter of Abraham Page, who came to Belgrade in 1801. Their children are: Frederick E. and Florence I. (Mrs. George W. Colby). J. Newton Penney is one of six children of John W. and Hannah (Williams) Penney, grandson of John and Betsey (Taylor) Penney, and great-grandson of George Penney, who came to Belgrade in 1789 from Wells, Me. Mr. Penjaey is a farmer on the farm of his father and grandfather, where the family have lived since 1816. He mar- ried Celia E. White, of Fort P" airfield, Me., and has five children : John W., Eva E., Harry N., Justin M. and Jessie M. Joel Richardson, born in 1826, is a son of vStephen and Eliza (Stuart) Richardson, and grandson of Joel and Elizabeth (Wyman) Richard- son. Joel, born in 1750 in Attleboro, Mass., came to Belgrade early and settled on the farm where his grandson, Joel, now lives. The latter married Mrs. Nellie L. Foster, daughter of Jefferson Blaisdell. She had one son by her former marriage, William J. Foster. John Dennis Richardson, born in 1827, is one of ten children of John and Martha (Adams) Richardson, grandson of Joel' (John', Wil- liam', Stephen' and Samuel Richard.son'). Mr. Richardson is a farmer on a part of his grandfather's farm. He married Mary C. Moore. She died, leaving two sons, Frank M. and Melvin J., two daughters having died. His present wife was Mrs. Dolly Howe, a daughter of Lyman Linnell. Charles Richardson, brother of Joel, was born in 1825, and has been a merchant at North Belgrade depot since January 1, 1850, hav- ing built a store there the previous year. He was postmaster at Lake- side several years. He married Aurinda K. Palmer, who died leaving eight daughters— Flora (Mrs. A. J. Butterfield), Ella (Mrs. Frank H. Judkins), Rosie (Mrs. Fred Williams), Clara (Mrs. Ira Otis), Eliza (Mrs. TOWN OF BELGRADE. 1027 Ernest Laselle), Mable (Mrs. E. C. Colbath), Cora (Mrs. J. W. Grant), Isabell (Mrs. Frank Tilton)— and one son, Charles L. (deceased). Albion Rockwood, a farmer, born in 1826, is a son of Esquire John and Esther (Rowe) Rockwood. John came from Worcester county, Mass., in 1800, and .settled where Mr. Rockwood now lives. He mar- ried Sarah Jane, an adopted daughter of David Rockwood. Their children, Wendall D. and Rose E., live in Boston. Alpheus M. Spaulding, born in 1848, is a son of Joel and Mary A. (Trask) Spaulding, and grandson of Rev. Joel Spaulding, who came to Belgrade from Ohio. Mr. Spaulding was a farmer until 1872, then a merchant here one year, then two years in Richmond, jNIe., and in 1875 he came back to Belgrade, and since that time has been manufac- turer here, first in company with his brother, and since 1887 with Mar- tin Bickford. He married Almeda W., daughter of Seth and Adaline (Higgins) Bickford. They have one son, Dexter H. Jesse Spaulding, born in 1842, is the youngest of four children of Parker and Elizabeth (Danforth) Spaulding and grand.son of Jesse vSpaulding, who died in Massachusetts in 1807. Parker Spaulding (1800- 1862) was a machinist. He came to Belgrade in about ISS.') and bought the farm where Jesse now lives, and was a farmer from that time until his death. Jesse Spaulding was in the late war eleven months, in Com- pany K, 28th Maine. He married Lucretia A., daughter of John G. Dunn. His second marriage was with Sarah B., daughter of William O. Day. They have two sons: George and William J. The Stevens Homeste.\d. — This farm originally contained one hundred acres or more; other lots adjoining have been added, so that it now contains about two hundred acres. At one time it produced an abundance of apples of the best variety of natural fruit, walnuts, chest- nuts, pears, cherries, damsons and other varieties of small fruit. Some of the huge old trees, chestnut and walnut reminders of past generations, are still standing and producing their annual crop. William Stevens, the grandfather, and Daniel Stevens, the father of George R., came from Lebanon, Me., and settled on this farm about the year 1796. William erected his house on the westerly side of the road about eight rods north of where the barn now stands. The two extremities of the chimney were made of brick; the balance was built of sticks or small poles wrapped with straw and plastered inside and out with clay. Major G. T. Stevens, of Augusta, a grandson of Wil- liam, says that the first lesson he ever took in gymna-stics was by spin- ning tip the corner of that old cob-house chimney to the underside of the roof. The barn seen in the engraving was built in 1807 and re- modeled in 1849, and the house was built by Daniel Stevens in 1834-5, and recently modernized by George R., the present occupant. The Stevens family were among the first settlers in the town of Lebanon. William was born there and died in Belgrade in 1836, aged 1028 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. eighty-three years. His wife, Molly Ricker, an estimable woman, who came with him, died in Belgrade in 1825, aged seventy-five years. They had two sons — Daniel and William — and three daughters — Dolly, Eunice and Mary. Dolly married Robert Wills; Eunice, Jona- than Rollins; and Mary, Joshua Yeaton. William, jun., married Susan Fillebrown, and lived and died in Augusta. Daniel was born in Lebanon April 30, 1784, and died in Belgrade August 18, 1867. He married Mahala Smith, a devoted wife and mother, and daughter of Captain Samuel Smith, of Belgrade, who re- sided on what is now the Dunlap farm, in a twostory house that stood upon the easterly side of the road, opposite where the Baptist meeting house now stands. She was born in Washington Plantation, n( w Belgrade, on June 14, 1790, married November 12, 1812, and died May 3, 1880, at the age of nearly ninety years. Daniel had, previous to his marriage, built for himself a house on the homestead some eight rods south of where the barn now stands. Here he and his young wife, Ma- hala, commenced their married life. Daniel was a man of excellent physique (standing six feet and one inch), a good mathematician and penman. In 1813 he was sergeant and clerk of Captain Joseph Syl- vester's company of Massachusetts militia. He was not an aspirant for public favors or political honors, but had served his town in the capacity of treasurer. Seven children were the offspring of their marriage: Daniel S., born November 3, 1813, died July 28, 1818; Mary and Maria, born July 27, 1816 (Mary died August 4, 1816; Maria died March 1, 1853); Love S., born April 30, 1819, now the wife of Rufus K. Stuart, of Belgrade; Julia Ann, born May 7, 1821, died May 12, 1840; George R., born August 31, 1826, and married Dorcas Yeaton, daugh- ter of Richard Yeaton, 2d; Greenlief T., born August 20, 1831. He married Mary Ann Yeaton, a sister to his brother's wife, two indus- trious and economical women. He now resides in Augusta. His per- sonal history and portrait appear at page 92. George R., the present owner of the old homestead, is a hard work- ing, model farmer. In 1864, at the time of our country's greatest need, he left his family, flocks and herds and enlisted in the 5th Bat- tery Mounted Artillery, Maine Volunteers, and served one year, until the close of the war, acting the larger portion of the time as ordnance sergeant. Artillery Brigade 6th Army Corps. In 1866 he was ap- pointed a deputy sheriff for Kennebec county, which office he held for fifteen years, until 1881, when he was elected sheriff of the county, a position he held four years, during which time he resided at Augusta. At the close of his official term of service he returned to the old home- stead in Belgrade. During the negotiation for the purchase of this farm from Boston parties, William Stevens, sen., rode on hor.seback twice from Belgrade TOWN OF BELGRADE. 1029 to Boston and return. In those early days this was the best, most convenient and rapid mode of locomotion. Rufus K. Stuart, born in 1815, is a son of Wentworth and Nancy A. (Page) Stuart, and grandson of Samuel Stuart, of Scarboro, Me. His father came to Belgrade in 1801, and was a farmer. Rufus K. was a farmer until 1861, and since 1862 has been a merchant at Bel- grade Depot. He has been justice of the peace and trial justice for thirty-six years, and has done a considerable probate business. He married Love S., daughter of Daniel Stevens. They have one daugh- ter, Mae (Mrs. Bertrand P. Stuart), and one who died, Flora. Charles W. Stuart, born in 1825, is a son of Wentworth Stuart and half-brother to Rufus K. Stuart. He is a farmer, and since his father's death in 1841 has owned and occupied the homestead farm, where his father settled in 1810. He was fifteen years in mercantile trade with his brother-in-law, W. V. Leonard. He represented his district in the legislature in 1872. He married Miranda Parcher, of Leeds, and they have one son, Bertrand P., who is also a farmer. Joseph Taylor. — Among the old families of Kennebec county that have been closely identified with its development is the Taylor family, of Belgrade hill. It is presumed, as in the case of many of the early set- tlers of the county, that this family came from Cape Cod. The represent- ative of the family in the third generation back of Joseph Taylor was named Elias. He married Maryjohnson. and one of their numerous fam- ily, Samuel Taylor, born August 22, 1769, settled at Belgrade hill at an early day, taking up a large tract of land, and here he passed his days in agricultural pursuits. His wife, Elizabeth, a daughter of Samuel and Elizabeth Crowell, was born October 7, 1772, and died September 8, 1855. Her husband survived her but eight months. Regarding this worthy couple, their son Joseph made the following note in his family Bible: " Having lived in harmony together in wedlock, and in good esteem among men, sixty-three years, eleven months and twenty- three days." This son, Joseph Taylor, was born November 25, 1804. He was educated in the schools of Belgrade and at Bloomfield Academy, and in early life located in his native town, on the farm now owned by Frank Page. On October 22, 1829, he married Phebe, a daughter of Benjamin and Phebe (Shepard) Bowman, who came from Cape Cod to Fairfield, Me. She was born March 27, 1805, and died April 16, 1888. Their children were: Benjamin B., of Fairfield, Me., born November 26, 1830; John C, of Westport, Mass., born July 24, 1832; Joseph S., of Fairfield, born October 5, 1834; Olney, of Park City, Montana, born December 14, 1886; Charles H., of Belgrade, born August 5, 1839; Phebe E. (Mrs. Charles Kimball), of Belgrade, born June 5, 1842, and 65 1030 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Lydia Louise, born June 26, 1850, who, since her father's death, June 28, 1882, has been the owner of the homestead. Here, at North Belgrade, in the summer of 1857, Mr. Taylor erected the substantial stone dwelling which was his home the remainder of his life. Besides being a successful farmer, he took great delight in the cultivation of fruit trees, and with his own hands set out the mag- nificent orchard now owned by his daughter, who inherits to a large extent his executive ability and force of character. She has taken up his work, and, like him, is known far and wide as an extensive and successful orchardist. Joseph Taylor was one of the best known, most influential and highly respected men of his county. He took great interest in the cause of educatio'n, served as supervisor of schools forty years, and taught school forty-three terms. In politics he was a believer in the old-time democratic principles, and was a recognized leader in the democratic party throughout his life. He did much by his strength of character and consistent life toward drawing supporters to that party. He represented his district in the state legislature in 1847 and in 1853. He was a consistent member of the Society of Friends, and was always clad in the humble garments of that sect, uniformly wear- ing his hat when attending meeting or when present at other public gatherings. A man of strong religious convictions, a constant reader of the Bible, of great force of character and of fixed determination, he was known as a man who never swerved from what he believed to be the path of duty. John C. Taylor, born in 1832, is a son of Joseph Taylor. He was a farmer in Belgrade several years, and now has a corn and fruit can- ning factory at Belgrade Depot, that he and his son, Edwin C, oper- ated as J. C. Taylor & Son until the son's death in 1892. Mr. Taylor now resides at Westport, Mass. He married Celia C, daughter of Thomas Eldred. She died leaving three children; Edwin C, Frank E. and Mary. His present wife was Elizabeth A. Slade, of Westport. Charles H. Taylor, son of Joseph Taylor, was born in 1839. He was stone workman for the Maine Central Railroad Company for about twenty years, and since 1876 has been a farmer. He married Lillian G., daughter of William and Fannie (Mills) Eldred, granddaughter of Thomas, and great-granddaughter of William Eldred, of Falmouth, Mass. Their children are: William E. and Fannie L. James Tibbetts, born in 1854, is the only son of Joseph and Olive A. Tibbetts, and grandson of Ephraim Tibbetts. He was educated in the schools of the town and four years at Kents Hill Seminary. He taught a few terms of school, kept store three years, was three years postmaster, tax collector six years, and since January 1, 1880, has been deputy sheriff. His first wife, Florence Clement, left one daugh- ^(//&-J3^A^ ^^'^^ ^C TOWN OF BELGRADE. iUdi ter, M. Pearle. His present wife was vSara, daughter of Jonas Harling. They have one daughter, Marion E. John Tibbetts, jun., born in 1838, is a son of John and Susan (Smith) Tibbetts, and grandson of John Tibbetts. He was four years in the meat business in Boston, but since 1865 has been a farmer, having that year bought of James Minot 170 acres, where he now lives. His first wife was Mary C. Wires. His present wife was Inez E. Tibbetts, by whom he has one daughter, Mabelle, born May 1, 1892. Eugene W. Towle, born in 1855 m Augusta, is a son of John and Caroline (White) Towle. He is a manufacturer of excelsior at Bel- grade Mills. He married Nellie E. Pear.sley, who died leaving one daughter, Nellie. His second wife was Louesa Farnham. They have one daughter. Pearl. Ira B. Tracy, born in 1846, is a son of Christopher and Mary C. (Kelley) Tracy, grandson of Nathaniel, who came to Rome from Dur- ham in 1810, and great-grandson of Solomon and Mary (Getchell) Tracy. Mr. Tracy came to Belgrade Mills from Rome in 1883, and is a .spool maker here. He was selectman two years and town clerk ten years in Rome. He has two brothers — Ansel G. and Charles W. He married Adella Watson, and their children are: Harry L., Minnie O., Lillian M. and Maude S. Hartley S. Wadleigh, farmer, born in 1815, is one of eleven chil- dren of William and Susan (Gould) Wadleigh, and grandson of Dean Wadleigh, who came from New Hampshire to Mt. Vernon. Mr. Wadleigh married Lovina, daughter of Samuel Cram, and their chil- dren are: Alphonso, who died in the late war; Ellen, Althea, Isaac E., Alton M., Frank M. and Emma J. Howard H. Wadleigh, born in 1828, brother of Hartley S., is a farmer on the farm where his father lived from April, 1828, until his death in 1849. His wife survived him nineteen years and died on the same place. Mr. Wadleigh married Nancy A., daughter of Benjamin and Sarah (Lord) Austin. Their living children are: William W., Herbert L., George W., Henry E. and Edwin E.: and they lost three — Victoria, Fred F. and Alice. Thomas C. Wadleigh, born in 1827, another brother of Hartley S., is a farmer. He served in the late war eleven months. His first wife, Clorinda Clifford, died leaving three children: Rosalie, Georgiana and Melvina. His second wife was Betsey Dunn. Their children are: Gorham,' Christopher and Lillie. Gorham B. Wadley, born in Belgrade, is a son of Thomas C. and Betsey (Dunn) Wadleigh, grandson of William, and great-grandson of Dean Wadleigh. Mr. Wadley is a farmer, and in 1892 he bought the hotel and livery business at Readfield Depot. He married Julia, daughter of Lewis B. and Almira (Hunt) Huntoon, of Readfield. 1082 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. John P. Wellman, born in 1811, is the eldest and only surviving- child of John and Lydia (Braley) Wellman, and grandson of Abraham Wellman, who was seven years in revolutionary war, and came to Belgrade from Lyndeboro, N. H., in 1785. Mr. Wellman is a farmer and for forty-five years has run a threshing machine. He married Martha C, daughter of Samuel C. and Nancy (Cowan) Jones, and granddaughter of James C. Jones. Their children have been: John A. (deceased), Samuel C, Martha A. (deceased), Mary J., Lydia E. (de- ceased), William H., Nancy M., Sarah O. (deceased), Justin T. (de- ceased), Owen R., Eugene F. (deceased), Frank R., John Alphonso (deceased) and Lonzo L. C. Marshal Weston, born in 1834, son of Cyrus and Leafy (Wing) Weston, and grandson of William Weston, is a farmer on the place settled originally by Doctor Williams and in 1818 by Cyrus Weston. Mr. Weston has taught several winter terms of school and in addition to town offices has been representative one term and county commis- sioner from 1882 to 1888. He married Sarah A., daughter of Isaac Tucker, and their children are: Joseph P. and Annie L. Charles H. Wyman, born in 1837, is a son of Almond H. (1814- 1867) and Caroline A. (Smith) Wyman, and grandson of David (1780- 1870), who was the youngest son of Simeon Wyman, who came in 1774 from Woburn, Mass., and was the second man to settle in what is now Belgrade. Mr. Wj'man is a farmer on a part of the farm set- tled by his grandfather. He has been selectman since 1876, except three years, and has been chairman of the board twelve years. He married Alice B., daughter of William Mills, of Belgrade. Their children are: Almond P., Charles Prescott, Clinton H., Mary A. and Ralph B. Henry F. D. Wyman, born in 1840, brother of Charles H. Wyman, was educated in the district schools and Belgrade Academy, and is a teacher and farmer. He has been school supervisor and member of the school board for fifteen years. He was a member of the state legislature in 1876. He married Delia A., daughter of Charles B. and H. Eliza (Merrill) Crowell, granddaughter of Joseph, and great- granddaughter of Zadock Crowell, who came here from Cape Cod, Mass. They have had two daughters: Caro E., and one that died, Myrtie D. Charles A. Yeaton, born in 1827, is the second son of Reuben H. (1797-1864) and Hannah (Arnold) Yeaton, and grandson of Paul Yea- ton, who was born in 1763, at Summersworth, N. H., and came to Bel- grade about 1784. His children were: Andrew, who died in infancy; Reuben H., Richard, Paul, Zachariah, Andrew, Henry and Mary. Mr. Yeaton is a farmer and mechanic. He has been town clerk and selectman several terms. His first wife, Sarah J. Goodrich, left five daughters Cora: (Mrs. B. M. Penny), Angle G. (deceased), Orrie J. TOWN OF BELGRADE. 1033 (Mrs. E. L. Yeaton), Agnes (Mrs. Prince Thing) and Edna (Mrs. J. H. Thing). His second wife, Amanda Judkins, left one son, Charles L. Yeaton. E. F. Yeaton, born in 1845, is a son of Paul and Lydia Ann (Good- ridge) Yeaton, and grandson of Paul Yeaton. He is a farmer near where his grandfather settled when he came to Belgrade. His first wife, Fannie S. Haskell, of New Gloucester, Me., died, leaving one daughter, Carrie L. The latter has spent two years ;n Europe com- pleting her musical education, and her future in music promises to be a brilliant one. His present wife is Lillian M. Powers, of Manches- ter, Me. Their children are Paul Murray and Donna Lillian. He is now serving his fourth term as selectman. CHAPTER XL. TOWN OF SIDNEY. Incorporation and Characteristics.— Early Settlers.— Mills and Stores.— Taverns. —Bacon's Corner.— West Sidney.— Pond Road.— Churches.— Burial Places.— Town Business.— Post Offices.— Town Officials for One Hundred Years.— Societies and Organizations. — Personal Paragraphs. SIDNEY, formerly that part of Vassalboro lying west of the Ken- nebec river, was named after Sir Philip Sidney, and incorpo- rated January 30, 1792— the seventy-sixth town in the province of Maine. No equal area of Kennebec county was settled, or enjoyed the benefits of township any earlier, or possessed superior attractions for settlement. After inspecting the adjacent sections on either side, an observer must have been agreeably impressed, then as now, with its comparatively level surface and the infrequency of rugged hills and still more rugged rocks. The soil on the eastern half, that bor- ders the river, is very favorable for cultivation and the production of grain and grass, but not as well adapted to fruit trees as the western half, in which apples are a staple crop. Like most of the Kennebec valley, Sidney's primeval forests were noted for the variety and enormous growth of their trees, which kept its score of early saw mills busy for mere than half a century. The noble river furnished transportation to market for its surplus forest and farm products, not enjoyed by more remote sections — one great secret of its immediate and continued prosperity. The pioneers came as early as 1760. One of the very first was John Marsh, whose grant, dated " Boston the 24th day of June, A.D., 1763," is still in the possession of his great-grandson, Lieutenant Gorham K. Hastings, who owns the old farm, that has never been out of the pos- session of the family. Moses Hastings married Mr. Marsh's only daughter and succeeded him on the farm. The outlines of a block .house and stockade are still very distinct on the bluff a few feet south of Gorham K. Hastings' house. The scattering settlers sometimes took refuge in it for greater security, but there is no account that they were ever attacked by the Indians. Next south of John Marsh was Esquire Abial Lovejoy,a prominent pioneer. When Massachusetts passed the act freeing the slaves, Mr. Lovejoy, who owned several, called two of the oldest — Salem and TOWN OF SIDNEY. lOR.') Venus — and offered them their liberty. Salem replied, " You've hrd all de meat — now pick de bones." Two miles south of this another grant, from the same source as the Marsh grant, was given at the same date to Levi Powers, which estab- lishes him as a pioneer. He sold in 178B to Jethro Gardner, and he sold in 1791 to Anthony Faught, who came from Germany to avoid service in the army. His grandsons, Charles and James Faiight, own the place and have the old grant. The Winslow survey of 1761 covered three ranges of lots along the river, as shown by this sketch map. Each lot was one mile long, and between the ranges were " range ways," reserved for public roads, although for the most part the highways have been located else- where. Early Settlers. — Beginning on the river road at the southern line of the town, many of the old residents were: Reuel and Samuel Howard, Peres Hamlen, Reuben Pinkham and his son Reuben, Fred- erick and Jacob Faught, Deacon Edmond Hayward, David, Elisha and Luther Reynolds, Barnabus Thayer, Benjamin Dyer and his son Jonathan, a surveyor; Colonel William and Deacon Paul Bailey, Jere- miah Thayer and his son Timothy, Benjamin Branch, Eli French, a blacksmith; John Sawtelle, Samuel and James Hutchinson, Daniel Thayer, Edwin Arnold, Stephen and William Lovejoy, Dr. Ambrose Howard, Moses Hastings, Dodivah Townsend, Thadeus Snell, Joseph Clark, Jesse Scudder, David Doe, Daniel Smiley, David Townsend, James Hutchinson, Joseph Cobb, Matthew Lincoln, Bethuel Perry, Levi Moore (whose two sisters married Alexander and William Smiley, and had thirteen children each), Thomas Avery, John and Eben Blaisdell, Charles F. Davies, Theodore and Nathaniel Alerrill, John Bragg, Samuel Springer, Major Brackett, Paul T. Stevens, Flint Barton (who had thirteen boys). Captain Dean Bangs and Peleg Delano. 1036 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Mills and Stores. — Most of the early saw mills were built on or near the river road. The Thayer brook was the most southerly stream affording water power. On its banks were two saw mills, one built and operated by John Sawtelle and his son, Milton, then sold to Peter Sibley, its last owner. The old mill had a long- life, running till 1880. The other mill was nearer the river and was owned by Willard Bailey and John vSawtelle, who had a small ship yard, making schooners of one hundred tons and under — the only boat building done in Sidney. This mill was abandoned before 1840. John Marsh built, in 1763, a saw mill and a grist mill on the east side of the river road, where the Bog brook, since known as the Hast- ings brook, crosses it. These mills were both carried away by a freshet and an ice jam in 1774. Thomas Clark, a pioneer, had two bags of meal in the mill. Despite the warnings of all present, he brought one bag to a place of safety, and then, saying his family needed that grist, -rushed back into the mill just as the resistless tor- rent bore it and him to destruction. Moses Hastings rebuilt them — the grist mill on the south and the saw mill on the north side of the stream — and was the proprietor of both for many years. William Lovejoy, the next owner, sold to Howard & Sawyer, who in 1830 sold to Asa Smiley and Samuel Clark, and they to Oliver Moulton, fhe present owner of the site. About 1835 Smiley & Clark built another grist mill one-fourth of a mile further up the stream, removing the grinding machinery from the old to the new mill. A shingle machine was then placed in the old mill, and the lumber and shingle output of the two mills below the road was heavy. They were both destroyed by fire about 1860. Plaster was ground in the old grist mill, and afterward in the new grist mill. The latter was taken down about 1850. David Buxton, as agent for the Southwicks, of Vassalboro, built, soon after 1800, on the north bank of Hastings brook and the west side of the river road, a tannery, which was enlarged in 1886 by Hiram Pishon. Henry Cutler bought the property in 1844, and it went down on his hands. The last tanning done there was about 1870. A half mile above the river road, on the same stream, Alexander and Joseph Smiley owned a saw mill, on land now belonging to Sum- ner Clark. When this mill was worn out they built another about one hundred rods below, that was used till 1868. On the same dam Daniel Ormsby built a carding and cloth dressing mill, which he sold to Jer- emiah Robinson, and he to William Macartney. It was not operated after 1850. Boots and shoes were made in considerable quantities between 1840 and 1860 in the old tannery, by Dunham & Estes, and later by Abner Piper. At that time nine dwelling houses were filled with op- TOWN OF SIDNEY. 1037 eratives of the different industries, not one of which remains. The school district had then 112 children of school age; it now has ten. The first store on the river road was built here by E. Darwin How- ard and a Mr. Sawyer, who filled it with a large stock of goods. They failed, and were succeeded by Stephen Chase about 1830. Samuel Cutler, who traded there in war times, was the last. The building was afterward used in the tanning business, and is now one of Gorham K. Hastings' stables. Captain James Sherman bought, in 1844, the corner that has long borne his name, and about 1850 built thereon a store, in which Bar- nard Marble traded till 1856. For the next thirty years the captain himself sold goods there. Since 1886 William P. Marble, the present trader, has owned the premises. Bethuel Perry kept a store, before 1840, where A. S. Davenport's house is. Stephen Springer had a store on land now owned by his sons, and Jerry Morrell traded near him, north of the cross road. Both of these had ceased doing business fifty years ago. A.S. Davenport built the store now run by E. R. Libby, in 1888. It is a well-known fact that rum was an important and profitable article sold in the old-time country stores. A store bill made in 1798 and still preserved in Sidney illustrates this fact. The purchaser was a prominent Methodist, who entertained all the ministers. Peleg Delano, a pioneer in the north part of the town, built, on a brook that has ever since been called by his name, a grist mill that did a good business, and was worn out early in the present century. About the same time Joshua Davis had, successively, two saw mills on the same stream, one-fourth of a mile nearer the river, in one of which he was killed in 1809. After these mills had run down, Peleg Delano built on the site of his grist mill a saw mill that was used for years, and then replaced with a new one by his son, Silas Delano, and Ruth- erford Drummond. William Prescott was the last owner of this mill, which ran till about 1850. On the brook near the town farm, and about one fourth of a mile from the river, Levi Moore had a saw mill that had its day and came to grief about 1810. Flint Barton, who came here in 1773, built a sawmill on the stream that has since borne his name. He was a blacksmith, and had in his shop a trip-hammer that was run by water power. These mills were succeeded by a grist mill, from which the stones were removed in 1832. In 1859 Albion K. Barton built on the old dam a grist mill that Paul T. Stevens ran on shares till 1885, when it could pay its way no longer. Flint Barton built, operated and abandoned an ashery before 1830. A shingle mill built by William Goff about 1850, on land now owned by Le Roy Goff, and run for twenty years, was about the last mill building done in Sidney. 