LI E> RAFLY OF THE UN1VLR5ITY or ILLINOIS 580o6 LP 1870/75 PEOCEEDLNGS OP THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. (SESSION 1870-71.) November 3rd, 1870. George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair. The Rev. Samuel Mateer was elected a Fellow. The following Report, on the Additions to the Library since the last Report (Proceedings, 1869-70, p. xxxvii), was laid before the meeting : — The Publications of Scientific Bodies received since the date of the last Report (May 5th, 1870) have been the following : — Dexmaek : — • Royal Danish Society of Science, Copenhagen. Transactions (Skrifter), Ser. 5, viii. parts 3 to 7, ix. part 1 ; Proceedings (Oversigt over Forhandlinger), 1868, n. 5, 6, 1869, n. 3, 4, 1870, n. 1. SWEDEK : — Royal Academy of Sciences, Stockholm. Voyage of the Frigate * Eugenie : ' Hymen op tera. •Li^y. PROC. — Session 1870-71. h 11 pkoceedings of the Russia : — Imperial Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg. Memoirs, Ser. 7, xiv. parts 8, 9, xv. parts 1 to 8 ; Bulletin, xiv. n. 4 to 6, xv. n. 1, 2. Entomological Society of Eussia, St. Petersburg. Horae, vi. n. 4. Imperial Society of Naturalists, Moscow. Bulletin, 1869, i. n. 1, 2, ii. n. 3, 4. University of Kazan. Proceedings and Scientific Papers or Me- moirs (Izvestia i Utchenia Zapiski), 1865-69. Germany : — Eoyal Academy of Sciences, Berlin. Proceedings (Monatsbericbte), 1870, February to May. Imperial Academy of Sciences, Vienna. Transactions (Denk- schiiften), xxix. Proceedings (Sitzungsberichte), Physical Division, lix. n. 4, 5, Ix. n. 1, 2 ; Natural-History Division, lix. n. 3 to 5, Ix. n. 1, 2. Minutes of Meetings (Anzeiger), 1870. Imperial and Eoyal Geological Institute of Yienna. Transactions (Abbandlimgen), iv. n. 9, 10; Journal (Jahrbucb), xix. n. 2, xx. n. 1 ; Proceedings (Yerhandlungen), 1869, n. 6 to 9, 1870, n. 1 to 5, Eoyal Bavarian Academy of Sciences, Munich. Proceedings (Sitzungsberichte), 1869, ii. n. 3, 4 ; 1870, i. n. 1 to 3. Natural History Society of Bremen. Transactions (Abhandlungen), ii. part 2. Physico-economical Society of Konigsberg. Memoirs (Schriften), viii. to X. (1867-69). Natural History Society of Hanover. Proceedings ( Jahresberichte), 1867-69. Natural-History Society of Ehenish Prussia, Bonn. Transactions (Yerhandlungen), xxvi. Nassau Society for Natural Sciences, "Wiesbaden. Journal (Jahr- biicher), xxi., xxii. Natural-History Society of Briinn. Transactions (Yerhandlungen), vii. Dutch Netherlands : — Dutch Society of Sciences, Haarlem. Archives Ncerlaudaises, v. n. 1 to 3. Netherlands Entomological Society, The Hague. Journal of Entomology, Index to the first series of eight years; 2nd ser., iv. parts 3 to 6, V. parts 1, 2. Society for the Flora of the Netherlands and th^ ir£iiijnarii»e possessions. Minutes of the Anniversary mee^gs, 186^^^)-* * it / Belgittm : — "^i^^^ ^f Nni"^' y Royal Academy of Sciences, Bnissels. Memoires cou?(SwSfo,-4ter^'' xxxiv. ; 8vo, xxi. Bulletin, xx\'ii., xxviii. ; Annuaire, 1870. Pe- riodical Phenomena, 1867-68. Royal Botanical Society of Belgium, Brussels. Bulletin, viii. n. 3, ix. n. 1. France : — Botanical Society of France. Bulletin, x^ii.; Comptes llendus, n. 1 ; Revue BibHographique, B. Entomological Society of France. Annals, Ser. 4, ix. parts 2 to 4. Society of Natural Sciences, Strasbourg. Memoirs, vi. part 2 ; BuHetin, 1869. Imperial Society of Natural Sciences, Cherbourg. Memoirs, xiv. Asia : — Society of Arts and Sciences, Batavia. Transactions (Verhande- lingen), xxxiii. ; Journal (Tijdschrift), xvi. parts 2 to 6, xvii., xviii. part 1 ; Proceedings (Notulen), iv. part 2, v., vi., vii. part 1 ; Cata- logues of the Numismatical and Ethnological portions of their Museum. Royal Natural-History Society of Dutch India, Batavia. Natural- History Journal of Dutch India (Tijdschrift), xxxi. 1 to 3. Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta. Journal, Ser. 2, xxxix. (1870) ; History &c., parts 1, 2 ; Physical Science, parts 1, 2. Indian Government. Forest- Reports for British Burmah, 1867- 68 ; for the province of Oudh, 1868-09. ArsrEALiA ; — Entomological Society of New South Wales, Sydney. Transac- tions, i. part 5. Adelaide Philosophical Society. Annual Report and Transactions, 1870. Sorrn Ameeica : — PubKc Museum of Buenos Ayres. Annals, ii. part 1. Society of Physical and Natural Sciences, Caraccas. Yargasia, B.7. 62 iv proceedings oe the North America : — Smithsonian Institute, Washington. Contributions to Knowledge, xvi. ; Miscellaneous Collections, viii., ix. ; Annual Report and Pro- ceedings of Board of Eegents for 1868. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. Proceedings, 1869, parts 3, 4 ; American Journal of Conchology, v. parts 3, 4. American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia. Proceedings, xi. n. 82. American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Boston. Proceedings, viii. Boston Society of Natural History. Proceedings, xii., xiii. Lyceum of Natural History, New York. Annals, ix. American Museum of Natural History, New York. First Annual Report. Essex Institute, Salem. Act of Incorporation, Historical Notice ; Bulletin, i. (1869) ; Proceedings, vi. part 1 ; Annual Report of the Trustees of the Peabody Academy of Science, 1869 ; American Naturalist, iii., iv. n. 1, 2. Portland Society of Natural History. Reports of the Commis- sioners of Fisheries of the State of Maine, 1867-69. Chicago Academy of Sciences. Transactions, i. part 2. British Dominion : — Natural-History Society of Montreal. Canadian Naturalist, v. part 1. Great Britain and Ireland : — Royal Society. Philosophical Transactions, clx. part 1 ; Pro- ceedings, xviii. n. 119 to 122. Clinical Society. Transactions, iii. Geological Society. Quarterly Journal, xxvi. parts 2, 3. Linnean Society. Transactions, xxvii. part 2. Journal, Zoology, X. n. 48, xi. n. 49 ; Botany, xi. n. 53 to 55. Medical and Chirurgical Society. Proceedings, vi. n. 6. Quekett Microscopical Club. Fifth Report ; Journal, ii. n. 11, 12. Royal Agricultural Society. Journal, Ser. 2, vi. part 2. Royal Geographical Society. Proceedings, xiv. n. 2 to 4. Royal Institution. Proceedings, v. n. 7, vi. n. 1, 2. Royal Microscopical Society. Monthly Microscopical Journal to Nov. 1870. Royal Irish Academy. Transactions, xxiv. ; Science, parts 9 to 14; Antiquities, part 8 ; Literature, part 4. Royal Dublin Society. Journal, v. n. 39. tlXNEAN SOCIETY OF lOXDOy. V Bath Natural-History aud Antiquarian Field-Club. Proceedings, ii. part 1. Eoyal Cornwall Polyteclinic Society. 37tli Annual Eeport. Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society. Annual Keport, 1869-70. Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists' Society. Transactions, 1869-70, Natural-History Transactions of Northumberland and Durham, iii. part 2. Plymouth Institution, and Devon and Cornwall Natural-History Society. Transactions, iv. part 1. The Scientific Periodicals taken in by, or presented to, the Society are the same as those enumerated in last year's Eeports (Proceedings, p. v), with the exception of ' The Entomologist,' and with the foUowing additions : — Krdyer's Naturliistorisk Tidsskrift, continued by Prof. Schiodte, Presented by Prof. Schiodte (from the commencement of Ser. 3). Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano. Presented by the Editor. Nature, weekly. Presented by the Publishers. The following back parts of Transactions and Journals have been purchased : — Imperial Society of Naturalists of Moscow. Nouveaux Me'moires, ii., or viii. of the whole series (1832). Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Paris, Ser. 1, i. to ix. (1824-26), completing our set. Adansonia, Paris, 8vo, edited by H. Baillon, i. to viii. (1860-68). The Biological Papers contained in the above Transactions, Pro- ceedings, and Journals (excepting old volumes or parts analysed in the Boyal Society's Index), and the separate works added to the Library since the last Report, are as follows : — ■ (This analytical enumeration is continued according to the plan adopted last year, and explained in Proceedings, p. vi.) Mammalia axd General Zoology : — • A. Agassiz. Notes on Beaver-Dams. Proc. Best. Soc. Nat. Hist. Vi PBOCEEDUfGS OF IHE J. A. Allen. Notes on the Mammak of Iowa. Proc. Bost. Soc. Xat. Hist. xiii. "W. Andrews. On Zipluus Soiverbyi, 1 plate. Trans. R. Irish Acad. xxiv. P. J. van Benedeu. On the Balcenoptera of the Northern Atlantic. Bull. Acad. Sc. Brussels, xxrii. — On commensalism ia the animal kingdom. Ibid, xxviii. E. V. Beneden. Eesearches on the composition and signification of the Egg, 10 plates. Mem. cour. Acad. Sc. Bruss. 4to, xxxiv. \"ind-River Mountains. Amer. Naturalist, iii. "W. J. Hays. The Mule Deer, 1 plate. Amer. Naturalist, iii. C. K. Hoffmann and H. "Wcijenbergh, jun. On the place of C7ii~ romys in the natural method. Arch. Neerland. v. . R. J. Lee. On the organs of vision in the common Mole. Proc. R. Soc. xviii. — Masius and — Vauloir. Experimental researches on the ana- tomical and functional regeneration of the spinal marrow, 2 plates. Mem. cour. Acad. Sc. Bruss. 8vo, xxi. mflTEAN SOCIETT OP lOSDOX. vii W. Peters. The Cheiroptera of Sarawak. Xat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. xsxi. E. A. Philippi. On Felis cohcolo, Molina, i plate. — On a supposed new Stag from CTuli. TViegm. Arehiv, xxxvi. L, Sabaneef. Preliminan- sketch of the vertebrate fauna of the central Oural. Bull. Soc, Imp. Xat. Mosc. 1869. C. M. Scannon. On Sea-Otters. Amer. Xaturalist, iv. P. L. Sclater. Xote on JElian's Wart-Hog. Ann. Xat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi. L. Stieda. On the central nervous system in Yertebrata, 4 plates. Zeitschr. wissensch. Zool. xx. Okxithologt : — J. BorsenkoTV. On the development of the egg in the Fowl. 2 plates. BulL Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1S69. J. F. Brandt. Observations on Akidce. BuU. Imp. Acad. Sc. Petersb. xiv. E. Cones. On variation in the genus u^iotJius. — On the classifi- cation of Vater-Bii-ds. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1S69.— Orni- thological Notes. Amer. Natiu-alLst, iii. — Op. a chick with super- numerary legs. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xiii. W. H. DaU and H. M. Bannister. List of the Birds of Alaska, with notes and descriptions. Trans. Chicago Acad. Sc. i. S. E. Dole. Synopsis of the Birds hitherto described from the Hawaian Islands. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xii. D. G. Elliot. A new Pheasant from China. — A new Humming- bird of the genus CJin/solamjjis. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi. "W. E. Endicctt. Popular Oi-nithological Papers. Amer. Natura- list, iii. A. Ernst. Contributions to the ornithological fauna of Venezuela, 1 plate. Yai'gasia, n. 7. E. A. Eversmann. Natural histoiy of the Birds of the Orenbom-g district. Mem. Univ. Kazan, 1S66 to 1S6S, forming a separate volume, Svo, 621 pages. J. C. H. Fischer. Short Ornithological papers. Eroyer's Tidsskr. Ser. 3, iii. A. Fowler. Popular Ornithological papers. Amer. Naturalist, iii. — Godwin- Austen. List of Bii'ds obtained in the Eiasi and North Cachar hUls. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xxxLx. J. Gould, A [new species of Sdsura. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi. VIU PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. Homeyer. Eemarks on A. Romer's list of the Birds of Nassau. Journ. Nassau Naturh. Yer. xxii. A. 0. Hume. Additional notes on Indian birds noticed by Mr. Blanford. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xxxix. G. Jaeger. On conditions of growth exemplified in Birds, woodcut. Zeitschr. wissensch. Zool. xx. H. Jouan. On the Jabirii of Australia. — On the fauna of New Zealand, chiefly birds. Mem. Soc. Imp. Sc. Nat. Cherbourg, xiv. G. N. Lawrence. List of a collection of Birds from northern Yucatan. — List of Birds from Puna Island, Gulf of Guayaquil. — • Characters of new South- American Birds. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. York, ix. T. H. Potts. Notes on the breeding-habits of New-Zealand Birds, 3 plates. Presented by the Author. H. Eeeks. Notes on the Birds of Newfoundland. Canad. Na- turalist, V. A. Schwab. The Avifauna of Mistek and its neighbourhood. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Briinn, vii. E. Selenka. On the morphology of the muscles of the shoulder in Birds. Archiv. Neerl. v. E. B. Sharpe. On a collection of Birds from China and Japan. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi. H. Stevenson. The Birds of Norfolk, vol. 2. Presented by the Author. E. Swinhoe. Pour new Birds from China. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi. Yiscount AValden. New Birds from Southern Asia. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, v. Ibis, vi. n. 23. Ichthyology : — C. C. Abbott. Freshwater Fishes of New Jersey. Amer. Natu- ralist, iii. — Baudelot. On the comparative anatomy of the encephalum of Fishes, 2 plates. Mem. Soc. Sc. Nat. Strasb. vi. — On the texture of the anterior lobes of the Stickleback, examined in ordinary and in distilled water. Bull. Soc. Sc. Nat. Strasb. 1869. A. Fee. On the lateral system of the pneumo-gastric nerve of Fishes, 4 plates. Mem. Soc. Sc. Nat. Strasb. vi. — Guichenot. Eevision of the genera Pagellus, Lithognaihus, and Calamus, Mem. Soc. Imp. Sc. Nat. Cherbourg, xiv. IiINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. IX E. Hensel. On the Yertebrata of S. Brazil : Fishes of the province of Eio Grande do Sul. Wiegm. Archiv, xxxvi. J. Hyrtl. On the blood-vessels of the outer opercula of the branchiae of Polyptenis Laivadei, Steind., 1 plate. Proc. Imp. Acad. Sc. Vienna, Ix. S. Legouis. On the pancreas of osseous Fishes (from the Comptes Rendus). Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, v. F. Poej. Review of the Fishes of Cuba belonging to the genus Trisotrojj'is. — Xotes on the hermaphroditism of Fishes. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. York, ix. J. C. Schiodte. On the development and position of the eye in Flat-fish, 1 plate. Kroy. Tidsskr. v. F. Steindachner. PoJypterus Lapradel and P. senegalus from Senegal, 2 plates. — Ichthyological notes, 2 papers, 15 plates. Proc. Imp. Acad. Sc. Yienna, Ix. W. Wood. Ichthyological notes. Amer. Naturalist, iii. Reports of the Commissioners of Fisheries for the State of Maine, 1867, 1868, 1869. Presented by the Portland Soc. Nat. Hist. Reptiles and Batrachia : — D. van Bembeke. On the development of Pelohates fusms, 5 plates, Mem. couronn. R. Acad. Sc. Brussels, 4to, xxxiv. A. Preudhomme de Borre. On a young Dermatemys Mawli. — On a new American Alligator, 1 plate. Bull. Acad. Sc. Brussels, xxviii. E. D. Cope. Seventh contribution to the Herpetology of Tropical America, 3 plates. Proc. Amer. PhU. Soc. Pliiladelphia, xi. J. E. Gray. Phelsimia c/randis, a new Night-Lizard from Mada- gascar. — Testudo chihnsis, a new Chilian Tortoise. Ann. Nat Hist. Ser. 4, vi. A. B. Meyer. On the venom-apparatus of Snakes, more especially of CaUo])lm intestinalis and hivirgatus. Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. xxxi., and Wiegm. Archiv, xxxv, W. C. H. Peters. On the African Monitors. — Contributions to the Herpetological fauna of S. Africa, 1 plate. — On PJatemys tuberosa. a new Tortoise from British Guiana. Proc. (Monatsb.) R. Acad. Sc. Berhn, 1870. F. Stoliczka. On Indian and Malayan Amphibia and ReptOes, 4 plates. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xxxix. ; abstracted in Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi. X PKOCEEDIK^GS OF THE MonuscA : — A. Adams. On some proboscidiferous Gasteropods of the seas of Japan. Ann. IS'at. Hist. Ser. 4, v. — On some genera and species of gasteropodons Mollusca collected by Mr. M'Andrew in the Gulf of Suez. Ibid. vi. E. Bergh. Contributions to a monograph of PleurophyUidia, 9 plates. — On the anatomy of the Phyllidia, 11 plates. Kroy. Tidsskr. Ser. 3, iv. W. G. Binney. Bibliography of North-American Conchology, part 2. Smiths. Misc. CoU. ix. "W. G. Binney and T. Bland. Notes on the lingual dentition of Mollusca. — Note on Vivijpara lineata. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, ix. — Land and freshwater shells of Nortli America, part 1, numerous woodcuts. Smiths. Misc. Coll. viii. T. Bland. Additional notes on the geographical distribution of land-shells in the West Indies. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, ix. W. T. Blanford. Contributions to Indian Malacology, continued. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1870.— On Georissa, Acmella, Iricula, and CyatTiopoma milium. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi. Marq. L. de Fohn. On the classification of the shells of the family of Chemnitzidse. Presented by the Author. J. C. Galton. Anatomy of the Eiver-Mussel, 1 plate. Pop. So. Review, ix. H. H. Godwin- Austen. Descriptions of new Dij^hmmatincv from the Khasia Hills, 1 plate. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1870. A. A. Gould. Report on the Invertebrata of Massachusetts : Mollusca, 27 plates and numerous woodcuts. Presented by the Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, on behalf of the Commonwealth of Massa- chusetts. E. C. Greenleaf. On the double plate of Atdacodiscus orerfcinus. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xii. "W. Houghton. On two Land-Planarise from Borneo, woodcuts. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi. J. G. Jeffreys. British Conchology, 5 vols., 1862-1869. Pur- chased. . Norwegian Mollusca. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, v. — Medi- terranean Mollusca. Ibid. vi. W. King. Histology of the testa of the class PalHobranchiata, 1 plate. Trans. E. Irish Acad. xxiv. A. Macalister. On the mode of growth of discoid and turbinated shells. Proc. Eoy. Soc. xviii. LI>'>'EA>' SOCIETY OF LO^DOy. XI TV". Meigen. On the hydrostatic apparatus of Nautilus pompilius. Wiegm. Archiv, xxxvi. E. S. Moore. A new -4cfuio?)o7H5, woodcut. Rep. Trust. Pcabody Acad. Sc. 1869. — Salt- and freshwater Clams, 1 plate ; and other Malacological papers. Amer. Naturalist, iii. G. H. Perkins. Molluscan fauna of New Haven. Proc. Post. Soc. Nat. Hist. xiii. T. Prime. On the names applied to Pisidium, a genus of Cor- bicularidae, with notes on species, woodcuts. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, ix, E. Eattray. On the anatomy, physiology, and distribution of Firolida?. Trans. Linn, Soc. xxvii. L. Eeeve. Conchologia Iconica, parts 282, 283. Purchased. E. E. C. Stearns. On a new Pedipes from Tampa Bay. Proc. Post. Soc. Nat. Hist. xii. D. Zernoff. On the organs of smell in Cephalopods, 2 plates. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 18G9, i. Journal de Conchyliologie, Ser. 3, x. n. 3. — Malakozoologische Blatter, to July 1870. — American Journal of Conchology, v. parts 3,4. See also papers on Deep-Sea Dredgings, under Lower Akimals. CursTACEA AND Aeachs-ida : — E. V. Beneden. On the embryogeny of Crustacea, 2 plates. Bull. E. Acad. Sc. Brussels, xxviii. V. Bergsoe. Philichthys Xipliice, 1 plate. — On the Italian Taran- tula. Kroy. Tidsskr. Ser. 3, iii. V. Bergsoe and F. Meinert. The Geopliila of Denmark. Kroy. Tidsskr. Ser. 3, iv. P. Bertkau. On the structure and functions of the upper jaw in Spiders, 1 plate. Wiegm. Archiv, xxxvi. G. S. Brady. Notes on Eutomostraca taken in Northumberland and Durham, 3 plates. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb. & Durh. iii. G. S. Brady and D. Eobertson. The Ostracoda and Foraminifera of tidal rivers, 2 parts, 7 plates. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi. — Chantran. On the natural historj; of Crayfish (from the Comptcs Eendus). Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi. A. Dohrn. A new form of NaKjiUus gigas^ 2 plates. — On Mala- costraca and thek larvae, 3 plates. Zeitschr. wissensch. Zool. xx. E. D. Cope. On some new or Httle-known Myriapoda from the Southern Alleghanies. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi. XU PEOCEBDINGS OF THE 0. Grimm. Embryology of PJithiriiis pubis, 1 plate, BuU. Imp. Acad. Sc. Petersburg, xiv. J. Lubbock. On Tliysanura, part iv. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii. J. A. Herklots. Two new genera of Crustacea, EpicWiys and Iclithyoxenos, 1 plate. Archiv. Neerl. v. H. Kroyer. Contributions to the knowledge of Entomostraca, 18 plates. Kroy. Tidsskr. Ser. 3, ii. S. J. M'Intyre. The Pencil-tail, Polyxenus layiirus, 1 plate. Journ. Quek. Microsc. Club, ii. E. Meinert. Campodeoe, a family of Thysanura, 1 plate. Kroy. Tidsskr. Ser. 3, ii. — The Chilognatha of Denmark ; The Scolopendra and Lithobia of Denmark. Ibid. v. It. E. Mueller. The Cladocera of Denmark, 6 plates. — On the propagation of Cladocera, 1 plate. Kroy. Tidsskr. Ser. 3, v. M. F. Plateau. On the freshwater Crustacea of Belgium, 1 plate. Mem. cour. R. Acad. Sc. Brussels, 4to, xxxiv. J. C. Schiodte. The sucking-mouth of Crustacea, 2 plates. Kroy. Tidsskr. Ser. 3, iv. S. J. Smith. New or little-known American cancroid Crustacea. Proc. Best. Soc. Nat. Hist. xii. J. Steenstrup. On Lesteira, Silenium, and Pegesimallus, three genera of Crustacea estabKshed by Kroyer, 1 plate. Proc. R. Dan. Soc. Sc. 1869. A. E. Verrill. Popularnotes on Crustacea. A mer. Naturalist, iii. E. P. Wright. New Sicilian Spiders, 1 plate. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, V. EXTOMOLOGY : E. Ballion. Remarks on some species of the ' Catalogus Coleo- pterorum ' of Dr. Gemmingen and B. v. Harold. — On Tentliredo fiavicornis and T. luticornis. BuU. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1869. M. V. Bell. List of Coleoptera hitherto found in the neighbour- hood of Jaroslaw. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1869. Dr. Bessels. Note on the development of Acaridse. BuU. R. Acad. Sc. Brussels, xxvii. P. Butschli. On the development of Bees, 4 plates. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. XX. A. Chapman. Pacts towards a life-history of RMjjiijliorus para- doxus, 1 plate. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi. M. Chaudoir. Monographical essay on the genus Abacetus, Dej. BuU. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1869. LDfNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON. XIU — Cornelius. On Zahrus gibhus, Fabr., and its larvte. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soo. Rhen. Pruss. xxvi. E. T. Cressou. On Mexican Pompilidte. Proc. Best. See. Nat. Hist. xii. N. Erschoff. Notes on some Lepidoptera of Eastern Siberia. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1869. A. Fuchs. Enumeration of the Butterflies of the neighbourhood of Oberursel. Journ. Nassau Soc. Nat. Sc. Jahrg. xxi., xxii. A. Gerstiicker. Orthoptera and Neuroptera of Zanzibar. Wiegm. Archiv, xxxv. A. Gaertner. On Coleophora albifuscella, ZeU., and 0. leucopen^ nella, Hiibn. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1869. R. Grentzenberg. The Macrolepidoptera of the province of Prussia. Mem. Phys. Ecou. Soc. Konigsberg, x. 0. Grimm. On the asexual reproduction of a species of Chiro- nomus, and its development from an unfertilized egg, 3 plates. Mem. Imp. Acad. Sc. Petersb. xv. A. E. Holmgren. Hymenoptera of the voyage of the frigate ' Eugenie,' 2 plates. Presented by the Roy. Acad. Sc. Stockholm. J. H. Kaltenbach. The German phytophagous Insects. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Rhen. Pruss. xxvi. "W. J. Kirby. On the generic nomenclature of Diurnal Lepido- ptera. Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. x. C. L. Kirschbaum. The Cicadinae of the neighbourhood of Wiesbaden. Journ. Nass. Soc. Nat. Sc. xxi., xxii. — Landois. On the sounds emitted by Insects. — On a new American Silkworm, Saturnia Cecroina. Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Rhen. Pruss. xxvi. J. L. Leconte. Synonymical notes on North- American Coleoptera. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi. De Selys Longchamps. Additions to the synopsis of Caloptery- ginoe. Bull. R. Acad. Sc. Brussels, xxvii. — Additions to the synopsis of Gomphinae. Ibid, xxviii. F. Meinert. The Danish species of Forjlcida, 1 plate. Xroy. Tidsskr. Ser. 3, ii. — On the larvae of Miastor, 3 plates. Ibid. iii. — On double sperm-vessels in Insects, 1 plate. Ibid. v. N. Melnikow. On the embryonal development of Insects, 4 plates. Wiegm. Archiv, xxxv. CS.Minot. American Lepidoptera. Proc. Best. Soc. Nat. Hist. xiii. V. Motchoulsky. Enumeration and descriptions of new Coleo- ptera. BuU. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1869. XIV PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. Murray. On Coleoptera from Old Calabar. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, V. — List of Coleoptera received from Old Calabar, 2 plates. — Note on the egg of Rhipipliorus paradoxus. — History of the Wasp and Rhipijpliorus paradoxus (concluded), 1 plate. Ibid. vi. — On the geographical relations of the chief Coleopterous Faunae. Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. xi. E. Norton. Descriptions of Mexican Ants, woodcuts. Proc. Essex Inst. Salem, vi. E. Osten-Sacken. Monographs of Diptera of N. America, part 4, 4 plates. Smithson. Misc. Coll. viii. A. S. Packard, jun. On Insects inhabiting salt water, woodcuts. Proc. Essex Inst. Salem, vi. — List of hymenopterous and lepidopte- rous Insects collected by the Smithsonian Expedition to S. America. Ann. Eep. Trust. Peabody Acad. 1869. — Various popular entomolo- gical papers. Amer. Naturalist, iii. A. S. Packard, jun., and others. Record of American Entomo- logy for the year 1868. Presented by the Essex Institute, Salem. E. P. Paseoe. On Curculionidse (continued), 2 plates. Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. x. J. E. Planchon and J. Lichtenstein. On PliyUoxerus or the Vine- disease, three papers. Presented by the Authors. A. S. Pitchie. Why are Insects attracted by artificial Hghts? Canad. Naturalist, v. C. Eitsema. On the origin and development of Periphyllus Testvdo. Arch. Neerl. v. ; Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi. C. T. Eobinson. Lepidopterological Miscellanies, two papers, 1 plate. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. York, ix. A. Schenck. Description of the Bees of Nassau, 2nd Supplement. Journ. Nass. Soc. Nat. Sc. xxi., xxii. J. C. Schiodte. The Cerambyces of Denmark. Kroy. Tidsskr. Ser. 3, ii. — Observations on the metamorphoses of Eleutherata, 24 plates. Ibid, iii., iv., and vi. — The Buprestes and Elatera of Den- mark, 1 plate, and various short Entomological Papers. Ibid. iii. — Supplement to the Cerambyces, Buprestes, and Elatera of Denmark. Ibid. V. — On the Cimices living in Denmark. Ibid. vi. — On the morphology and classification of Ehynchota. Ibid. vi. ; Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi. S. H. Scudder. Preliminary list of the Butterflies of Iowa. Trans. Chicago Acad. Sc. i. — Notices of Orthoptera collected by Prof. J. Orton in Ecuador and Brazil. — On the gigantic lobe-crested Grass- hoppers of South and Central America. — Eeport on Diurnal Lepido- UNNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOX. Wf ptera collected iu Alaska in Lieut. Ball's Expedition. — On a new Cave-Insect from Xew Zealand. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xii. — On the larva and chrysalis of Pajjilio Itutuh(s. Ibid. xiii. — Cata- logue of Orthoptera of N. America described previous to 1867. Smithsou. Misc. CoU. viii. H. Shimer. Insects injurious to the Potato, woodcuts. Amer. Naturalist, iii. S. Solsky. Coleoptera of Eastern Russia. — The Staphylina of S. America and Mexico, n. 2. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1869. Y. Strom. The Danish species of Orygia. Kroy. Tidsskr. Ser. 3, iii. — Synopsis of the Butterflies of Denmark. Ibid. iv. R. Trimen. On the occurrence of Astraptor illuminator, Murr., or a closely allied insect, near Buenos Ayres. 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Loew. Contributions to the history of the development of Penicillium, 3 plates. Pringsh. Jahrb. vii. L. Meyer. The Mosses of the neighbourhood of Hanover, Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Hanover, 1867-69. S. Miklos. Az Erjedes es as iy Gomba-elmelet. Pamphlet, pre- sented by the Aiithor. J. Mnde. Supplementary notes on Asplenium and allied genera. — On Dicranodontium and its allies. Bot. Zeit. 1 870. A. Millardet. On CoUemacese, 3 plates. — On the germination of the zygospores in the genera Closterium and Staurastrum, and on a new genus oiAlgce cJilorosporece, 1 plate. Mem. Soc. Sc. Nat. Cherbomrg, vi. J. Mueller Arg. New Lichens. — Lichens of La Tournette and Pic Romand. Flora, 1870. Th. Nitschke. Outlines of a system of Pyrenomycetse. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Rhen. Prussia, xxvi. XXIV PROCEEDINGS OF THE G. de Notaris and F. Baglietto. Erbario Crittogamico Italiano, Ser. 2. — Enumeration of species and descriptions of new ones. Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. ii. L. Pire. Revision of Belgian Acrocarpic Mosses. Bull. Soe. R. Bot. Belg. viii. N. Pringsheim. Further explanations on the result of his obser- vations on the pairing of zoospores. Bot. Zeit. 1870. L. Eeinhard. On the species of Oharacium found in the neigh- bourhood of Charkow, 1 plate. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mose. 1869. S. Bosanoff. On the influence of terrestrial attraction on the direction of the plasmodia in Myxomycetes, 1 plate. Mem. Soc. Imp. Sc. Nat. Cherbourg, xiv. J. Schumann. Supplement to Prussian Diatoms, 4 plates. Mem. Phys. Econ. Soc. Konigsberg, viii. and x. D. V. Shelesnow. On the occurrence of the "White Trufile in the neighbourhood of Moscow. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1869. W. G. Smith. Clavis Agaricinorum. Presented by the Author. J. Walz. Contributions to the knowledge of Saprolegniese. Bot. Zeit. 1870. H. C. Wood. Descriptions of new Desmids. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1869. — Prodromus of a study of the freshwater Algae of eastern North America. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Philadelphia, xi. Paleontology : — T. Atthey. On the occurrence of palatal teeth of a CUmatodus in the low-main shale of Newsham. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb. Darh. iii. A. BeU. New or little-known shells &c. of the crag formations. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi. P. J. van Beneden. On a new Palcedaphus from the Devonian. Bull. Acad. R. Sc. Brussels, xxvii. G. Berendt. Supplement to the marine diluvial fauna of West Prussia, 1 plate. Mem. Phys. Econ, Soc. Konigsb. viii. A. Preudhomme de Borre. On some Chelonian remains from the tertiary deposits of the neighbourhood of Brussels. Bull. Acad. R. Sc. Brussels, xxvii. J. F. Brandt. On the hair of Rhinoceros tichorliinus. Bull. Acad. Imp. Sc. Petersb. xiv. — Further researches on the remains of Mam- mifers found in the caves of the Altai. Ibid. xv. A. Briart and F. L. Cornet. On the fossils of the Metile de Bracquegnies, 8 plates. Mem. cour. R. Acad. Sc. Bruss. 4to, xxxiv. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXV G. Burmeister. Monograph of Glyptodons of the public Museum of Buenos Ayres, 12 plates. Mus. Publ. Buenos Ayres, ii. E. D. Cope. Descriptions of extinct Fishes. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xii. — Synopsis of extinct Mammalia of the cave formations of the United States, 3 plates.— Second addition to the history of the Fishes of the cretaceous of the United States. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Philadelphia, xi.— Fossil Eeptiles of New Jersey. Amer. Naturalist, iii. Principal Dawson. On the primitive vegetation of the earth. Proc. Roy. Instit. vi. — V. Duisburg. Contributions to the Amber-fauna. Mem. R. Phys. Econ. Soc. Kouigsberg, ix. C. G. Ehrenberg. On the Bacillaria-'banks of the Californian Highlands. Proc. R. Acad. Sc. Berlin (Monatsber.), 1870. C. V. Ettingshausen. The fossil Flora of the tertiary basin of Bilin, part 3, 16 plates. Mem. Imp. Acad. Sc. Vienna, xxix. — Con- tributions to the tertiary flora of Styria, 6 plates, Proc. Imp. Acad. Sc. Vienna, Ix. H. H. Godwin-Austen. Descriptions of new Diphmmatina from the Khasia hills, 1 plate. Joum. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1870. J. E. Gray. On the skeleton of Dioplodon sechellensis, woodcut. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi. A. Hancock and T. Atthey. Description of a Labyrinthodont Amphibian from the coal-shale of Newsham, 1 plate. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi. — A new Labyrinthodont Amphibian. — On Anthra- cosaurus. — On fossil Fungi. — On Climaxodon and Janassa, 1 plate. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb. & Durh. iii. A. Hancook and R. Howse. On Janassa bituminosa, 2 plates. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb. Durh. iii. F. Kitton. Diatomaceous deposits from Jutland, 3 plates. Journ Quek. Microsc. Club, ii. L. de Koninck. On some remarkable palaeozoic Echinoderms. BuU. Acad. R. Sc. Brussels, xxviii. G. C. Laube. On the Echinoderms of the tertiary formation of the Vieentine, 7 plates. Mem. Imp. Acad. Sc. Vienna, xxix. A. Manzoni. Italian fossil Bryozoa, 2 plates. Proc. Imp. Acad, Sc. Vienna, lix. A. Milne -Edwards. On the ornithological fauna of the Bour- bonnais during the middle tertiary period (from Comptes Rendus). Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, v. C. Moore. On the mammalia and other remains from the LINN. PEOC. — Session 1870-71. d XXVI PROCEEBINGS OF THE drift deposit in the Bath basin. Proc. Bath Nat. Hist. Field- Club, ii. H. A. Nicholson. On the genus Climacograiysus, with notes on the British species, woodcuts. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi. R. Owen. On the remains of a large extinct Llama from quater- nary deposits in the valley of Mexico, 4 plates. — On the molar teeth of the lower jaw of Macrauchenia ixitachonica, 1 jjlate. Phil. Trans, R. Soc. clx. C. F. Peters. The vertebrata in the miocene strata of Eibiswald in Styria : 1. Tortoises, 3 plates and 1 woodcut ; 2. AmpJiicyon, Viverva, and Hyotlierium, 3 plates. Mem. Imp. Acad. Sc. Vienna, xxix. A. E. Reuss. Palaeontological studies on the older tertiary strata of the Alps, 20 plates. Mem. Imp. Acad. Sc. Vienna, xxix. — The fossil Mollusca of the tertiary basin of Vienna, 18 plates. Trans. Geol. Inst. Vienna, iv. — On the fossil fauna of the Oligocene strata of Gaas, 6 plates. Proc. Imp. Acad. Sc, Vienna, Hx. T. Rupert .Fones. On ancient Water-fleas of the ostracodous and phyUopodous tribes, 1 plate. Monthl. Microsc. Journ. iv. W. P. Schimper. Traite de Paleontologie vegetale, vol. ii., 20 plates. Presented by the Author. C. Schliiter. Fossil Echinoderms of North Germany. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Rhen. Pruss. xxvi. H. G. Seeley. Remarks on Prof. Owen's monograph of Dhnor- phodon, woodcuts. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi. F. Toula. Some fossils of the coal-chalk of Bolivia, 1 plate. Proc. R. Acad. Sc. Vienna, lix. F. Unger. The fossil flora of Radobaj, 5 plates. Mem. Imp. Acad. Sc. Vienna, xxix. J. Wright. On the teeth of the Ballan Wrasse, 1 plate. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb. & Durh. iii. E. G. Zaddack. On the amber of West Prussia and Pomerania, 1 plate. Mem. Phys. Econ. Soc. Konigsberg, x. Geological Society. Quarterly Journal, xxvi. — Geological Magazine, Miscellaneous : — L. Agassiz. Address on the Humboldtian Anniversary. Presented by the Boston Society of Natural History. R. Andreini. Anthropology, pamphlet, 4to : Algiers, 1870. Pre- sented by Mr. Darwin . LINNEAN SOCIETY 01*' LONDON. XXVll H. C. Bastian. Facts and reasonings concerning the heterogenous evolution of living things. Nature, ii. H. Cleghorn. Anniversary Address to the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, 1869-70. Presented by the Author. W. A. Focke. The popular names of plants in the region of the lower Weser and the Ems. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Bremen, ii. Forest Reports. British Burmah, 1867-68. — Province of Oudh, 1868-69. Presented by the Indian Government. L. Hapke. The popular names of animals in N.W. Germany. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Bremen, iii. T. F. Hayden. Report of the United States Geological Survey of Colorado and New Mexico. — Geological Report of the exploration of Yellowstone and Missouri Rivers. Presented by the Author. L. Jenyns. Anniversary Address of the President of the Bath Natural-History Society, 1870. Presented by the Author. M. Johnson. Remarks on Dr. Bastian's papers on spontaneous generation. Monthl. Microsc. Journ. iv. Baron v. Liebig. On fermentation and the source of muscular power. Proc. R. Bav. Acad. Sc. Munich, 1869. H. Mueller. On the application of the Darwinian theory to flowers and flower-seeking insects. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Rhen. Pruss. xxvi. F. P. Porcher. Resources of the southern fields and forests, with a Medical Botany of the Southern States, 1869. Presented by the Author. R. Pulteney. Various MSS., chiefly on the botany of the neigh- bourhood of Loughborough. Presented by Dr. Hicks. Revue des Cours Scientifiques. Translation of the Anniversary Address of the President of the Linnean Society, 1870. Presented by the Editors. Samuel, Brothers. Wool and woollen manufactories of Great Britain. Presented by the Authors. — Voit. On the difi'erence between animal and vegetable nutrition. Proc. R. Acad. Sc. Munich, 1869. F, Wakefield. The Gardener's Chronicle for New Zealand. Pre- sented by the Author. The following papers were read : — 1. " Notes on a SoKtary Bee allied to the Genus Anthidium, Latr.," by J. P. Mansel Weale, Esq., B.A. XXVlll PROCEEDINGS OP THE 2. " Notes on some Species of Hahenaria found in South Africa," by the same. 3. " Notes on a Species of Disperis found in the Hagaberg, South Africa," by the same. 4. " Some Observations on the Fertilization of Disa macrantha," by the same. 5. " Some Observations on the mode in which certain Species of Asclepiadece are Fertilized," by the same. All communicated by Charles Darwin, Esq., F.R. & L.S. November 17th, 1870. Joseph D. Hooker, M.D., Vice-President, in the Chair. The follomng papers were read : — 1. " Contributions to the Natural History of the Passijloracece," by Maxwell T. Masters, M.D., F.R. and L.S. 2. " Notes on the White-beaked Bottle-nose {Lagenorhynclms albirostris, Gray)," by James Murie, M.D., F.L.S., late Prosector to the Zoological Society. December 1st, 1870. George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair. George King, M.B., the Eev. Frederick Silver, and Francis Lesiter Soper were elected Fellows. The following papers were read : — 1. " Supplementary note on Chinese Silkworm- Oaks,"^ by Henry Fletcher Hance, Ph.D., &c. 2. " On the source of the ' Eadix Galangse minoris ' of Pharma- cologists," by the same. Both communicated by the President. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXIX December 15th, 1870. George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair. James Cosmo Melvill, Jun., Esq., was elected a Fellow. Mr. Daniel Hanbury, F.L.S., exhibited fresh fruits of Tliladiantha dvhia, Bunge, a Cucurbitaceous plant from Northern China, ripened in the open air at Clapham, in November last. The following papers were read, viz. : — 1. "On SabadOla from Caracas (Asagrcea officinalis, Lindl.)," by M. A. Ernst, of Caracas. Communicated by J. D. Hooker, M.D., V.P.L.S., &c. 2. A letter, dated Sierra Nevada, California, Oct. 28, 1870, from William Eobinson, F.L.S., to Dr. Hooker, on the Californian Pitcher- plant (Darlhigtonia calif ornica, Torrey). 3. " Carnivorous and Insectivorous Plants," by Mrs. Barber. Com- mimicated by Dr. Hooker. At a Meeting subsequently held, and which had been specially summoned for the Election of a Member of Council in place of Thomas Anderson, M.D., deceased, John Lindsay Stewart, M.D., was elected into the Council in his stead. January 19th, 1871. George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair. Louis Bemays, Esq., the Rev. Arthur Eaggett Cole, M.A., George Curling Joad, Esq., Thomas Kirk, Esq., Dr. S. E. MaunseU, E.A., and Eoland Trimen, Esq., were elected Fellows. Mr. T. B. Flower, F.L.S., exhibited specimens of Caucalis latifolia, gathered by him in corn-fields, near Keynsham, Gloucestershire. The following papers were read, viz. : — 1. " Historical Notes on the Radix Galawja of Pharmacy," by Daniel Hanbury, Esq., F.E. & L.S. LINN. nioc. — Session 1870-71. e XXX PKOCEEDINGS OF THE 2. Letter from Mr. Atkin to Dr. Hooker on the vegetation of the Solomon Islands. 3. "Note on the genus Byrsanihus, GuiU., and its floral con- formation," by Maxwell T. Masters, M.D., F.R. & L.S. Eead, also, a letter from Baron Hochschild, the Swedish Minister, announcing, on the part of Mr, Oscar Dickson, of Gothenburg, the donation of documents relating to Linnseus's discovery of a mode of producing artificial Pearls ; and also transmitting, for the inspection of the Fellows, a photographic Album " In Memoriam Caroli a Linne," recently published in Sweden. February 2nd, 1871. George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair. Charles Whitehead, Esq., was elected a FeUow. Dr. Hooker, V.P.L.S., exhibited fruit-bearing specimens, preserved in fltiid, of the India-rubber plant of Tropical Africa {Landoljphia jlonda, Benth. ?), collected on the Congo River by Dr. Hilliard, and sent to the Royal Gardens, Kew, by Messrs. Sinclair and Hamilton ; also, two flowering specimens from the Kew Herbarium, collected by the late Mr. Barter during the Niger Expedition. The following paper was read, viz. : — '• Natural History of Deep-sea Soundings (2800 fathoms) between Galle and Java," by Capt. William Chimmo, of H.M.S. 'Nassau.' Communicated by Dr. Carpenter, F.L.S. &c. February 16th, 1871. George Busk, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair. Dr. Hooker, on behalf of the following Subscribers, presented to the Society a portrait, in oil, of the President, painted by Lowes Dickinson, Esq. ; and the Chairman, on the part of the Fellows of the Society, expressed their sense of obligation to the Subscribers. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXXI and the gratification which he was sure would be generally felt at the reception of a portrait of one who had laboured so earnestly, and for so many years, to further, in every way, the interests of the Society. Dr. T. Anderson (the late). Edward Atkinson, Esq. Prof. C. C. Babington. Rev. Churchill Babington. A. H. Barford, Esq. J. J. Bennett, Esq. Prof. Bentley. Eev. M. J. Berkeley. John Blackwall, Esq. Dr. Bowerbank. Dr. Boycott. Sir H. J. J. Brydges, Bart. WiUiam Bull, Esq. Sir C. Bunbury, Bart. George Busk, Esq. Dr. Campbell. Henry CoUinson, Esq. E. W. Cooke, Esq. Rev. T. Cornthwaite. Wniiam Coulson, Esq. Charles Darwin, Esq. J. W. Dunning, Esq. Dr. Eatwell. M. P. Edgeworth, Esq. Thomas B. Flower, Esq. W. H. Flower, Esq. John Forster, Esq. WiUiam Francis, Esq. D. J. French, Esq. C. H. Gatty, Esq. Dr. J. E. Gray. Arthur Grote, Esq. Daniel Hanbury, Esq. Rev. H. Hawkes. I. Anderson Hemy, Esq. Robert Hogg, LL.D. Dr. Hooker. Robert Hudson, Esq. Prof. Huxley. Richard Kippist. J. Sutherland Law, Esq. Prof. M. A. Lawson. Henry Lee, Esq. Sir J. Lubbock, Bart. Sir C. Lyell, Bart. Rev. R. W. M«AU. Robert MacLachlan, Esq. George MacLeay, Esq. William Matchwick, Esq. John Miers, Esq. J. Traheme Moggridge, Esq. Major-General Munro. Sir R. I. Murchison, Bart. Prof. Oliver. F. P. Pascoe, Esq. Algernon Peckover, Esq. Dr. Prior. Henry Reeks, Esq. F. C. S. Roper, Esq. H. C. Rothery, Esq. W. F. Saunders, Esq. W. Wilson Saunders, Esq. Samuel Saywell, Esq. H. T. Stainton, Esq. Dr. J. L. Stewart. Andrew Swanzy, Esq. H. Fox Talbot, Esq. Dr. Thomas Thomson. Dr. Thwaites. John Yan Voorst, Esq. H. J. Veitch, Esq. J. G. Veitch, Esq. (the late). Dr. G. C. Wallich. James Yates, Esq. e2 XX.K.U PROCEEDINGS OF THE The following papers were read, viz. : — 1. "Bryological Remarks," by S. 0. Lindberg, M.D, 2. " Notes on the TremeUineous Fungi and their Analogues," by L. R. Tulasne, F.M.L.S., and C. Tulasne. March 2nd, 1871. George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair. The following papers were read, viz. : — 1. " On the Tamil popular names of plants," by the Rev. Samuel Mateer, F.L.S. 2. *' Contributions towards a knowledge of the Curculionidce, part 2," by Francis P. Pascoe, Esq., F.L.S. March 16th, 1871. George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair. Lieut.-Colonel James Augustus Grant, C.B., C.S.I., &c., was elected a Fellow. The President exhibited specimens of Cwpania cinerea, Poeppig, collected by Mr. Spruce in Peru, with the observation that '' the embryos fall out of the seeds ; while the latter, with their aril, contained in the burst capsule, still remain on." Dr. Seemann, F.L.S., exhibited a beetle, allied to Dynastes and supposed to be the largest Coleopterous insect of America. This, the only specimen found, though much search had been made for others, was obtained from the Chontales mountains of Nicaragua, The following communications were read, viz. : — 1. Extract of a letter from General Munro, C.B., to Dr. Hooker, V.P.L.S., dated H.M.S. 'Royal Alfred,' Caribbean Sea, February 21, 1871, and containing notes on the botany of Antigua, Trinidad, St. Vincent's (with its extinct volcano Souffriere), and other West- India Islands. 2, A letter from Henry Reeks, Esq., F.L.S., on the varieties of Aspidinm ocuhatum and angulare. The letter was accompanied by a series of specimens, all gathered at East Woodhay, near Newbury. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXXUl 3. " Notes on Capparis galeata, Fresen., and C. Murmyi, J. Gra- ham," by N. A. Dalzell, Esq. Communicated by Dr. Hooker, V.P.L.S. &c. AprH 6th, 1871. George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair. The following papers were read, viz. : — 1. "Notes on the Styles of Australian Proteacece,'^ by George Eentham, Esq., F.R.S., Pres. L.S. 2. "On the Generic Nomenclatuxe of Lepidoptera,^^ by G. R. Crotch, M.A., Assistant Librarian in the University of Cambridge. Communicated by Alfred Newton, Esq., F.R. & L.S. April 20th, 1871. George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair. Adolphus Frederick Haselden, Esq., "William Hatchett Jackson, Esq., and Albert Miiller, Esq., were elected Fellows. The following communications were read, viz. : — • 1. " Notes on a paper, by Mr. Andrew Murray, F.L.S., on the Geographical Eolations of the chief Coleopterous Faunae,'' by Roland Trimen, Esq., F.L.S., F.Z.S., M.E.S. 2. Extract of a letter from Mr. Murray, on the relations between the Fauna and Flora of South Africa and the Mediterranean element of the European region. May 4th, 1871. George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair. Professor Oswald Heer, of Zurich, was elected a Foreign Member. Mr. F. P. Balkwill, F.L.S., exhibited a specimen of Floral Proli- fication in Jasione montana, found at Borisand, near Plymouth. XXXIV rROCEEDINGS OP THE The following papers were read, viz. : — 1. " The phenomena of Protective Mimicry, and its bearing on the theory of Natural Selection, as illustrated by the Lepidoptera of the British Islands," by Raphael Meldola, F.C.S. Communicated by A. G. Butler, Esq., F.L.S. 2. " An attempt towards a Systematic Classification of the family Ascalaphidce," by Robert MacLachlan, Esq., F.L.S. May 24th, 1871. Anniversary Meeting, George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair. This day, the Anniversary of the Birth of Linnaeus, and the day appointed by the Charter for the Election of Council and Officers, the President opened the business of the Meeting with the following Address : — Gentlemen, — Having now for the tenth time the honour of addressing you from this Chair on the occasion of your annual gathering, it has been my wish to lay before you a general sketch of the progress making in Systematic Biology, the foundation upon which must rest the theo- retical and speculative as well as the practical branches of the science, to report upon the efforts made further to investigate, esta- blish, and extend that foundation, and to convert the numerous quicksands with which it is beset into solid rock. This subject formed the chief portion of my Address of 1862, and again of those of 1866 and 1868 ; but on the present occasion I have had some difficulties to contend with. Mr. Dallas, to whose kindness I owed the zoological notes I required, has now duties which fully absorb his time ; and I have been obliged to apply to foreign correspondents, as well as to my zoological friends at home, for the necessary in- formation. They have one and aU responded to my call with a readiness for which I cannot too heartily express my thanks * ; and * The gentlemen to whom I am more especially indebted for the useful memoranda they have transmitted to me are : — Dr. Liitken, through Dr. Lange of Copenhagen, for Denmark ; Dr. Andersson and his zoological colleagues at Stockholm for the Scandinavian peninsula ; M. Trautvetter, and through him LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOIfDO>\ XXXV if there is some diversity in the extent and nature of the information I have received from different countries, which may prevent any very correct estimate of the comparative progress made in them, it is owing to the questions which I put having heen stated too gene- rally, and, though sent in the same words to my various correspon- dents, having been differently understood by them. In such a review, however, as I am able to prepare, I propose chiefly to con- sider the relative progress made by zoologists and botanists in the methods pursued and the results obtained, — in the first place as to general works common to all countries, and, secondly, as to those which are more particularly worked out in, or more specially relate to, each of the principal states or nations where biological science is pursued, prefacing this review by a few general remarks supplemen- tary to those I laid before you in my first Addi-ess in 1862. Since that time systematic biology has to a certain degree been cast into the background by the great impulse given to the more speculative branches of the science by the promulgation of the Darwinian theories. The great thunderbolt had, indeed, been launched, but had not yet produced its full effect. "We systematists, bred up in the doctrine of the fixed immutability of species within positive limits, who had always thought it one great object to ascer- tain what those limits were and by what means species, in their never- ending variations and constant attempts to overstep those limits, were invariably checked and thrown back within their own domain, we might at first have felt disposed to resist the revolutionary tendency of the new doctrines ; but we felt shaken and puzzled. The wide field opened for the exercise of speculative tendencies was soon overrun by numerous aspirants, a cry of contempt was raised against museum zoologists and herbarium botanists, and nothing was allowed to be scientific which was not theoretical or microscopical. But this has been carried, in some instances, too far. If facts without deductions are of little avaU, assumptions without facts are worse than useless. TTieorists in their disputes must bring forth the M. von Schrenk of St. Petersburg, for Russia ; Professor Troschel of Bonn for Central Europe ; M. Alois Humbert, through M. de Candolle, for Switzerland ; Sign. d'Achiardi on the part of Dr. Adolfo Savi, who was in attendance at his father's deathbed, for Italy ; M. Decaisne and his zoological colleagues at the Jardin des Plantes (who, in the midst of their severe tribulations, kindly answered my queries during the short interval between the two sieges) for France ; Professor Verrill, through Professor A. Gray, for the United States ; and at home I have most cordially to thank Dr. Sclater, Mi-. Salvin, Mr. Gwyn Jeffreys, Mr. Stainton, Mr. M'Lachlan, and others of our Fellows, who liave ever showed themselves most ready to reply to any questions I have put to them. XXXVl PEOCEEDINGS OF THE evidences they rely upon ; and these evidences can only be derived from and tested by sound systematic Biology, which must resume, and is resuming, its proper position in the ranks of science, controlled and guided iu its course by the results of those theories for which it has supplied the bases *. If the absolute immutability of races is no longer to be relied upon, the greater niunber of them (whether genera, species, or varieties) are at the present or any other geolo- gical period practically circumscribed within more or less definite limits. The ascertaining those limits in every detail of form, struc- ture, habit, and constitution, and the judicious appreciation of the very complicated relations borne to each other by the different races so limited, are as necessary as the supplementing the scantiness of data from the depths of Teutonic consciousness or by the vivid flashes of Italian imagination, or as the magnifying minute and as yet undeveloped organisms with a precision beyond what is fully justified by our best instruments. I am, however, far from denying, on the one hand, how much biological science has of late been raised, since it has been brought to bear, through well-developed theories and hypotheses, upon the history of our globe and of the races it has borne, and, on the other, how very much the systematic basis upon which it rests has been improved and consolidated by the assiduous use of the microscope and the dissecting-linife ; but I would insist upon the necessity of equal abihty being applied to the intermediate processes of method or nomenclature and classification, which form the connecting-link between the labours of the anatomist and the theorist, reducing the observations of the one to forms available for the arguments of the other. All three (the minute observer, the systematist, and the theorist), thus assisting each other, equally contribute to the general advancement of science ; and for all practical application the syste- matist' s share of duty is certainly the most important. The quicksands to which I have alluded as besetting this the foundation of biological science may be classed as imperfect data and false data, imperfect method and false method. To show what pro- gress is making in removing or consolidating them, it may be useful to consider what these data are, and what are our means of fixing them so as to be readily available for use. It must, in the first place, be remembered that the races whose relations to each other we study can only be present to our minds in * The great importance of morphology and classification, the elements of systematic biology, has been forcibly illustrated by Professor Flower in his last year's introductory lectu)-e at the Boyal College of Surgeons. tnmEAK socTETV or loxdox. xxxvu an abstract form. In treating of a genus, a species, or a variety, it is not enough to have one individual before our eyes ; we must com- bine the properties belonging to the whole race we are considering, abstracted from those peculiar to subordinate races or individuals. We cannot form a correct idea of a species from a single individual, nor of a genus from a single one of its species. We can no more set up a typical species than a typical individual. If we had before us an exact individual representative of the common parent from which all the individuals of a species or all the species of a genus have descended — or, if you prefer it, an exact copy of the model or type after which the whole species or genus had been created — we should have no possible means of recognizing it. I once heard a lecture by a German philosophical naturalist of considerable reputa- tion in his day, in which he thought he proved that the common Clover was the type of Papilionaceae. His facts were correct enough, but his arguments might have been turned in favour of any other individual species that might have been selected. Suppose two individuals of a species, two species of a genus, two genera of a familj', in one of which certain organs are more developed, more differentiated, or more consolidated than in the other ; if we agree upon the question of which is the most perfect, a point upon which naturaKsts seldom do agree, how are we to determine which repre- sents the common parent or model ? whether the perfect one is an improvement upon or an improved copy, or the imperfect one a de- generacy from or a bad imitation of the other ? l^o direct evidence goes beyond a very few generations ; reasoning from analogy is impossible without dii'ect evidence to start from ; and the imaginaiy type without cither is the business of the poet, not of the naturalist. It follows that every such abstract idea of a race must be derived from the observation, by ourselves or by others, of as large a number of the constituent individuals as possible. However fixed a race may be, if fixed at all, in nature, that is not the case with our abstract idea of it : no species or genus we establish can be consi- dered as absolute ; it will ever have to be completed, corrected, or modified, as more and more individuals come to be correctly observed. Hence it is that a species described from a single speci- men, and even a genus established on a single species, always excites more or less of suspicion, imless supported by strong reasoning from analogy or confinned by repeated observation. Our means of observing and methodizing biological facts, of establishing and classif)ing those abstract ideas we caU varieties, species, genera, families, &c., consist in the study (1) of living jjOnx. PKoc. — Session 1870-71. / XXXVm PROCEEDINGS OP THE individual organisms, (2) of preserved specimens, (3) of pictorial delineations, and (4) of written descriptions. Each of these sources of information has its special advantages, but each is attended by some special deficiencies to be supplied by one or more of the others. 1. The study of living individuals in their natural state is without doubt the most satisfactory ; but very few such individuals can be simultaneously observed, for the purpose of comparison, and no one individual at any one moment can supply the whole of the data required, relating even to that individual. Some additional facilities in these respects are given by the maintenance of collections of living animals and plants, particularly ixseful in affording the means of continuous observation during the various phases of the life of one and the same individual, and sometimes through successive generations, or in facilitating the internal examination of organisms immediately after death, when the great physiological changes con- sequent upon death have only commenced. But there are drawbacks and difiiculties to be overcome, as well as a few special sources of error to be guarded against ; and in this respect, as well as in the progress recently made in their application to science, there is a marked difference between zoological and botanical living collections, or so-called gardens. The great drawback to living collections, especially zoological, is their necessary incompleteness. At the best it is individuals only, not species, and in. a few cases genera, that are exposed to observa- tion. Genera, indeed, can always be better represented than species, for a few species bear a much larger proportion to the total number contained in a genus than a few individuals to the total number which a species contains. "Whole classes are entirely wanting in zoological gardens, which are usually limited to Yertebrata. Of late years means have been found to include a few aquatic animals of the lower orders ; but insects, for instance, those animals which exercise the greatest influence on the general economy of nature, the obser- vation of whose life and transformations is every day acquiring greater importance, are whoUy unrepresented in zoological gardens. The shortness of duration of their individual lives, their enormous powers of propagation, the different mediums in which they pass the different stages of their existence, will long be obstacles to the formation of living entomological collections on any thing like a satisfactory scale. The cost, also, of the formation and maintenance of living collections is very much greater in the case of animals than of plants ; but, on the other hand, zoologists have the advantage of the attractiveness of their menageries to the general unscientific LINITEAN SOCIETY OF LOITOON. XXXUt but paying public ; and by judicious management some sacrifices to popular tastes are far outweighed by tbe additional funds obtained towards rendering their collections useful to science. The false data or errors to be guarded against in the observation, of living zoological collections are chiefly owing to the unnatural conditions in which the animals are placed. Ungenial climate, un- accustomed food, want of exercise, &c. act upon their temper, habits, and constitution ; and confinement materially modifies circumstances connected with their propagation. Such errors or false data are no doubt as yet very few and unimportant compared with those which have arisen from the reliance on garden plants for botanical obser- vations ; but as zoological gardens multiply and extend, they will have to be more and more kept in view. In my younger days there were already a number of small collec- tions of living animals, but almost all either travelling or local menageries, exhibited for money by private individuals, or small collections, kept up as a matter of curiosity for the benefit of the public, such as those of the Pfauen Insel at Potsdam, the park at Portici, or our own Tower menagerie. At Paris alone, at the Jardin des Plantes, in the flourishing days of the Jussieus and Cuviers, was the living zoological collection rendered essentially subservient to the purposes of science. Since then, however, matters have much changed. The Jardin des Plantes, which so long reigned supreme, has, by remaining stationary, sunk into a second rank. She may, indeed, be as justly as ever proud of her Milne-Edwards, her Brongniart, her Decaisne, and many others ; but, long out of favour Avith the government and the paying public, who transferred their patronage to the high-sounding Jardin d'Acclimatation, now no more, she has been almost abandoned to the resources of pure science, always of the most restricted in a pecuniary point of view. We, in the mean time, and, after our example, several Continental states or cities, have made great advances. The formation of our Zoological Society and Gardens opened a new era in the cultivation of the science. After various vicissitudes, the Society had the good fortune to secure the services of one who combined in the highest degree zoological eminence with administrative ability ; and this, our great living zoological collection, is now raised to the proud relative position which the Jardin des Plantes once held, and which there seems every reason to hope it will long maintain. With an annual income of about ,£23,000, the Zoological Society is enabled to maintain a living collection of about a thousand species of Verte- brata; and although some portion of the surplus funds is neces- /2 Xl PEOCEEDINGS OF THE sarily applied for the sole gratification of the paying public, yet a fair share is devoted to the real promotion of that science for which all the Fellows are supposed to subscribe — the accurate observation of the animals maintained, the dissection of those that die, and the pubhcation of the results. Physiological experiments are either actually made in the garden or promoted and liberally assisted (such, for instance, as those on the transfusion of blood, the effects or non-effects of which were recently laid before the Eoyal Society . by Mr. F. Galton) ; a very rich zoological library has been formed ; and last year's accounts show a sum of about ^1800 expended in the Society's scientific publications. Zoological gardens after the example of the London one have been established, not only in several of our provincial towns, but in various Continental cities, amongst which the more important ones, as I am informed, are those of Amsterdam, Antwerp, Hamburg, Cologne, Frankfort, Berlin, Rotterdam, and Dresden, the receipts of the one at Hamburg, for instance, amounting annually, according to the published reports, to between £8000 and £9000. There are also so-called gardens of acclimatization ; but these have not much of a scientific character; their professed object, indeed, is not so much the observation of the physiology and constitution of animals as their modification for practical purposes ; and practically they are chiefly known as places of recreation, and are not always very suc- cessful. The great one in the Bois de Boulogne, now destroyed, out of an expenditure in 1868 of about £7200 showed a deficit of about £1600. A smaller one at the Hague is enabled to pay an annual dividend to its shareholders. Living collections of plants have great advantages over those of animals ; they can be so much more extensively maintained at a comparatively small cost. In several botanical gardens several thousand species have been readily cultivated at a comparatively small cost, and species can be represented by a considerable mimber of individuals — a great gain, especially where instmction is the im- mediate object ; the lives of many can be watched through several successive generations, and great facihties are afforded for physio- logical experiments and microscopical observations on plants and their organs whilst still retaining more or less of life. On the other hand, the false data recorded from observations made in botanical gardens have been lamentably numerous and important. A plant in the course of its life so alters its outer aspect that each one can- not be individualized by the keeper of a large collection ; and at one period, that of the seed in the ground, it is whoUy withdrawn from LUTNEAN SOCrETT OF LONDON. Xl his observation : he is therefore obliged to triist to labels ; these are often mismatched by accident or by the carelessness of the workmen employed : or, again, one seed has been sown and another has come up in its place, or a perennial has perished and made room for a sucker or seedling from an adjoining species. The misnomers arising from these and other causes have become perpetuated and sanctioned by directors who, for want of adequate libraries or herbaria, or sometimes for want of experience or ability, have been unable to detect them. Plants have also been so disguised or essentially altered by cultivation, that it has become difficult to recognize their identity ; and new varieties or hybrids, which, if left to themselves, would have succumbed to some of the innumerable causes of de- struction they are constantly exposed to in a wild state, have been preserved and propagated through the protective care of the culti- vator, and pronounced at once to be new species. If, moreover, a misplaced label indicates that the seed has been received from a country where no plants of a similar type are known to grow, the director readily notes it as a new genus, and, proud of the disco- very, gives it a name and appends a so-called diagnosis to his next seed-catalogue, adding one more to the numerous puzzles with which the science is encumbered. So far, indeed, had this nuisance been carried in several