1038 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Taverns. — Chief among the longest to be remembered institutions of a new country are its taverns. Here flock the neighbors for the gossip and chat that is always inspired by a sip from the fountain of destructive cheer that gurgles from behind the bar. Here also they come in contact with the great outside world, and gaze at its people and listen to their talk, as stage coach and freight wagon halt for in- dispensable food and rest. And so the tavern becomes the most pub- lic place in town, and within its walls meetings of citizens assemble to do its public business. This was the case in Sidney when, in 1792, the first town meeting gathered at the dwelling house of David Smiley, who kept the first tavern on the river road. It stood across the road and a little north of Mrs. C. C. Hamlen's new farm house. Mr. Smiley died in 1823, and was succeeded by Fletcher, whose hostelry was widely known till about 1850, when the railroad placed most country taverns on the su- perannuated list. Further south on the river road John and Bradford Sawtelle each kept a tavern at different times, and still below them Jonathan Reynolds was a landlord more than fifty years ago. Bacon's Corner took its name from William Bacon, a farmer, trader, tavern keeper and general business man. Following him the storekeepers were: Samuel and Franklin Butterfield, Rufus Daven- port, Nathan Dillingham, William Purrinton, Gilbert Baker, Alpheus Hayward, William Gardiner, Frank Somes, and since 1866 Carlos Hammond, the present merchant. William Bacon and John Ham were tavern keepers, Seth Robinson was a blacksmith, wagon maker and painter; William Ham was a shoemaker, and Libni Kelley was an ingenious jeweller. Some of the old families in this section have been: Isaac Stedman, John and Jonathan Matthews, Joshua and William Ellis, Moses Var- num, Jeremiah Blaisdell, John and Ahasueras Dutton, James Shaw, who came in 1804; John Linscott, James Faught, John and Abraham Pinkham, Eben Matthews, Moses and Nathaniel Reynolds and Wil liam Chamberlin. On the brook just north of the Centre, Nathan Blackman and Jo- seph H. Field built, soon after 1820, a saw mill, and twenty-five years later a grist mill, both of which they operated till about 1855, when Abial and Alfred Bacon bought the property. A few years later Silas L. Waite purchased the mills which, after having long been a good investment, ceased to be profitable about 1880. The site and the old hulks still belong to the Waite family. Two miles from Bacon's Cor- ner was an early saw mill run by Mr. Barnard. Near Bacon's Corner James Ham had, on land now owned by John F. Bailey, a tannery that was discontinued in 1840, and at West Sid- ney, contemporary with this, Timothy Woodward owned a tannery where Lewis Woodward lives. At about the same period an ashery TOWN OF SIDNEY. 1039- was running at West Sidney, on the farm now the residence of Jona- than M. Ballard, and another at Bacon's Corner, built and owned by William Bacon. Eben M. Field traded in a part of what is now Reuel Field's house in the fifties. Good brick clay is so abundant in Sidney that wherever brick were wanted for one or more buildings in times past, when wood for burn- ing them was always at haad,they were made in that locality. So we find that they were made on the Marsh-Hastings farm, on the^Lovejoy farm, on the Faught farm, and in 1860 on the Bailey farm, by Nathaniel Chase, who took them on a flat boat to the Augusta market. About ten rods west of Paul T. Stevens' house excellent brick were made before 1800, and later Daniel Abbott had a tan-yard there. The early farmers planted orchards and raised apples, built cider mills and filled their cellars, and sometimes themselves, with the cheerful juice. Cider mills were more common fifty years ago than now. West Sidney had in early times, owing largely to the stage route from Augusta to Farmington, the largest settlement and the nearest approach to a village in the town, before or since. It had the earliest stores and was the trading point for the thrifty farmers on the pond road, and for bordering sections of Augusta, Readfield and Belgrade. James Shorey was the first trader, succeeded by: Jeremiah Robin- son, Stephen A. Page, Nathan Sanders, Enos Cummings, George Hoyt, E. L. Davis, Joseph F. and B. L. Woodward and Jacob C. Gordon — the latter and Mrs. Albert Smith being the present traders. Its tav- erns were kept by John Partridge, Jesse Philbrick, Holmes Tilson,. and later by his sons, Anson and Jason, Jerry Robinson. Moses Bal- lard, Jonathan Palmer and Joseph Haines. John F. Bailey kept tav- ern for twenty-five years where his son, Adelbert H., now lives, south, of Bacon's Corner. Jerry Robin.son and George Clifford were black- smiths, and John Hurd was a cooper fifty years ago. Pond Road. — The first settler on the pond road, and one of the first in town, was Moses Sawtelle, on the farm Everett Tilson now owns. It is said that he had grants for three quarter sections of land, to be paid for in a certain number of pounds, and so many coon skins, " taken as they run." His seven sons settled near him, and a distant relative, John Sawtelle, who came about the same time he did and raised a family on the Pond road. This accounts for the frequency of the name in Sidney. Some of the old residents in the western part of the town were: Deacon William Ward and his father, Timothy Woodward, Richard Robin.'^on and his sons Joseph and Gideon, Daniel and Asa Wilbur, Paul and Elijah Hammond, John Jackson, Isaac Cowan, John, Ebenezer and Asa Trask, Joseph Nash, Ezekiel Farrington, Benjamin Grover, Nehemiah Longley, Balkam, Samuel Smith, Joseph Abbott. I(y40 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Jotham Allen, Thomas and Dennis Bowman, Esquire Stephen Jewell, Japheth Beale, Daniel Tiffany and Willoughby Taylor. Mrs. Phebe (Sawtelle) Ellis, born in 1797, and a great-granddaughter of Moses Sawtelle, is the oldest person in town, and the next two are Paul T. Stevens and Nathan Taylor, each of whom is ninety-one. Several of the men whose names are given settled and always lived in the middle part of the town, which has been equally productive as the two sides. East of the Centre the Bowman Brothers, mentioned at page 223, have the largest nursery in Kennebec county, making a specialty and a success of apple tree stock, of which they have a dozen acres. Churches. — The first religious organization in Sidney was formed in the southwest part of the town, in 1791, by the Calvinistic Baptists, who named their church Second Vassalboro. Asa Wilbur and Lemuel Jackson, then local preachers, were the leaders. The former became the pastor in 1796, and in 1808 he represented the town in the general court of Massachusetts. The church was diminished in 1806, when nineteen members left to form the Second Bapti.st church, and was increased by a revival in 1811. After a thirty-three years' pastorate, Asa Wilbur left the church in 1829 with no minister. In 1843 a new organization was effected by Joseph and Enos Cummings, Asa, William and David T. Ward, and Paul Harmon and their wives, Abigail Bean and others. But three of the original members were living in 1892. The ministers have been: Elders Case, Powers, Walter Foss, William Ward, William Til- ley, S. G. Sargent and Enos Cummings. Meetings were held in school houses till, in 1840, the present church was built. Services were main- tained a part of each year — usually through the warm weather. A powerful revival in 1805, under the preaching of Rev. Asa Wil- bur, resulted in the formation of a second Baptist church, February 7, 1806. The organization was perfected at the house of Benjamin Dyer, on the river road, and signed by seventeen members: Nathaniel Reynolds, jun., Edmund Hayward, Asa Williams, Benjamin Dyer, John Sawtelle, Charles Webber, jun., Henry Babcock, Mary Matthews, Mary Reynolds, Jemima Dyer, Mercy Matthews, Thankful Faught, Elizabeth Andrews, Eunice Williams, Abigail Tuttle, Sarah Ingraham and Susanna Hayward. Rev. Joseph Palmer in 1809 was the first pastor. He left in 1812, and Rev. Ezra Going in 1826 came next, succeeded by Lemuel Porter, a student in Waterville College, in 1831. In January of this year the old church was dissolved and a new church was formed at John Saw- telle's house. The movement was in no sense a disagreement, but a harmonious step for the common good. The names on the new church roll consisted of eighteen males and twenty females. Asa Williams, James Smiley and Paul Baile}' were chosen deacons. TOWN OF SIDNEY. 1041 The first meeting house was built in 1821 by John Sawtelle, Dr. Ambrose Howard, Paul Bailey, James Shaw and Jonathan Matthews, who furnished the money and sold the pews for their pay. It stood on John Sawtelle's land, and was used for meetings till the present church was built. In 1860 Bradford vSawtelle bought the pewholders' rights and moving it a few rods back from the old spot, converted it into a barn. The Baptist meeting house now in use, standing on the river road three miles north of the old one, and on the corner of the Sawtelle cross road, was built in 1844, to be nearer the center of the society. One of the first preachers in the old house was Elder Kane, of Clinton, succeeded by Elder Bradford. Elders Sumner Estes, Arthur Drink- water, C. E. Harden and William Tilley have been regular preachers since. Theological students from Bates College have supplied the pupit for some years a part of the time. The present supply is George Hamlen, who has always lived on the river road, and is a Bates student. The society at one time owned a parsonage, which was sold after standing empty for a long time. Methodism was first preached and planted in Sidney by its great apostle, Jesse Lee, January 29, 1794. This town was first included in the Readfield circuit, but no preacher's name is recorded who visited Sidney regularly till 1809, when Ebenezer F. Newell, then in charge of Hallowell circuit, came here to preach, and became acquainted with Miss Nancy Butterfield. The itinerant liked the young lady and the people, and ministered to his double charge with promptness and manifitst acceptance. In the course of time Ebenezer and Nancy took matrimonial vows, and Sidney lost them both. The society built the meeting house still in use at Bacon's Corner in 1815, and must have prospered, for in 1828 Japheth Beale and Ste phen Jewett built for the trustees of the Methodist society another and the largest house of worship ever in town. These trustees were: Ezekiel Robinson, Japheth Beale, Nathaniel Stedman, Carey Ellis, Oliver Parsons and Stephen Springer. The builders expected to sell pews enough to fully repay their investment, but never did. The year 1845 seems to have been a season of great church enter- prise in the center of the town. The Universalists built there that year, and by a combined movement of the other societies the large Methodist church was moved over a mile to the center, and reopened as a union meeting house. Stephen Jewett and Moses Frost were act- ive in the change. The land the house was originally built on is now a part of George Bowman's nursery farm, and the spot it now occupies was deeded to the pew owners by Joseph and Thomas J. Grant in 1846, to revert to the original owners when no longer used for religious purposes. Different denominations used the union house till ab ou 1042 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. 1880, since which the Grant heirs have claimed and taken possession of the church. Sidney first appears on the minutes in 1829, when E. Robinson was the preacher in charge, followed by: C. Mugford, 1831; S. P. Blake, 1832; M. Ward, 1833; M. Wight, 1835; and A. Heath in 1836. From 1837 to 1845 Sidney and Fairfield were put together; then, after being a separate charge for two years, it was united to Readfield till 1850, when it again became a separate charge till 1860. For the next twelve years Sidney and North Augusta were united, and the meet- ing house and parsonage at Bacon's Corner were used. The parson- age was burned in 1873, and the same year Sidney disappears from the minutes. Some of the preachers in charge from 1837 to 1873 were: Z. Man- ter, 1844; John Young, 1845; Joseph Gerry, 1846; D. Hutchinson, 1847; John Allen, 1848; T. Hill, 1850; W. M. Wyman, 1853; T. J. True, 1855; M. Wight, 1858; T. Whittier, 1859; A. C. Trafton, 1861; J. W. Hatha- way, 1862-3; Nathan Andrews, 1857 and 1865; Joseph P. Weeks, 1866-7; John M. Howes, 1868; F. E. Emerick, 1869, and A. W. Water- house, from 1870 to 1873. Since 1874 the Methodist society in this town has been known on the minutes as North Sidney, and has been connected with Oakland. Meetings were held in school houses till 1882, when the present meet- ing house was erected on Tiffany hill. N. C. Clifford was pastor from 1874 to 1877; F. W. Smith, 1878; J. E. Clark, 1880; M. E. King, 1882; C. E. Springer, 1884: C. Munger, 1885; W. Carham, 1886; H. Chase, 1887, and A. Hamilton, from 1888 to 1892. Rev. Henry S. Loring, a Congregationalist, has been preaching in the old Methodist church at Bacon's Corner for the past year, greatly to the satisfaction of the people in that section. The Freewill Baptists, who had a society and preachers for a num- ber of years previous, reorganized in 1844 with a membership of about fifty. James Grant and John Bragg were the first deacons. After meeting in different school houses, they were able in 1852 to build their meeting house, which stands on the pond road, at the junction of the cross road running to Bacon's Corner. One of their old-time preachers was Thomas Tylor. A colored revivalist named Foy was useful and popular for awhile. Some of the more recent preachers and pastors have been: Elders JoelSpaulding, Selden Bean, Man- son, Bates and George Brown. The present membership is twenty-five, but no regular services have been held for a year past. A Freewill Baptist church was organized on the banks of a stream on Esquire Charles Davis' farm, where the society had gathered to baptize, in June, 1839. Ebenezer Blaisdell (who was the first deacon), Columbia Bowman, Lydia B. Blaisdell, Nancy Bowman, and William Joy and wife were some of the foremost members, who numbered TOWN OF SIDNEY. 1043 eleven in all. The society was at first called the Second Sidney, and the meetings alternated between the Delano and the Bowman school houses. Daniel B. Lewis was the first preacher, followed by Stephen Russell for twenty-two years, and later by Stephen Page. This soci- ety, many of whose members resided in Oakland, built a meeting house in that town in 1860, where their .services have since been held. The First Universalist Society of Sidney was organized at the town hall June 21, 1840, by the following persons: Dodivah Townsend, Nathan Sawtelle, jun., Sumner Smiley, Albert Mitchell, Samuel Rob- inson, Silas Kinsley, Sumner Dyer, Newton Reynolds, Asa Heath, Asa Townsend, Daniel D. Dailey, Silas L. Wait, Orren Tallmann, Mulford Baker, Beriah Ward, Jonathan Davenport, Abial Abbott, Albert B. Pishon and Ambrose H. Bartlett. They built their meeting house, now standing at Sidney Centre, in 1845, and held services regularly for many years. One of their preachers was W. A. P. Dillingham, who died here. Meetings are still held most of the time through the warm weather each year. John H. Field has been church clerk for the past twenty years. Although never regularly organized, the Spiritualists have held numerous public meetings in Sidney, chiefly through the efforts of Hon. Martin L. Reynolds. Burial Places. — North Sidney Cemetery was originally a burial place, six by seven rods in extent, deeded to the Quakers in early times for £1. In 1873 Paul T. Stevens, Marcellus and Elestus Springer, Charles and Edmund Merrill, and eight others were incorporated into the present association, which has enlarged and beautified this attract- ive and sightly ground overlooking the river, so well adapted for the uses to which it is dedicated. Near Bacon's Corner is a small public cemetery containing the Lovejoy tomb. On C. H. Smiley's farm is a private ground belonging to the Smiley family; on George Barton's farm is the Barton tomb, and the Sawtelle family ground is on Am- brose Sawtelle's farm. The oldest burying ground in Sidney is situated on the bank of the river, one-fourth of a mile below Hasting's brook, and is known as the Old Plain. It was established on the Abial Lovejoy farm, and is thought to hold the remains of over one hundred pioneers. That part of it that has not been plowed shows plainly the forms of many graves and has one shattered slate-stone slab, inscribed " Elizabeth Milliner — 1785." James Sherman afterward owned a part of the Lovejoy farm, on another part of which he established a family burial place. A public graveyard still in use was given to school district No. 1 in early times, by Deacon Edmond Hayward and David Reynolds. Near No. 3 school house is a neighborhood ground. The Sawtelle burying ground on the pond road was established by Moses Sawtelle long before 1800. The ground was enlarged and 1044 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. fenced in 1892. One mile south of this, Nehemiah Longley gave land for the yard that bears his name. Still another mile south Isaac Cowan gave the ground known by his name. The Getchell yard, an- other mile south on the same road, was given by John Jackson. West Sidney Cemetery was laid out about 1840, on David Bean's land. It has since been organized as a company. The Tiffany burying ground was given by the late Judge Samuel Titcomb's father. The Drum- mond private yard is on Rutherford Drummond's farm, Vang's ground is on James Minot's farm, and the Bowman family ground is on Isaac Bowman's farm. Town Business. — The annual report shows that for the year end- ing February 10, 1892, the town raised and expended for schools, $1,500; for highways, $2,000; to defray town charges, $1,200; for memo- rial day, $25; and for town fair, $25. In 1892 the town voted to change from the district to the town system in the management of the schools. The number of districts has been reduced from eighteen to fourteen, on account of the small number of scholars, of whom there were 333 in the town who drew public money in 1891. The ferries over the river at Vassalboro and at Riverside are not self-supporting, and are in charge of the two towns, who pay deficiencies each year, Sidney's tax in 1891 being $127.84. The town has for many years owned a poor farm, where a few indigent persons are kindly provided for. The town house at the Centre was ordered to be built at a cost of $500 by the town meeting of 1825, and was erected and ready for use the next year. Sidney contains 20,000 acres, of which but a small proportion is waste land. Her only ponds. Ward and Lilly, have a small area, leaving a large acreage for cultivation. Her decrease in valuation and in population for the past forty years has been a less percentage than that of any rural town in the county. In 1890 her valuation was $592,123; in 1880, $579,764; in 1870, $649,582; and in 1860 it was $508,912. Her population in 1890 was 1,334; in 1880, 1,396; in 1870, 1,471; in 1860, 1,784; and in 1850 it was 1,955. Post Offices. — The post office records, giving dates of establish- ment and the successive appointments, and the civil lists, telling ex- actly Avho have been entrusted with official duties for the past one hundred years, will repay careful reading. The post office at Sidney was established March 24, 1813, with Ste- phen Springer postmaster. He was succeeded in August, 1824, by Crosby Barton; June, 1830, Isaac Fletcher; June, 1844, William Tilley; January, 1846, Luther Sawtelle; June, 1853, Barnard Marble, jun.; Feb- ruary, 1856, James Sherman; March, 1860, Henry R. Smiley; August, 1861, James Sherman; July, 1888, William P. Marble; January, 1887, Simon C. Hastings; and June, 1889, William P. Marble, who keeps the office in his store. TOWN OF SIDNEY. 1045 A post office was established in North Sidney January 7, 1854, with John Merrill postmaster. He filled the office until August, 1867, when Stephen Springer was appointed; June 1, 1883, he was succeeded by James D. Bragg, and the 2Sth of the same month Theodore D. Mer- rill was appointed: March, 1887, Emily Merrill, and March, 1888, James D. Bragg, who keeps the office at his house on the river road. The post office known as Centre Sidney was established December 6, 1827. The first postmaster, Rufus Davenport, served until July, 1833, when he was succeeded by Moses Frost. The .succeeding post- masters have been: Elisha Clark, appointed in June, 1837; Daniel L. Purinton, July, 1846; Charles H. Prescott, April, 1849; Alpheus S. Hay- ward, November, 1849; John S. Cushing, February, 1860; Jethro Weeks, October, 1871: Andrew H. Gardner, October, 1871; Charles E. Tilton, January, 1872; Adelbert H. Bailey, February, 1873; Seth Rob- inson, March, 1878: and Laura A. Hammond, May, 1883, who keeps the office in the store of her husband at Bacon's Corner. Eureka post office, established September 3, 1879, was discontinued November, 1886. Nathan W. Taylor was the first postmaster. The office was reestablished March 19, 1887, with the same postmaster, who served until September 4, 1889, when Charles H. Burgess, who lives on the middle road, was appointed. Lakeshore post office, on the pond road, was established April 10, 1891. Martha L. Bacon, the first postmistress, was succeeded in May, 1892, by Moses Z. Sawtelle. The West Sidney post office, established December 16, 1831, with Anson Tilson postmaster, was discontinued April 23, 183.'); reestab- lished September, 1836, and Jesse L. Philbrick appointed postmaster. His successors have been: David Robinson, June 1838; Calvin M.Saw- yer, October, 1851; Thomas Cummings, January, 1852; Calvin M. Saw- yer, October, 1852; David Robinson, December, 1853; the office was discontinued December, 1856, and reestablished April, 1857, with David Robinson again in charge; discontinued June, 1861, reestab- lished February, 1865, with Evander L. Davis as po.stmaster; Renah L. Woodward succeeded him in May, 1868; office again discontinued Oc- tober, 1869, reestablished January 5, 1872, with Jacob C. Gordon as postmaster. This office has had a singular experience, being discon- tinued four times for want of a proper person to run it. The receipts were too small for profit and the honor was too small for glory. West Sidney is one of the few ideal places where the office seeks the man. Town Officials for One Hundred Years. — The selectmen of Sidney have been first elected in the years indicated, and the figures show the terms of service, when more than one: 1792, Flint Barton, 4, Moses Hastings, 2, Moses Sawtelle; 1793, Samuel Tiffany, 2, Levi Moore, Benjamin Dyer, 5; 1795, Ichabod Thomas, 5, Nathan Sawtelle, 1046 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. William Smiley; 1796, John Woodcock, 11, Samuel Dinsmore, 4, Tim- othy Reynolds; 1798, Obadiah Longley, 11, David Reynolds; 1799, Daniel Tiffany, 7, Silas Hoxie, 10; 1802, David Smiley; 1803, Jonas Saw- telle, 2; 1805, Ambrose Howard, 11, Isaac Hoxie, 2; 1809, Edmond Barton, 2; 1810, Elisha Barrows; 1811, Eliphalet Britt; 1812, Peres Hamlin, Thomas S. Farrington; 1813, Seneca Stanley; 1814, Asa Ab- bott, 2; 1816, Paul Bailey, 2; 1818, Stephen Springer, 2; 1821, Nathaniel Dyer; 1822, James Smiley, 4, Nathaniel Merrill, 3; 1825, Bethuel Perry, 7; 1826, Samuel Butterfield, 8; 1829, James Shaw, 6; 1831, Abial Abbott; 1832, Paul Hammond, Daniel Tiffany, jun., 5; 1833, Asa Smiley, 18, William Prescott, 3; 1836, Joseph Hitchins, 2; 1837, Gideon Wing, 13; 1839, Barnabas D. Howard, 2; 1842, George Longley, John Merrill, 14; 1845, Elijah Sawtelle; 1850, Charles W. Longley, 2; 1853, Greenlief Low; 1854, Bradford Sawtelle, 3; 1855, Hosea Blaisdell, Paul Wing, 6; 1856, Stephen Ward; 1857, James Sherman, 4, Jonas Butter- field, 10; 1858, T. D. Merrill, 2; 1859, Charles W. Coffin, 5; 1860, Silas L. Waite; 1861, Benjamin F. Folger, 3; 1862, Elbridge G. Morrison; 1864, William A. Shaw, 12; 1868, Alonzo Davies, 2; 1870, Charles C. Hamlen, 6; 1871, Lawriston Guild, 3, Greenleaf Barton, 2, Charles H. Lovejoy, 12; 1873, William A. Tanner, 2; 1876, Henry A. Baker, Jonas M. Hammond, 4; 1867, Loren B. Ward, 5; 1880, George T. Bowman, 2; 1882, D. R. Townsend, 2; 1883, Martin L. Reynolds, 5, A. T. Clark, 8; 1887, D. H. Goodhue, 2; 1889, Gorham K. Hastings; 1890, Fred E. Blake, 3; and in 1891, Charles H. Kelley, 2. The successive town clerks have been: Ichabod Thomas, 1792; Thomas Smiley, 1794; Ebenezer Bacon, jun., 1796; Ichabod Thomas, 1798; William Goodhue, 1812; Ichabod Thomas, 1813; Daniel Tiffany, 1816; John Woodcock, 1817; Ambrose Howard, 1822; Samuel Butter- field, 1824; Abial Abbott, 1831; Samuel Butterfield, 1832; Nathaniel Sherman, 1837; John B. Clifford, 18.39; Daniel S. Purinton, 1841; Asa S. Townsend, 1846; A. S. Hayward, 1853; E. F. Clark, 1857; E. P. Shaw, 1859; Reuel Field, 1864; J. C.Grant, 1865; J. S. Grant, 1866; T. J. Grant, 1872; J. H. Field, 1873; J. S. Grant, 1880, and Fred E. Blake since March, 1885. David Smiley was the first town treasurer; John Woodcock was elected in 1793; Isaac Cowan m 1796; Ebenezer Bacon, 1798; Ichabod Thomas, 1799; Flint Barton, 1801; Ichabod Thomas, 1802; Benjamin Dyer, 1803; Ichabod Thomas, 1804; Benjamin Dyer, 1805; Daniel Tif- fany, 1812; Isaac Steadman,1820; Daniel Tiffany, 1823; Samuel Butter- field, 1824; John Woodcock, 1826; Theodore Merrill, 1828; Elisha Clark, 1840; John Sawtelle, 1841; Paul Hammond, 1842; Elisha Clark, 1845; Paul Hammond, 1847; Frederick R. Sherman, 1857; Carlos Hammond, 1862; R. D. Smiley, 1864; Carlos Hammond, 1865; Charles E. Avery, 1869; W. A. Tanner, 1871; F. R.Sherman, 1874; Carlos Ham- mond, 1875; Howard B. Wyman, 1877; Carlos Hammond, 1880; J. F. TOWN OF SIDNEY. 1047 Warren, 1881; Howard B. Wyman, 1883; Fred E. Blake, 1887; Carlos Hammond, 1889; Thomas S. Benson, since March, 1891. Societies and Organizations.— The Sidney Agricultural Fair was inaugurated by the Grangers in 1885. Two years later the gener- al public were invited to participate, which they have continued to do with great zeal from that time to this. Yearly fairs are held at the town house, whose specially strong points have been in fruit and in working cattle; seventy-five j^oke of the latter, driven in one continu- ous line, were shown one year. George F. Bowman has been presi- dent and Martin L. Reynolds secretary since 1887. Pleasant Hill Lodge, No. 266, I. O. G. T., was organized December 16, 1884. Theodore W.- Longley was W. C. T.; Mary E. Longley, W. V. T., and Maud C. Young, secretary. Clinton H. Goodhue is the present W. C. T. and George W. Manter is secretary. This Lodge, with about thirty members, bought, repaired and now own their hall. Juvenile Temple of Good Templars, known as Recruits, No. 13, was organized June 5, 1886, with twelve charter members, of whom Merton J. Jackson was C. T. and Susie M. Drummond was secretary. This society also meets in Good Templars' Hall, which is situated on Tiffany hill, near the Methodist church. Rural Lodge, No. 53, F. & A. M., was instituted April 25, 1827. After a few years, during which time the master's chair was filled by Ezra Going, Willard Bailey, John F. Bailey and James Shaw, the charter was surrendered. On the petition of fourteen Masons, half of them members of the old Lodge, the charter was restored May 7, 1863. Since then William A. Shaw, Ezra D. Trask, George W. Reynolds, Charles T. Hamlen, Gorham K. Hastings, Simon C. Hastings and Na- than A. Benson have been masters of the Lodge. The Masonic hall at the Centre was built in 1887 and was dedicated in January follow- ing. It cost $900 and is a credit to the enterprise of Rural Lodge, which now numbers forty-eight members. The meetings under the first organization were held in the upper story of Howard & Sawyer's store, at Hasting's stream, on the river road. Sidney Grange, No. 194, P. of H., was organized November 24, 1875, with twenty-five charter members. Charles T. Hamlen was the first master, and his successors have been: Gorham K. Hastings, A. H. Bailey, A. A. Benson, Ambrose Sawtelle, George Bowman, L. G. Tilley, B. F. Hussey and William Lovejoy. The Grange own their capacious hall, and with 160 members are in a healthy, growing con- dition. The Joseph W. Lincoln Women's Relief Corps, auxiliary to the G. A. R., was organized July 29, 1890. Vileda A. Bean, Ellen S. Ben- son and sixteen other charter members chose Etta Herrin president; Annie Field, S.V.P.; Dora Sawtelle, J.V.P., and Bemetta L.Benson, secretary. This organization, so creditable to the women of Sidney, is 1048 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. assiduously raising funds, which, with the labors of its twenty-four ■members, are freely given to the charitable objects of the G. A. R. Post. Sidney Mutual Fire Insurance Company was organized in June, 1856. Paul Hammond, Alpheus Hayward and Paul T. Stevens were its most active founders. Each person gave a note for four per cent, on the amount for which they were insured and paid four per cent, of the note to meet current expenses. Losses by fire were paid by assessment on the notes. Strange as it may seem, there was no loss by fire for eighteen years. In 1873 Paul Wing had a $2,000 fire, and then the fires became so frequent that the members tired of meeting assessments and, after paying all losses, surrendered their charter in 1879. PERSONAL PARAGRAPHS. Frank Abbott, farmer, born in 1853, is a son of John B. and Alice (Webber) Abbott, grandson of John (1783-1871), and great-grandson of Joseph Abbott (1743-1833), who came from Lincoln, Mass., to Sid- ney in 1804, and bought one thousand acres of land on the Pond road, near where George D. Swift now lives. Mr. Abbott married Olive S. W., daughter of Samuel Clark. Dea. Paul Bailey, a native of Connecticut, came to Sidney, where lie raised six children: Laura, Vesta, Betsey, Eliza, Willard and John Flavel. The last mentioned was born in 1800, married Aurilla Saw- telle and had four children, of whom two sons are now living: George H. and Adelbert H. The latter was in California from 1863 to 1867, since which time he has been a farmer. Since his father's death in 1880 he has owned and occupied the homestead. Jonathan M. Ballard, born in Augusta in 1823, is a son of Ephraim and Augusta (Wall) Ballard, and grandson of Jonathan Ballard. In September, 1838, he entered the United States navy as an apprentice, and after four years became mate, and after 1847 he was a gunner. He was retired November 28, 1885. He has lived in Sidney since 1868. He married Margaretta Blight, of Brooklyn, N. Y., daughter of John Blight, U. S. N. Their children were: Ephraim, Elizabeth A., Hattie M., William Y., Harry (deceased) and John B. Turner A. Barr, born in 1850, in Athens, Me., is a son of Luther and Abigail (Turner) Barr, and grandson of David Barr. He is a farmer on the farm which his father bought in 1858 of Enoch Swift, and where he lived until his death in 1885. Mr. Barr married Laura A., daughter of Rufus Swift. Their two children are Guy T. and Florence S. Flint Barton, born in Sutton, Mass., in 1749, came to Sidney in 1773, where he died in 1833. His wife was Lydia Crosby, and their twelve sons were: Edmund, Crosby, Amos, Jonah, Otis, Persis, Al- TOWN OF SIDNEY. 1049 fred, Rufus, Franklin, Anson, Dean and Stephen. x\nson, born in 1799, married Rhoda Sisson, and of their thirteen children seven ar^ now living. The fourth, Greenleaf, born in 1831, occupies the home- stead of his father and a part of the place originally settled by his grandfather, who was a miller, blacksmith and farmer. James H. Bean, born in 1833, in Mt. Vernon, is a son of Neal Bean. He began at sixteen to learn the wagon maker's trade, and he now carries it on in connection with blacksmithing and farming in Sidnej'. He has been treasurer of Sidney Grange, P. of H., since its organiza- tion. He married Vileda A., daughter of Gerry Graves, and their children are: Emma (Mrs. J. S. Smiley), Flora M. and Blanche E. Mark'Beane, son of Joseph and Mary (Gowan) Beane, was born in 1834, at Sanford, Me., and came to Sidney in 1862, where he has been a farmer. He married Laura C., daughter of Joseph and Judith (Lewis) Smiley, and granddaughter of Alexander Smiley. They have one daughter, Jennie B., who married Benjamin F. Hussey. Mr. Hussey, a native of Vassalboro, is a farmer, and since his marriage has lived with Mr. Beane. Thomas S. Benson, born in 1842, is a son of Elias T. and Azubah (Stevens) Benson, and grandson of Nathan Benson. He served in the late war thirty-four months in Company A, 20th Maine. He lived eight years in Augusta, and since 1876 he has been a farmer in Sid- ney. He has been deputy sheriff six years. He married Alice M., daughter of John B. and Alice (Webber) Abbott. Albert H. Black, born in 1840, in McDonough, N. Y., is a son of John D. and grandson of Edmund Black, who went from Palermo, Me., to New York state in 1820. Mr. Black came to Sidney in 1863, where he has been a farmer. For the past sixteen years he has been engaged in manufacturing cider vinegar, and in 1891 made ten thou- sand gallons. He is largely engaged in apple culture and some sea- sons buys large quantities for the market, and also deals in other farm products. He married Anna N., daughter of Moses Dyer. Their children are: Cora A. (Mrs. Ernest A. Sibley), Gertrude M., Alberta F. and Leland A. H. Fred E. Blake, son of William P. Blake, of Oakland, was born there March 12, 1851, came to Sidney in 1874, and is a farmer on the Dodivah Townsend homestead, later owned and occupied by Rev. W. A. P. Dillingham. He married May, daughter of Wyman Richard- son, and they have two sons: Cecil E. and Clyde G. Thomas Bowman came from England with his father,- Thomas, settled in Massachussets, and later came to Sidney. His children were : Elias, Dennis, David, Thomas, Abial, Orrin, John, Daniel, Peggy and Deborah. From these eight sons descended the Bowman families of this part of the county. Dennis married Jennie Cottle and had eleven children. David G., their third son, born in 1814, 1050 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. married Caroline, daughter of Winthrop Hig-ht, and they had four children : Jennie, Winthrop H., M. D., vScott (deceased), and Leslie E. The last named is a farmer in Sidney. He married Rose, daughter of John Reynolds, and they have two children : Blanche H. and Winthrop H. M. Isaac Bowman, son of Dennis and Jennie (Cottle) Bowman, was born April 11, ISOS, was a farmer, and owned and occupied the farm settled by his grandfather, Thomas Bowman, when he came to the town. It is on this farm that the family burying lot is. Since his death. May 16, 1890, his widow and eldest son have carried on the farm. He married Phebe, daughter of Benjamin and Alice (Adams) Richards. Of their eight children five are now living: Olive, Isaac N., Howard R., Henry Augustus and William E. George F. Bowman, born in 1840, is one of two sons of Dennis and Sophronia (Richards) Bowman, and grandson of Dennis and Jennie (Cottle) Bowman. Mr. Bowman is a farmer, and in company with his brother, Frank, carries on an extensive nursery business. He married Jennie, daughter of David Bowman, and they have two sons: Fred R. (a physician) and Arthur W. Henry Augustus Bowman, farmer, son of Isaac Bowman, was born in 1847, and married Albina S., daughter of George and Lydia (Wil- bur) Bowman, and granddaughter of Elias Bowman. Their children are: Maurice H., Alton, and two that died — Nora and Edna. Nelson Bowman, son of David and Hannah (Cottle) Bowman, was born in 1820, and is a farmer on the homestead of his father. He married Julia, daughter of Thomas and Nancy (Cottle) Bowman. Their only son, Martin, is deceased. James D. Bragg, born in 1821, is a son of John and Betsey (Smith) Bragg, and grandson of John and Molly (Brann) Bragg. Mr. Bragg is a farmer on the place formerly occupied by his father and grand- father. He has been postmaster at North Sidney since March, 1888. He married Mrs. Sarah A. Bragg, daughter of Thomas J. and Abigail T. (Remmick) Grant, and granddaughter of Joseph Grant. Their children are : Evan H. and Mary G. Caleb S. Bragg, son of John and Betsey (Smith) Bragg, born in Sidney in 1824, went west when young, and has for many years been an active member of the firm of Van Antwerp, Bragg & Co., the most extensive publishers of school books in the world. This firm is now a member of the corporation of publishers known as The Am- erican Book Company, of which Mr. Bragg is president of the board of directors. Silas W. Bragg, born in 1833, is the ninth son of Shubael and Thankful (Dinsmore; Bragg, and grandson of John Bragg, and is a farmer on the homestead of his father. His first marriage was with TOWN OF SIDNEY. 1051 Sophronia Bowman, who died leaving four children : Ida, Edward, Westley and Alvah. His present wife was Belinda Thomas. Charles H. Burgess, harness maker and farmer, born in 1861, is the only son of William M. and Abigail H. (Reynolds) Burgess. He has been postmaster at Eureka since October, 1889, succeeding Nathan W. Taylor, who had kept the office since it was first established. Mr. Burgess married Susie B., daughter of Daniel Houghton. Then- children are : Minnie A., Edna M., William H. and Ina M. James B. Clark, youngest of seven children of Thomas and Ruth (Cain) Clark, and grandson of Joseph Clark, was born in 1854, and owns a part of the farm originally settled by his great-grandfather, Thomas Clark. He married Hannah, daughter of Abijah Tufts. Their children are : A. Logan and Clyde. Thomas Clark, a native of England, came to Sidney from New Hampshire, and was drowned while yet a young man. His eldest son, Joseph, married Sally Pillsbury, and their children were: Thomas, Joseph, Samuel, Jerome, William L., Sally, Almira, John and Samuel. William L., the only survivor of the family, born in 1818, married Lucinda, daughter of David Cain. She was born in 1823, and died leaving four children ; Josephine M. (Mrs. A. B. Elliott), Sewall A., George E. and William A. Sewall A. married Emma, daughter of David S. Whitehouse, and their children are : Amy M., Cecil W. and Lena C. Charles S. Cowan, born in 1830, is a son of Alfred and Tryphena (Stewart) Cowan, and grandson of Isaac Cowan. He went to Iowa in 1856, and four years later to Colorado, where he was engaged in min- ing until 1866, when he returned to Maine and has since been a farmer. He married Climena, daughter of Robert and Mary Saw- telle) Wells. Frank S. Cowan, farmer, born in 1851, is a son of Marcellus N. and Mary (Woodcock) Cowan, grandson of Isaac and great-grandson of Isaac Cowan. He married Clara A., daughter of Dean Swift, and their children are : Lillian P., F. Eugene, Ella C, Walter M., and two that died— Minnie M. and Katie S. Manson W. Cowan, born in 1847, is a son of Marcellus N. and Mary (Woodcock) Cowan, and is a farmer on the two hundred acre home- stead of his father and grandfather. He married Delia E., daughter of Jonas M. Hammond, and their children are: Arthur H., Effie M., Willie W., Sadie E. and Amelia A. Alphonso S. Davenport, born in 1837, is a son of Jonathan and Lydia (Dyer) Davenport, the former a descendant from Jonathan Dav- enport, who settled in Chelsea, Me., in 1762, being the fourth in lineal descent from Thomas Davenport, who came to Dorchester, Mass., about 1640. Alphonso S. has lived in Sidney and followed farming, with the exception of three years spent in Colorado. He married 1052 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Harriet A. daughter of Samuel Cottle. She died in 1884. Their children were: Lemuel L., Gracie L., Arthur B., Orrin H. and JosieS. (deceased). Jovan O. Drummond, born in 1836, is one of three sons of Alber and Harriet (Taylor) Drummond, grandson of Ruthiford and Re- becca (Davies) Drummond, and great-grandson of Rev. Ruthiford Drummond, who came to Phippsburgh, Me., from the North of Ire- land. Mr. Drummond is a farmer, and in 18G8 bought the old Bacon farm, where he now lives. He married Climenia W., daughter of Avery Shorey. Their children are: Ada M. (Mrs. Herbert A. Young), Arthur T. and Albert M. Augu.stus N. Dyer is the only surviving son of Moses and Nancy (Blackman) Dyer, grandson of Jonathan and Lydia (Bacon) Dyer, and great-grandson of Benjamin Dyer, who came to Sidney from Cape Elizabeth, and was the first of the name to settle in Sidney. Augus- tus N. is a farmer and, with his parents, occupies the homestead where his father was born in 1808. He has two sisters: Mary L. (Mrs. Swift) and Annie N. (Mrs. Albert H. Black). Nathaniel Farnham, born in 1745, died May 10, 1844, and his wife, Betsey, were the parents of Moses Farnham (1792-1873), who married Martha Shaw, and in 1830 came to Sidney, where he was a farmer. Of his seven children three only are living: Emeline P., married Henry Bowman, who died in 1854, leaving one son, Henry C; Horatio, born in 1832, married Georgiana, daughter of John R. Philbrick, and has one son, Horace G.; and Josephine, the youngest, married JosiahSoule, who was three years in the late war in Company A, 20th Maine, and is now a farmer. Nathaniel Farnham served in the revolutionary war seven years, and Moses Farnham served in the war of 1812. The Faught Family. — Philip Faughf, who emigrated to this country from a point on the Rhine in Germany, landed in Boston in 1751. In 1756 he came to Dresden, Me., where a German colony was located. Frederick', one of his sons, came to America with the family and settled on the Kennebec in Sidney, where he spent the remainder of his life. Here, in 1786, his son Frederick' was born. He, like his father, followed the vocation of a farmer. He settled on the " middle road," one mile south of Bacon's Corner, where he raised his family and spent the remainder of his life, which terminated m 1861. He mar- ried Susan, daughter of Marlborough Packard, of Union, Mass., and granddaughter of Nathan and Martha D. (.Perkins) Packard. Nathan was a son of Solomon Packard, born 1689, and grandson of Zaccheus, whose father, Samuel Packard, came from England with his wife and settled in Hingham, Mass., in 1638. The ten children of Frederick and Susan (Packard) Faught were: two that died in infancv, Marlboro P., Frederic, Luther R., Lemuel TOWN OF SIDNEY. 1053 Porter, Albert, George N., Caroline P. and Frances Ann. Marlboro P., deceased, was a merchant in Augusta, Me. Frederick, deceased, was a farmer in his native town. He left an only son, Ray C. Luther R., at an early age, went to Atlanta, Ga., where he was a successful manufacturer for several years. The civil war swept away his for- tunes, and he removed with his family to Philadelphia, Pa., where he now resides. His business in the latter city has been the manufacture of car wheels. He has invented many useful devices, among them the " Faught increase contraction chill," which is regarded by rail- road men to be one of the most important improvements to rolling stock made in many years, increasing the safety and strength and de- creasing the cost of car wheels. Luther R. has two sons: George Granville Faught, M. D., and Dr. L. Ashley, who is a prominent den- tist in Philadelphia, where he is a member of several dental and lit- erary societies, and is a well known contributor to literature on den- tistry. Lemuel Porter, decea.sed, was a straw goods manufacturer of Foxboro, Mass. Albert is a farmer and owns and occupies the home- stead in Sidney, shown in the accompanying illustration. He has two sons— Herman A. and Frank W.— and four daughters. The two daughters, unmarried, reside in Foxboro, Mass. George N., the youngest son, left his native town before attaining his majority, to seek his fortune in the active business world. He learned the trade of a tailor in Boston, where he has since followed the business successfully. He is now located at No. 58 Winter street, as the senior partner of the tailoring firm of Faught & Hovey. Mr. Faught, by his untiring energy and unswerving integrity, has gained for himself an enviable reputation and competency in the city of his adoption. He now finds time each year to visit Europe, and is often accompanied by some member of the family as his invited guest. He has never quite forgotten his native town, and his interest in their success and development has often been shown in a substantial manner. Edward Allen Field, born in 1819, is a son of Obediah and Ruth (Allen) Field, and grandson of Zachariah Field. He is a farmer on the place bought of Turner Fish by his father, who died there in 1848, aged fifty-seven years. Mrs. Field is Judith P., daughter of David G. and granddaughter of Jethro Weeks. Their children were: David A., Charles A. and Ada W., who died. Willard A. Field, born in 1837, is a son of George and Ann (Under- wood) Field, and grandson of Stephen Field, who came to Sidney from Falmouth, Me., in 1800. Mr. Field is a farmer on the homestead of his father. He married Ann M., daughter of Calvin and Caroline (Baker) Reynolds. Their children were: Bennie U. (deceased) and George W. 1054 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Ozni G. Gardner came to Sidney from Cumberland, Me., in 1P45, and with his mother settled on the west part of the Smiley farm, where he is a farmer. His mother, Hannah R., daughter of Ozni and Mariam i,Hall) Harris, died in 1884, aged eighty years. Calvin Graves, born in 1838, in Vienna, is a son of Gerry and Mary (Mooers) Graves, and grandson of Jacob Graves. He was in Califor- nia from 1860 until 1867, and in the fall of the latter year came to Sidney and bought the two hundred acre farm where he now lives. He married Maria, daughter of Timothy Mooers, and granddaughter of Nathaniel Mooers. Their children are: Eugene G., Charles A., Helen M., George M. and Grace A. Henry Allen Hallett, a farmer of Sidney, born in 1836, is the youngest of seven children of Solomon and Joanna (Scudder) Hallett, and grandson of Solomon Hallett. He served nine months in the late war. He married Annie C, daughter of Nathan S. and Emeline W. (Crowell) Townsend, and granddaughter of Dodivah Townsend. She was born in 1834. Their three children are: Martha L., Ella M. and Percy D. Charles C. Hamlen, born in 1823, died February 29, 1892, was a son of Thomas and Barbara (Burgess) Hamlen, and grandson of Cap- tain Benjamin Hamlen. Thomas Hamlen came to Sidney from Fal- mouth, Mass., and in 1838 settled on the farm where Charles C.'s family now reside. Charles C. married Judith A., daughter of Joseph, and granddaughter of Alexander Smiley. Their children were: Joseph H., Charles T., Abbie M. (Mrs. Munsey, deceased), George H., Elmer L. and Edith A. (deceased). Carlos Hammond. — The subject of this sketch was born in Sidney March 17, 1825. His father, Paul Hammond, was a native of Barn- stable county, Mass., where his father, also named Paul, was one of the early seafaring men. The family is of English origin, and emi- grated to this country at an early period. Paul Hammond' married Anna Davis and had a number of children. Of these Paul Ham- mond' removed from Barnstable county in early manhood and pur- chased a farm in the western portion of Sidney. Several other mem- bers of the family also located in Maine, another one settled at Hud- son, N. Y., still another in Canada East, while others of the family re- mained in Barnstable county and " followed the sea." Paul Hammond, the father of Carlos, passed the whole of a long and useful life on the old farm in West Sidney, now occupied by his son, Jonas M. Hammond. Here he engaged in cultivating about two hundred acres of land and .sustained a reputation in the town as a man of high character, great earnestness of purpose and of the utmost in- teo-rity. He filled all the town offices of vSidney and in 1856 repre- sented his district in the state legiislature. He also served as a jus- tice of the peace. In religious matters he affiliated with the Calvinist TOWN OF SIDNEY. 1055 Baptist church. He married, on January 6, 1813, Catharine, daughter of Jonas and Susanna (Dagget) Mason, who came from Massachusetts at an early day. The fruits of this union were: Abner D., born De- cember 6, 1815, died October 6, 1816; Isaac A., born August 12, 1816, residing in Sidney; Abner, born February 25, 1819, residing in Bel- grade; Susanna A. (Mrs. Enos Cummings), born March 25, 1821, died October 14, 1847; Lydia F. (Mrs. Jotham Sawtelle), born February 7, 1823, died March 23, 1847; Carlos, the subject of this sketch: Jonas M., born April 13, 1827, residing on the old homestead in Sidney, and who filled the office of selectman in Sidney for several years; Betsey M., born August 6, 1829, married Abner Piper, resides at Canton, 111., and has three sons living. Paul Hammond, the father of this large family of children, was born January 6, 1788, and died October 22, 1867. His wife, Catharine, was born August 3, 1788, and died October 3, 1867. Carlos Hammond, together with his father, Paul, and brother, Isaac, filled the office of treasurer and collector of the town of Sidney for about forty years. Carlos Hammond resided on the paternal farm, attending the dis- trict school of his neighborhood through his earlier years, which were attended only by the ordinary experiences of a farmer's boy — hard work on the farm, with such morsels of knowledge as he was able to secure at the district school. After coming of age, while he continued to reside with his parents, he branched out for himself, working on the neighboring farms during the busy season, engaging in grafting trees and in any form of legitimate speculation that presented itself. On February 11, 1866, he married Laura A., daughter of Ithiel and Lydia (Clark) Gordon. Ithiel Gordon was born in the town of Readfield, but passed the greater portion of his life in New Sharon, where he engaged in farmung, and reared a family of eight children, most of whom still reside in that locality. He was one of the most highly esteemed and useful citizens of New Sharon. After his mar- riage Carlos Hammond bought the old Bacon farm at what was long known as Bacon's Corner, now Centre Sidney, and in the fall of 1866 erected a store at that place, where he has since engaged continuously in the mercantile business. In connection with this he has continued to cultivate his farm of about one hundred acres. Mr. Hammond is known and recognized in vSidney as one of the most substantial and successful of her citizens. Early imbued with the principles of the democratic party, he has from early manhood identified himself with its local councils and has been a recognized leader in his town. Never seeking for political office, he has never- theless occupied the responsible position of town treasurer and col- lector, filling the office with ability and integrity. He commands the respect and esteem of the citizens of Sidney, and in his declining 1056 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. years is enjoying, with his wife and children, the garnered fruits of an industrious life. The children of Carlos and Laura A. Hammond were: William Arthur, born May 31, 1867; Laura Alice, born May 21, 1869, died Oc- tober 7, 1887; and Howard Carlos, born March 4, 1879. The two sons reside with their parents on the home place. Jonas M. Hammond, born in 1827, is a son of Paul and Catherine (Mason) Hammond, and grandson of Captain Paul Hammond, who came to Sidney from Massachusetts and settled the farm where Jonas M. now lives. The latter married Esther E. Wheeler, who died leav- ing four children: Susan A. (Mrs. Rufus Beane), Isaac A., Delia E. (Mrs. Manson W. Cowan) and Jonas M., jun. Matthew Hastings was a son of Moses and Elizabeth (Marsh) Hastings. His maternal grandfather was John Marsh, who settled in Sidney in 1763, where he died in 1802, aged eighty-five years. Mat- thew Hastings was a resident of Calais, Me., and was collector of cus- toms, representative and state senator from there. His first wife was Rebecca Gillmor. Three of their four children are now living: Gor- ham K., Edgar P. and Anna M. His second wife was Ann Cutter. Their children now living are: Simon C, Frank P., George O., Jennie C. and Mary D. Simon C. married Ellen Faught, and is a farmer. Gorham K. is also a farmer, occupying the homestead of his great- grandfather Marsh. His first wife was Lucinda Park, who died leav- ing three daughters: Carrie A., Sadie P. and Grace B. His present wife is Lydia A., sister of his first wife. Stephen R. Herrin, son of Samuel and Mahala (Rines) Herrin, was born in Augusta in 1841. He was one year in the war as attendant to Doctor Colby, and in December, 1863, he enlisted in the 2d Maine Cavalry, Company L, and served until December, 1865. He is now a mechanic and farmer, and has lived on the Chase homestead in Sid- ney since 1869. He married Etta Watts. Their children are: George F., Horace E., Annie M. and Jennie M. Atwood F. Jones, born at Mercer, Me., in 1822, is a son of Na- thaniel and grandson of Thomas Jones. He came to Sidney in 1849, and was a farmer and teacher until 1872; since that time he has been dealer in nursery stock. He married S. Augusta, daughter of Moses Sawtelle. She died leaving four children: Leslie M., Laforest A., Isabelle S. (Mrs. Almond Young) and Lucine A., who keeps house for her father. Charles Kelley, born in 1807, and died in 1880, was a son of John Wing and Content (Hoxie) Kelley, who came to Kennebec county in 1800, at which time their family consisted of four children, to whom were added six more after settling here. He married Judith, daughter of Captain Peter Paddack, who came to Sidney from Nantucket, Mass., in 1826. Their children are: Mary P., Alexander P., Charles H., Avis TOWN OF SIDNEY. 1057 S., William L., Sophia C. and Eunice B. Mrs. Kelley now lives with her daughter, Avis S. (Mrs. Gustavus Sawtelle). Charles H. Kelley, one of seven children of Charles Kelley, was born in 1834, and is a farmer on the homestead of his father and of his maternal grandfather, Captain Peter Paddack. He married Har- riet R., daughter of David Button. She died leaving four children: Mary L. (Mrs. Arthur H. Smiley), Frank L., Eugenia F. and Bessie M. Rev. Henry Sewall Loring, A. M. — The subject of this sketch was born in a log cabin near the banks of the Piscataquis, in the town of Guilford, Me., February 19, 1819. He was the eighth of the nine children, and the fourth of the five sons of Bezaleel and Lydia (Has- kell) Loring, and the great-grandson of Rev. Nicholas Loring, second pastor of the first Congregational church of North Yarmouth, Me. From the latter and his brother, Thomas, generally descended all of those who bear the name of Loring in Maine, and perhaps nearly all in New England. Our subject was reared on the humble homestead of his father with the usual vicissitudes of farm life. His father, a native of North Yarmouth, Me., moved to Guilford— then called by its plantation name, Lowtown, after one of its earliest settlers. Elder Low — in the year 1814, his being the eighteenth family among the new settlers. For several years the seasons were cold, the crops stinted, and it was a hard struggle to support so large and growing family as that of Bezaleel Loring. The year 1816 was remarkable for its snow storms in June, no roads existed, and the nearest mill, fifteen miles distant, could only be reached by a line of spotted trees. Young Loring's mother was a native of New Gloucester, Me., the daughter of John Haskell, who emigrated from Old Gloucester, Mass., at an early day, the family being of Puritan origin. Mrs. Loring was one of a family of fourteen children. She and her husband early em- braced and made public confession of the Christian faith. She was possessed of considerable personal beauty and great dignity, of strong constitution, and full of all charitableness. She lived to an advanced age, herself and her twin brother outliving all the rest of their family, and dying within a brief period of each other, at the age of ninety- one years. Amid such surroundings, and born of such parents, young Loring derived his first experiences in life. His early school advantages were meager and the lamp by which his evening lessons were prepared was the pine knots in the large open fireplace of the old home. Having laid a suitable foundation, he at the age of nineteen was placed in charge of a school, comprising sixty pupils, within five miles of his birthplace. About this time his father died, and soon after young Loring, animated and encouraged by the example of an elder brother, who was himself preparing for the Gospel ministry, turned his atten- 1058 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. tion in the same direction, and having completed his education at Foxcroft Academy and Bangor Classical School, entered Bowdoin Col- lege, and was subsequently graduated in the class of 1843. This class comprised among its forty-eight members a large number of men, who, in later years, achieved prominence in religious and literary cir- cles, and was greatly benefitted by the influence, learning and instruc- tion of the eminent president of the college. Dr. Leonard Woods. After his graduation Mr. Loring engaged in teaching school at Brownville, Corinna and Shapleigh, Maine, serving either as super- visor of schools, or as one of the school committee in almost every town in which he was located, and being appointed trustee of the Monson Academy, Maine. In 1843 he entered Bangor Theological Seminary, completing his course in 1846. On leaving the seminary, after acting as supply in another place for a few months, he was called to the church in Am- herst and Aurora, Me., continuing nine and one-half years, severing his relation of his own volition, but with great reluctance. After supplying the churches in Durham and Lisbon Falls, Monmouth Centre and Monson, in all of which places he had interesting fields of labor, he was recalled to Amherst and Aurora, remaining this time seven years, and completing at that place a ministry of sixteen years, being more than double the length of time that any other minister has acted as pastor, either before or since, at those places. He was next called to Phippsburgh, Me., where he enjoyed in the home of sea captains and their kind families a pleasant and successful pas- torate of five years, of which he still has many very tender recollec- tions. Mr. Loring subsequently took up his residence at Winthrop, Me., and afterward moved to Centre Sidney, Me., where he now resides with his only daughter, the wife of Doctor DriscoU, a practicing physi- cian, of that place. He still devotes much of his time to pastoral and Sabbath-school work and enjoys, in his declining years, the realiza- tion of the fact that he has during his long life done all that he could for the development and' advancement of mankind, as opportunity has been afforded him. His life has been characterized by great sin- gleness of purpose, earnest persistency, untiring effort, and a humble reliance on the Divine blessing. Charles H. Lovejoy, farmer, born in 1833, is the eldest .son of Na- hum and Pheba D. (Miller) Lovejoy, grandson of Frank and Betsey Lovejoy, and great-grandson of Abial Lovejoy, who was born in 1731, in England, married Abigail Brown of Massachussets, and in 1778 came to Sidney, where he died in 1810. His father, Hezekiah, was a son of Christopher and grandson of John Lovejoy. Air. Lovejoy has held the office of selectman twelve years, and has been messenger in the state senate since 1878. He married Olive C. Knowles, and has *v \ T TOWN OF SIDNEY. 1059 three children : Lizzie R. (Mrs. Lindley H. Wyman), Etta E. and Susie E. Sewall S. C. Lovejoy, born in 1820, was a son of William and Sophia (Thatcher) Lovejoy, grandson of Nathaniel and great-grandson of Abial Lovejoy. He was in the late war in Company A, 7th Maine, from January, 1864, until its close, although his field service closed at the Battle of the Wilderne.ss, where he was wounded. He was a far- mer in Sidney until his death in 1888. He married Pamela, a daugh- ter of John and Pheba (Burden) Page, and granddaughter of Reuben Page. Their three children— Clarence F., Ella P. and Julia E.