Continental gardens, in the earlier portion of the present century, that, excepting perhaps Fischer and Meyer's and a few other first-rate indexes, the great majority, perhaps nine-tenths, of the new species published in these catalogues have proved un- tenable ; and from my own experience I am now obliged a priori to set down as doubtful every species established on a garden-plant without confirmation from wild specimens. Fortunately, the custom is now abating, and directors of botanic gardens are beginning to perceive that they do not add to their reputation by having their names appended to those of bad species. Living collections of plants, or botanical gardens, are of much older date than zoological ones, and since the sixteenth century have been attached to the principal universities which have medical schools, that of Padua dating from 1525, that of Pisa from 1544, and of Montpellier from 1597. The Jardiu des Plautes of Paris, which in botany even more than in zoology so long reigned supreme, was established in 1610, our own first one, at Oxford, in 1632. These university gardens, having been generally more or less under the control of eminent resident botanists, have contributed very largely to the means of studying the structure and affinities of plants, especially in those Continental cities where a milder or more xlii PROCEEDINGS OP THE steady climate has facilitated the maintenance of large collections in the open air or with little protection. Continental gardens hare also been long and are still made largely available for the purpose of instruction as well as of scientific experiments, of which the recent labours of Naudin and Deoaisne are an excellent illustration. For these scientific purposes the arrangement in large and small square compartments is peculiarly suitable ; and I confess that I have fre- quently had greater pleasure in witnessing the facilities afforded to zealous students in following up, book in hand, the straight rows of scientifically arranged plants in these formal university gardens than in watching the gay crowds that flock to the more ornamentally laid out public botanic gardens. I do not think that generally much advance has been made of late years in Continental botanical gardens. Those that I first visited in 1830 appeared to me to be but little improved when I again went over them in 1869. Some have acquired additional space, others have paid more attention to ornament ; but most of them have remained nearly stationary, and a few have even fallen back. In our own country wc have made great progress. Kew Gardens had, indeed, in former days rendered assistance to the in- vestigations of Eobert Brown and a few other favoured individuals ; but they were the sovereign's private property, and were kept very close, with little encouragement to science at large. But thirty years' unceasing exertions on the part of its distinguished directors, the two Hookers, father and son, have raised them to a point of scientific usefulness far beyond any other establishment of the kind at home or abroad. Of the large sums annually voted for it by Parliament a portion has, indeed, to be applied to mere ornament and to the gratification of visitors ; but yet, with all the drawbacks of our climate, and consequent expenditure in houses, a series of named species, representatives of all parts of the globe, far more numerous than had ever been collected in one spot, are there main- tained, freely exhibited to the public, and submitted to the exami- nation of scientific botanists. 2. Preserved specimens have the great advantage over living ones that they can be collected in infinitely greater numbers, maintained in juxtaposition, and compared, however distant the times and places at which they had been found; they are often the only materials from which we can obtain a knowledge of the races they represent ; although still consisting of individuals only, they can by their numbers give better ideas of species and other abstract groups than the almost isolated living ones ; and their careful preservation riNNEAJir SOCIETY OF LONDON. xlui supplies the means of verifying or correcting descriptions or delinea- tions which have excited suspicion. Their great drawback is their incompleteness, the impossibility of deriving from them all the data required for the knowledge of a race or even of an individual. It is owing to the frequency vrith which characters supplied by preserved specimens, although of the most limited and unimportant nature, have been treated as sufficient to establish affinities and other ge- neral conclusions which have proved fallacious, that the outcry I have alluded to has been raised against museums and herbaria by those very theorists whose speculations would fall to the ground if all the data suppHed by preserved specimens were removed from their foundations. In respect of these deficiencies, as well as in the means of sup- plying them, there is a great difference between zoological and botanical museums. Generally speaking, zoological specimens show external forms only, botanical specimens give the mean% of ascer- taining internal structure * ; and as a rule the characters most pro- minently or most frequently brought under the observer's notice acquire in his eyes an undue importance. Hence it is that external form was for so long almost exclusively relied upon for the classifi- cation of animals, whilst the minutiae of internal structure were at a comparatively early period taken account of by botanists ; and pala3ontologists are stiU led to give absolute weight to the most un- certain of all characters, outline and external markings of deciduous organs. External form, however, is really of far greater importance in animals than in plants ; the number, form, size, and proportions of limbs, the shape and colour of excrescences, horns, beaks, feathers, hairs, &c. in animals may be reckoned almost absolute in species when compared with the same characters in the roots, branches, and foliage and, to a certain extent, even in the flowers of plants. In plants, local circumstances, food, meteorological conditions, &c., act readily in modifying the individual and producing more or less per- manent races of the lowest degree (varieties) ; whilst animals in these respects are comparatively little affected, except through those slow or occult i)rocesses by which the higher races, species or genera, in all organisms are altered in successive ages or geological periods. Even relative position of external parts, so constant in animals, is less so in plants. Animals being thus definite in outline, and a very * By mter7ial structure is here meant the morphology of internal organs or parts usually included in the comparative anatomy of animals, not the micro- Bcopical structure of tissues, which is more especially designated as vegetable anatomy. Sliv raOCEEDETGS OF THE large proportion of them manageable as to size, their preserved specimens, carcasses or skins, can be brought together under the observer's eye in considerable numbers, exhibiting at once characters sufficient for the fixation of species, whilst, with a few rare excep- tions, a whole plant in its natural shape can never be preserved in a botanical museum. And although good botanical specimens have a general facies often sufficient to establish the species if the genus is known, yet the most experienced botanists have often erred in such determinations where they have been satisfied with external comparison without internal examination. Identification of species, however, is but a small portion of the business of systematic biology ; and for higher purposes, the classifi- cation of species, the study of their affinities, the preeminence of ordinary zoological over botanical specimens soon fails. Those cha- racters distinguished by Prof. Flower as adaptive are proportionately more prominent, and the essential ones derived from internal struc- ture are absent ; and not only do the former thus acquire undue importance in the student's eyes, but arguments in support of a favourite theory have not un frequently been founded on distortions really the result of bad preparation, although supposed to be esta- blished on the authority of actual specimens, and therefore very difficult to refute. Mounted skins of Tertebrata, showy insects in their perfect stage, shells of Malaeozoa, corals, and sponges neces- sarily form the chief portion of a museum for public exhibition ; but science and instruction require a great deal more : museum col- lections really useful to them should exhibit the animal, as far as possible, in all its parts and in aU the phases of its Hfe. This ne- cessity has been felt in modem times, and resulted in the establish- ment of museums of comparative anatomy, amongst which that of our own College of Surgeons has certainly now taken the lead. But I have nowhere seen, except on a very small scale, the two museums satisfactorily combined : the idea, however, is not a new one ; several zoologists have expressed their opinions on the desira- bleness of such an arrangement, which it is hoped will be duly con- sidered in the formation of the new Xational Zoological Museums about to be erected at South Kensington for the double purposes of exhibition and science. The requirements of the gazing public are sure to be well provided for ; and there is every reason to believe that the exertions of scientific zoologists will not have proved use- less, — that we shall, in the portion devoted to science and instruc- tion, see the sldns of Yertebrata preserved without the artist's distortion, accompanied, as far as practicable, by corresponding LTNlTEAJf SOCIETY OF LOKDON. xlv skeletons and anatomical preparations, as well as by the nests and eggs of the oviparous classes — insects with their eggs, larvae, and pupa?, shells with the animals which produce them, &c., — always with the addition, as far as possible, of the collectors' memoranda as to station, habit, ttc, in the same manner as herbarium speci- mens are now frequently most usefully completed by detached fruits, seeds, young plants in germination, gums, and other products. Here, however, wiU arise another source of false data, to be carefully guarded against — the mismatching of specimens, wliich in botauy has probably produced more false genera and species than the misplacing of garden labels. The most careful collectors have in good faith transmitted flowers and fruits belonging to different plants as those of one species, the fruits perhaps picked up from mider a tree from which they were believed to have fallen — or two trees in the same forest, with similar leaves, the one in flower, the other in fruit, supposed to be identical, but in fact not even con- geners ; and the mismatching at the various stages of drying, sort- ing, distributing, and finally laying in the specimens have been lamentably frequent. Collectors' memoranda, if not immediately attached to the specimens, or identified by attached numbers, have often led the natui-alist astray ; for collectors are but too apt, instead of noting down any particulars at the time of gathering, to trust to their memoiy when finally packing up their specimens. And so long as reasoning by analogy was never allowed to prevail over a hasty glance at a specimen and the memoranda attached to it, false genera and species arising from these errors were considered indis- putable. MagaUana of Cavanilles was till recently allowed mate- rially to invahdate the character of Tropoeoleas, overlooking the strong internal evidence that it was founded upon the fruit of one natural order carelessly attached to a poor flowering specimen of another. Zoological museums and botanical herbaria differ very widely in the resources at their disposal for formation, maintenance, and ex- tension of their coUeetions. Zoological museums are by far the most expensive, but, on the other hand, as exhibitions they can draw largely on the general public, whilst herbaria must rely mainly upon science alone, which is always poor ; both, however, may claim national assistance on the plea of instruction as well as of pure science ; and for practical or economic purposes the herbarium is even more necessary than the museum. The planning the new museums so as best to answer these several purposes for which they are required, has, I understand, engaged the attention of the Eoval Xlvi PKOCEEDINGS OF THE Commission on scientific instruction and the advancement of science, and our most eminent zoologists have been consulted ; any further observations on my part would therefore be superfluous. If our Government fail in their arrangements for the promotion of science, it will not be for want of having its requirements fully laid before them. I am unable to say what progress has been made of late years in Zoological Museums ; my notes on Continental ones were chiefly ■taken between the years 1830 and 1847, and would therefore be now out of date. It would, however, be most useful if some com- petent authority would undertake a tour of inspection of the more important ones, as in the great variety of their internal arrange- ments many a useful practical hint might be obtained ; and we much want a general sketch of the principal Zoological and Botanical col- lections accessible to science, showing in what branch each one is specially rich, and where the more important typical series are now respectively deposited. In Herbaria a few changes have recently taken place, which it may be useful to record. Paris (I mean, of course, the brilliant Paris of a twelvemonth back) had lost consider- ably. Of the many important private herbaria I had been fami- liar with in earlier days, two only, those of Jussieu and of A. de St.-Hilaire, had been secured for the national collection ; Webb's had gone to Florence ; J. Gay's, which would have been of special value at the Jardin, was allowed to be purchased by Hooker, and presented by him to Kew. The celebrated herbarium of Delessert is removed to Geneva, whilst his botanical library, one of the richest in existence, is locked up within the walls of the Institut. These are but partially replaced by M. Cosson's herbarium, which has much increased of late years, and to which he added last spring the late Schultz Bipontinus's collections, rich in Compositae. The national herbarium of the Jardin des Plantes is still one of the richest, but no longer the richest of all. The limited funds at the disposal of the Administration have allowed of their making but few acquisi- tions ; their staff is so small and so limited in the hours of attend- ance that the increase of the last twenty years remains for the most part unarranged ; and their library is most scanty. Science has been out of favour with their Governments of display. It would be out of place for me here to dwell upon the painful feehngs excited in my mind by the dreadful ordeal through which a country I have been so intimately associated with for more than half a century is now passing, feelings rendered so acute by the remembrance of the uniform kindness I have received from private friends, as weU as from LDTNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. xlvii men of science, from Antoine Laurent de Jussieu and his colleagues to the eminent professors of the Jardin, who have now passed through the siege, that I may he allowed to express an anxious hope that when the crisis is passed, when the elasticity of French resources shall have restored the wonted prosperity, the new Govern- ment may at length perceive that, even pohtically speaking, the de- mands of science require as much attention as popular clamour. The Delesserian herbarium has been well received at Geneva, where it has been adequately deposited in a building in the Botanical Garden, very near to the I^atural-History Museum now erecting. At Paris it had been for some time comparatively useless, owing to the attempt to class it according to Sprengel's Linnaeus ; but noAV an active amateur committee, Messrs. Jean Mueller, Renter, Rapin, and others, under the presidency of Dr. Fauconnet, have already made great progress in distributing the specimens under their natu- ral Orders : and Geneva, already containing the important typical collection of De Candolle, as well as Boissier's stores rich especially in Mediterranean and Oriental plants, has become one of the great centres where real botanical work can be satisfactorily carried on ; and as she has had the good sense to level her fortifications, she may accumulate national treasures with more confidence in the future. Munich had lost much of the prospects she had; the Bavarian Govern- ment failed to come to terms with the family of the late Von Mar- tins ; his botanical library has been dispersed, and his herbarium removed to Brussels, where it is to form the nucleus of a national Belgian collection. At Vienna the Imperial herbarium is now ad- mirably housed in the Botanic Garden, and is in good order, with the great advantage of a rich botanical library in the same rooms. At Berlin, where the Eoyal herbarium, like the zoological museums, has always been kept in very excellent order, want of space is greatly complained of since it has been transferred to the buildings of the University. At Florence, as we learn from the ' Giomale Botanico Italiano,' the difficulties with regard to the funds left by Mr. Webb for the maintenance of his herbarium have been overcome ; and it is to be hoped that the Uberal intentions of the testator, who made this splendid bequest for the benefit of science, will no longer remain so shamefully unfulfilled. To the above six may be added Leyden, Petersburg, Stockholm, Upsala, and Copenhagen as towns possess- ing national herbaria sufficiently important for the pursuit of systematic botany ; but when I visited them, now many years since, they were all more or less in arrear in arrangement. I know not how far they may have since improved. In the United States of Xlviii PEOCEEDIXGS OF THE America, the herbarium of Asa Gray, recently secured to the Har- vard University, now occupies a first rank. That of Melbourne in Australia, founded by Ferdinand Mueller, has, through his indefati- gable exertions, attained very large proportions ; and that of the Botanical Garden of Calcutta, under the successive administrations of Dr. Thomson and the late Dr. T. Anderson, had recovered in a great measure its proper position, which I trust it will henceforth maintain. Our own great national herbarium and library at Kew is now far ahead of all others ia extent, value, and practical utility ; originally created, maintained, and extended by the two Hookers, father and son, their unremitting and disinterested exertions have succeeded in obtaining for it that Government support without which no such establishment can be rendered really efiicient, whilst their liberal and judicious management has secured for it the countenance and approbation of the numerous scientific foreigners who have visited or corresponded with it. Of the valuable botani- cal materials accumulated in the British Museum during the last century, I say nothing now ; for the natural-history portion of that establishment is in a state of transition, and my own views as re- gards botany have been elsewhere expressed. I have only to add that we have also herbaria of considerable extent at the Universi- ties of Oxford, Cambridge, and at Edinburgh, and at Trinity Col- lege, Dublin, and to express a hope that the necessity of maintain- ing and extendiug them will be duly felt by those great educational bodies, if they desire to secure for their Professorial chairs botanists of eminence. 3. Pictorial representations or drawings have the advantage over Museum specimens that they can be, in many respects, more com- plete ; they can represent objects and portions of objects which it has been impossible to preserve ; they can give coloiu' and other charac- ters-lost in the course of desiccation ; they preserve anatomical and microscopical details in a form in which the observer can have re- course to them again and again without repeatiug his dissections ; and although, like a Museum specimen, each drawing represents usually an individual, not a species, yet that individual can by exact copies be multiplied to any extent for the simultaneous use of any number of naturalists ; whilst specimens of the same sjiecies in different museums are corresponding only, not identical, and im- perfect comparison and determination of specimens supposed to be authentic (i. e. exactly coiTesponding to the one originally described) have led into numerous eiTors. Drawings, moreover, by diagrams and other devices, can represent more or less perfectly the abstract LTNNEAN BOCIETr OP LON^DON. xlix ideas of genera and species ; they can exhibit the generic or specific characters more or less divested of specific or individual peculiarities. Drawings, on the other hand, are, much more than specimens, liable to imperfections and falsifications, arising from defective obser- vation of the model and want of skill in the artist ; and errors thus once established are much more diflScult of correction than even those conveyed by writing. A pictorial representation conveys an idea much more rapidly and impresses it much more strongly on the mind than any detailed accompanying description by which it may be modified or corrected, and is but too frequently the only evidence looked into by the more theoretical naturalist. This is especially the case with microscopical and anatomical details of the smaller animals and plants, the representations of which, if very elaborate and difficult to verify, usually inspire absolute confidence. Draw- ings are also costly, often beyond the means of unaided science, who here, again, as in the case of gardens and museums, is obliged to have recourse to the paying public : the public in return require to have their tastes gratified ; artistic effect is necessarily considered, thus increasing the cost, and removing the pictures still further fi'om the reach of the working biologist. It appears to me that collections of drawings systematically arranged have not generally met with that attention which they require from Directors of Museums, and that their multiplication in an effective and cheap form ought to be a great object on the part of governments, scientific associations, and others who contribute pecuniarily to the advancement of science. To be effective, the first requisites in a zoological or botanical drawing are accuracy and completeness ; it is a faithful representa- tion, not a picture, that is wanted. Many a splendid portrait of an animal or plant, especially if grouped with others in one picture, has been rendered almost useless to science by a graceful attitude or an elegant curve which the artist has soxight to give to a limb or to a branch ; and those analytical details which are of paramount importance to the biologist are neglected because they spoil the general effect. We next require from an illustration as from a de- scription that it should be representative or to a certain degree abstract ; and this requires that the artist, if not himself the natu- ralist, should work under the naturalist's eye, so as to understand what he delineates. Great care should be taken to select for the model an individual in a normal state as to health, size, &c., and in the selection and arrangement of the anatomical details, so as to represent the race rather than the individual — aU of which requires a thorough acquaintance with the questions to be attended to. It 1 PROCEEDINGS OF THE is true that the artist, working independently and copying mecha- nically, may serve as a check on the naturalist, who in minute mi- croscopic examinations may he apt to see too much in conformity to preconceived theories ; hut that is not often the case : the most satisfactory analytical drawings I have always found to he those made by the naturalist's own hand, and I have long felt how much my own inability to draw has detracted from the value of the botanical papers I have published. And, thirdly, when we consider that the great advantage of an illustration over a description is that the one gives us at a glance the information which we can only obtain from the other by study, we require that each drawing or plate should be as comprehensive as is consistent with clearness and precision. Out- line drawings, or portraits without structural details, often omit the essential characters we are in search of; where details are unaccom- panied by a general outline, we miss a great means of fixing their bearing on our own minds. Structural details may also equally err in being too numerous or too few, on too large or on too small a scale. If the plate is crowded with details of little importance, or which may be readily taken from the general outline, they draw off the attention from those which it is essential should be at once fixed on the mind ; and if enlarged beyond what is neces- sary for clearness, they require so much the more effort to compre- hend them, unless, indeed, they are destined to be hung up on the walls of the lecture room. I believe it to be the case with some drawings of the muscles of vertebrata, or of the internal structure of insects, as I know it to be with those of ovules and other minute parts of flowers of the late Dr. Griffith and others, that, with their very high scientific value, their practical utility is much inter- fered with by the large scale on which they are drawn. A great deal depends also on the arrangement in the plate, always keeping in mind that the object is not to please the eye, but to convey at one view as much as possible of comparative information without producing confusion. Biological illustrations in general have much improved in our time. It is true that some of the representations of animals and plants dating from the middle of last century will enter into com- petition with any modern ones as to general outline and facies ; but analytical details were almost universally neglected, and colouring, when attempted, was gaudy and unfaithful. At present, I beheve, we excel in this country in the general artistic effect, as, unfortu- nately also for the naturalist, in the costliness of our best zoological and botanical plates ; the French are remarkable for the selection LrNI^EA^ jOCiety of london. h arrangement, and execution of the scientific details (and as a model I may refer to some of the publications of the Paris Museum, such as the * Malpighiacege ' of Adrien de Jussieu), and also for the ex- cellent woodcuts illustrating their general and popular works ; the Germans and some Northern States for the admirable neatness of microscopic and other minutiae executed at a comparatively small cost, owing partially, at least, to the use of engraving on lithogra- phic stone. 4, Written descriptions are what we most chiefly rely upon to convey to the general or to the practical naturalist the results of our studies of animals and plants ; but descriptions are of two kinds, individual descriptions and descriptions of species, genera, or other races. The former are, like preserved specimens or delineations, materials for study ; like them they require in their preparation little more than artistical skill, guided by a general knowledge of the sub- ject : but abstract descriptions, whether specific or relating to races of a higher degree, require study of the mutual relations of in- dividuals and races and their consequent classification which con- stitute the science of systematic biology ; and this distinction should be constantly kept in view for the just appreciation of all descrip- tive works. Any tyro can with care write a long description of a specimen unimpeachable as to accuracy ; but it requires a thorough knowledge of the subject, and a keen appreciation of the bearing of the points noticed, to prepare a good description of a species. Por the latter to be serviceable it must be accurate ; it must be full without redundancy ; it must be concise without sacrificing clearness ; it must be abstractive, not individual ; and lastly, the most difficult qualifi- cation of aU, and that which constitutes the main point of the science, the abstraction must be judicious and true to Nature. The paramount importance of accuracy is too evident to need dwelling upon. "We are all liable to errors of observation. Imper- fect vision or instruments, optical deceptions, accidentally abnormal conditions of the specimen examined, hasty appreciation of what we see from preconceived theories are so many of the causes which have occasionally led into error the most eminent of naturalists, and require to be specially guarded against by repeated observation of different specimens, and constant testiug at every step by reasonings from analogy. Errors once established on apparently good authority are exceedingly difficult to correct, and have been the source of many a false theory. Where loose examination and hasty conclu- sions have been frequently detected, we can at once renounce all con- fidence in an author's descriptions, in his genera and species, un- ^>^. Ojor lii PROCEEDrXGS OF THE less confirmed from other sources ; but an accidental oversight on the part of a naturalist of established reputation is the most difficult to remedy, notwithstanding the eagerness with which some begin- ners devote themselves to hunting them out. No botanist was, I beKeve, ever more careful in verifying his observations over and over again, and in submitting them to the tests supplied by the ex- traordinary methodizing powers of his mind, than Hobert Brown ; no one has ever committed fewer of what we call blunders, or esta- blished his systematic theories on safer ground ; yet even he has been detected in a few minor oversights, eagerly seized upon by a set of modem speculative botanists, lovers of paradoxes, as justifying them in devoting their time and energies to the disputal of several of his more important discoveries and conclusions. The value of a description as to fulness and conciseness is prac- tical only, but in that point of view important. A description, how- ever accurate, is absolutely useless if the essential points are omitted, and very nearly so if those essential points are drowned in a sea of useless details. The difficulty is to ascertain what are the essential points, — and hence one of the causes of the superiority of Mono- graphs and Floras over isolated descriptions, such as those of Zoolo- gies and Botanies of Exploring Expeditions, which I insisted on in my Address in 1862 : in the former the author must equally examine and classify all the allied races, and thus ascertain the essential points ; in the latter case he is too easily led to trust to what he be- lieves to be essential. My own long experience in the using as well as in the making of botanical descriptions has proved to me how difficult it is to prepare a really good one, how impossible to do it satisfactorily from a first observation of a single specimen. How- ever carefuUy you may have noted every point that occurs to you, you will find that after having comparatively examined other speci- mens and allied forms you will have many an error to correct, many a blank to fill up, and much to eliminate. I have had more than once to verify the same species in two authors, the one giving you a character of a few lines which satisfies you at once, the other obli- ging you to labour through two or three quarto pages of minute de- tails from which, after aU, some of the essential points are omitted. But the great problem to be solved at every stage in systematic or descriptive biology, and that which gives it so high a scientific importance, is the due detection and appreciation of affinities and mutual relations ; and in this respect the science has made immense progress within my own recollection, and especially diuing the last few years. The gradual supplanting of artificial by natural classi- LIXNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Uii iications has been too often commented upon to need repetition. It is now, I believe, universally admitted that a species is the totality of the individuals connected together by certain resemblances or affinities the result of a common descent. It is also acknowledged that for scientific purposes these species should be arranged in groups according to resemblances or affinities more remote than in the case of species, although here commences the great difference of opinion as to the meaning of these remoter affinities, whether they also are the result of a common descent, or of that supposed imita- tion of a type which I have above alluded to. For those, however, who have once connected affinity with consanguinity, it is difficult to recede from so ready an explanation of those mj'^sterious resem- blances and differences the study of which must be the ruling prin- ciple to guide us in our classifications. AU this has now been fully explained by more able pens than mine ; my only object in repeating it is to point out clearly the need of treating aU systematic groups, from the order down to the genus, species, or variety, as races of a similar nature, collections of individuals more nearly related to each other than to the individuals composing any other race of the same grade, and of abolishing the use of the expression type of a genus or other group in any other than a purely historical sense as a ques- tion of nomenclature*. If a genus has to be divided, our laws of nomenclature require the original name to be retained for that sec- tion which includes the species which the founder of the genus had more specially observed in framing his character ; and therefore, and for that reason