— are all deceased. Clarence F. left one daughter, Ada P. Ernest G. Lyon, farmer, born in 1865, is a son of Tabor Lyon. His mother is Aurelia C, daugter of William Burden. William P. Marble, born in 1854, is a son of Barnard and Sabra S. (Baker) Marble, and grandson of Barnard Marble, who was a ship- builder at East Greenwich, R. L, and from there came to Sidney, where he was a farmer. William P. was adopted by his uncle, Cap- tain James Sherman, and lived with him until the latter's death in 1890. He was a partner with Captain Sherman in the mercantile busi- ness until 1882, when he succeeded to the business which he now car- ries on. He married Georgia, daughter of Royal Wentworth. Charles E. Merrill', born in 1831, is a son of John', grandson of Cutting": his ancestral line was through Edmund', John", DanieP and Nathaniel Merrill', who came from Salisbury, England, to Newbury, Mass., in 1633. In 1807 Cutting' came from Falmouth, Mass., to Sidney and bought of Flint Barton the farm where he spent the remainder of his life. John MerrilT held the offices of county commissioner, represen- tative, selectman sixteen years, and postmaster at North Sidney. His wife was Pamela Baker, and of their five children three are now living: John H., Charles E. and William. The oldest and youngest are residents of Des Moines, Iowa, and Charles E. owns and occupies the homestead of his. grandfather. Elbridge G. Morrison, born in 1812, is a son of Joseph and Abbie (Wallace) Morrison, and grandson of William Morrison. In 1844 Mr. Morrison came to Sidney, where he is a farmer on the place origin- ally settled by Jonas Sawtelle. He married Amanda, daughter of Asa C. Sawtelle. She died, leaving two sous: Frank G. and Albert S. Charles A. Nash, born in 1843, is a son of Solomon, grandson of Joseph, and great-grandson of Peter Nash, who came to Sidney from Abington, Mass., in 1810, and died here in 1824, aged eighty-four. He was a revolutionary soldier, and he bought of Eli Foster the farm where J. Emery Nash now lives. Charles A. Nash is a mechanic, though he is now at home caring for his aged parents. He has one brother, George B., and one si.ster, Olive Nash. J. Emery Nash, born in 1849, is a son of Jcseph, grandson of Joseph, 1060 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. and great-grandson of Peter Nash. His mother is Catherine, daugh- ter of John, and granddaughter of Keene Robinson, who came to Sid- ney from Massachusetts, and settled on the farm where the Friends' meeting house now stands. Mr. Nash is of the fourth generation of his family to own the home farm, which he has occupied with his mother since his father's death in 1866. He has one sister, Lucy N. Gilbert B. Reynolds, born in 1832, is a son of Calvin [1799-1888), and grandson of Nathaniel Reynolds. His mother was Carolme, daughter of Captain Shubael Baker, who came to Sidney from Cape Cod, Mass. Mr. Reynolds is a farmer on the Lucas Ballard farm, where he has lived since 1860. He first married Rosalina, daughter of Lucas Ballard. His second wife was Rose, daughter of Stephen Bickford. Mulford B. Reynolds, born in 1843, is a son of Calvin and Caroline (Baker) Reynolds, and is a farmer on his father's homestead. He served in the civil war from August, 1862, to July, 1865, in Company C, 1st Maine Cavalry, and spent about six months in Andersonville prison. He married Ella F., daughter of Henry M. and Annie (Ken- ney) Leighton, and their children are: Alonzo C, Caroline M., Irene M. and E. Mary S. Stilman S. Reynolds, born in 1818, is a son of Timothy and Sylvina (Thayer) Reynolds, and grandson of Timothy Reynolds, who, with his brothers, Nathaniel, Thomas and David, came from Brockton, Mass. Thomas settled in Winslowand the others in Sidney. Stilman S. Rey- nolds is a farmer and mechanic, has worked on the river twenty years and carried the mail eight years from Sidney to Riverside. He mar- ried Mary, daughter of Israel Folsom, born in Industry, Me. Their daughter, Alice V., is now Mrs. Fred. W. Costelo. Oliver C. Robbins, born in 1817, a son of Clark and Feare (Ham- mond) Robbins, was a butcher, farmer and lumberman. Since his death, in 1891, his youngest son and widow have carried on the farm. He married Mary W., daughter of George Weeks, and their children were: George C, S. Bertha, Laura C. and Edwin E. Bradford Sawtelle, the only survivor of eleven children of John and Thankful (^Robbins) Sawtelle, was born in 1811, and is a farmer on a part of h'is father's homestead. He married Mary A. Snell, who died, leaving two children: Madison P. and Mary (deceased). His present wife is Mairy A., daughter of Henry Crawford. Their children are: Gustavus, John H., vSarah E. (Mrs. W. A. Tanner), Dora M. (Mrs. E.G. Stores) and Cinnie. De Merritt L. Sawtelle, born in 1837, is one of ten children of Asa C. and Elizabeth B. (Abbott) Sawtelle, and grandson of Nathan Saw- telle. Mr. Sawtelle is a farmer on the homestead of his father and grandfather, and devotes considerable attention to breeding and TOWN OF SIDNEY. 1061 training horses. He married Ellen A., daughter of Franklin Wood- cock, and they have one daughter, Addie E. Luther Sawtelle, one of a numerous family reared by John Saw- telle, who came to Sidney from Groton, Mass., was born in 1800 and died in 1872. In 1824 he purchased the farm now known as Pleasant Plain Farm. The next year he married Vesta, daughter of Ambrose Howard, of Winslow. They reared seven children, three of whom are now living : Ambrose, Mary H., widow of the late Daniel H. Church, of Augusta, and George B., a physician in Maiden, Mass. The second son, Cyrus H., who died at the age of thirty-four, left three children, now living. Ambrose, who owns the homestead, married Mrs. Angelia M. Woodbury, daughter of Reuben Burgess. She left two sons: George H. Woodbury, a dentist at Leominster, Mass., and Ralph Howard Sawtelle. Ambro.se Sawtelle married, for his second wife, Phebe W., daughter of Paul Wing. She has one son, Donald W., and one daughter, Cora Ethel vSawtelle. George S. Shaw, farmer, born in Lincoln, Me., in I860, is a son of H. M. and Cordelia (Smith) Shaw, and grandson of Harrison Shaw. He married Rose Emma, daughter of James L. Farnum, and they have one daughter, Helen B. Paul T. Stevens, born at Topsham, Me., in 1800, is the eldest of twelve children of Caleb and Sarah (Thomas) Stevens, and grandson of Bartholamew, whose grandfather was Alexander Stevens. Mr. Stevens came to Sidney in 1829, and eight years later succeeded Major Abram Brackett as owner of the farm where he has since lived. His first wife was Maria H., daughter of Major Abram Brackett, and of their four children only one is living — Caleb Alton. His present wife is Mary, daughter of John Richardson, of Belgrade. They have had three children: Julia A., deceased; Seriah, a physician, and Arthur D., a farmer with his father. Charles L. Swift, farmer, son of Rufus and Nancy B. (Nash) Swift, was born in 1854. In 1889 he bought the Abram Heath farm, where he has since lived. He married Mabel Bickford. George D. Swift, born in 1848, is a son of Dean and Catherine (Hanson) Swift. Mr. Swift, in 1876, bought the 165 acre farm near where his father lived. He married Clara A., daughter of Lewis and Olive R. (Smith) Sawtelle, and granddaughter of Elijah Sawtelle. They have two sons: Willis E. and Lewis D. John H. Swift, born in 1852, is one of seven children of Dean and Catherine (Hanson) Swift, and grandson of Elnathan and Mary (Lord) Swift. He is a farmer on the two hundred acre farm where his father lived from 1850 until his death. He married Annie, daughter of Albert Gray, and their children are: Hattie B., Merton H. and Ernest B. 67 1062 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Rufus Swift, born in 1816, is a son of Elnathan and Mary (Lord) Swift, and grandson of Enoch, who came from Massachusetts to Wayne in 1795, and later to Winthrop. Elnathan, his son, resided there until 1831, when he came to Sidney and bought the farm of one hundred acres where Rufus now lives. The latter married Rosetta T. Dyer, who died leaving one son, Norris R. His second wife, Nancy B. Nash, left three children: Lizzie E. (deceased), Laura (Mrs. Turner A. Barr) and Charles L. His present wife was Clara E. Jones, and their chil- dren are: Ina M. (Mrs. Bertelle L. Taylor), Maud N., Eddie L. and Etta B. William A. Tanner, son of Gardiner W. and Betsey (Marble) Tan- ner, was born in Moosup, Conn., in 1842. He came to Sidney in 1849, where he lived with his uncle and aunt. Captain and Mrs. James Sher- man. He was several years in a store with Captain Sherman, and since 1870 he has been a farmer on the farm .settled byAbial Lovejoy ' in 1778. He married Sarah E., daughter of Bradford Sawtelle, and their children are: Clarence Lincoln, Edwin B. and Storer. Bertelle L. Taylor, born in 1867, is the younger of two sons of Nathan W. and Emma (Turner) Taylor, grandson of Nathan and Me- linda (Blaisdellj Taylor, and great-grandson of Samuel, 'whose father, John Taylor, came to Vassalboro from Massachusetts. Bertelle L. occupies, with his grandparents, their homestead, and is a farmer. He married Ina M., daughter of Rufus Swift, and they have one daughter, Emma C. Orlando A. Tolman, born in 1824, is a son of Thomas (1780-1875) and Olive (Steadman) Tolman, and grandson of Samuel Tolman, who came from Massachusetts to Augusta in 1762. Thomas Tolman bought a farm in Sidney in 1807. Orlando A. went to North Vassalboro in 1845, where he was several years engaged in manufacturing, after which he came to Sidney, where he is engaged in farming. He mar- ried Maria, daughter of Phineas Shorey. Their children are: Willie C, Lenora M. and Alton M. Daniel R. Townsend, born in 18B2, is the youngest of six children of Daniel and Mary (Bradbury) Townsend and grandson of Dodivah Townsend. Mr. Townsend is a farmer on the 150 acre farm where his father died in 1833, aged fifty-one years. He married Climenia, daughter of Asa Webber. She died leaving one daughter, Climenia. James F. Warren, son of Ethel and Jeremine (Pool) Warren, was born in 1836 at Buckfield, Me. His father came to Sidney in 1838, and in 1842 bought the farm where James F. now lives. The latter mar- ried Lydia A., a daughter of Jonathan Davenport. George H. Weeks, born in 1838, is one of four children of George (1795-1872) and grandson of Joshua Weeks. His mother was Keziah Baker. Mr. Weeks is a farmer on the place where his father settled when he came to Sidney from Dartmouth, Mass., in May, 1824. Mrs. TOWN OF SIDNEY. 1063 Weeks was Ellen B., daughter of Albert Drummond. They have one son, Eugene C. Jethro Weeks came from Plymouth, Mass., to Sidney in 17SS or 1789. He married Penalope Gorham, of Norway, Me., and their chil- dren v/ere: Rebecca, Abigail, Eliza, Polly, Lydia, Freelove, Penalope, Charles and David G. The latter married Lydia Smith, of Sidney. Their children were: Levi A., Judith, Electa, Lucinda, Jethro and Henry. Levi A., the eldest, was born in 1819, married Mary Irene, daughter of Nathaniel Tibbetts, of Belgrade. Their children are: Gustavus, Gorham, Lizzie and Delwin L. Delwin L., with his sister and parents, occupies the farm settled by Jethro more than a century ago. George F. Wixson, born in 1841, in Sidney, is a son of James and Lydia (Rollins) Wixson, and grandson of Shubael Wixson. His father was born in 1813 and his mother in 1816. They had ten children. George F. entered the federal army December 2, 1861, serving until July 28, 1864, in 5th Maine Battery, Light Artillery. Since the war he has been a farmer. He married Lucy A., daughter of Stephen S. Mor.se. Their children are: Frank A. and Mabel G. Beriah L. Woodward, born in 1843, i^ a son of Lemuel H. and Eunice (Ward) Woodward, grandson of Timothy and Sarah (Mott) Woodward, and great-grandson of Noah Woodward, who came when a young man from Taunton, Mass., to Augusta, and later to Sidney, and settled on the farm where Beriah L. now lives. Mr. Woodward has one brother, Joseph T., who lives in West Sidney, and a sister, Lois E., who lives at the old homestead with her brother. Mr. Wood- ward married Lydia E. Blaisdell, and has two sons: Addison J. and Walt. Wert. Howard B. Wyman, born in 1824, is a son of Levi (1781-1860) and grandson of Jonathan and Margaret (Howard) Wyman, who came to Sidney from Massachusetts in 1780 and settled just north of Bacon's Corner. Mr. Wyman's mother was Paulena Bean. He owns and occupies the farm of Rev. Asa Wilbur, who was a Calvinistic Baptist preacher. He married Maria Atkinson, who died leaving seven chil- dren: Ellen Maria (decased), John H., Lindley H., Sadie A. (deceased), Nellie M. (Mrs. Frank E. Morrison), Elwood T.and Jo.sephine C. His second wife is Esther, daughter of Zacheus Wing. Their children are: Mabel N. and Albert E. CHAPTER XLI. TOWN OF OAKLAND. Genealogy. — Water Power. — Natural Features.— Settlers. — Dams. — Mills and Manufactories. — Traders. — Post Office. — Hotels. — Banks.— Electric Light Company. — Memorial Hall. — Societies.— Civil History.— Churches. — Ceme- teries.— Personal Paragraphs. OAKLAND, like a woman still vigorous after her fifth marriage, is now known by her sixth family name. When a wild Indian child her maiden name was Tacconet. Her first batch of white immigrants, while living under the regime of squatter sovereignty, aspired to the name of Kingsfield. At length, the Kingsfields, wish- ing to enjoy the benefits of a more enlarged and definite civil polity, became incorporated as a town in 1771, with the honored and more Americanized name of Winslow. After thirty-one years of prosperity and increase the Winslow children living west of the Kennebec river, proposed a division of the old homestead, and separate house- keeping. Effecting a peaceable secession, they were incorporated in 1802, as Waterville, whose territory was enlarged about 1840 by sev- eral square miles from Dearborn, when that town was divided among its adjacent neighbors, and ceased to exist. For more than two generations the Watervillians managed their affairs with mutual agreement. But when the settlement on the river grew to be more important, and the manufactories at West Waterville created another center of activity and trade, questions of taxation produced a feeling of remonstrance in the western section, until West Waterville was incorporated as a town in 1873. In 1883, the name both of the town and of the post office was changed from West Water- ville to Oakland. This portion of old Winslow was noted from the first for the abundance and variety of its forest productions, for the richness of its soil, the absence of troublesome quantities of stone, and for the favor- able lay of the land for farming purposes. But the chiefest gift in Oakland's possession — its pride and its glory — has been and will be its unrivaled water power. Situated at the gateway of Messalonskee lake, through it pour the surplus waters of a drainage shed of 185 square miles, one-fourth of whose area is covered by magnificent reservoir lakes, ponds and connecting streams, and who.se combined TOWN OF OAKLAND. 1065 length is over fifty miles. This outlet, long known as Emerson's stream, is remarkable for its volume, its constancy and its tempera- ture. No equal area in Maine furnishes so much surplus water at the dry seasons; and its flood tide raises the stream but three feet. It comes from the lake so warm that no ice troubles the water wheels in the coldest winters. Valuable as these qualities are, the grandest value is that this ever-flowing stream, compactly held by banks and a bed of rock, has a fall of nearly one hundred feet in one mile, which reaches 110 feet in two miles. By general concession this is, of its magnitude, the finest water power in the state — if not in New England. Not one-fourth of it is used. At one single plunge the stream drops forty-four feet — and this amazing power runs utterly to waste. The opportunity for a city is here, with sure rewards to capi- tal and enterprise. Material from which to give names of the earliest settlers of the Oakland end of old Winslow is exceedingly scant. It is pretty well established that a company of hunters, some of them from Canada, were the first comers. Among them were some by the name of Em- erson, who liked this section so well they staid here ; the outlet of the lake taking and still retaining their family name. We are able to give the following list of names of men who lived in that part of old Winslow that is now Oakland, in 1791 : Ensign Thomas Bates, David, Moody, Live and Manoah Crowell, Lemuel Crowell, Asa Emerson, the surveyor and mill builder ; Solomon and Elisha Hallett, Elijah Smith, Jonathan Combs and John Farrin. The following were here sixty to ninety years ago : Daniel Emer- son, Jonathan Combs, Cyrus Wheeler, Baxter and Hiram Crowell, Watson and Elisha Hallett, Elijah and George Gleason, Benjamin, Philip and Joseph Hersom, Asa, Peter and John Libby, Samuel, Ben- jamin and James Witham, Seth and Isaac Gage, Isaiah, Ephraim and Eben Holmes, Benjamin Corson, Reuben Hersey, Samuel Wade, Leonard and John Cornforth, Asa and William Lewis, Thomas Cook, William Wyman, Thomas McFarlin, Benjamin Soule, Dexter and Sanford Pullen, Eben Moore, James and Reuben Shores, Reuben Ricker, Michael Ellis, William Marsten, Charles Dingley, and S. Penney and Seth Getchell — two revolutionary soldiers. A strip of land on the east side of the Richardson and McGrath ponds, with the inhabitants thereon, now a part of Oakland, was transferred as follows: "An act to annex Benjamin Corson and others to the town of Waterville approved, Feb. 10, 1815. Be it Enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Mas- sachusetts ; that Benjamin Corson, Robert Hussey, Jonathan Nelson, Samuel Wade, Henry Richardson, 3d, Ebenezer Holmes, Thomas Gleason, Thomas McGrath, Spencer Taylor, Alvin Thayer, Abner Young, and Asa Young, with their families and estates, be and are 1066 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. hereby set off from the town of Dearborn, and annexed to the town of AVaterville." According to a survey and map made by John Crosby in 1802, the following persons lived on the lots indicated by number in that part of Waterville now Oakland: Samuel and Moody Crowell, on lot No. 1; Elisha Hallett, 2; Solomon Heald, .3; Baxter Crowell, 4; Joshua Morey, 5: Samuel Moray, 6; Jabez Hall, 7; Peltiah Penney, 11; Sam- uel Avery, 12; Aaron Fall, 13; Nehemiah Penney, 14; John Penney, 15; William Ellis, 16; Joel Richardson, 17; Henry Kenny, also on lot No. 17: Nathaniel Slake, 18; Daniel Branch, 19; Pearly Merrill, 20; Robert Damon, 22; Isaac Page, 23; Ezekiel Crowell, 24; Henry and Otis Richardson, 25; Joel Richardson, 26, and Henry Richardson, jun., on lot No. 27. In 1834, the land where the railroad depot stands was a thicket of trees, through which ran the town road, but to keep the cows from straying away, a pair of bars were placed across the road, and who- ever passed had to open and close them. Mills and Manufactories.— The first taskmaster that the outlet of Messalonskee lake ever had was Jonathan Combs. He built a dam, a saw mill and a grist mill, and compelled it to .saw logs and grind grain for the early Winslow settlers, before 1800. When the old grist mill was worn out, Burnham Thomas, in 1836, built another and ran it nearly twenty years, when a freshet undermined and carried it bodily away. It was replaced in 1856, by Silas H. and Edwin Bailey, with the present grist mill, that has been successively the property of* Joshua Bowman, Blaisdell & Wheeler, and in 1870 of Samuel Blais- dell, from whose estate the Dustin & Hubbard Manufacturing Com- pany bought it in 1887. For the last twenty-one years this mill has been rented and operated by D. F. McLure and is .still in good con- dition. The old saw mill was kept in operation over half a century and run by Jonathan and David Combs, sons of the pioneer. A carding and fulling mill, also built by their father, was for many years in charge of Sanford Pullen. About 1850 the saw mill was bought by the Ellis Saw Company, who sold it to A. B. Bates and son, and they to Hubbard, Blake & Co. They enlarged the shops and made axes, scythes, and hatchets till the American Axe Company bought the property in 1889. On the other side of the stream is the chair and settee factory established in Oakland in 1849 by Joseph Bachelder, and now run by his son, Abram, who employs five men. Alfred Winslow came to Oakland in 1836 and built on the Combs dam a tannery, which he ran for twenty-eight years, making upper leather as a specialty. For several years this leather was manufac- tured into boots by Mr. Winslow and William Jordan, employing TOWN OF OAKLAND. 1067 twenty-five men. In 1864 Mr. Winslow sold the tannery to Alvin At- wood, who ran it three years and sold it to Horace Parlin, he to A. J. Parker, and he to A. J. Libby, who converted it into a shingle and grist mill. The Dustin & Hubbard Manufacturing Company bought it in 1887. Between the Winslow tannery and the grist mill, Lyon, Bragg & Hubbard built wood working and jobbers' shops, which did a large business till sold to the Dustin & Hubbard Company. The Dustin & Hubbard Manufacturing Company was organized in 1887, by Frank E., George A. and W. H. Dustin, John U. and George W. Hubbard, Austin Bragg, J. B. Newhall and George H. Bryant. John U. Hubbard was president, George H. Bryant was treasurer, F. E. Dustin was superintendent and W. H. Greeley was secretary. The company bought of Hubbard, Bragg & Co. their large shops on the upper dam, and on the other side of the stream they bought A. J. Libby 's shingle mill, and Mrs. Samuel Blaisdell's grist mill. Having thus obtained control of the water power on that dam, they proceeded to build several large shops and fit them at great expense for manu- facturing a general line of machinery. After several years of activity and apparent prosperity, this company met with financial difficulties, and is now doing but little business. The next dam below the Combs dam was built about 1850, by Daniel B. Lord. At that time both sides of the stream were wood land, and there was no road in that locality. Lord & Graves put up buildings, and after making axes and hoes for a time, Calvin H. Davis bought Mr. Graves out, and Lord & Davis carried on the busi- ness till the property was sold to Sanford Pullen, who sold it to John U. Hubbard and William P. Blake. In 1865 Hubbard & Blake were joined by Luther D. Emenson and Charles E. Folsom, forming the new firm of Hubbard, Blake & Co., which made axes and scythes for five years. In 1870 this firm was dissolved by the withdrawal of L. D. Emerson and Charles E. Folsom, when L. D. Emerson, Jo- seph E. Stevens, William R. Pinkham and George W. Stevens formed the present Emerson & Stevens Manufacturing Company. The new company bought property on the west end of the same dam, erected shops and established the manufacture of scythes and axes, which they still continue. During the past year they have turned out 4,000 dozen scythes, and 3,000 dozen axes, employing fifty men, besides five traveling salesmen. Hubbard & Blake, with the addition of Cyprian Roy, Charles H. Blaisdell and Nathaniel Meader, reorganized in 1877, under a charter obtained in 1875, as the Hubbard & Blake Manufacturing Company. Nathaniel Meader was president and John LT. Hubbard was treas- urer. Two years later a part of their works were burned, which they rebuilt, and continued to make scythes, axes and hatchets, till 1889, 1068 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. when this property, together with a large factory on the upper dam, which the company had owned for several years, was sold to the American Axe & Tool Company, and is called No. 16 by that company. This company, which was chartered at Newport, Ky., with central office in New York city, now employs seventy-five men here, who make 12,000 dozen scythes per year, with Nathaniel Header as superintendent. On the same dam, Albion P. Benjamin, in 1863, erected buildings and began the manufacture of grain threshers, horse powers and the work of a general repair and machine shop. George S. Allen joined him in 1867, and now the firm of Benjamin & Allen is one of the most prominent in Oakland. They give steady work to fifteen men. When Leonard Cornforth settled in Oakland, and built the dam and mills that so long bore his name, is a matter of uncertainty. But his early coming, and that he built a stone grist mill, a saw mill, a carding and clothing mill, and was a large land owner, farmer and trader, are recognized facts. His son, John Cornforth, assisted and succeeded him in the general and practical management of his business. In 1834 Clark Stanley turned bedstead posts and wagon hubs in the basement of the Cornforth saw mill. There were at the same time an old bark mill and the ruins of the Nahum Warren tannery, on ground now occupied by the grinding shop of the Dunn Edge Tool Company. Holbrook & Richardson put machinery in the little bark mill and were the first axe makers on the stream. Passmore, Young & Tafft bought their property and the old fulling mill and began making scythes in 1849. Hale, Stevens & Thayer were the next owners and scythe manufacturers. After some changes Mr. Stevens bought his partners' interests and in 1857 sold to the Dunn Edge Tool Company. The Cornforth grist mill was successively the property of Captain Folger, of Sidney; Silas H. Bailey, John Garland and R. B. Dunn, who sold it to the tool company. The old saw mill stood on the east side of the stream, where the axe shop is. At the head of the falls was an old dam with an unknown builder. In 1854 Burgess & Atwood put up the frame of a shop there, which they sold to John U. and Andrew J. Hubbard, and John Matthews, who finished it, and made scythes four years, and then sold the prop- erty to the Dunn Edge Tool Company. The Dunn Edge Tool Company, the most extensive manufac- turing corporation in Oakland, is a perpetual memorial to its founder, Reuben B. Dunn, who, in 1857, established and organized the business that has since attained a world-wide reputation. Beginning in North TOWN OF OAKLAND. 1069 Wayne in 1840, he brought to this town his capital and seventeen years of invaluable experience. Able capitalists eagerly joined in the incorporation. The directors in 1857 were: Reuben B. Dunn, N. G. H. Pulsifer and J. H. Drummond, and m 1864, R. B. Dunn, T. W. Herrick, and John Ayer. In 1864 R. B. Dunn and John Ayer bought all interests held by other parties m the Dunn Edge Tool Company, and became sole owners of this fine water power and the largest scythe factory in New England. Mr. Ayer, who had been travel- ing agent for the company, then assumed the onerous duties of treasurer and general manager, which, with the able assistance of Major A. R. Small for the past twenty-four years, he still per- forms. R. B. Dunn, the first president, was succeeded at his death in 1889, by his son, R. W. Dunn. This company has a capacity to make 15,000 dozen scythes and 10,000 dozen axes annually, and employs from 75 to 100 men, five of whom are traveling salesmen. The first scythe factory on the stream was built in 1836, where the woolen mill now stands, by Larned & Hale. They inade scythes for three years, and were succeeded by Samuel and Eusebius Hale, till Joseph E. Stevens bought E. Hale's interest in 1845. Hale & Stevens ran eight years, when William Jordan bought Mr. Stevens out, and Mr. sold Hale to R. B. Dunn, and finally Mr. Jordan sold to the Dunn Edge Tool Company. The Cascade Woolen Mill was built in 1883 on land and a water power leased of the Dunn Edge Tool Company. Its organizers and board of directors were: R. B. Dunn, J. B. Mayo, Seth M. Milliken, John Ayer and D. A. Campbell. All-wool dress fabrics for women's wear have been its specialty, but of late heavy cloakings have been made to some extent. The treasurer's report of 1892 shows a fund of undivided profits of $47,000, with a capital stock of $125,000. R. B. Dunn, the first president, was succeeded at his death by J. B. Mayo, of Foxcraft, Me., and the first treasurer, Seth M. Milliken, was succeeded by John Ayer. The mill gives employment to 110 people and its annual product amounts to $250,000. One of the first wagon makers in Oakland was a man named Mit- chell. Benjamin C. Benson, who came here in 1833, began the busi- ness in 1835 and the next year bought a shop on the tapper dam, of Baxter Crowell, that was built by Abial Bacon for a store. Here he made wagons and open carriages till 1880. Sewell Benson, in the same building, got out last blocks for the Boston market. H. A. Benson built in 1878 a wagon and repair shop near the upper •dam, and in 1880 took Edward Wing into the partnership that still exists. E. W. Bates came from Oakland Heights to the village in 1882 and opened a box factory on the spot where his present mill stands. The property was burned in 1890. The next year he erected a saw 1070 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. mill and box factory that is run by steam power and saws 1,000,000 feet of lumber per year and gives work to nine men. Columbus Marshall built in 1889. his shovel handle factory, a few- rods southwest of the railroad depot. It is run by steam power and turns out 30,000 dozen shovel handles yearly, employing ten men. Cyrus Wheeler, a farmer, an abolitionist and a temperance man, put up a building on his own land, to have a place where liberty of speech would be extended to radical thinkers, and named it Liberty Hall. About 1867 Hamlin & Farr bought Liberty Hall and converted it into a shirt factory, which for the next ten years gave employment to one hundred people. Since the shirt factory abandoned it, the Grangers and others have used it for meetings. J. O. Jones built in 1881, on the bank of Emerson stream, a can- ning factory that has been the property of the Portland Canning Company since 1889. In the busy season each year 150 people are employed, who fill about 300,000 cans with sweet corn. Other Business Interests.— Probably the first trader in Oakland was Leonard Cornforth, in a building near his mills. Israel Wash- burn, afterward governor, was a clerk in this store for a time. Across the road Asahel Tilson kept a store at the same time, in a building now the property of Alonzo Matthews. Near the Combs dam Baxter Crowell and Kimball & Matthews had stores. Each of these had an ashery by the side of the pond. The names of many of the traders who have been located at the south end of the town are: Madison Crowell, Hallett & Balcom, Cyrus Wheeler, Elbridge G. Crowell, I. B. Morgan, Daniel Bowman, Mitchell & Gilman, Charles Arnold, A. J. Libby, Morrison Libby, D. F. Mc- Lure, Daniel & E. P. Blaisdell and Charles W. Folsom. A. Winslow & Co. have been in trade in one store for over twenty-five years. Some of the traders near the railroad depot have been: Burgess & Atwood, Hatch & Otis, B. F. Otis, O. F. Walker, Blaisdell & Hallett, Hallett & Leonard, Leonard & Mitchell, Watson V. and Arthur W. Leonard, H. E. Maines, H. J. Goulding, F. A. Kelley, Blake Brothers, Mrs. B. F. Frizzell, Miss M. L. James, Mrs. J. Blaisdell and A. C. Tay- lor. George W. Hubbard, boot and shoe dealer for several years, sold in 1885 to Albert Swain, who has added furnishing goods. Hobart Nickerson, a grocer, in 1865 added a stock of drugs. George Gould- ing bought the business in 1867 and has sold drugs for the past eight years. W. H. Macartney kept the first book and stationery store, suc- ceeded by J. B. Emerson, Frank Sawtelle, George L. Hovey, and in 1886 by Everett M. Stacy, who is also American Express agent, and was telegraph operator till 1892. The post office of West Waterville was established December 6, 1827, with Elisha Hallett, jun., as postmaster. Harvey Evans was appointed May, 1832; David Combs, October, 1832; William H. Hatch, TOWN OF OAKLAND. 