only, it becomes necessary to inquire which was or which were the so-called typical species— the biologist's (or, as it were, the artist's), not Nature's type. Without repeating what I have often said of the comparative value of ^Monographs and Faunas or Floras over miscellaneous descriptions, I may observe that the immense progress made in the accumulation of known species henceforth diminishes still more the relative importance to science of the addition of new forms when compared with the due coUocatiou and correct appreciation of those already kno^vn. Much has been done of late years in the latter respect ; but yet some branches of biology, and perhaps entomology more, than any other, are very much in arrear as to supplying us with * For the purposes of instruetion some one species is often named as a type of a genus— that is to say, a.s fairly representing the most prevalent characters ; but to prevent any confusion with the imaginary type, it would surely be better to call it an exampJe, as, indeed, is often done. In geographical biology the word type is used again in anotlier sense, which, however, does not load to any inis- understnnding. Lixx. PRoc. — Session 1870-71. a lir PROCEEDINGS OF THE available data for investigating the history of species and their genealogy, their origin, progress, migrations, mutual relations, their struggles, decay, and final extinction. It is to be feared that in in- sects, as in plants, but too large a proportion of the innumerable genera and subgenera have been founded rather on the sortings of a collector than on the investigation of affinities ; and, indeed, that must in a great measure be the case so long as a large number are only known from their outv^ard form at one period only of their varied phases of existence. The days of a ' Systema Naturae ' or single work containing a synopsis of the genera and species of organized beings are long since passed away. Even a ' Species Plantarum,' now that their number at the lowest estimate exceeds 100,000, has become almost hopeless. The last attempt, De Candolle's ' Prodromus,' has been nearly forty years in progress ; the first portion has become quite out of date ; and all we can hope for is that it may be shortly completed for one of the three great classes. Animals might have been more manageable, were it not for the insects. Mammalia estimated at between 2000 and 3000 living species, Birds at about 10,000, Reptiles and Am- phibia under 2000, Fishes at about 10,000, Crustacea and Arachnida rather above 10,000, Malacozoa about 20,000,yermes, Actinozoa, and Amorphozoa under 6000, would each by themselves not impose too heavy a tax on the naturalist experienced in that special branch who should undertake a scientific classification and diagnoses of all known species ; and in one important branch, the Fishes, this work has been most satisfactorily carried out in Dr. Giinther's admirable genera and species of all known Fishes, published under the mislead- ing title of ' Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum,' and recently completed by the issue of the eighth volume. The sound philosophical views expressed in his preface to that volume (which, by some strange inversion, bears a signature not his own) can be appreciated by us all ; and zoologists are all agreed as to the care with which they have been worked out in the details. Insects are, however, the great stumbling-block of zoologists ; the number of described species is estimated by Gerstacker at about 160,000, viz. Coleoptera 90,000, Hymenoptera 25,000, Diptera 24,000, Le- pidoptera 22,000-24,000. Mr, Bates thinks that, for the Coleoptera at least, this estimate is too high by one -third ; but even with that deduction the number would exceed that of plants, and it is probable that the number of as yet undiscovered species in proportion to that of the described ones is far greater in the case of insects than in plants. We can therefore no longer hope for a ' Genera and Species ' LINNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON. Iv of insects, the work of a single hand or, indeed, guided by a single mind. The great division of labour, however, now prevalent among entomologists may procure it for us in detail, with one drawback only, that the smaller the portion of the great natural class of Arthro- poda to which the entomologist confines his attention, the less he will be able to appreciate the significance of distinctive characters, and the more prone he will be to multiply small genera (that is, to enhance beyond their due the races of the lowest grade), to the great inconvenience of the general naturalist who has to make use of the results of his labours. A ' Genera Plantarum ' is stiU within the capabilities of a single botanist, although he must of course trust much to the observations of others, and therefore not so satisfactory as if he had examined every species himself. The last complete cue was Endlicher's, the result of several years' assiduous labour, but now thirty years old. Dr. Hooker and myself commenced a new one, of which the first part was published in 1862, and which might have been brought nearly to a close by this time had we not both of us had so many other works on hand to deter us, although the researches necessary for these other works have proved of great assistance in the ' Genera.' As it is, the part now nearly ready for press carries the work down to the end of Compositse, or about half through the Phgenogamous Plants. In regard to works of a stiU more general description, or exposition of the families or orders of plants, we have nothing of importance since Lindley's ' Vegetable Kingdom,' dated 1845, but republished, with some additions and corrections, in 1853 ; and Le Maout and Decaisne's ' Traite Generale,' mentioned in my Address of 1868, and of which Mrs. Hooker is now preparing an English trans- lation under the supervision of Dr. Hooker. Dr. Baillon has also commenced an ' Histoire des Plantes,' containing a considerable number of useful original observations and illustrated by excellent woodcuts ; but, as a general work, one portion is of too popular a character, and in some cases too diffuse, to be of much use to science, and, on the other hand, the generic characters are too technical for a popular work without any contrasted synopsis ; and its great bulk in proportion to the information conveyed will always be a drawback. I cannot believe that the author can have been a party to the unblushing announcement of the French publisher that it is to be completed in about eight volumes. If carried out on the plan of the first one, it must extend to four or five times that number. In Zoology Bronn's most valuable * Klassen und Ordnungeu des Thierreichs,' continued after his 9^ Ivi PROCEEDINGS OF THE death by Keferstein and others, which I mentioned in my Ad- dress of 1866, has advanced but slowly. The Amorphozoa, Acti- nozoa, and Malacozoa, forming the first two volumes, were then com- pleted ; and Gerstacker has since been proceeding with the Arthro- poda, commencing with the Crustacea, for the third volume, of which only the general matter and the Cirripedia and Copepoda are as yet published ; and three or four parts of a sixth volume for Birds have been issued by Selenka, treating the anatomical and other general matter in great detail. Another general work of merit, although on a smaller scale, has been proceeding as slowly. Of Cams and Gerstacker's ' Handbuch der Zoologie,' the second volume, contain- ing the Arthropoda, Malacozoa, and lower animals, had been already published in 1861 ; and to this was added, in 1868, the first half of the Vertebrata for the first volume, with a promise that the re- mainder should appear in the autumn, but which has not yet been fulfilled. Among the other recently published systematic zoological handbooks of which I have had memoranda as published in various Continental states, the most important are said to be : — Harting's, published at Tiel in the Netherlands, of which, up to 1870, only three volumes had appeared, containing the Crustacea, Vermes, Ma- lacozoa, and lower animals ; A. E. Holmgren's Swedish ' Handbok i Zoologi,' of which Mammalia were published in 1865 and Birds in 1868-71; and Claus's 'Grundziige' and Troschel's 'Handbuch' (7th edition) for University teaching in Germany, In a comparative sketch of the more partial Monographs, Faunas, and Floras, I had wished to direct my attention more especially to the means afforded us of comparing the plants and animals of different countries; and with this view one of the questions I addressed to foreign zoologists was, "What works or papers are there in which the animals (of any of the principal classes) of your country are compared with those of other countries ? " The answers to this query have not been generally satisfactory. Where the zoology has been well investigated, we have popular handbooks, elaborate memoirs, and works of high scientific value or splendidly illustrated. But short synoptical faunas, so useful to the general naturalist, and corresponding to the Floras we now possess of so many different countries, are very few ; the statement of the general geographical range of each species, so prominent a feature in many modern Floras, is still less thought of ; and indications of allied or representative races in distant countries are equally rare. We have, indeed, several excellent essays on the geographical distribution of animals (I had occasion to allude to several of them in my Address of 1869) ; but LIN>TEAIf SOCIETY OF LONDON. -Ivij they are in general chiefly devoted to discussions, with statements of such facts only as bear upon the author's conclusions, not records of all facts which may be useful to the geographical or general biologist. These must be collected from a great variety of separate works and papers, of which I have received long lists from Denmark, Sweden, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, France, and the United States. As yet 1 have only had time to refer to a few which appeared to bear more immediately on the objects I had in view ; but I hope on some future occasion to return to the subject. In the mean time I must content myself with glancing rapidly over the different countries, taking them in the order adopted in my former Addresses, and endeavouring to show the progress making in supplying our de- ficiencies. Towards these deficiencies I would particularly caU the attention of entomologists and terrestrial malacologists ; for insects and land-sheUs are of all others the animals whose life and local stations are the most closely dependent on vegetation. In the following notes I refrain from entering into any details as to the zoological works or memoirs mentioned, as they are entirely superseded by the analysis given in the annual review inserted in Wiegmann's 'Archiv,' and more especially in our own admirably conducted 'Zoological Record,' which so strongly claims the support of every one interested in the promotion of Zoological Science. I. Denmaek. In geographical biology Denmark proper is of no great importance except as a connecting-link, on the one hand, between the Scandina- vian peninsula and Central Europe, and, on the other, as the separating barrier between the Baltic and the Xorth seas. Low and flat, without any great variety in its physical features, it is un- favourable for the production or maintenance of endemic organisms, and forms an inseparable portion of the region of Central Europe. But the Arctic possessions included in the kingdom, Greenland, Iceland, and the Faroe Islands, are of great interest ; and Denmark itself is remarkable for the number of eminent naturalists, zoologists as well as botanists, produced by so small a state. Its reputation in this respect, established by the great names mentioned in my review of Transactions in my Address of 1865, is berng weU kept up by Bergh, Krabbe, Liitken, Morch, Reinhardt, Schiodte, Steenstrup, and others in zoology ; whilst Lange, (Ersted, and Warming are among the few who now devote themselves more or less to syste • matic botany. Their general zoological collection, when I last visited it, many years since, was not extensive, although rich in northern Iviii PBOCEEDINGS OP THE animals and very well arranged under the direction of Steenstrup, and the insects in the Storm-Gade Museum were very numerous ; whilst at the University was deposited the typical collection of Fabricius. The Herbarium at the Botanic Garden, valuable for the types of Yahl and other early botanists, has been in modern times enriched by the extensive Mexican collections of Liebmann, the Brazilian ones of Lund and others ; whilst (Ersted's Central- Ame- rican and Warming's Brazilian plants are also at Copenhagen, but whether public or private property I know not. The botanical and zoological gardens are of no great importance ; but the biological publications are kept up with some spirit, especially the Transac- tions of the Eoyal Society of Science, Schiodte's continuation of Kro- yer's 'Tidsskrift,'andthe 'VidenskabeligeMeddelelser' of the Natural- History Society ; and some of the authors have adopted a practice strongly recommended to those who write in languages not under- stood by the great mass of modern naturalists, that of giving short resumes of their papers in Erench. On the most important contribu- tions to systematic zoology since those mentioned in my Address of 1868, I have received the following memoranda : — Prof. Eeinhardt, in publishing in the Transactions of the Eoyal Danish Academy (1869) nine posthumous plates, executed under the direction of the late Prof. Eschricht, illustrating the structure of various Cetacea, has accompanied them with short explanations. Prof. Eeinhardt has further published, in the ' Yidenskabelige Meddelelser ' for 1870, a list of the Birds inhabiting the Campos districts of Central Brazil ; " notes on the distribution, habits, and synonymy are copioxisly added ; and the introductory remarks on the geogra- phical distribution &c. are very suggestive, and ought to be trans- lated for the benefit of the friends of ornithology in England and elsewhere." The same ' Yidenskabelige Meddelelser' contains an essay by Dr. Liitkeu on the limits and classification of Ganoid Pishes, chiefly firom a palseontological point of view, accompanied by a synopsis of the present condition, in sytematical and geological re- spects, of that important branch of Palseichthyology. In MoUusca, Dr. Bergh has published, in Kroyer's ' Tidsskrift ' for 1869, one of his elaborate ianatomical and systematic monographs of the tribe Phyl- lidese, with many plates, of which a detailed notice is given in the ' Zoological Eecord,' vol. vi. p. 559. In Insects, Prof. Schiodte, in the same journal for 1869, has given an elaborate essay containing new facts and views on the morphology and system of the Ehynchota, analyzed in the ' Zoological Eecord,' vol. vi. p. 475. " To Dr. Krabbe we owe the description of 123 species of tapeworms found in Birds, LIXNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. lix an elaborate monograph accompanied by ten plates, and printed in the Transactions of the Royal Danish Society for 1869, with a French resume " (noticed in * Zoological Record,' vol. vi. p. 633). In Echi- noderms, Dr. Liitken's valuable essays on varions genera and species of Ophiuridae, recent and fossil, with a Latin synopsis of Ophiuridae and Euryalidae, and a general French resume, forming the third part of his " Additamenta ad Historiam Ophiuridarum," in the Transactions of the Royal Danish Society for 1869, have been analyzed in the ' Zoological Record,' vol. vi. pp. 639, 642, &c. No contribution to systematic botany, of much importance, has appeared in Denmark since those mentioned in my Address of 1868. There exists no general Danish Fauna ; but I have a rather long list of detached works and essays from which the different classes of animals inhabiting Denmark may be collected. Of these the most recent are Collin's Batrachia, in Kroyer's ' Tidsskrift' for 1870, and Morch's marine MoUusca, "publishing in the ' Yidenskabelige Meddelelser ' for the present year. "With regard to Iceland, the only works mentioned are Steen- strup's terrestrial Mammals, or rather Mammal, of Iceland, in the ' Yidenskabelige Meddelelser' for 1867; Morch's Mollusca in the same journal for 1868. C. Miiller's account of the Birds of Iceland and the Faroe islands dates from 1862, and Liitken's of the Echino- derms from 1857 ; and I find no mention, of any special account, of the insects of the island ; whilst in Botany C. C. Babington has given us, in the 11th volume of our Linnean Journal, an excellent revision of its flora, the phsenogamic portion of which may now be considered as having been very fairly investigated ; and E. Rostrup, in the 4th volume of the Tidsskrift