1071 June, 1841; David Combs, December, 1845; William H. Hatch, No- vember, 1849; Isaac B. Tozer, January, 1852; William Macartney, April, 1854; Charles F. Stevens, October, 1862; J. Wesley Oilman, February, 1877; Charles F. Stevens, October, 1877; George T. Benson, January, 1882. Name was changed to Oakland March 19, 1883, with George T. Benson postmaster; William H. Macartney was appointed February, 1888, and Everett M. Stacy February, 1892. The oldest tavern now remembered was kept by Richard Dorr in 1832, at the junction of the Belgrade and vSmithfield roads, and was called the Montgomery House. Stephen Benson bought the place and kept the last tavern there. Guy T. Hubbard, in 1833, kept a tav- ern where Mills' livery is, and was succeeded by Clark Stanley. After the railroad came here, Isaac B. Tozer built a hotel and kept it, and was station agent at the same time. His successors were: John M. Libby, Abial Bacon, Lewis Field and William Cunningham. In 1883 Edward Low fitted the house next north for the business, and after him A. Young and George Danforth were the landlords. Ora M. Sib- ley reopened the house in 1891 as the Oakland Hotel, the only one in town, which he runs in connection with his long established livery business. Messalonskee National Bank was incorporated in 1875, under the name of the West Waterville National Bank, which was changed to its present form in 1884. The first directors were: Samuel Kimball, John U. Hubbard, Albion P. Benjamin, Luther D. Emerson and Samuel Blaisdell. The establishment of this bank was largely due to the per- sonal efforts of Luther D. Emersoia, who has been its president since 1888. Albion P. Benjamin, the first president, held the office for four- teen years, and George H. Bryant, the first cashier, was succeeded in 1884 by the present incumbent, J. E. Harris. The capital of the bank is $75,000; surplus, $11,500; undivided profits, §9,300; and it has $18,000 in circulating notes. This bank has been located in the Memorial Hall building ever since its organization. Oakland Savings Bank was incorporated in 1869 as the West Water- ville Savings Bank, and was changed to the present title in 1883. The first meeting for organization was held at the office of G. T. Stevens, April 9, 1869, and the doors were opened for business May 7th following. John Ayer was elected president, and has held the office ever since. Edwin P. Blaisdell was the first secretary and treasurer, Greenlief T. Stevens was the second, George H. Bryant was the third, and since 1884 J. E. Harris. John Ayer, A. P. Benjamin, W. H. Hatch, B. C. Benson and L. D. Emerson constituted the first board of trustees. In 1871 the deposits were $50,279, and eight per cent, dividends were paid for several years. Two per cent., paid semi- annually, is the present rate, with $166,000 deposits, $9,025 reserve 1072 HISTORY OF ^KENNEBEC COUNTY. fund and $5,000 undivided profits. This bank rented the basement of Memorial Hall in 1871. where'it is still located. Oakland Electric Light Company was organized in 1887, with a capital of $10,000. It now furnishes seven arc and twenty-four incan- descent street lights, for which it receives $600 per year. Eight arc and four hundred incandescent lights are furnished to private parties. The dynamo is located at the factory of Benjamin & Allen, of whom power is rented. O. E. Crowell was the first president, J. Wesley Oilman, who is now president, was the first treasurer, and A. R. Small, F. E. Dustin and O. E. Crowell were the first directors. Memorial Hall.— At the close of the war the commemoration of the patriotism of Oakland expressed itself in an unusually practical and appropriate way. The citizens formed a Soldiers' Monument Association, which was duly incorporated February 12, 1869. Then, instead of erecting the usual granite or marble shaft, they built a Memorial Hall, and dedicated it alike to the brave men, living and dead, who risked their lives in the great struggle, that the nation might live. Here the Grand Army men will continue to meet till the last survivor, having no earthly comrade, shall join "the eternal bivouac of the dead." Memorial Hall is neatly and substantially built of stone, with brick trimmings, and cost $12,000. The town contributed by vote $1,000 toward its construction, and pays $60 per year for its ijse as a town house. In 1887 this hall was deeded to Sergeant Wyman Post, to revert to the town when by the limitations of life they could no longer use it. The officers of the vSoldiers' Monument Association at its first formation in 1865 were: William^H. Hatch, president; Ben- jamin Hersom, vice-president; George W. Hubbard, secretary, and Alfred Winslow, treasurer. Samuel Kimball, Benjamin C. Benson, John U. Hubbard, A. P. Benjamin and Asa B. Bates constituted the board of trustees. Societies. — Messalonskee Lodge, No. 113, F. & A. M., was insti- tuted May 16, 1862, with ten charter members. The masters have been: Charles H. Blaisdell, John U. Hubbard, William Macartney, Alvin Atwood, George W. Oilman, George F. Benson, Adoniram J. Parker, J. Wesley Oilman, Charles Rowell, Orestes E. Crowell, Frank L. Given, Albert F. Bachelder and Horace A. Burrill. Three of its members have been honored with the appointment of dis- trict deputy grand master of the 12th district, each serving two years : William Macartney, Orestes E. Crowell and J. Wesley Oilman. Amon Lodge, No. 95, I. O. of O. F., was instituted November 2, 1882, with seven charter members. The chair of noble grand has been filled by: E. C. Blackwell, A. A. Parker, A. H. Lord, J. M. Field, C. W. Shepard, J. A. Sawtelle, H. H. Bowden, F. H. Lyford, TOWN OF OAKLAND. 1073 Redington Ellis, F. C. Sawtelle, George Soule, C. D. Cummings, Wel- lington Ellis, H. Sawtelle, O. F. Emory and C. G. Eaton, M. D. The Lodge has 139 members. Bodwell Commandery, No. 410, U. O. G. C. was organized in 1889, with twenty-three charter members. The "chair of noble commander has been fiiled by: C. E. Owen, A. H. Swett, Mrs. C. A. Cunningham, Rev. A. Hamilton, S. H. Skillings and Ora F. Emory. The society has thirty-eight members here. R. A. Herring is keeper of records. Crystal Fountain Lodge, No. 118, instituted in 1867, was the first Good Templar organization in Oakland. Cascade Lodge, No. 189, was instituted in 1881, with E. M. Foster, chief templar, and Jeannette Benjamin, secretary. This Lodge was reorganized in 1891 as Cascade Lodge, No. 383, has ninety-five mem- bers, and is rapidly increasing. A Division of the Sons of Temperance existed in this village in the forties and flourished till near war times. Alfred Winslow and George W. Hubbard were active members. Cascade Grange, No. 92, P. of H., was organized January 2, 1875, with thirteen charter members, and was prosperous from the start. Within a short time it established a Grange store that ran fifteen years. It has at present 175 members, who hold their weekly meet- ings in the old Liberty Hall. The following persons have been masters: Hiram Cornforth, Henry Morrill, Stephen C. Watson, Justin A. Sawtelle, Howard A. Sawtelle and Howard W. Wells. Oakland Lodge, No. 21, A. O. U. W., now having one hundred members, was instituted in 1884, with eleven charter members. The chair of master workman has been filled by: James Lowe, George Winegar, Hiram Wyman, D. E. Parsons, M.D., Frank L. Merrill, Frank S. Kelley and Albert H. Lord. Gilman's Band was organized in 1876, by J. Wesley Oilman, under whose continued leadership it has been in a state of constant and rare efficiency for sixteen years. In 1881, at Lake Maranacook, it easily took the first prize in competition with fourteen other bands. At present it numbers twenty-two performers, who are a credit to their leader, to themselves and to Oakland. Civil History.— The Selectmen of Oakland, with dates of first election and number of years of service, have been: 1873, Albion P. Benjamin, 2, John M. Libby, 5, George Rice; 1874, Charles E. Mit- chell, William P. Blake, 8; 1875, Adoniram J. Parker, 8, William Macartney, 2; 1877, John W. Greely; 1878, Henry J. Morrill; 1880, Samuel Blaisdell, 2; 1882, Alfred G. Ricker, 8; 1884, J. Wesley Oilman, 6, Stephen C. Watson, 4; 1887, O. E. Crowell, Charles E. Crowell; 1888,'Sewell W. Ward; 1889, William L.Ward, 2; 1891, Erastus W. 3, Charles M. Crowell and Andrew M. Rice. William Macartney was elected the first town clerk and was sue- 1074 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. ceeded in 1880 by Hiram C. Winslow, the present incumbent. Wil- liam Macartney was elected town treasurer in 1873; Bradford H. Mit- ■chell, 1874; Howard W. Wells, 1877; William M. Ayer, 1878; M. M. Bartlett, 1879; J. Wesley Oilman, 1881; George H. Bryant, 1884; George W. Field, 1887; A. D. Libby, 1888; M. L. Damon, 1890; and Samuel T. Hersum in 1886 and in 1891. By the annual report of the town officers for the year ending Feb- ruary 20, 1892, it appears that by a tax of eighteen mills per dollar on an assessed valuation of $752,246, $3 each on 542 polls, and $1 each on 126 dogs, Oakland raised the sum of $15,328.43. The appropria- tions were: For support of poor, $1,100; roads and bridges, $2,500; snow, $800; common .schools, $2,600; free high school, $850: miscel- laneous town expenses, $1,100; street lighting, $600; town farm, $500; Memorial Hall, $300; cemetery, $200; fire company and fire depart- ment, $175; and for memorial day, $25. Edwin M. Foster, supervisor of schools, reports that, with the help of a state appropriation of $1,311.65, the sum of $3,726.23 was actually ■expended for schools. The number of children of school age in town was 579, of whom 493 attended school. Oakland is one of the few towns in Kennebec county that is in- creasing in population. The census of 1880 shows 1,646 inhabitants, and in 1890 there were 2,055, of whom about 1,500 lived in the village. Winslow built a town meeting house here about 1800 that was used for religious and other public gatherings and for town meetings .till 1841, when it was taken down. The town business is now done at Memorial Hall. Churches. — The Free Baptists, the oldest religious organization in Oakland, date from 1832, when Deacons Levi Ricker and John Corn- forth, Joshua Gage, Nancy D. Soule and nine others pledged them- selves to walk the journey of life in the fear of God and with Chris- tian love. Of these thirteen only Mrs. Nancy (Soule) Shepard is left. They organized in the old town meeting house, and continued to meet there till the Union meeting house was built the next year. When the Universalists bought their pews, in 1859, they moved their vestry across the road and sold it soon after to the Methodists. They then proceeded, the same year, to build their present church. The following is a list of most of their preachers for sixty years: Elders Samuel Hutchins, Silas Curtiss, Whitney, George W. Bean, Jo- seph Burgess, Arthur Deering, Erskine, A. H. Morrell, J. N. Rich, Redland, E. Manson, S. McCowan, Lincoln Given, Edwin Blake, D. B. Newell, John Roberts and E. W. Churchill. Methodism was first organized in Oakland by Luther P. French, who formed a class here in 1843, of which D. B. Ward was leader, and Thomas Hill, a local preacher, and his wife, Joseph E. vStevens and Mrs. G. W. Pressey were active members. Ezekiel Robinson, Martin TOWN OF OAKLAND. 1075 Ward, P. P. Merrill, M. Wight and Asa Heath had probably preached ■occasional sermons in this part of the town between 1827 and 1843. S. Allen in 1844 and 1851; Asahel Moore, in 1845; C. Munger, in 1846; D. Waterhouse, in 1853; C. Fuller, in 1854-5; J. H. Mooers, in 1867; and A. S. Ladd, in 1869-70, preached here occasionally. In 1872 N. C. Clifford was sent to this charge and North Sidney. During his four years' pastorate Mr. Clifford succeeded in building a $6,000 meet- ing house, of which sum R. B. Dunn gave $1,600. For the next four years the society had little to show except their new church, which was empty most of the time. Rev. M. E. King, in 1880-81, infused a spirit of life, which began the work of finishing the audience room of the church. This was completed in 1884 under the administration of C. Munger. E. C. Springer followed in 1885-6, H. Chase in 1887-8, and for the next four years Alexander Hamilton. The church now numbers nearly one hundred members. Thomas Barnes, who has been called the father of Universalism in Maine, preached in 1802 the first sermon of this faith ever heard in Oakland. The town meeting house, which had been built but two years, was well filled, for preaching by anybody was scarce. A Uni- versalist conference was held here in 1810, the twelfth annual meeting of the Eastern Association; and again in 1813. This place was then called " Back Waterville." The business meeting was held at Joseph Warren's. Believers in this faith continued to increase. Barzilla Streeter, W. A. Drew, William Farwell and Sylvanus Cobb held fre- quent services here. The Union meeting house was built in 1833, principally by Univer- salists, and by Calvinistic and Freewill Baptists, and was dedicated in 1834. Joseph Warner, Elisha and Hiram Hallett, and Thomas Cook were prominent members; also the Crowells, Cornforths, Kimballs and Matthews. R. W. Byram, in 1839, was the first settled pastor, and Alfred Winslow was the first Sabbath school superintendent. Giles Bailey preached here in 1841, followed by James P. Weston, Ira Washburn of Sidney, and in 1845 by that stalwart Universalist, Nathaniel Gunnison; in 1846 by J. H. Henry; 1847, J. C. Pattee, and in 1852 by Amos Hutchins. The next year a church organization, with forty-eight metnbers, was perfected, which afterward more than doubled. The Univer- salists became so strong that during the year 1859 they bought the ■other pew owners' rights in the Union meeting house, on which they have since expended nearly $3,000 in improvements. W. A. P. Dil- lingham preached during the civil war, followed by Zenas Thompson for three years, and by Anson Titus, who wrote a careful history of the society for the Gospel Banner, that was published in 1876. George •G. Hamilton, after a pastorate of eight and one-half years, was fol- 1076 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. lowed by T. B. Fisher, and he by the present pastor, Edward G. Mason. . The Second Baptist Church of Waterville was organized Septem- ber 12, 1844, with forty-five members, mostly from the First Baptist church of Waterville. vSome of the prominent workers were: Asa C. Bates, Russell C. Benson, K. M. Blackwell, Lewis Tozer, Asa Lewis, Benjamin Jackson and Nathan Gibbs. In 1846 the society voted to build a house of worship, and directed the trustees to buy " a lot near the old meeting house for $45." The house was built in 1847, and has been enlarged twice since. A. F. Tilton was the first preacher,^ succeeded by N. M. Williams, John Butler and Allen Barrows. James D. Reid was ordained here in 1853; William Tilley followed in 18.")6; W. H. Kelton in 1862, Laforest Palmer next, and for nine years Prof. S. K. Smith of Waterville. F. D. Blake, C. E. Owen, G. W. Hinckley and E. N. Bartlett have been the last four pastors. Cemeteries. — Oakland has three public cemeteries. The Upper Cemetery is the oldest, the first ground for which was given by Bax- ter Crowell, soon after 1800. This has been enlarged by purchase at town expense. The Lower Cemetery was established about 1840, by the purchase of two acres of land. It has since been enlarged, and now extends to the pond. Lewis' burying ground, which has been in use from very early times, was originally donated by the family whose name it bears. PERSONAL PARAGRAPHS. Frank H. Axtell, born in 1853, is a son of Elbridge and Sarah (Crowell) Axtell, and grandson of Asa Axtell, who came to Belgrade from New Hampshire. Asa Axtell had eleven sons and one daughter. Elbridge Axtell came to Oakland in 1857 or 1858, and settled on the farm where he died in 1889. He had two sons: Charles C. (deceased) and Frank H., who is a farmer on his father's place. His wife is Emma, daughter of Ezekiel Page, of Waterville, Me. They have one son, Herbert E. John Ayer. — It is not imperative to trace a man's genealogy, to substantiate his claim to an enviable position earned wholly by him- self. One must be measured by his success and judged by the com- munity in which he resides, and by those with whom he comes in daily contact. To record one's merits so universally acknowledged is an agreeable task. The lives of such men as John Ayer make history which their descendants may read with pardonable pride and, closely studied, give a clear knowledge of the strength which develops com- munities and states, and of the motive power which controls them for public good. John Ayer's boyhood sounded the keynote of a future active life. A student of men and of literature, an original thinker, a deep i07e lowe Mas( . T ber 1 chun Bates Benjf build the o has b succee D. Rei W. H. S. K. S and E. Ce.m Cemete ter Cro' town ex the pun now ext use fron name it Franl (Crowell) from Ne^ Elbridge farm whe and Fran Emma, da son, Herb John ^ substantia self. One munity in daily conta an agreeab which theii studied, giv munities ai for public g John Ay' A student ( iiseni pastor, Edward G. . ille was organized Septem- •stly from the First Baptist , ;nent workers were: Asa C. i. Lewis Tozer, Asa Lewis, :n 1846 the society voted to > trustees to buy " a lot near i;0use was built in 1847, and lion was the first preacher. : and Allen Barrows. James ra Tilley followed in' I8.16; t, an<' -■>r nine years Pruf. . i ! .-, G. W. Hinckley ic ceiiicteries. The Upper ■r which was given by Bax- c-n enlrirged by purchase at estabhshed about 1840, by s since been enlarged, and ground, which has been in N mated by the family whose • n of Elbridge and Sarah eU, who came to Belgrade ven sons and one daughter. 'T 1858, and settled on the • suns: Charles C. (deceased) ;*ther's place. His wife is ; ville. Me. They have one <■■ a man's genealogy, to rned wholly by him- iudged by the com- ■ whom he comes in : knowledged is .r make history '.. If pride and, closely .^ which develops corh- which controls them f a future active life. TOWN OF OAKLAND. 1079 tending school a part of the first two years. He continued working at Wayne until 1862, and the year following he came to Oakland, where he has since been employed by the Dunn Edge Tool Company and its predecessors. He is now and has been for some years traveling- salesman for that corporation. He married in 1855 Harriet A., daughter of C. Erskine, of Fayette. Their three daughters are: Emma C. (Mrs. J. H. Witherell), Lillian M. (Mrs. Benjamin Hinds) and Edna L. Benjamin Chandler Benson.— Of the many manufacturers of Oakland, no one now living has a record of forty-four years of con- tinuous production except Benjamin C. Benson, who established a wagon shop, in which he built carriages and sleighs and all styles of wheeled vehicles, from 1836 to 1880. Although he made it success- ful, and ultimately the source of a handsome competence, the begin- ning was slow and hard. There was plenty to do, but no money to pay with. Mr. Benson was obliged to work as a last-maker a part of each year to get cash enough to buy the iron for his wagon building. This kind of combat took an iron will and whalebone muscles. Let us see where he got these qualities — which money cannot buy, but which can buy money, or make it. His grandfather, Ichabod Benson, came from Massachusetts to Livermore, Me., where he was a farmer. Stephen Benson, his father, was a farmer and a worker in iron, a blacksmith, a nail maker and a plow maker. He was born in 1777, and in 1800 was married to Rebecca Cummings. Their children were : Seth E., Rebecca, Sewall, Benjamin C, Russell C, Mary, Albert, and George B. Three of these eight children are still living: Rebecca, now Mrs. Teague of Turner; Benjamin C. and George B., both of Oakland. Benjamin Chandler Benson was born in Poland, Me., February 17, 1809. He was named by his uncle. Dr. Benjamin Chandler, whose wife was .Stephen Benson's sister ; and was adopted by them when he was nine months old, and taken to their home on Paris hill. The doctor was a very prominent man in all that section of country. His medical reputation was high and his practice was very large. He was a leader in public affairs, being for one or more terms a member of the legislature. But his labors were exhausting, and he died before he was fifty years old. Benjamin C. lived with his foster parents till he was sixteen years old, becoming greatly attached to them. Among his school fellows was Hannibal Hamlin. The two boys were warm friends. In the meantime his father had moved from Poland, where he had a nail shop, to South Paris, where he did general blacksmithing and a large business in plow making — from 75 to 100 a year. Only the most skillful blacksmiths could make good plows. From South Paris he moved to Livermore, and from there to Buckfield, where he bought a 1080 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTV. farm, on which he was living when Benjamin C. left Doctor Chand- ler's at the age of sixteen and came to help his father. Besides his farm, Stephen Benson had a wagon and blacksmith shop, in which Benjamin C. worked enough to become familiar with the manufacture of wagons. Six months before he was of age he bought his time from his father, giving his note for sixty dollars, and launched forth into the world for himself. The making of last blocks for the Boston market was, in those times, one of the few things that brought ready money. To this branch of trade, Benjamin C. and his brother, Sewall, bent their energies — first at Gardiner in the early part of 1833, from whence they removed the same year to West Water- ville. The next year Sewall managed the last block factory, and Benjamin C. worked for him till he went into the wagon business for himself. In 1837 he took the most important step of his life — he made Lucy D. Hitchings, of Waterville, his wife. Their children have been : Eliza M. (Mrs. M. M. Bartlett, of South Berwick, Me.), Elizabeth C. (Mrs. A. A. Parker, of Oakland), Annie M. (Mrs. E. N. Small, of Water- ville), Mary K. (Mrs. W. R. Pinkham), and Alice H. (Mrs. C. E. A. Winslow), both of Oakland. Mr. B. C. Benson lost his wife in 1879. Mr. and Mrs. W. R. Pinkham live with him at the old homestead, which dates back to near the beginning of the century, when John Coombs kept it as a hotel. Ichabod Benson died in 1833 and was buried in Livermore. Mr. Benson's activities have extended to matters of public welfare which interest all good citizens. He was one of the organizers and has always been a trustee of the Cascade Savings Bank. He was also one of the incorporators and has always been a director in the Messa- lonskee National Bank. The Baptist church, of which he is a mem- ber, has enjoyed his close care and generous support, and for many years his service as its financial clerk. Entirely without his solicita- tion, he was elected, in 1860, on the republican ticket, and served one term in the state legislature. Edwin C. Benson, son of Russell C. and Abigail (Dunbar) Benson, was born December 31, 1853. He was temperer in the axe and scythe works at Oakland for twelve years. In 1889 he bought the old Hallett homestead, and is now a farmer. He married Carrie E., daughter of William P. Blake. Their children are John W., Alice A. and Leon C. Hiram Blake, born in 1815, is one of thirteen children of John and Deborah (Wade) Blake, and grandson of Nathaniel and Annie (Taylor) Blake, whose children were : John, Mary, Nancy, William, Nathaniel, Avadna, David, Jonathan, Sally and Samuel. John died in Sears- mont. Me., in 1855, aged sixty-five years. Hiram came to Oakland in 1835 and in 1873 bought the old Marsten farm, where five years later he built his present residence. His wife Nancy (deceased) was a '#^' /? /^€Ut. •f OAKLAND. da iieir children are : Charles E.. Sumner .irs. L. D. Davis), Sarah C, Alice E., Lester erge A. E., who was killed in the late war ; ;e H. and an infant daughter. .RE is the son of William Blake, of Waterville, .Nathaniel Blake, of Belgrade. William, one of raised on the old homestead and trained to his of f«irming. About 1817 he married Mrs. Martha ' lose house and farm in that town became at ey raised a iamily, and passed the remainder A 0 oldest children, Caroline and Emiline, are lliam P., born June 13, 1825, was the third, and ■h and last. The latter on arriving at manhood where his ready abilities and his resolute makeup ,)portunity to realize his ambitions. In the midst of ;r as a gold miner, he fell a victim to the climate, received the usual training of a farmer's son. His . 1841, leaving l.im at the age of sixteen with the man- i responsibiliuf - of his business. These duties were i-rformed for *■' years, when, with a decided preference ical occupatif'T. >.o entered the scythe factory of Hale & By close appl'.-;>n under the training of his employer, Tafft, he learned vi a single year so much of the art of finish- tbes that he went the next year to Rhode Island and took the ■f work there, by the job. In 1848 he returned to Hale & :re he remained for twelve years, a competent jobber and .i^erin the most extensive and important manufacturing jusine.ss then carried on in town. The constant strain of inten.se ap- ilicati'jn afifected his health to such an extent that he quit the .scythe >s in 1860. ■:.r a rest of two years, Mr. Blake and John U. Hubbard formed . -^f Hubbard & Blake, who were large makers of scythes till 1 the business was changed to a stock company that built niade axes and hatchets, and sold their plant in 1889 to xe Company. Ulake bought the farm of 175 acres, where he still - Rllis lake on the west, to Messalonskee lake on or beautiful situation and a productive soil. ;ve much attention to raising thoroughbred of Hereford cattle and Southdown sheep. - always been to produce the best possible ■' h the many medals and first class pre- r.il fairs are proofs. Mr. Blake has also ;'(jserv-ation and increase of fish and TOWN OF OAKLAND. 1081 daughter of James Carson. Their children are: Charles E., Sumner W., William R., Rose D. (Mrs. L. D. Davis), Sarah C, Alice E., Lester H. and five who died — Goerge A. E., who was killed in the late war ; Oliver E., Mary W., Lillie H. and an infant daughter. William Paris Blake is the son of William Blake, of Waterville, and the grandson of Nathaniel Blake, of Belgrade. William, one of nine children, was raised on the old homestead and trained to his father's occupation of farming. About 1817 he married Mrs. Martha Nelson, of Waterville, whose house and farm in that town became at once his home. Here they raised a family, and passed the remainder of their days. Their two oldest children, Caroline and Emiline, are both deceased. William P., born June 13, 1825, was the third, and Albion C. the fourth and last. The latter on arriving at manhood went to Australia, where his ready abilities and his resolute makeup found room and opportunity to realize his ambitions. In the midst of a prosperous career as a gold miner, he fell a victim to the climate, and died in 1861. William P. received the usual training of a farmer's son. His father died in 1841, leaving him at the age of sixteen with the man- agement and responsibilities of his business. These duties were faithfully performed for four years, when, with a decided preference for mechanical occupations, he entered the scythe factory of Hale & Stevens. By close application under the training of his employer, Miletus Tafft, he learned in a single year so much of the art of finish- ing scythes that he went the next year to Rhode Island and took the same kind of work there, by the job. In 1848 he returned to Hale & Stevens, where he remained for twelve years, a competent jobber and a hard worker in the most extensive and important manufacturing business then carried on in town. The constant strain of intense ap- plication affected his health to such an extent that he quit the scythe business in 1860. After a rest of two years, Mr. Blake and John U. Hubbard formed the firm of Hubbard & Blake, who were large makers of scythes till 1877, when the business was changed to a stock company that built more shops, made axes and hatchets, and sold their plant in 1889 to the American Axe Company. In 1861 Mr. Blake bought the farm of 175 acres, where he still lives, extending from Ellis lake on the west, to Messalonskee lake on the east— widely noted for beautiful situation and a productive soil. For many years he gave much attention to raising thoroughbred stock, making a specialty of Hereford cattle and Southdown sheep. The rule of his life has always been to produce the best possible results, of the wisdom of which the many medals and first class pre- miums he has won at agricultural fairs are proofs. Mr. Blake has also taken an active interest in the preservation and increase of fish and 1082 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. game. He is the president of the North Kennebec Fish and Game Association, which has recently been organized through the efforts of Mr. Blake and W. T. Hames. In 1850 he was united in marriage with Anguilla Hubbard, of Waterville. Fred E., their oldest child, is a farmer in Sidney, is town clerk and one of the selectmen. Caroline, the second child, died in 1888. Charles J. and William A., the next two, are traders in Oak- land ; and Glenni, the fourth, is a farmer with his father. Martha, now Mrs. D. A. Blai.sdell, of Oakland; Alice, deceased, and Tad L., employed on the Old Colony railroad in Massachusetts, complete the names of their eight children. Mr. Blake's abilities are recognized, and his services are sought for in various positions of public trust. He served as selectman for eight years, and is a director in the Messalonskee National Bank. His religious sympathies are with the Universalists. He has belonged to the- Masonic order for thirt}' years, and politically has always been a staunch republican. Elias A. Bowman, farmer, born in 1847, is a son of George W. and Lydia (Wilbur) Bowman, and grandson of Elias, whose father was Thomas Bowman, jun. Mr. Bowman's maternal grandfather was Caleb Wilbur', and his ancesters were : Lemuel', Meshach*, Shadrach", Shadrach', Samuel Wilbur', who with his wife, Ann Bradford, were admitted as communicants to the First church of Boston December 1, 1033. Mr. Bowman married Ella Newell, who died, leaving one son, Fred A. His present wife is Ida E., daughter of Nahum H. and granddaughter of Caleb Wilbur'. Their children are : Frank B., Edward H., Sadie A. (deceased), Grace M., George H. and Edith M. Joshua H. B. Bowman, born in 1824, was the youngest of ten children of Elias and Martha Bowman, of Sidney. In 1845 he began to learn the carpenter's trade at Augusta. He afterward went to Ken- tucky, where he was engaged on mill work until 1863, when he came to Oakland, where he is still engaged at his trade, having for several years done the repair work for the Cascade Woolen Mill and Dunn Edge Tool Company. His first wife was Cynthia Hibbard ; his sec- ond, Catharine Higden, and his present wife was Mrs. Sophia A. Richardson. He has one son, Herbert J. Jackson Cayford, son of John Cayford, was born at Skowhegan in 1829. He was several years a resident of Fairfield, where he ran a threshing machine and was engaged in various other kinds of busi- ness as well as farming. He came to Oakland in 1884, where he en- gaged in the wood and lumber business. He served in the late war in Company H, 19th Maine, from August, 1863, until November of the following year. May 18. 1864, he received a wound that caused the loss of his left arm. He married Lucinda Lewis, who died leaving ^.A6. /7\jiAy^(r>u TOWN OF OAKLAND. l>-'oO for about three years in a store at Quincy. In 1840 he returned home, and with his father's family removed to Norridgewock, where the father died, January 6, 1844, leaving upon Luther D., as the only son, the care of the family, and incidentally in a fatherly relation to sev- eral children of deceased sisters, who were early left in a condition of orphanage, and who ever render to " Uncle Luther " a full measure of gratitude and filial affection. Soon after the family removed to Norridgewock Luther D. came to West Waterville, now Oakland, and entered the scythe factory of S. Hale & Co. This proved to be the business of his life. For three years his special work was in the grinding department, but daily con- tact with the other processes brought him an exact knowledge of all the details of this then rapidly growing industry. In 1844 he engaged in North Wayne with the scythe manufacturer, R. B. Dunn. This service continued for twenty-one years. Most of this time he kept the books for Mr. Dunn, besides keeping an eye on the many points that needed watchful attention. In 1858 the business was extended to West Waterville, at which date Mr. Emerson's permanent residence here commenced. In 1865 the new firm of Hubbard, Blake & Co. was formed, com- posed of John U. Hubbard, W. P. Blake, L. D. Emerson and Charles Folsom, manufacturers of scythes and axes. In 1870, a new firm, com- posed of L. D. Emerson, Joseph E. Stevens, W. R. Pinkham and George W. Stevens, was organized as Emerson, Stevens & Co., to carry on the same business. About 1885 the present organization, the Emerson & Stevens Manufacturing Company, was formed, and is now known wherever scythes and axes are used. Mr. Emerson has completed a half century of honorable and profit- able devotion to the work of his life, and is still blessed with strength to continue its successful prosecution. He married in 1855, Dulcina Minerva, daughter of Dea. Reuben Crane, of Fayette. Their children are : Alice M., who lives with her parents, and Walter C. Emerson, a graduate of Colby, and now one of the editors of the Portland Advertiser. He was recently elected to the Maine legisla- ture. This progress in life for a young man thirty-two years old is a creditable record. His wife, Jennette, is a daughter of George Milli- ken, formerly of Waterville. Luther D. Emerson started in his political career as a radical abolitionist. He voted in 1840 for Martin Van Buren and in 1844 for James G. Birney; for Fremont in 1856, and has been arrayed ever since in the republican ranks. He holds that the Decalogue should have a place in politics, and although a strong party man he is not oblivious to the mistakes of party leaders and sometimes thinks — like the prophets of old— that he can see disaster and trouble ahead when 1086 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. the leaders depart from the high standard which he believes the party should maintain. He has been a director in the Messalonskee National Bank from its organization, and its president since 1888. He has always been affiliated with the Congregational church, of which so man}' of his ancestors were distinguished ministers, and is a member of the Maine Historical Society, taking a lively interest in the various subjects to which the labors of that society are devoted. He has a passionate fondness for the spot and the scenes of his boyhood days, and visits every year the ruins of the homesteads of his father and grandfather on the historic island of Arrowsic, where the honored dust of Parson Emerson reposes in peace close by the site of his long since obliter- ated church. Benjamin F. Folger, youngest son of Elisha and Judith (Starbuck) Folger, was born in Sidney in 1828. His father was master of a whaling vessel of Nantucket, Mass., and in 182.5 he came to Sidney, where he was farmer and miller. Mr. Folger is a moulder by trade; he has been employed at various places and has been in manufactur- ing business some. He served on the school board and as selectman in Sidney and has been four years on the school board in Oakland. Edwin M. Foster, born January 30, 1864, son of Martin A. Foster, of Winthrop, came to Oakland from Winthrop in 1883. He married Mary, daughter of John W. Greeley. He has been paymaster and account- ant of Cascade Woolen Mill since November, 1887, and prior to that was with the Emerson & Stevens Manufacturing Company. Since March, 1891, he has been supervisor of schools, and since 1890 a mem- ber of the republican town committee. John Wesley Oilman, well known in Maine as a Grand Army man, was born in 1844 in Belgrade. His parents were Jacob and Deborah (Ham) Oilman. He was learning the trade of scythe maker in Oak- land when in August, 1862, he enlisted in Company A, 20th Maine, and was discharged in June, 186.5. In the fall of that year he returned to Oakland, where he has since lived, engaging in various business enterprises. In 1884 he was elected chairman of the board of .select- men and held the office six consecutive years. He was two years assistant inspector, and one year chief mustering officer. Department of Maine, G. A. R., and is at present one of the council of adminis- tration of that body. He married Sarah B., daughter of Samuel Kimball. She died in 1890. He was for a time local editor and busi- ness manager of the Oakland newspaper already spoken of in Chap- ter X. Frank L. Given, son of Rev. Lincoln and Lucy A. (Colby) Given, was born in 1859 at Caribou, Me. He came to Oakland in 1878, where he has been employed in axe making. From 1882 until 1890 he did finishing and packing axes for the Dunn Edge Tool Company, and TOWN OF OAKLAND. 1087 since 1890 he has been foreman of their axe shop. He married Florence A., daughter of Charles and Sarah (Hatch) Smiley. Her maternal grandparents are William H. and Betsey (Barrows) Hatch. George W. Goulding, son of Joseph V. and Frances (Hubbard) Goulding, was born in 1842 at North Wayne. He went to Minnesota in 1854 and in 1861 enlisted in Company E, 1st Minnesota, served in that regiment three years, then served one year in the Hancock Vet- eran Corps, Company E, being discharged as sergeant. Since 1866 he has been one of Oakland's most active business men. He is a promi- nent member of the G. A. R. and also of the Masonic fraternity. He has twice represented his district in the legislature. He married Pauline Holt, of Skowhegan, and has one daughter. John W. Greeley, born in Mt. Vernon in 1827, is a son of John and Susan (Gilman) Greeley, and grandson of Joseph Greeley, of Readfield. He came from Oakland to Belgrade in 1871 and after five years he began v/ork for the Dunn Edge Tool Company and has been travel- ing salesman and inspector of scythes for that company since that time. He married Martha, daughter of Samuel Bartlett. They have had eleven children: Evelyn, John (deceased), William (deceased), Timothy B. (deceased), Horace W., Susie, Arthur S. (deceased), Mary M., Martha (deceased), Alton (deceased), and Nora B. Arthur H. Johnson was born in 1827 in Carthage, Me., where he learned the blacksmith's trade. In 1858 he entered the scythe factory of R. B. Dunn at North Wayne, and in 1862 came to Oakland, where he continued thirty years in the employ of the Dunn Edge Tool Com- pany. He married Lucilla Fairbanks in 1854. Their children were: George H., Albert A., Lucy F. and Warren F. Albert A. Johnson was born in 1864 and became a painter. In 1887 he embarked in his present business — merchant tailoring— and the next year married Maggie Conley. Their children have been: Warren A., who died in 1891, and Efhe German. Andrew J. Libby, born in 1834, is the only surviving child of John M. and Louisa (Witham) Libby, and grandson of John Libby. Of the various business enterprises in which Mr. Libby has been engaged farming and stock raising is the principal. He is known as the " Old Ox King " of the state of Maine. He is vice-president of the National Bank of Oakland, one of the trustees of the Maine State fair, repre- sentative for 1891 and 1892, and director of the Somerset Railway. He married Abbie, daughter of David P. Morrison, and their children are: Morrison, Andrew D.. Abbie G. and J. Burt — all married. Morrison Libby, eldest son of Andrew J. Libby, was born in 1859. He is engaged in a grocery business in the block where his father formerly kept store. He married Mrs. Julia Farnham, daughter of Samuel Whitehouse. Dea. William Macartney was born in 1808 in Boston, Mass., and 1088 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. died at Oakland in 1891. He came to Maine in 1823, where he learned the clothier's trade. He held various town offices, both in Waterville and Oakland, and in 1873 represented his district in the legislature. He married Betsey, daughter of Ichabod Smith. Their six children were: Mary, Lovisa S., William Henry, and three that died— Caroline E., Cordelia and Octavia M. William Henry, born in 1836, was a scythe maker, from 1860 to 1884. He served in the late war one year in Company B, 21st Maine. He inarried Ellen M., daughter of Joel Richardson, and their children are: Dwight P. and Mary L. Mr. Macartney has been chairman of the board of selectmen and post- master. Daniel F. McLure, son of Jacob McLure, was born in 1832 at Skow- hegan. He has been engaged in operating grist mills since 1849. In 1871 he came to Oakland and for fifteen years ran the grist mill for Samuel Blaisdell. In 1886, in company with George H. Danforth, he bought the mill and has run it since that time in connection with the adjoining grocery store. He bought Mr. Danforth's interest in the business in 1889. Mr. McLure is an active member of the order of Odd Fellows. Daniel E. Manter, retired farmer, born in Madison in 1824, is a son of Daniel (1792-1864) and Lydia (Pratt) Manter, and grandson of David (1763-1820) who came from Martha's Vineyard, Mass., to Wayne, and married Keziah Robbms. They had ten children. Mr. Manter lived in Sidney from 1854 until he came to Oakland in 1887. He married Saphronia F., daughter of Humphrey and granddaughter of Hum- phrey Bailey, who came from Massachusetts and settled in Sidney. Their children are : George W., Alice A., William B. and a daughter that died in infancy. Reuben Ricker came to Waterville from Berwick, Me. He mar- ried Philena Warren and their children were: Reuben, Ira H., Levi, Philena, Lucy, Sarah, Maria, Harriet, Susan, and Charlotte. Levi, born in 1802, married Mary Ann McPherson, and their children were: Eliza J. (Mrs. C. F. Stevens), Henry A., Alfred G., James F., Lottie P., William H., Sumner, Levi S. and Erastus. Of these only two are liv- ing—Eliza J. and Alfred G. Henry A. and Alfred G. occupied the homestead of their father and since his death in 1862 Alfred G. has carried on the farm. Henry A. died in March, 1892. Charles K. Sawtelle, born in 1820, died June 1, 1892, was the eldest of four children of Captain Nathan and Hannah (Kimball) Sawtelle, grandson of Nathan, and great-grandson of Moses Sawtelle. He mar- ried Paulena C. Bangs, who died leaving three children: Georgiana, Frank and Sylvanus. His second wife was Elizabeth A. Pursey, who left one son, Henry. His third wife was Mrs. Lizzie C. Lewis, a daughter of Asa Soule. They had one son, Eugene K. Mrs. Sawtelle had one daughter by her former marriage, Mary T. Lewis. :ughther of James Mathews, in the navy. They settled -i.v cbilflren: Stillman, who v.. Ta -. Isaiah, and two if thi family, whose por- 1812. (")n arriving at ma- ago. George - the seoort' provision for the girls. ■.•A, where Elmira still She died some years '.: $20 each. In 1840 ighty acres, lot 59, in .ear the comfortable 'lit his industry ifi table, adding and good manageinci.. _, buildings and modern improvements. October 26, 1834, Mr. Robbins married a girl of his own age, xv^- setta, daughter of Andrew Bonney, of China, who came from Win- throp to Parmenter hill, before Rosetta was born. He was a soldier r ^. ^. //.- v^y^ TOWN OF VASSALBORO. 1137 "builder of cisterns and large reservoirs. He accurately locates sub- terranean water courses, and has completed some of the best hydrau- lic works in the county. Reuben Weeks was born in 1818 at Nantucket. In 1827 he came with his father, Captain Reuben Weeks, to Vassalboro. His wife, Octavia, is a daughter of Moses Bassett, who came from Cape Cod and settled in Harlem (now China). Their children are: Hattie E., Abbie B. (Mrs. Albert R. Ward, of China), Ella L. and Frank G. Weeks, who died, leaving one daughter, Lottie. Captain Reuben Weeks, in 1813, was captured by privateers and robbed of his ship and cargo of whale oil. Daniel Whitehouse, a descendant of Thomas Whitehouse, of Dover, N. H. (1658), came from Berwick to South Vassalboro when an old man. His children, some of whom had come previously, were: Ed- mund, Daniel, jun., Thomas, Hannah and Comfort. Edmund had children: John R., William, Edmund, jun., Benjamin, Maria, Phebe and Martha. Daniel, jun., had sons: David S., Seth C, Owen, Paul and Daniel. Thomas had sons: John and Thomas, jun. John R. Whitehouse, son of Edmund, and grandson of Daniel Whitehouse, married Hannah Percival, of Cape Cod, and they lived and died at South Vassalboro in the homestead shown on this page. Their children were: Helen Maria (Mrs. Wellman, deceased); Dulcia Maria, (Mrs. Dr. Meigs) of West Virginia; Hildanus R., of Clinton, Iowa; John P., of Augusta, Me.; Melissa R., (Mrs. Joseph Cloud) of Baltimore; Oliver P., deceased, and Judge William Penn Whitehouse, of Augusta. 1138 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. David M. Wyer, born in 1831, is a son of Shubael, and grandson of Captain David Wyer, a whaler, of Nantucket, who came to East Vas- salboro about 1810. He bought the farm where David now lives of John Brackett, and died at Taber hill. Shubael married Sally, a daughter of Captain John G. Fitch, a Nantucket whaleman, who came to East Vassalboro in 1827. David M. married Mary C, daughter of George G. Clark, whose father, Captain Albert Clark, came from Nan- tucket to Vassalboro about 1820. Mrs Wyer, at her death, left five children: Benjamin F., a druggist in Boston; Annie M. (Mrs. John F. Fletcher), Clara Belle, James C. and Hattie M. The present Mrs. Wyer is Josephine, a daughter of Jonathan Cross, of Cross Hill. William A, Yates, born in 1852, is a son of Alexander and Lois E. (Thompson) Yates, of Bristol, Me., and grandson of William Yates. He married Ida F., a daughter of B. F. and Lydia C. (Tripp) Bright- man, and granddaughter of Leonard and Phebe Brightman. They have two sons: Frank Brightman and Samuel Alexander Yates. Mr. Yates came in 1815 from Bristol to Vassalboro, where he built his present elegant residence in 1890. CHAPTER XLIII. TOWN OF CHINA. Jones' Survey. — Map.— Early Settlers. — First Grave. — First Birth. — Incorporated as Harlem.— China Erected. — Harlem Civil Lists.— China Civil Lists. — Vil- lages, their Industries and Institutions. — Prominent Localities. — Other Set- tlers. — Ecclesiastical. — Societies. — Cemeteries. — Schools. — Personal Para- graphs. WHEN the Kennebec Purchasers in the fall of 1773 sent John Jones and Abraham Burrell to survey a plantation east of Vassalboro and plot it into lots for settlement, they laid the foundation for the present thrifty town of China. They laid out 32,000 acres, including the waters, into farms of substantially 200 acres each; and to this fifty square miles the proprietors and their purchasers, alluding to the old surveyor, and not to the first settler, applied the title of "Jones' Plantation." They finished the survey in the spring of 1774, and Jones' map as then made was referred to by lot numbers in the original deeds to the settlers. At Gardiner, where Mr. Jones, generally known as " Black Jones," had been employed in other surveys, Ephraim Clark was spending the winter of 1773-4, and in the following March made a judicious selection of two lots, 39 and 40, nominally of 400 acres, but actually of nearly six hundred, as the east shore of the lake curved; and that summer built his house near the water on what is known as the Sumner Hawes farm. Very soon after — probably the same season — Ephraim Clark's three brothers, Jonathan, Edmund and Andrew, and a brother-in-law, George Fish, secured lots in the plantation. The parents of these pioneers seem to have resided with Ephraim Clark. Two years after the settlement was made Merriam, the mother died, and her husband, Jonathan, survived her four years. They were buried in the orchard by the shore near their residence, and two field stones now mark the .spot. Ephraim, born July 15, 1751, seems to have lived a bachelor life. He did not marry until 1795. Olive Braley, the object of his affections, was born the year he entered the log cabin, and twenty-two years afterward he brought her home his bride. They were blessed with the old-fashioned family of six sons and six daughters, who all lived to maturity. Jonathan, who was born in 73 1140 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY, ToVW; ^STowes' ■Pto-'TV/ ^;y^^^ SUxr>XcJXoy^ TOWN OF CHINA. 1141 1737, brought Susanna Gardiner, his wife, and settled across the lake from Ephraim, on the point where Everett E. Clark lives, his land including- parts of John O. Page's and Sanford K. Clark's places. Ed- mund took the lot south of Jonathan's, on the west side of the lake. He married Rachel Cofifin, and their daughter, Anna, born Novem- ber 20, 1774, was the first girl born in the plantation. She became Mrs. Peter Pray, of Priest hill. Andrew Clark located on what is now, substantially, South China village. Church Clark, a fifth brother, remained at Nantucket and in the next generation his son, Ephraim, came to the west side of the lake, near where John B. and Anson P. Morrill live. George Fish settled on the east side of the lake, where John Jones and Gustavus A.Webber live. He and Ephraim Clark built on Clark brook, sometimes called Fish brook, the first saw mill m the town. Mr. Fish died on his pas- sage to England, and the widow died at their place of residence. Hers was the first grave opened in the grounds adjoinmg the Friends' meet- ing house, on the east side of the lake. Abraham Burrell, who assisted in the survey, located where Levi A. Jackson lives, and built his first log cabin near the lake shore, where only some cinnamon roses remain to mark the spot. Michael Norton settled on the lake shore, on the next farm south of the town house. His son, Thomas, the first male child born in the plantation, lived and died on the old homestead. These early settlers were soon followed by Josiah Ward— the builder of the first frame house in the town, which stood on the present farm of Benjamin H. Moody. The Nortons were enterprising settlers, and the vicinity is known as Nor- ton's Corner to this day. Mr. Burrell erected on his farm in 1790 the first frame building in the plantation. The "raising" made a red- letter day in the settlement. From Getchell's Corners on the west, and Freedom plantation on the north, help came. The broadside of native oak had reached the most trying position when it was neces- sary to have more help, and the lady spectators seized the poles and and pikes, deciding the day. This frame is now a part of Levi A. Jackson's barn. While the natural privations of pioneer life were augmented by the early events of the revolutionary period, the abundance of game and the enormous supply of fish preserved the life of the settlers. They were thorough men and courageous women who planted civiliza- tion here, and for twenty-two years they made interesting history before they were given the privileges of a town. A few simple rules- enforced by common consent — was sufficient law for the peaceful and industrious. In February, 1796, the plantation was incorporated as the town of Harlem. It was described in the act as bounded by four straight lines: On the west by the east line of Vassalboro, on the east by a 1142 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. line eight miles and 180 rods long, six miles distant from and parallel Avith the west line, and on the north and south by two lines, each six miles long, extending from the corners of Vassalboro south 68° east. Ebenezer Farwell was authorized to call the first town meeting, which was held at the house of Shubael Bragg. For twenty-two years the territory of Harlem was well governed by officers elected at annual meetings usually held in the Friends' meeting house on the pond road, when, in June, 1818, the town of Harlem was divided, the northern portion being joined with parts of Lygonia (now Albion) and Winslow, to form the new town of China. Four years later the remainder of Harlem was annexed to China, and thus, forty-eight years after the settlement of Jones' plantation, it took the present name. The town records of old Harlem are well preserved. They were carefully written by intelligent clerks and contain a mass of quaint and curious lore. In them we find that the voters chose their own company, as is shown by the following order: " To Edmund Clark, " Constable of the town of Harlem, " Greeting: " You are, in the name of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, directed to warn and give notice to Boston Ricker and Prince Brown, with their families and all under their care, who came last from Vas- salboro for the purpose of residing, NOT having obtained the town's CONSENT, that they depart the limits thereof within 15 days. " Given under our hands this 7 day of May, 1798, at Harlem. " Ichabod Chadwick, " Abraham Burrell, " Selectmen." Among the other interesting items are these: " 1803. A^oted that geese shall not run on the Common." " 1804. Voted $55 for a town standard " [of weights and measures]. " Voted $35 to recruit town magazine." " 1805. Voted Ephraim Clark be pound ' keeper.' " — and he is reported as holding the office for life. " March 12, 1798. Voted to pay for the town's stock of powder out of last year's school money." " March 7, 1800. Voted to pay for run- ning out town line, out of last year's school money." " May 21, 1804. Voted to take school money for the year to build school houses. Harlem Civil Lists. — Although the name Harlem passed into history with the annexation of 1822, officers were elected until 1828 for settling the affairs of the town. The selectmen of Harlem, with the year of first election and number of years of service, if more than one, were: 1796, Abraham Burrell, 6 years, Ephraim Clark, 5, James Lancaster; 1797, Ichabod Chadwick, 13, Josiah Ward, 3; 1799, Edmund Clark, 2, James Chadwick, 2; 1803, Jesse Martin; 1804, Ed- ward Fairfield, 2; 1805, David Doe; 1806, Nathan Stanley, 2; 1807, Josiah Ward, jun., 10; 1808, Nathaniel Johnson, 10; 1810, Jedediah TOWN OF CHINA. 1143 Jepson, 3; 1812, Samuel Burrell; 1813, Constant Abbott, 3; 1815, Rob- ert Fletcher; 1816, Joseph Stuart; 1818, Elisha Clark, 5; 1818, John Dow; 1819, John Weeks, 10; 1820, Joseph Hacker, 4, and William Mosher, 6; 1824, Jonathan Dow, 2; 1828, Ebenezer Meiggs. Excepting the year 1800, when Ephraim Clark was clerk, Edward Fairfield served from 1796 to 1809; Samuel Burrell was elected in 1810; Constant Abbott in 1813, and John Weeks, 1818 to 1828. The successive town treasurers for Harlem were: Ephraim Clark, 1796; Abraham Burrell, 1803; Josiah Ward, jun., 1805; Nathaniel Johnson, 1816; Josiah Ward, 1817; Thomas Giddings, 1818; Silas Piper, 1820; Henry W. Piper, 1826, and John Weeks for 1828. China Civil Lists.— The selectmen, with date of first election and total number of years of service, have been: 1818, Daniel Stevens, 7 years, Nathan Stanley, Robert Fletcher; 1819, Japheth C. Washburn, 3, John Brackett; 1820, Isaac Jones, 2; 1822, Nathaniel Johnson, Jo- seph Hacker, 2, William Mosher, 4; 1823, Joseph Stuart, 4, Abishia Benson, 2; 1824, Alfred Marshall, 6; 1825, John Weeks, 8; 1826, Eben- ezer Meiggs, 5; 1827, Gustavus A. Benson, 2; 1829, Benjamin Libby, jun., 2, Nathaniel Spratt, 5; 1831, Alexander Hatch, 2; 1832, S. S. Warren; 1834, Jason Chadwick, 2, Freeman Shaw; 1835, Timothy F. Hanscom, 2, Edward Breck, 3; 1836, Jonathan Clark, 2; 1838, Corydon Chadwick, 11, Daniel Crowell, 3; 1839, Elisha Clark, Thomas B. Lin- coln, 10; 1840, ^amuel Hanscom, Daniel D. Starrett; 1841, Earned Pullen; 1845, John Estes, 2d, 2; 1848, Lot Jones, 3; 1849, John L. Gray, 2; 1851, Oliver Hanscom, 2, Alfred Fletcher, 8; 1853, Samuel Taylor, 3; 1854, Sullivan Erskine; 1855. Edward Emerson, 2, Amos McLaughlin; 1856, Nathaniel Wiggin; 1857, Alfred H. Jones, 2, John F. Hunnewell, 2, Josiah H. Greely, 4; 1859, Eli H. Webber, 3; 1862, Thomas Dinsmore, jun., 2, Daniel Webber, 2: 1864, Ambrose H. Abbott, Nathan Widlow, 3, John Libby; 1865, Roland Reed, 2; 1867, Alexander Chad- wick, 5, Caleb Jones, 3, Jabez Lewis, 4; 1868, Gustavus B. Chadwick, 3, Abishia B. Fletcher, 3, Francis Jones, 7; 1871, John S. Hamilton, 2; 1873, Charles E. Dutton, 7; 1876, Dana C. Hanson, 4, Samuel C. Star- rett, 4, Freeman H. Crowell, 4; 1878, Elihu Hanson, 3, Enos T. Clark; 1879, Theodore M. Jackson, 2; 1883, Theron E. Doe, 4, Henry B. Reed, 4; 1887, James B. Fish, 3; since 1887, Orrin F. Sproul; 1887, John F. Plummer, 5; 1890, James W. Brown, 2, and in 1892, W. R. Ward and A. P. Mosher. Japheth C. Washburn was the first town clerk, succeeded by John Weeks in 1822; Gustavus A. Benson, 1825; Thomas Burrell, 1827; Japheth C. Washburn, 1830; James H. Brainard, 1837; Oliver W. Washburn, 1840; Ambrose H. Abbott, 1851; Edward Emerson, 1865; F. O. Brainard, 1868; John H. Stevens, 1869; Willis W. Washburn, 1872; Charles B. Stuart, 1878; Willis C. Hawes, 1886; Wilson F. Hawes, 1887, and Willis W. Washburn since 1888. 1144 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Since China was organized its treasurers have been: John Brackett, 5 years; Silas Piper, 3; Benjamin Libby, jun., 2; John Weeks, 1; Ebenezer Shaw, 3; Freeman Shaw, 2; Samuel Hanscom and Thomas B. Lincoln, each 1, before 1836; then Daniel Crowell, 3 years; Reuben Hamlin, 3; Charles A. Russ, 3; Ebenezer Meiggs, from 1845 to 1855; Nelson Russell and Abishia B. Fletcher, each 2; Thomas Dins- more, jun., 3; James E. Cates and Justus Greely, each 2, during the civil war; Ambrose H. Abbott, 1866; William Percival, 1867; then Am- brose H. Abbott, 3; Cyrenus K. Evans, 3; Amasa Taylor, 1; John C. Tucker, 3; Charles W. Clark, 1; John Taylor, 2; Caleb Jones, 2; Russell D. Woodman, 1; Edward C. Dudley, 2; Joseph E. Crossman, 1; Elijah D. Jepson, 4, and Martin Webber. Villages. — China village is pleasantly situated at the north end of the lake, and its surrounding landscape presents a variety of hill, val- ley and water. Its main street, winding along the bank of the inlet, is picturesque and attractive, suggesting the quiet and happiness of the wealthy New England village. Among the early settlers here were John Brackett, Japheth C. Washburn, Deacon Wing and William Hunnewell. Early in the present century this post village was of considerable importance in the business world. One old saw mill, the Deacon Wing mill, on the inlet to the lake known as Wiggin brook, had, been worn out and another erected, which was still busy ^ith the logs from the surrounding country. The want of something to crack corn, or save a trip down the river to Gardiner, induced Benjamin Dow to erect, near his half log and half cave house, a primitive grist mill on this inlet. This mill was of logs, with a hollow log for a penstock; the gearing was of wood, and the spindle was an old musket barrel. This mill was run ten years before its destruction by high water. A sec- ond and better mill was erected which, with a shingle mill, saw mill and cluster of shops, was burned about 1867. The first tannery here was by Deacon Griffin, on Wiggin brook, opposite the present cheese factory building. vSamuel Hanscom built and run a modern tannery. About 1840 Benjamin Libby. Eben and Freeman Shaw and others, in a stock company, erected a mill on the lake shore opposite the Baptist church. Saws, a shingle mill and a grist mill formed a plant of much importance. It was subsequently purchased by Gilman Brothers, of Waterville, who converted it into a tannery, which was burned. William H. Healey rebuilt it and did the largest business here for years. This was also burned, within the remembrance of the present generation. Nothing has been erected there since, except the temporary buildings which Mr. Healey built to work out the stock of hides after the fire. In The Orb, a weekly paper published here during the years 1834- 1835: Samuel Hanscom gives notice, October, 1834, of the removal of TOWN OF CHINA. 1145 his business, and of the large stock of boots and shoes he has for sale; E. Jones, the tailor, has just received the latest styles from Boston; Peter Dalton, late of Augusta, has opened a fashionable tailor shop and can give his customers fits; J. C. Washburn, secretary of the China Mutual Fire Ins. Co., notifies those concerned of the meeting for the annual election of officers; Leonard Balkcom gives the public due warning that his son David has his own time, and he will pay no debts of David's contracting; Joseph F. Hall will open a writing class at Academy Hall; Matthews & Co. notice their new goods, groceries, paints, oilsVnd crockery: Owen & Dwelley brag of their new goods right from Boston— spring of 1834; Benjamin Webb notifies every- body to call and pay the notes and accounts due him; Freeman Shaw notices his new goods in the store where A. B. Fletcher now keeps; Healey & Oilman notice their new goods in 1835. The first store here was kept by Japheth C. Washburn. He erected a building where Ambrose Bartlett now lives, which was burned. He built another across the street, building subsequently a residence and store on the site of his first store. His son, Oliver W., suc- ceeded him in the business. North of Washburn's store General Alfred Marshall started another, which was subsequently burned. Estey N. Doe, in 1835, bought out Matthews & Oilman in the store nearly opposite the present hotel barn. Colonel Robert Fletcher, who came to China about 1807, built the second village store, and began trade where A. B. Fletcher's store now is. His successors in the business have been: Alex. Hatch, M. D.; Freeman Shaw, Oliver W. Washburn, The Union Store, Dana C. Hanson, John H. Stevens, John Taylor, Moses W. Newbert and Abishia B. Fletcher. The dry goods of the old days were heavy items in trade, as was shown by the immense stock of rum which Colonel Fletcher piled on the floor of his store and which broke through one night into the cellar. William H. Healey was for years the chief trader in China. His largest interests, however, were in the tanning business above mentioned. The double brick store, now standing, was built by Oeneral Alfred Marshall, who was succeeded in the north part by his son, Jacob S. The latter was succeeded by O. W. Washburn, Alfred Marshall, Jacob Shaw, jun., Hiram P. Weeks, Worthing & Stevens, John H. Stevens, John Taylor, Philbrook & Rice and Oeorge C. Philbrook. The last named was succeeded, about 1872, by F. O. Brainard, the present merchant and postmaster, who had traded here in another building since September, 1866. The south store of the brick block was occu- pied many years by Deacon Benjamin Libby, as a harness shop. It was then occupied by several different tailors and shoemakers until December, 1866, when Willis W. Washburn opened it as a harness shop. His successors have been: John E. James, Willis R. Ward and Theron E. Doe, who has been a merchant there since 1880. As early as 1840 a brick yard was started by Nathaniel Spratt on the bank across the stream from the cheese factory, where bricks 1146 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. were made for twenty-five years. Spratt became involved and the yard fell into the hands of Samuel P. Benson, who sold to Zalmuna Washburn, brother of Zebah. The dwelling was occupied by Mr. Washburn, and is now the home of HoUis Broad's widow. Three brick yards were in operation here at one time. Abraham Talbot, once a slave, had a yard opposite Mr. P.armenter's house, below Dana C. Hanson's. The first post office was in Japheth C. Washburn's store, and he was appointed postmaster June 25, 1818. At the incorporation of the original China Mr. Washburn wrote: "My house was in Winslow, my store across the road was in Albion, and my potash works, 40 rods south, were in Harlem." Jacob Smith was the second postmaster, and in December, 1838, was succeeded by Benjamin Libby, jun., who kept the office in his shop. Oliver W. Washburn, appointed August 12, 1841, was succeeded in February, 1853, by Jacob S. Marshall; Alfred Marshall was appointed September 4, 1860; Jacob Shaw, June, 1861; Alfred Fletcher, November, 1864. O. W. Washburn sold his store busi- ness to H. Wheeler Maxfield, who kept the office as deputy for a time and was made postmaster November 29, 1865. In April, 1867, F. O. Brainard was appointed, and has served since, except through the Cleveland administration, when Theron E. Doe served. After the two children of J. C. Washburn had ceased their mail carrying from Get- chell's Corners, Asa Burrell carried it, and there are those living who well remember the sonorous tin horn which heralded his approach. Before 1810, and even after the post office was established, the bringing of mail from Getchell's Corner was a weekly service by Mr. Washburn, who sent two of his children, Abra L. and O. Wendell, for it. One of them, the late venerable widow of Thomas Burrell, in 1891 vividly remembered her horseback trips through the way of gates and bars. The gates remained north and east of the village tintil long after the government route was established to Bangor. Four daily mails now supply the office here. The first tavern here was opened by Japheth C. Washburn about 1812. The house was subsequently burned. General Alfred Marshall built and first kept the present hotel. He was succeeded by George Ricker, Luther Lamb, John Hatch, John Hussey, N. D. Coombs, then his son, then William Crane, James Huntoon and E. G. Davenport. About 1870 Charles H. Dow became the proprietor, and his widow is the present landlady. After 1850 a bank was started here by the Oilman Brothers, the tanners and merchants, in the house now occupied by Mrs. Foster, opposite the school house. It had a brief but successful career. Among the later industries of the village was the erection of a cheese factory. Cheese making commenced in July, 1874, and 8,000 pounds were made the first season. About 1886 the manufacture was TOWN OF CHINA. 1147 discontinued. These facts indicate the former importance of this village, to which may be added that five of the governors of Maine were educated at the academy here. On the east bank of the south end of China lake is the busy village of South China. Among the first settlers here after Andrew Clark were Thomas Jones, whose cabin was where Philbrook's brick house is, and Levi Jackson, who built where Frank E. Jones lives. A saw mill was first erected by the Jones family on the stream known as Jones' brook, and Joseph Hoxie put up a small tannery, which was subse- quently purchased, enlarged, equipped with steam, and run by Nelson Russell. Now bushes cover the spots where these valuable industries stood. It was as early as 1833 that Horace Baker kept a large store just north of the present Jenkins store, and soon after Ebenezer Meiggs, who in 1846 built the only brick house in this village, started another store where the post office now is, and Ambrose H. Abbott had still another where the G. A. R. Hall stands. These were burned in the great conflagration of April 23, 1872. Then Samuel Stuart rebuilt the present Jenkins store, opened trade and was succeeded by his son, Charles B. Stuart. In September, 1888, Elwood H. Jenkins bought out Stuart and joined the stock with that of his other store, which he had purchased in 1886 of Alden W. Sweetland & Co., who succeeded James Savage in the store where C. W. Randall is. The best store building here stood across the street from the pres- ent wagon shop of Theodore M. Jackson, who .since 1855 has carried on the only carriage business here, and Ebenezer Meiggs and Corydon Chadwick were merchants. This .store was subsequently purchased by David S. Whitehouse for his son-in-law, Warren Estes. Among other traders were: Ebenezer Meiggs, jun., E. T. Brown and W. G. Kingsbury, besides the unsuccessful Union store enterprise. The Canton Bank here flourished for a short time about 1855. Eli Jones, Ambrose H. Abbott and Jonathan Clark were among the pro- moters, with Charles A. Russ as president. The first cashier was Zebah Washburn, succeeded by his son, Newell. Meiggs & Chadwick had a shoe factory here before the war. Two brick yards have been operated, from which brick were shipped up the lake to the other village. The South China post office was established May 5, 1828. The let- ter postage collected the first quarter was thirteen cents, and the quarter's pay of the postmaster for assorting the mail twice a day and doing other duties was thirty cents. Silas Piper was the first post- master, in his grocery store. He was succeeded in 1829 by Francis A. B. Hussey; 1834, Joseph Stuart; 1842, Ambrose H. Abbott in the store where the G. A. R. Hall stands. That store was moved and is now occupied by Hattie Hoxie. The next postmaster was Corydon 1148 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Chadwick, 1853, in a store on the point between the roads opposite Jackson's shop. The post office was given to John L. Gray in 1857, who moved it to a house where Gustavus Wyman lives. The next postmaster was Edwin T. Brown, 1863, in a house near Meiggs' store, and he was succeeded in 1868 by John F. Wyman, post office in the store formerly occupied by A. H. Abbott. The office was then moved to the hotel near the meeting house, and James Savage was post- master from 1873 to 1876. The house was subsequently burned. Samuel Stuart was the next postmaster, in his store, succeeded by Charles B. Stuart in 1879, in the same store, and in December, 1888, Elwood H. Jenkins was appointed, keeping the office in the same store. Being on the mail route from Augusta to Belfast, South China sup- ported, in the stage coach days, a tavern, kept by Elijah Crowell, who had built it for a residence. Jefferson Wyman kept another east of the Friends' meeting house about 1852. Theodore M. Jackson bought the Crowell house, which burned in 1853. In 1879 J. R. Grossman kept a public house here. Since 1888 the annual coming of summer visitors has been increasing, and must become an import- ant feature of the village. Theodore M. Jackson, who entertains some of the summer people, keeps open house throughout the year. Near Three-mile pond, west of South China, where Andrew Web- ber now lives, Samuel Taylor had a public house on the stage route. Andrew Furbush married his daughter and continued the business. After his death his brother, Reuel Furbush, who married his widow, was landlord as long as it was kept as a public house. After the original saw mill on Clark's brook, north of South China village, had passed away, another was built by the Cl.'irks of the next generation and a brother-in-law, Josiah Braley. Mr. Braley also put in a grist mill, which served its day and purpose. On the same brook Nelson Russell had a small tannery. These long since have been removed, and about 1845 a company erected still another saw mill. Albert Haskell, Harrison Chadwick, and the three brothers, Samuel A., George F. and Enos T. Clark, owned shares. This mill has also served its purpose and passed into the history of the locality. The village of Weeks Mills is a brisk center in the valley of the Sheepscot, in the southeast portion of the town. The superior water power led Major Abner Weeks and his father to locate here, and their business prominence has given name to the locality. A saw mill and grist mill early erected by Owen Clark, was later owned and run by Thomas Giddings, sen., until it was burned. Abraham McLaughlin built the mill which is now owned and run by Alton Shuman. Among the industries of the village was a large tannery in the rear of the present hotel building. Charles A. Russ, John Reed and A. B. Fletcher purchased this tannery of Mr. Larrabee and continued TOWN OF CHINA. 1149 it until about 1870. These men had a shoe factory in the building, that was burned in 1862, on the site of the present store of A. R. Bur- rill, and in their business employed eighty men. In 1866 J. F. Chad- wick and John Reed rebuilt the building and opened a general store; they were succeeded by Abram McLaughlin, who sold to J. F. Chad- wick, and he to H. S. Gray. In December, 1889, A. R. Burrill, the present merchant, obtained the goods. About 1865 Daniel W. Tjder opened a tavern where the present hotel is. Henry Hamilton had purchased it and run it a few years when Tyler took it. Alden McLaughlin bought it and ran it till No- vember, 1887, when Abram McLaughlin, the present landlord, took possession. The present store of Frank Percival was built about 1832, by Charles A. Russ, who opened trade there, and sold to William Perci- val about 1845. Mr. Percival was in business until his death, when his son, Frank, who had been a partner since 1866, took the business alone. The post office has been in the Percival store most of the time since it was established in 1838, with Charles A. Russ, postmaster. William Percival succeeded him in 1846; Albert R. Burrill was ap- pointed in September, 1885; Alton C. Doe in October, 1885, and in 1889 Frank Percival received his commission. A daily stage route to Augusta supplies the village with mail. Chester M. Clark, the village blacksmith at Weeks Mills, is a son of Jonathan Clark, 2d, grandson of Randall and great-grandson of Edmund Clark. He was born in 1838. His first wife was a daughter of William Church, and his second is a daughter of Charles B. Bassett. Mr. Clark has been at the Mills since 1865, excepting the five years preceding 1888, in the building which was erected for a wagon shop by Eben French, who was drowned in the stream while watering his horse. On the west branch, a mile above Weeks Mills, where Franklin Sproul's saw mill is, one of the earliest saw mills in town was built. William Pullen operated it as early as 1820, and it was an old mill then. His sons succeeded him long before the present owner. Below this, in what is now a meadow field, east of Oliver Hammon's, Daniel Beane built a saw mill which Abel Chadwick next owned. Mr. Ham- mon bought and repaired it, and in 1845 Ebenezer Frye converted it into a tannery, which was operated a few years. Where the western branch of the Sheepscot river enters the town from Palermo a good water power attracted settlers and here, partially in each town, is the post village of Branch Mills. Here Thomas Bragg, of 1799, John Dowe, of 1805, Stephen Jones, Jacob Worthing, Robert Patten, Thomas Dinsmore (who came from Bowdoinham in 1813), Isaac Hacker and Joseph Hacker, from Brunswick, were 1150 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. among the early residents. The village post office — Palermo — is just over this town line. In 1835 Hiram Worthing was postmaster and, except four years during Cleveland's administration, when Fred Johnson and Thomas Dinsmore had it, the office has been held by Mr. Worthing or his son, P. vS. Worthing, the present incumbent. Before 1835 Stephen Harden, Samuel Buffum and Isaac Hacker, in the order named, were appointed. Wilder H. Worthing, J. R. B. Dinsmore and Sylvanus B.Jones are now doing in three stores the mercantile business of the village. Among the former traders here a Mr. Robinson, Isaac Hacker, Hiram, David and Charles Worthing, Jose Greely, A. B. Longfellow, Nathan- iel Lincoln, George F. Frye, Barzillai Harrington, John P. McCurdy, Bernard Hanscomb, William Coombs, William Lincoln & John O. Turner, Homer Cole, Benjamin Black, Stephen M. Spiller (of paring machine fame), Gove & Norton, Ensign L. Worthing, John G. Slater, Benjamin Nelson, Thomas Dinsmore, jun., Roscoe L. Worthing, Stacey Whitehouse, Charles F. Acorn and Nowell O. Jones are still remembered. The mills here, as the village name implies, were from the first the chief business. The first one was a saw mill, built north of the main street. Ephraim Jones, if not the builder, was interested in it early. Joseph Hacker ran the first grist mill at this site, and with the same power ran the first carding machine. At his death the property passed to his son-in-law, Jose Greely, who was succeeded by his son, Josiah H. Greely, and son-in-law, Thomas Dinsmore. They sold it in 1883 to J. R. B. Dinsmore. On the mill site south of the main street Jacob Buffum and Robert Patten, about 1829, built a saw mill with an upright saw — so slow that " up to-day and down to-morrow " was almost literally true of it. On the same dam, in 1838, was Nathaniel Johnson's fulling and carding mill. After him came Earned Pullen and Ara C. Patten, in the same business, and then Nathaniel Lincoln added a tannery to the plant. His successors were Barzillai Harring- ton, in 1846, and Wilson Whitten, before it was burned in 1868. On the ruins William S. Tobey, beginning in 1881, built up his present thrifty business and equipped the mill with saws, planer, stave machine, cider mill and lath and threshing machines. A few rods further down stream Thomas Dinsmore, deceased, built a shingle and lath mill in 1845. This sufficed until 1852, when he built another dam fifty rods below, and there his son and surviving partner, Wil- liam Dinsmore, continued the mill until his death. It then passed into other hands and was burned in 1882. Stephen Jones once had a foundry and blacksmith shop, the site of which has been included in the concentric accretions to the old village grave yard. About 1852 Barzillai Harrington was useful in erecting a building TOWN OF CHINA. 1151 — now Good Templars' Hall — in which a select school, known as the East China High School, was kept. The two great lines passing through the town in the old stage coach days supported the numerous taverns mentioned in the pre- ceding village histories. The thirsty traveler of those times, entering the town at Branch Mills, could invigorate himself at the tavern there, then at Grossman's Gorner on either side of the road, he could rinse down the dust of two weary miles and prepare himself for three miles more of the lonesome road, between there and South China, There, if the tavern dram was not to his taste, he could find good rum in either store. Well fortified for the next two miles, he could reach Sam Taylor, whose tavern was supplied with a plenty of what may be called the spirit of that age. The next town was equally hospitable, for at the very first he could find Peltiah Pierce at the South Vassal- boro post office, and Peltiah would not drive a man away thirsty. Prominent Localities.— In the central portion of the town is Grossman's Corners, in a good farming community. Josiah Fairfield settled north of the Corners, where Glarkson Jones lives, and Aaron Buffum south of the Corners, on RoUin Reed's farm. Ephraim Jones settled where Edward G. Dudley lives, and Henry B. Reed's farm was settled by an Estes. The family from whom the locality was named is now extinct. Here, in a house which Jedediah Fairfield, brother of Josiah, had built. Bounds Grossman kept a tavern and sold such mer- chandise as gave his place the name of Grossman's store. He was more ingenious than thrifty, and when the lower portion of the house needed repairs he tore it out, letting the upper story down to the foundation, and lived in the one story for years. On the opposite corner from Grossman's, in the old stage days, John Priest kept the Travelers' Home. After him his brother, Otis, and then Case McAllister were hosts. It was burned about 1835, and rebuilt, and again destroyed by fire in 1843, and on the ruins the late Eli Jones built his residence, which is still standing. In Jones' house subse- quently the bar-room door, saved from the fire, did sober service for the old Friend. A post office, now discontinued, was established here in 1860, as Dirigo, with Horatio Nelson as postmaster. He was fol- lowed by Eli Jones, and he by Matthew F. Hoxie. North of Branch Mills, on the eastern edge of the town, is Par- menter hill. Here in 1805 Captain Caleb Parmenter, a blacksmith from Winthrop, made the first regular .settlement. South of his farm the Balcom family had lived, where Philip Dinsmore's farm is ; but it does not appear that they had title to the land. Joseph Parmenter, brother of Captain Caleb, came later. Their adjoining farms were purchased of the proprietors by their father, Caleb, who lived and died in Attleboro, Mass. A commanding elevation in the southeast corner of the town has 1152 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. been long known as Deer hill. Frederick W. Hammon came here by blazed trees in 1811, settling where his son, William H., lives. The same year, William Haskell, jun., came from the pond road, settling where his son, William, lives. Between the two farms Nathaniel and David Gray, from Berwick, settled two farms which the late Elbridge G. Haskell owned, and south of all these Oshea Hatch built, where his grandson, Joseph, lives. In 1809 Samuel Gray came from Berwick, settling the farm where his son, John T., lives, raising eleven children. North of Gray's, on the Dodge farm, Deacon Moses Gray lived, as an early settler. On the pinnacle, south of John E. Dodge's residence, Jesse Prentice had a primitive dwelling. North of the Hammon farm Jonathan Gray settled about 1810. West of Weeks Mills, on an elevation, now chiefly marked by the handsome building of the Erskine School, isChadwick's Corner, often known as Chadwick hill. The name alludes to Ichabod Chadwick, a Cape Cod man, who, with his sons. Job, Judah and James, settled here before 1797. Sylvester Hatch, a Baptist deacon from Cape Cod; Cap- tain William Mosher, from Belgrade; Moses Goodspeed, from Barn- stable; and Abner Starrett, whose surviving son, Daniel D., born 1802, remembers them, were also early settlers in this vicinity. A post oifice was established here, with Silas Piper as postmaster. His son, Henry, afterward kept it in a house where Abel Chadwick once lived. This office was discontinued when the Weeks Mills office was estab- lished. China Neck, or West China, as it was once called, embraces a fer- tile farming district west and north of the two branches of China lake. It was settled later than the farms on the south and east. David Lewis lived where Jacob S. Randall's farm is, and between that and the Friends' meeting house were Joshua Hanson, Thomas Jones, Levi Maynard, Isaac Jones and James Spratt. Between the meeting house and Ward's Corner were Samuel Morrell, John Page, Samuel Mitchell and David Spratt. John Page built the first hou.se on the Hartwell A. Jenkins farm. He was drowned while crossing the lake, and in 1823 Stephen Jenkins bought the place. Samuel Mitchell came from Kennebunk. Betsey, his first child, was born here May 31, 1799. Her brother, Jeremiah, born 1805, survives and remembers the set- tlers above mentioned. The highway leading to the head of the lake was then a private road with eleven sets of bars north of Ward's Corner. Between 1815 and 1865 two shoe manufactories flourished on the neck, each employing several men. Josiah Philbrook owned one, and John and Thomas Pinkham the other. West of China Neck and extending nearly to the Vassalboro line is Ward's hill, formerly known as Stanley hill, in allusion to Colonel Nathan Stanley, who built where Warren S. McCorrison lives, the TOWN OF CHINA. 1153 first house in tliat section of the town. Abijah Ward and his three sons — Thomas, Samuel and Abijah, jun. — settled here, Thomas com- ings before 1784. He married a daughter of Edmund Clark, and resided nearer China village, where his son, Captain Thomas Ward, was born in 1790. Samuel settled north of Ward's Corner, where David S. Patterson lives; and Abijah, jun., settled in the hollow west of Ward hill, opposite the present residence of Freeman H. Crowell. With these three brothers the father, Abijah, who came from New Hampshire, passed his last days, living a third of the year with each. The Wards of China and Vassalboro are descendants of Abijah in the fourth and fifth generations. Other early residents in this vicinity were: Nathaniel Wiggin, Reuben Fairfield, Hezekiah Cloudman, George McLaughlin, 2d, Enoch Brown, James Lancaster and Jabez Lewis. Other Settlers.— After the coming of the pioneers, and contem- porary with them, several families settled in the town besides those mentioned as first in the four villages and six prominent localities. Before the revolution Joseph Evans lived near the pond that still bears his name. He served in the revolution while his wife and chil- dren remained here. Near him Caleb Hanson settled in 1802. Deacon Nathaniel Bragg lived on the pond road, near where he is buried: and before 1797 Josiah Ward, Thomas Bragg, James Lancaster, Ebenezer Farwell and Edward Fairfield were residents of the town. A. Mr. McLaughlin, whose son, Abram, was born here in 178.0, had been a resident for some time. Lewis Webber settled northwest of South China, where William F. Mills lives. He had three .sons — John, Syl- vanus and Ephraim. Jedediah Jepson, a Friend minister, lived near the town house before 1782; and east of Crossman Corner, about that time Dr. John Hall settled. Before 1803 Jesse Martin, Samuel Lewis (son of Rev. Jabez Lewis), James Meader, Jonathan Robinson and Abel Jones were residents of the town. Benjamin Burgess bought of David Braley, jun., part of lot 21, in August, 1802. The deed was witnessed by Abraham Burrell, ju.stice of the peace. South of Weeks Mills Jonathan Plummer settled about 1823. He and two brothers — Timothy and Benjamin — moved from Vermont to Jefferson, Me., where Samuel, one of Jonathan's twelve children, was born in 1804. Jonathan built the house where Samuel's son, Frank C. Plummer, lives, and here Samuel died in 1886. Robert Morton had built an earlier house on the same farm. South of this, where John F. Plummer lives, Joseph Day first settled, and built a log house south of the present buildings. The old house where Major Weeks lived was subsequently enlarged by Captain William Mosher and is occupied by his grandson, A. P. Mosher. Ecclesiastical. — The religious views of the citizens are varied. Aside from the Society of Friends (see page 280), whose faith came 1154 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. with the first settlers, the first to organize was the First Baptist church of Harlem, in 1797. Rev. Job Chadwick was their first preacher, and he supplied the church for eight years, and occasionally for several years afterward. From their record, beginning October 2, 1819, it appears that the original members were: Deacon Nathaniel Bragg, Samuel Webb, Isaac Bragg. Michael Norton, Joseph and Nathaniel Evans, Jonathan Gray, Nathan Thomas, Nathan Bragg, Ezekiel Lancaster, Abraham Burrell, Thomas Ward, Hannah, Esther and Betsey Burrell, Betsey Norton, Sarah Webb, Hannah Bragg, Rhoda Haskell, Miriam Dolton, Mercy Ward, Mary Mitchell, Polly Lancaster, Lydia and Anna Fairfield, Hannah Andrus, .Susannah Bragg, Roxey Parmenter, Betsey Boynton, Nancy, Saphronia and Nabby Rowe. Their meetings, in 1819, were held in a school house near Deacon Bragg's. Subsequently they built a small church, which is now the residence of Deacon Bragg's daughter — Mrs. Rowe. The records in the oldest book close with the first meeting in 1827. The clerks were faithful men and their record is their best monument. With them the Bible was more familiar than the spellmg book. A church meeting in April, 1818, " met acording to an apintment att the Schoolhows near Dea. Bragg to inquire into reports that wass Circulating in the world. 1. ly maid Chois of Dea. Nathaniel Bragg moderator. 2. ly opned the meeting by prayer By Dea. Bragg. 3. ly after hearing B Weeb's decklration and that he was wronfully accuesed the Church Voted to hold him Still in Younin." The old record evinces the zeal of the early Baptists for the purity of their church as well as charity for the wayward members, but when doctrinal grounds were encroached upon heroic treatment was resorted to, as " Voted to withdraw fellowship from Mariam Dolton for leaving us and Joining the friends." The society prospered and after the uniting of the towns of China and Harlem it became the Second church of China and, on lands given by Ebenezer Meiggs, they erected a brick meeting house at South China. This served a generation, and on May 10, 1856, they voted to sell it at auction. On its site a larger wooden building was erected in 1862. The church took active part in the temperance movement of 1860-70, and on October 1, 1869, the meeting house was set on fire by a liquor man and destroyed. The site is now occupied by the Friends' meet- ing house at South China. A manuscript preserved by the family of Deacon Enos Clark, and covering the years from January 1, 1852, to July 20, 1878, appears as the record of the Second Baptist church in China. Albert H. Clark was the clerk until May, 1868; Jonathan Clark succeeded him until May, 1875, when Stephen B. Clark continued the records until their close. The pastors were: Enos Trask, December 19, 1852; Ira H. Brown, July, 1854; Daniel Bartlett, October, 1855; William Bowler, TOWN OF CHINA. llOf) May, 1857, resigned September, 1862; M. J. Kelley, October, 1864, to March, 1866. It appears that Rev. Kelley received $600 per annum, of which the church at Vassalboro paid $70. Out of its proper order this statement appears in the records of this society: " Rev. William Bowler was pastor from 1832 to 1849 and six months in 1851. Daniel Bartlett was pastor in 1850." A Baptist meeting house was erected in 1814 on a knoll near the old muster ground to the east of the head of the lake. The site of the house was then in Fairfax, not far from Dow's primitive grist mill. In 1822 the building was hauled across to the site where the present church stands. The society of thirty-nine members was or- ganized in China May 23, 1801, and included seventeen who had pre- viously been members of the First Baptist church of Vassalboro. About 1835 the present church was built and the old edifice taken down. In the earliest preserved records of the society, which were badly kept, the first mention of a pastor is " October, 1805; Elder Jabez Lewis was dismissed from the pastoral care of the church." " 1806, Brother Stephen Daxter was licensed to preach the Gospel." In 1812, " Elder Stephen Dexter was chosen pastor; " in 1817, " Elder Jabez Lewis was chosen pastor," and in 1823, " Hadley Proctor was ordained pastor." He remained in charge of the society until 1826. Other early pastors mentioned without date are William Bartlett and Henry Kendall From 1840 the successive pastors were: Benjamin F. Shaw, 1840 Lebias Kingman, 1849; William H. Evans, 1852; Hosea Pierce, 1853 William Hurlin, 1856; Adoniram J. Nelson, 1858; E. S. Fish, 1861 Adoniram J. Nelson, 1863; F. A. Vinal, 1866; Eben C. Stover, 1869 Ira Emery, 1871; William P. Palmer, 1874; supplies, 1875; Judson B. Bryant, 1889, and supplies, 1890-2. The building is in good repair, and the society owns a comfortable parsonage near the church edifice. The Sunday school has from thirt3'-five to forty scholars. In 1812 a third Baptist church, of twenty-six members, was organ- ized in Harlem and continued fifteen years; but by advice of the asso- ciation it united with the second. William Bowler had charge of this church for many years. That the Jesse Lee Methodism was here as early as in the adjoining towns, there is no doubt, but the early records are very deficient. Meet- ings were held in the school houses until the erection of a church in 1842. The successive pastors of later years have been: 1866, Moses W. New- hurst; 1868, Charles B. Besse; 1870, David P. Thompson; 1872, B. C. Wentworth; 1876, Jacob F. Crosby; 1878, Charles H. Bray, who died in China in 1879; 1879, William J. Clifford; 1881, J. C. Lamb; 1883, E. S. Gahan; 1886, William B. Eldridge; 1888, E. A. Glidden; 1890, 73 1156 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. James Byram and Edward Freeman; and in May, 1891, F. W. Brooks. The records of the East Maine Conference show that Elliot B. Fletcher was credited to China in 1861; Benjamin C. Wentworth, 1875-7; and Jacob F. Crosby, 1878-9. The Freewill Baptist Society, of Branch Mills, was organized June 17, 1862, with thirteen members, and the society has supported regu- lar preaching in the Union church- there for one-half the time for years past. Rev. A. B. Brown began his pastorate in September, 1890, preaching every Sunday afternoon. The Christian Connection was organized May 29, 1859, with forty members. Preaching at the Union church. Branch Mills, was sup- ported by them one-fourth of the time for about ten years. The Adventists occupy the Union church, of Branch Mills; preach- ing every other Sunday by John Robert Hall. This Union church was erected in 1861 and dedicated February 28, 1862, to the use of three religious societies. The bell and pipe organ were obtained by subscription. In 1881 a Union Sunday school was established for the year round, it having been organized some years prior, but only for the summer season. In 1871 the Adventists of Weeks Mills purchased a building which was moved to near where the Masonic Hall stands, and was converted into a church. It was burned in 1890 with the Masonic Hall, and in 1891 the society commenced rebuilding on the site. Several of the Baptist pursuasion in China and Windsor thought best to form an organization, and on May 16, 1843, met and organized, chosing James Hutchins clerk, and Abel Chadwick and Jethro Howes deacons. The society is known as the Weeks Mills and South China Freewill Baptist church. Occasional preaching was held for the first four years, and from 1859 Rev. A. P. Tracey was stated pastor for a few years. In 1866 Rev. W. H. Littlefield was settled as pastor, suc- ceeded by Reverends F. Cooper, Mr. McKindsley and A. C. Brown. Besides. these denominational societies in the villages, other com- munities or neighborhoods have maintained public worship, although less regularly, in various school houses of the town. The Adventists kept up an organization for several years at Deer hill, and the Metho- dists at Chadwick's Corner built a church, which has since been trans- formed into the Erskine school building. The Union Camp Meeting Association, of China, organized Sep- tember 12, 1890, has secured suitable grounds in the northwest portion of the town, where annual meetings are to be held. Societies. — While the religious tendencies of the people have founded, maintained or changed the churches noticed, other societies, springing from the rural, the social or the literary instincts of the citizens, have risen and flourished. On December 27, 1823, a meeting of Free Masons was held at TOWN OF CHINA. 1157 China village in the hall of Japheth C. Washburn. Holman Johnson was chosen moderator and Alfred Marshall clerk. Abisha Benson, Holman Johnson and Robert H. Carey were made a committee to draft a petition, which eighteen persons signed, to the Grand Lodge for a charter for a Lodge there, to be called Central Lodge. At a meeting, May 26, 1824, of Central Lodge a code of by-laws was ac- cepted. Within six years 148 members were added, but at the com- mencement of the Morgan excitement its books were closed for twenty years. In 1849 the charter was renewed and the Lodge has since flourished. The successive masters have been: 1824, Holman Johnson; 1825, Abisha Benson; 1826, Japheth C.Washburn; 1827, James H. Brainard; 1829, Timothy F. Hanscom; * * •• ; 1849, James H. Brainard; 1850, Thomas B. Lincoln; 1852, Edward Gray; 1853, Thomas B. Lincoln; 1854, Amasa Taylor, jun.; 1855, Charles Taylor; 1856, General Alfred Marshall; 1857, Mark Rollins, jun.; 1858, Daniel W. GrifSn; 1859, George A. Lander; 1860, Thomas B. Lincoln; 1861, Mark Rollins, jun.; 1862, John Taylor; 1863, Joseph C. Coombs; 1864, Charles E. Button; 1865, Francis A. Roberts; 1866, Mark Rollins, jun.; 1867, Edward E. Wiggin; 1869, Charles E. Button; 1872, Willis W. Wash- burn; 1874, Allen P. Varney; 1876, Lynn W. Rollins; 1878, Ora O. Crosby; 1880, William S. Hunnewell; 1882, Marshall B. Hammond; 1883, George B. Pray; 1885, Charles A. Brake; 1887, Ralph L. Baker; 1889, Charles W. Jones. In 1875 Mark Rollins and O. W. Washburn, as a committee, com- piled a manuscript history of Masonry in China, which volume, now in possession of Willis W. Washburn, embraces 148 pages of beauti- fully written history, with personal and biographical sketches of some of the eminent members of the Lodge. Bunlap Chapter, No. 12, at China village, commenced work under dispensation in January, receiving its charter in May, 1861. The high priests have been: 1861, Augustus Callahan; 1863, Warren Colby; 1865, Mark Rollins; 1867, Charles Taylor; 1869, E. W. McFadden; 1870, Rufus R. Williams; 1872, ]. Belden Besse; 1873, Nathan Stanley; 1875, Charles E. Button; 1877, Joseph E. Grossman; 1880, John Taylor; 1882, Lynn W. Rollins; 1883, Joseph E. Grossman; 1886, Charles E. Button, and since 1888, Willis W. Washburn. Keystone Council, No. 9, instituted at China village about 1865, was continued about twenty years by the Royal Arch Masons. Bingo Lodge, A. F. & A. M., was instituted at South China, by dispensation, June 12, 1860. The first meeting under the charter was May 21, 1861. The successive masters have been: James P. Jones, 1860; E. B. Clark, 1862; J. F. Chadwick, 1866; G. B. Chadwick, 1867; Joseph B. Grossman, 1869; Chester M. Clark, 1870. The hall in which meetings were held at South China was burned May 1, 1872. By per- mission of the Grand Lodge the society changed its place of meeting 1158 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. to Weeks Mills, where the same autumn a beautiful hall was erected, and dedicated June 12, 1873. This was burned in April, 1890, with the Advent church near by. In the autumn of the same year the society erected at Weeks Mills the present neat hall. vSince the re- moval to Weeks Mills the masters have been: Dr. D. P. Bolster, Orrin F. Rowe, Hiram S. Gray, Frank C. Plummer, Orrin F. Sproul, Cornelius A. Merrill, John H. Barton and Robert N. Barton. The South China Library Association was instituted in 1832. The preliminar}' meeting was held at the Chadwick school house, January 1st, with Captain William Mosher, moderator, and Joseph Stuart, clerk. A. H. Abbott was its faithful librarian for thirty years, and the association prospered. On its twenty-fifth anniversary Samuel Gurney, of London, donated $96 to its benefit, which gave fresh impetus. The fire of May 1, 1872, consumed the library of over 500 choice volumes. Upon its revival the library was made free, and is continued by sub- scription and donations. The Friends' meeting house, where it is kept at South China, is open to the public on Sunday and Thursday of each week. The library has not regained the importance of its palmy days, but is a factor for good in the community. At South China, April 28, 1830, the South China Temperance So- ciety was organized. Ebenezer Meiggs was president, James Merrill, M. D., was vice-president, and Eli Jones was the secretary. Joseph Stuart, Jedediah Fairfield, Stephen Jones, Francis A. B. Hussey and Church Clark were prominent promoters of it. The whole number of members was 220. On page 44 of its records are the following statistics of year ending April 28, 1831, which seem to justify the organization of the society: " No. of inhabitants of China, 2,234; No. of Polls, 354; gallons of spirits sold at taverns, 572; cost to consumers at $2 per gallon, $1,144; No. of gallons sold at stores, 2,804; cost to consumers at 92c. per gallon, $2,589; total gallons sold in China, 3,376; total cost to consumers, $3,733." Some years later the Washingtonians had organizations at differ- ent villages, and in 1859 Lake Division, No. 100, Sons of Temperance, was instituted at South China, June 20, and existed in working order till February 27, 1864. Its last record, signed by Eli Jones, as secretary, says: " Division closed in due form." A similar division of Sons of Temperance existed at China. One was at Weeks Mills, where a Lodge of Good Templars, now extinct, once held their Lodge meet- ings in a hall over Chester M. Clark's shop. Branch Mills soon after 1850 organized a Lodge of Sons of Tem- perance, which was dropped a few years ago, when temperance had become the prevailing sentiment. In December, 1865, a branch of Good Templars was instituted here, which died in 1869, and in 1874, April 10, a second Lodge, No. 349, was instituted. Young and mid- dle-aged are engaged in the work, and the society owns the building formerly erected by B. Harrington as an academy. TOWN OF CHINA. 1159 The Patrons of Husbandry have a flourishing Grange here, No. 295, organized December 29, 1887, holding regular meetings on the first and third Wednesday evenings of each month, in the A. O. U. W. Hall at South China. The masters of the Grange have been: C. F. Cobb, E. C. Dudley and I. Lincoln Jones. Harlem Lodge, No. 39, A. O. U. W., was instituted August 27, 1885, by thirteen charter members, and the list now comprises seventy- two. They have a hall of their own, and the master workmen have been: S. C. Starrett, J. R. Clark and E. Warren. E. W. Jones has been the recorder since its organization. Cemeteries. — There are about the town in the so-called villages several pretty cemeteries, and these have been beautified by corpora- tions. At China village application for a meeting to form the China Cemetery Association was made August 22, 1865, and September 13th the meeting for organization was held. The presidents have been: Samuel Hanscom, John F. Hunnewell, Jabez Lewis, S. H. Farnsworth, Abishia B. Fletcher and Charles E. Dutton. The family ground of the Washburns was pleasantly situated on the knoll near the present cemetery, and this knoll was selected.embodying that ground. In 1866 it was fenced and has been cared for by the association since. Theron E. Doe is secretary of the association. At Branch Mills John Dow, a settler of 1807, gave land for a vil- lage cemetery, and another piece for a Friends' burying grownd. In 1854 an association then incorporated purchased lands surrounding these pieces. In October, 1885, sixty lots were added to the south- ward, and the whole is neatly enclosed. The Friends have three cemeteries in the town. The first and old- est is that near their meeting house on the east side of the lake, in which Mrs. George Fish, daughter of Jonathan Clark, sen., was the first person buried. Another Friends' cemetery on China Neck con- tains the families of Isaac Jones, Noah Jones, James Jones, Winslow, Jenkins and Randall. In the rear of the Friends' meeting house. South China, is an ancient cemetery. On May 15, 1878, for its better protection, an association of nine members was formed, adopting by- laws and incorporating the South China Cemetery Association. The first officers were George F. Clark, Charles B. Stuart and William Grossman. The cemetery at Weeks Mills was formerly under the direction of a corporation, which after many years was allowed to be dispersed. Lots on the adjoining lands of Frank Percival are still sold by him, and the grounds present a clean, regular appearance, with good fences. The cemetery at Chadwick's Corners, well fenced and in good order, contains the ashes of some of the old family whose early com- ing gave name to the place. 1160 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Throughout the town are family grounds in conspicuous places, and these are reverently cared for by the descendants who occupy the farms. Schools.* — At the first town meeting ever held in Harlem the town made provision for the support of schools by an appropriation of money and a choice of the necessary school officers. Very soon after a school was taught in a house temporarily fitted up for that purpose and situated on the west side of the road, near Norton's Cor- ner, and not far from the site of the present town house. The school was taught by the Rev. Job Chad wick and was no doubt a success, as he continued to wield the " birch " several terms in succession here. The town was soon organized into districts and schools were taught in different parts of the town, making room for Ichabod Hatch, " Old Master Hatch," as he was designated by the unruly urchins who had felt the touch of his ferule; William Doe, the dwarf and cripple; Deb- orah Baker, the first female teacher employed by the town; Miss Pullen, and many others who came to assist in preparing the minds of the children of Harlem for lives of future usefulness. Later came Paul Chadwick, the victim of the ill-starred Malta Indian war; Mr. McNeil, a foreigner, who first introduced the study of English gram- mar into a school taught by himself on the east side of the lake and about three miles from its head; Cornelius Dennison, and vSamuel Hoyt, all of whom had established reputations as successful teachers. The advent of numerous settlers with their families, which fre- quently consisted of ten or a dozen children, had made it necessary almost every year to make some change in the districts, and in 1814, there were sixteen districts in the town. Although in 1805 the town made provisions for building school houses in five different districts, it is not to be supposed that every district had its school house, for this was not accomplished until sev- eral years later. Several of the schools were taught in rooms fitted up in such private houses in the districts as might be convenient. It was also the practice in some of the districts to board the teacher "round," also to " find the wood round," the money that would otherwise serve to pay for board and fuel being paid the teacher to extend the length of the term. In 1808 a "school collector" for each district was selected, whose duty it was to collect the assessments made by the town's assessors for his district and expend the same according to the vote of his district; but this plan failed to meet the general approval and the town returned to the present method. Changes in the limits and bound- aries of the several school districts have been made from time to time. New districts have been organized until the present number reaches *By Orrin F. Sproul. TOWN OF CHINA. 1161 twenty-two, although in two or three, schools are not regularly taught. That the schools of old Harlem and later on of China have been productive of great good and have merited the anxious care and watchfulness of the earlier settlers of this town, is plainly demon- strated when we look back to the earlier instructors of our time, whose education was obtained in these schools, with possibly one or two terms at the China Academy. Among the most prominent of our educational workers we find the name of Friend Eli Jones, who was well known to the people of this town as a teacher and school officer. Dana C. Hanson, an old teacher, has served in almost every trusted position in the gift of the town. Thomas AVard was an old- time instructor, and following down the page still later Joseph W. Chadwick, a scholar in our schools, next a teacher and later a profes- sor of Latin; Stephen A. Jones, president of the Nevada State Col- lege; George F. Mosher, president of Hillsdale College, Mich., and many others, as scholars and teachers in our .schools, have left them for higher stations in life, for which the common town school was the stepping stone. PERSONAL PARAGRAPHS. Joseph H. Allen, born in 1815 in Windham, is a son of Joseph and Thankful (Win.slow) Allen. Joseph came from Windham to Vassal- boro prior to ISIO. He then returned to Windham, his native town, and lived there until 1816, when he moved and settled in Vassalboro. Isaiah Austin, born in 1835, is a son of Nathaniel Austin, who came to China from Dover Neck, N. H., where his father, James, lived. Isaiah married Abbie B., daughter of John Porter, of Wiscasset. Their children are: Sadie H.. Mabel, who graduated at Providence and died when twenty-two; Lizzie, Nathaniel, Alden, Margaret, John W. and Abbie. Jonathan Bassett. — This is a family name which first appears in New England in 1621, when William Bassett came in the ship Fortime. For the next century and a half his descendants were prominent people on Cape Cod, where representatives of the eighth and ninth genera- tions still reside. From this progenitor we find in one line: William', NathanieF, Joseph', Daniel', Daniel', Daniel", and Zenas D. Bassett', the latter being born in 1786. One Joseph Bassett was selectman of Yarmouth, Mass., from 1731 to 1739, and in 1776 we find Captain Jonathan Bassett, of Yarmouth, as a seafaring man, and from him we can trace that line which is now represented in China, Me., by the venerable Jonathan Bassett, whose successful life as a farmer indi- cates that agriculture has been profitable in China, when industry, sobriety and economy became elements in the problem. It appears that Captain Jonathan had five children who came to 1162 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. Maine: two daughters — Pheba, who married Randall Clark, of China, and Mary Ann, who married Edmund Thatcher, of Vassalboro; and three sons — Joseph, who settled in Moscow, Me.; Benjamin, who lived at Riverside in Vassalboro, and Moses, who came to China in 1799. This Moses Bassett, in 1802, married Abigail, daughter of Andrew Clark, one of the original settlers of China, and raised three children: George, born 1803, died single; Jonathan, born December 21, 1805, and Octavia, born 1817, now Mrs. Reuben Weeks, of Vassalboro. Moses died May 5, 1867; his wife, Abigail, December 27, 1863. The farm they settled is still known as the Bassett place, on the pond road midway between East Vassalboro and South China. Here Jonathan, who inherited many traits from his mother — an energetic, practical woman — passed his early days, and when twenty- one started via Boston to see the world and make his career. Three weeks sufficed to satisfy him, and he returned to the farm, which he worked for his father until he owned one-half of it, and seldom since then has he been out of sight of China lake. In November, 18o4, he married Roxana, daughter of Corydon Chadwick, of China. They had three children: Alexander C. Bassett, born November 29, 1857; Abbie A., born in December, 1859, and an infant son, born in July, 1861, who died the following October. The mother died August 13, 1861. In November, 1865, Mr. Bassett mar- ried Mary H., daughter of John Webber, of China, and lived with her d ^■^ d^^A-i&-^^ carrying the mail (and passengers, if any) from Fairfield, through Benton, to Albion, twice a day. About sixty years ago long boats were used on the Sebasticook to convey goods from Benton to Augusta, Hallowell and Bath, via the Kennebec river, from Winslow. The boats were loaded with timber and farm produce, which were exchanged for salt, molasses, rum, etc. When the small steamers began running on the Kennebec, in 1836, the long boats gradually disappeared. Civil History. — The census returns for the last five decades show the population of Benton to have been as follows: 1850,1,189; 1860, 1,183: 1870, 1,180; 1880, 1,173; 1890, 1,136. The valuation of the town is thus recorded: 1860, polls 264, estates $175,526; 1870, polls 310, estates $248,123; 1880, polls 323, estates $376,601; 1890, polls 327, estates $399,071. In 1800 the Kennebec river road was laid out in 1835 the Nor- cross road to East Benton was accepted, and about 1855 the Clinton road from Ea.st Benton was put through. The Unity road was laid out in 1810. The road from Hanscom's mills to Albion, on the north side of Fifteen-mile stream, was laid out between 1850 and 1860; that from TOWN OF BENTON. 1227 Benton Falls to Albion, called the lower road, was laid out about 1820-3; the Harris road, from Albion lower road to Winslow, was laid out in 1867: the road from the old Asher Hinds house, on the vSebasti- cook river road, to the old Smiley house in Winslow, was laid out previous to 1830; the road from Unity road to Clinton line, near John Richardson's house, was laid out in 1852; and the road from the Ken- nebec river road to the east end of Fairfield bridge was laid out in 1847. The covered bridge between Benton and Fairfield was built in 1848. It was made free in 1873. Bunker's island, between the two towns, was set off from Benton to Fairfield a few years ago. Previous to the building of the bridge, Jacob Ames kept a ferry, for teams and foot passengers, about half a mile north of Benton station. The rail- road bridge that formerly crossed the river from Fairfield to Benton, above the covered bridge, was built in 1858-9, and burned in 1873. The bridge at Benton Falls was built in the fall of 1869. The so- called artificial bridge at Benton village was built in 1887. At the same spot, about twenty years ago, stood a covered bridge, which was car- ried away by a freshet about 1871. A short distance above this bridge stood another, built in 1850, but it was carried away prior to the build- ing of the village bridge. A toll bridge was built ju.st below Benton Falls previous to 1800. It was carried away several times, the last being about 1871, after which it was never rebuilt. The town house (formerly Israel Herrin's store) stands in Benton village just south of the brick store, on the opposite side of the road. It was purchased by the town for its present purpose, November 6, 1860. Previous to this, town meetings were held in No. 5 school house, at the Falls. The poor of the town have never been numerous, and are cared for by individual contract. Since the incorporation of the town the selectmen have been as follows (the number of years of service, when more than one, being denoted, together with the year of first election): 1842, Daniel H. Brown, 12, Andrew Richardson, 3, Andrew Grant; 1843, Orrin Brown, 3, Otis Pratt; 1844, James Bradford, 4, Thomas J. Hinds, 3; 1845, Sar- geant Joy, 3; 1848, William Stacy, 5. Stephen Getchell, 2; 1850, Timothy Spencer, 4; 1854, Moses Stacy, 4, Clark Piper, 10; 1857, Asher H. Learned, 3; 1859, Madison Crowell, 2, Albert L. Spencer, 2, Horace Wentworth, 2; 1861, George O. Brown, 5, Otis Roundy, 5; 1862, Henry L. Flood; 1863, Ezekiel Brown, 2; 1865, Andrew H. Richardson; 1866, George W. Files and Simon S. Brown; 1867, A.sher H. Barton, 6, Joseph C. Brown, 8, Ezekiel Chadwick, 4; 1869, James W. Sylvester, 7, Han- nibal J. Drake; 1871, Bryant Roundy, 5, Howard W. Dodge; 1872, John O. Brackett, 2; 1873, Spra,o;ue Holt, 3; 1874, Albert G. Clifford, 4; 1876, Amos L. Hinds; 1877, George W. Spencer, 2; 1879, Charles M. Row and William Spearin; 1880, Jacob O. Peaslee, 3, Charles A. Good- 1228 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. win: 1881, Benjamin L. Reed; 1884, George E. Withee; 1885, Otis C. Brown; 1886, Gershotn F. Tarbell, 7; 1887, Stephen H. Abbott, 3, Will- iam L. Eastman, 3; 1891, James G. Barton; and 1892, James S. War- ren and Joseph Spencer. In the following list of those who have acted as town clerk, the date of the beginning of each man's service is given: 1842, Charles H. Winn; 1844, John Clark; 1845, Japheth Wmn; 1848, Asher H. Bar- ton; 1854, Andrew H. Richardson; 1859, Asher H. Barton; 1861, An- drew H. Richardson; 1862, Asher H. Barton; 1863, Bryant Roundy; 1867, Sprague Holt; 1870, William C. Simpson; 1871, Bryant Roundy; 1873, Fred M. Hinds; 1874, Bryant Roundy, and, since 1880, Amos L. Hinds. The office of town treasurer has been filled as follows: 1842, James W. North; 1843, Hobart Richardson; 1844. Crosby Hinds; 1852, Madi- son Crowell; 1855, George O. Brown; 1859, Luke Brown; 1862, Isaac Abbott; 1863, Clark Piper; 1866, Albert G. Clifford; 1868, Bryant Roundy; 1870, William C. Simpson; 1871, Otis Roundy; 1873, Clark Piper; 1874, Samuel Hodgkins; 1877, George Lincoln; 1879, Charles W. Piper; 1881, Andrew H. Richardson, and, since 1884, Charles W. Piper. Previous to 1864 two or three farms in Albion, adjoinmg the south- cast line of Benton, were set off to the latter town. Post Offices. — July 29, 1811, the post office at what is now Benton village was established as Clinton, with Gershom Flagg postmaster The succession to the office was as follows: Sewall Prescott, appointed May 6, 1826; Johnson Lunt, September 10, 1827; Israel Herrin, Jan uary 29, 1835; Mathias Weeks, September 18, 1885; Madison Crowell July 10, 1841. The name of the office was changed to Sebasticook May 11, 1842, with Crosby Hinds as postmaster. June 21, 1852, the name was changed to Benton, with Crosby Hinds still the incumbent He was succeeded, June 17, 1853, by Hobart Richardson, and his sue cessors have been: Andrew H. Richardson, July 8, 1854; Edward W Bush, August 7. 1861; Crosby Hinds, April 15, 1862; Edwin Bradbury October 22, 1883, and Stephen H. Abbott, December 1, 1890. The post office at East Benton was established August 5, 1858, with David Hanscom as the first incumbent. Henry M. Robinson was appointed August 22, I860; David Hanscom, July 16. 1861; Alvin Rowe, February 1, 1867; Joseph A. Hurd, April 13, 1868; John O. Brackett, November 19, 1869; Henry M. Robinson, January 24, 1872; Samuel N. Spaulding, June 9, 1882; Daniel R. Preston, March 22, 1887. On December 28, 1887, the name of the office was changed to Preston Corner, with Daniel R. Preston still in charge. He was succeeded by Hiram B. Robinson, November 20, 1889. The name was again changed back to East Benton, May 29, 1891, with Hiram B. Robinson still the postmaster, which position he holds at the present time. TOWN OF BENION. 122& The Benton Falls post office was established May 3], 1878. Will- iam K. Lunt was the first postmaster. The succession has been as follows: John W. Withee, appointed May 27, 3886; William K. Lunt, April 4, 1889, and James M. Atwood, July 8, 1891. At Benton Station, the first postmaster was Blake T. Dow, ap- pointed January 27, 1888. Seven months later he was succeeded by James W. Sylvester. * Schools. — The intellectual status of a community may be gener- ally premised from its educational facilities, and in this respect Benton compares favorably with her sister towns. There were nine school districts at the time of incorporation, and since then another district has been added. Each contains a comfortable and well appointed school house, uniform text books are used, and the entire school prop- erty is valued at about $3,500. Until 1892 a high school was main- tained in No. 5 school house, at the Falls; but this year no appropria- tion was made for the purpose, the proximity of Waterville offering advantages in higher education with which it was useless for Benton to compete. No. 5 school house stands on the site of the old Clinton Academy. This latter building was begun about 1830, by a company of citizens, who purposed making of it a female seminary. The company, how- ever, were unable to complete the structure, and accordingly turned it over to the Methodist society, which finished it, and threw open its doors to scholars of both sexes. About 1858 the Methodist society deeded the academy to Hobart Richardson, who deeded it to Daniel H. Brown; and in July, 1859, Brown deeded it to Asher H. Barton, Eliza S. Barton, Joseph C. Richardson, William P. Heald, Albert D. Hinds, Isaac Abbott, Albert Ludwig, George W. Reed and William K. Lunt. They sold it to district No. 5 in the same month, reserving the right to hold a high school in it for two terms each year. The build- ing was destroyed by fire in 1870. It was rebuilt in 1871, and in 1883 an attractive hall was finished off in the upper story. Societies. — The only secular organization in Benton is an I. O. G. T. Lodge, which is in a flourishing condition. It was established No- vember 21, 1891, with L. A. Davis, lodge deputy; J. N. Atwood, chief templar, and H. A. Spencer, recording secretary. The present officers are: W. E. Coleman, L.D.; L. A. Davis, C.T., and John Taylor, R.S. The Lodge meets in No. 5 school house every Thursday evening. Ecclesiastical. — Early in the century there was no church build- ing in Benton, services being occasionally held in No. 5 school house by two old clergymen known as " Parson " Adams and " Parson " Lovejoy. The only church edifice now in town stands on the east side of the Sebasticook, on the Winslow and Clinton road, overlooking the Falls. It was built previous to 1829, by Johnson Lunt, Asher Hinds and David Reed, the first holding a one-half and the two others holding 3230 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY. each a one-quarter interest in the building. Though alway.s belonging to the Congregationalists, the structure has been used by them in common with the Bapti.sts, Universalists and Methodists since the reorganization of the church, July 16, 1858, and pastors of the three denominations have been at various times called to the charge. The reorganization alluded to was necessitated by the loss of the old records, previous to 1858. Under the original organization there was no settled pastor for a number of years; then Rev. Nelson Bishop was installed, some time previous to 1845. His successors have been: Reverends George Tewksbury, 1852-S; James M. Palmer, 1853-5; Benjamin P. Dodge, 1856-8; F. P. Smith, 1858; Henry M. Vaill, 1859- 60; F. P. Smith, 1860; S. H. Smith, 1860-7: Henry Marden, 1867; Frank G. Clark, 1868; William S. Brown, 1869-70; Benjamin A. Ro]bie, 1871; F. I. Bailey, 1872; Charles D. Crane, 1873; John Dinsmore, 1873-4; Charles D. Crane, 1875-6; John Dinsmore, 1876-8; James Heath, July to October, 1878; Alexander Wiswall, 1878-81; G. N. Jones, 1881-2; John Dinsmore and A. N. Small, 1883; T. P. Williams, 1883-92. The Methodist society has begun the building of a chapel at Ben- ton village, north of the brick store, on the opposite side of the road, and they hope to have it completed before the present year expires. At Benton Station religious meetings were held in the district school house about 1831, but with no settled pastors; and now, together with the inhabitants of Goodwin's Corner, church is gener- ally attended at Fairfield. At East Benton a Sunday school was organized by David Hanscom, about 1847, but no record of it has been kept. The next Sunday school was started by a member of the Buzzell family, about 1853. In 1888 a praying band was organized here by H. L. McAllister, of Burnham, and out of it, a year later, grew the present Sunday school, of which J. L. Buzzell was the first superintendent. Union church meetings are held in the school house on Sunday afternoons, conducted by a clergyman, when one can be secured; otherwise the praying band leads the service. Ce.meteries. — There are a number of ancient burying grounds in Benton. One of the oldest, extending over the Clinton line, opposite where Mr. Abbott lives, was latterly the farm of Charles and James Brown, who tilled the soil over the remains of some hundred or more settlers, names unknown, who had been buried there in early times. Another ancient cemetery was on the bank of the Kennebec at Brown's Corner. Up the river road, about half way to Goodwin's Corner, is a private ground, dating back to revolutionary times, in which lie interred the ancestors of the Fitz Gerald family. The earliest legible inscription on the stones records the death, July 4, 1825, of George Fitz Gerald, aged seventy-.seven. The lot is poorly fenced and bears a neglected appearance. _x^^^ /^-/X^^^s^ I.,t At Goodwin'"? ;r,-. ago I John Lewi- iatn Wyma The oldest ' a neatly fenced private cemetery, of ancient d as the place of sepulture ')f the Goodwin .olds the remains of Stephen and Miles, re- ;r and father of Charles A. Goodwin. A few .- enlarged, and lots in it are now owned by :,olds, John B. Colquitt, George Shorey, Will- : rati, and Charles A. and Lafayette Goodwin, to " Olive, wife of John Lewis, deceased May (bout a mile above Benton Falls, on the east v;ts laid out about 1830. It ■, • well fenced and • Gershom Flagg, who die