of the Botanical Society of Copenhagen, has enumerated the plants of the Faroe islands. II. Sweden and Noeavay. The Scandinavian peninsula is, on several accounts, of great in- terest to the biologist. It includes a lofty and extensive mountain- tract, with a climate less severe than that of most parts of the northern belt at similar latitudes ; and the uniformity of the geolo- gical formation is broken by the limestone districts of Scania. It thus forms a great centre of preservation for organic races between the wide-spread tracts of desolation to the east and the ocean on the west, and has therefore been treated as a centre of creation, whence a Scandinavian flora and fauna has spread in various directions. As the home of Linnaeus it may also be considered classical ground for systematic biology, the pursuit of which is now being carried on Ix PROCEEDI^'GS OF THE with spirit, as evidenced by sucii names as Holmgren, Kinber^, Liljeborg, Malm, Malmgren, G. 0. Sars, Stal, Thorell, and others in Zoology, and Agardh, Andersson, Areschong, Fries, Hartmann, and others in Botany, Two of the Academies to whose pubhcations Linnaeus contributed, those of IJpsala and Stockholm, continue to issue their Transactions and Proceedings ; and to these are now added the memoirs published by the University of Lund. They lost Linnseus's own collections ; and the Zoological Museum at IJpsala, when I saw it many years since, was poor ; that of Stockholm better, and in excellent order. In the Herbaria, Thunberg's and Afzelius's collections are deposited at Upsala, and Swartz's at Stock- holm, where the Herbarium of the Academy of Sciences has been of late years considerably increased under the care of Dr. Andersson , The Scandinavian Fauna and Flora have been generally well in- vestigated. The numerous Floras published of late years show con- siderable attention on the part of* the general public. I observe that Hartmann's Handbook is at its tenth edition ; Andersson has published 500 woodcut figures of the commoner plants, taken chiefly from Fitch's illustrations of my British Handbook ; and my lists contain many papers on Swedish Cryptogams. The relation of the Scandinavian vegetation to that of other countries has also been specially treated of by Zetterstedt, who compared it with that of the Pyrenees — and by Areschoug, Andersson, Ch. Martins, and others, as aUuded to in more detail in my Address of 1869, Many works have succeeded each other on the Vertebrate Fauna since the days of Lin- nseus ; amongst which those of Liljeborg as to Vertebrata in general and of Simdevall as to Birds are still in progress. The Crustacea, Mollusca, and lower animals have been the subjects of numerous papers, the marine and freshwater faunas having been more espe- cially investigated by the late M, Sars and by G. 0. Sars ; and Th. Thorell, in the Upsala Transactions, has given an elaborate review of the European genera of Spiders, evidently a work of great care, preceded by apposite remarks on their generic classification, and a general comparison of the Arachnoid faunae of Scandinavia and Britain, all in the English language although pubHshed in Sweden. This work, however, does not extend to species, beyond naming a type (by which I trust is meant an example, not the type) of each genus ; nor is the geographical range of the several genera given. There appears to be no general work on Scandinavian Insects, The Fauna and Flora of Spitzbergen have specially occupied Swedish naturalists. To the accounts of the Vertebrata by Malm- gren, and of the Lichens by T. M, Fries, have now been added, in LINNEAN aOClEIY OF LONDON. Ixi recent parts of the Transactions or Proceedings of the Eoyal Swedish Academy, the Insects by Holmgren, the MoUusca by Morch, the Phaenogamic Flora by T. M. Fries, and the Algae by Agardh. An excellent and elaborate monograph of a smaU but widely spread genus of Plants, entitled ' Prodromus Monographiae Georum,' by N. J. Scheutz, has appeared in the last part of the Transactions of the Academy of Upsala. Several interesting features in the geographical distribution of some of the species are pointed out, amongst which one of the most curious is the almost perfect iden-. tity of the Q. coccmeum from the Levant and the G. chilense from South Chile, the differences being such only as would scarcely have been set down as more than varieties had both come from the same country. The whole memoir is in the Latin language ; the specific diagnoses are rather long ; but the observations under each section and species point out the connexion with and chief differences from the nearest allies. The whole of the botanical literature published in or relating to Sweden has been regularly recorded in annual catalogues, inserted by T. 0. B. N. Krok in the ' Botaniske Notiser ' of Stockholm. III. K.USSIA. The chief interest in the biology of Russia consists in its compa- rative uniformity over an enormous expanse of territory. Extending over more than 130 degrees from east to west, and above 20 degrees from south to north, without the interposition of any great geolo- gical break in mountain * or ocean, all changes in flora and fauna in the length and breadth of this vast area are gradual ; whilst the mountains which bound it to the south and to the east, and the glacial characters of the northern shores, offer to the Russian natu- ralist several more or less distinct biological types, such as the Caucasian, the Central Asiatic, the Mantchurian, and the Arctic, all blending into the great Europeo-Asiatic type, and the three first- named, at least apparently, constituting great centres of preservation. By the careful discrimination of the various races which give to each of these types its distinctive character, the study of their mutual relations, of the areas which each one occupies without modification, of the complicated manner in which these several areas are interwoven, of the gradual changes which distance may * The celebrated chain of the Oural, wbich separates Asia from Europe, is, in the greater part of its length, too low and the ascent too gradual to hare much influence on the vegetation : the so-called ridge between Perm and Ekaterinburg is, according to Ermann, not 1600 feet above the level of the sea, and rises from land which, for a breadth of above 120 miles, is onlv 700 feet lower. Ixii PROCEEDINGS OF THE produce, of the cessation of one race and the substitution of another without apparent physical cause, the Russian, even without travel- ling out of his own country, can contribute, more than any other observer, valuable materials for the general history of races. In Botany I have on former occasions referred to Ledebour's 'Flora Rossica ' as the most extensive complete Mora of a country which we possess, and to the numerous papers by which it has been sup- plemented. Several of these are stiU in progress, chiefly in the Bulletin of the Society of IS'aturalists of Moscow ; and I have notes of local Floras, and lists from various minor publications. The last received volume of the Memoirs of the Academy of St. Petersburg includes the botanical portion of Schmidt's travels in the Amur-land and SachaUn, in which the geographical relations of the flora are very fuUy treated of — and the first part of a very elaborate ' Flora Caucasi ' by the late F. J. Ruprecht, which may be more properly designated Commentaries on the Caucasian Plants than a Flora in the ordinary sense of the word. It is an enumeration of species, with frequent observations on affinities, and a very detailed exposi- tion of stations in the Caucasus, but without any reference to the distribution beyond that region ; above 300 large 4to pages only in- clude the Polypetalse preceding Legiiminosae ; and the lamented death of the author will probably prevent the completion of the work. N. Kaufmann, Professor of Botany at the University of Moscow, an active botanist of great promise, whose death last winter is much deplored by his colleagues, had published a Flora of Moscow in the Russian language, which had. met with much success. In the zoology of Russia the most important recent work is Middendorflfs ' Thierwelt Sibiriens,' analyzed in the ' Zoological Record,' vi. p. 1, which, with the previously pubKshed descriptive portion and thebotany of the journey by Trautvetter, Ruprecht, and others, forms a valuable exposition of the biology of N.E. Siberia, a cold and inhospitable tract of country, where organisms, animal as well as vegetable, are perhaps poorer in species and poorer in individuals than in any other region of equal extent not covered with eternal snows, MiddendorfF's observations on this poverty of the fauna of Siberia, its uniformity and conformity to the European fauna, on the meaning to be given to the species, on their variability and on the multiplicity of false ones published, on the complexity of their respective geographical areas, on their extinction and replacement by others, \ IxiU specific relations, the variability, affinities, and geographical distri- bution of Mantchurian MoUusca are treated. The publications of the first meeting of the Association of Russian Naturalists include a review of the Crustacea of the Black Sea by Y. Czemiavski, an account of the Annnlata Chaetopoda of the Bay of Sebastopol by x^. Bobretzki, and a paper on the zoology of the Lake of Onega and its neighbourhood by K. Kesslar, including a review of the Fishes, Crustacea, and Annulata of the Lake of Onega, and of the Mollusca collected in and about the Lakes Onega and Ladoga, and a list of the Butterflies of the Government of Olonetz. The historical and scientific memoirs pubKshed by the University of Kazan, of which several volumes have recently reached us, include a systematic enumeration and description of the birds of Orenburg (329 species), with detailed notes of their habits &c., by the late Prof. E. A. Eversmann, edited after his death by M. N. Bogdanoff, forming an 8vo volume of 600 pages in the Russian language. There is not in Russia at the present moment sufficient encou- ragement on the part of the public to induce the publication of independent biological works beyond a few popular handbooks ; but the Imperial Academy of Petersburg has, on the other hand, been exceedingly liberaf in the assistance it affords, and active in its issue of Transactions with excellent illustrations, as well as of its Bulletin or Proceedings. The volumes recently received include J. E. Brandt's * Symbolse Sirenologicae ' and Researches on the genus Hyrax (re- viewed in 'Zoological Record,' v. p. 3, and vi. p. 5), A. Strauch's Synopsis of Yiperidse, with full details of their geographical distribu- tion, E. Metschnikoff"s Studies on the development of Echinoderms and Nemertines, and ^N". Miklucho-Maclay's Memoir on Sponges of the N. Pacific and Arctic Oceans, with remarks on their extreme variability inducing the multiplication of false species. In Botany, Bunge's Monograph of the Old-^Vorld species of Astragalus is the result of many years' labour and careful investigation. The 8 sub- genera and 104 sections into which this extensive genus is divided appear to be very satisfactory ; but the species (971) are probably very much too numerous, and we miss that comparison with American forms which, considering the very numerous cases of identity or close affinity, is essential for the due appreciation of the X. Asiatic species. Bunge has also published a monograph of the Heliotropia of the Mediterraneo-Oriental region in the Bulletin of the Society of Naturalists of Moscow, which continues its annual volumes. The parts recently received continue several of the botanical enume- rations ali-eady noticed, together with various smaller entomological papers. Ixiv PKOCEEBINGS OF THE IV. GEEMA.NT AND HoLLAND. Germany, or rather Central Europe from the Ehine to the Car- pathians and from the Baltic to the Alps, is, as to the greater part of it, a continuation of that generally uniform but gradually changing biological region which covers the Russian empire. It is not yet aflPected by those peculiar western races which either stop short of the Ehine and Rhone or only here and there cross these rivers with a few stragglers ; the mountains, however, on its southern border show a biological type diiferent from either of those which limit the Russian portion, indicating in many respects, as I observed in 1869, a closer connexion with the Scandinavian and high northern than with the Pyrenean to the west or the Caucasian to the east. The verifying and following up these indications gives a special interest to the study of German races, their variations and affinities. So far as formal specific distinctions are concerned, all plants and animals, with the exception of a few of those whose minute size enables them long to escape observation, may now be considered as well known in Germany as in France and England ; and in Germany especially the investigation of anatomical and physiological cha- racters has of late years contributed much to a more correct appre- ciation of those distinctions and of the natural relations of organic races. But much remains still for the systematic biologist, and especially the zoologist, to accomplish. Among^ the very numerous Floras of the country, both general and local, there are several which have been worked out with due reference to the vegetation of the immediately surrounding regions; but corresponding complete Faunas do not appear to exist. A few in some branches have been com- menced ; but in these, as in the numerous papers on more or less extended local zoology, as far as I can perceive, animals, and espe- cially insects, seem to be considered only in respect of the forms they assume within the region treated of, frequently with a very close critical study of variations or races of the lowest grades, but neglect- ing all comparison with the forms a species may assume or be represented by in adjoining or distant countries. Germany holds a iirst rank amongst civilized nations in I'espect of her biological works in most departments ; they probably exceed in biilk those of any other country. Her publishing scientific aca- demies and other associations, her zoological museums and gardens, her botanical herbaria and university gardens, her zoologists and botanists, of world-wide reputation, are far too numerous to be here particularized. She excels all other nations in the patient and LIXXEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. Ixv persevering elaboration of minute details, although she must jield to the French in respect of clearness and conciseness of methodical exposition. Her speculative tendencies are well known ; and the great impulse given to them since the spread of " Darw'inismus " appears to have thrown systematic biology still further into the background ; the sad events of the last twelvemonth have also temporarily suspended or greatly interfered with the peaceful course of science. Thus the zoological works contained in the lists I have received are almost all dated in 1868 or 1869, and have been already analyzed in the reports of TTiegmann's ' Archiv ' and in the 5th and 6th vols, of the ' Zoological Record,' and the principal ones relating to exotic zoology wUl have to be referred to further on. In Systematic Botany also but little of importance has been pub- lished within the last three years, beyond the great 'Flora BrasUiensis,' which, since the death of Dr. v. Martins, has been actively proceeded with under the direction of Dr. Eichler, and to which I shall recur under the head of South America. Eohrbach has published a carefully worked out conspectus of the difficult genus Silene, and, in the ' Linuaea,' a synopsis of Lychnideae ; and Bcickeler, also in the ' Linnaea,' is describing the Cyperacese of the herbarium of Berlin — a work very unsatisfactory, considering the detail in which it is carried out, as it takes no notice whatever of the numerous pubhshed species not there represented, nor of any stations or information relating to those dgscribed other than what are supplied by that herbarium. It is not a monograph, but a collection of detached materials for a monograph. V. Switzerland. Switzerland comprises the loftiest and most extensive mountain- range of which the biology has been weU investigated — the Alps, which have lent their name to characterize the vegetation and other physical features of mountains generally when attaining or ap- proaching to the limits of eternal snows. The relations of this alpine vegetation, both in its general character due to climatological and other physical causes, and in its geographical connexion with other floras, have been frequently the subject of valuable essays, several of which I have mentioned on former occasions ; and it is most desirable that the results obtained should be verified by or contrasted with those which might be derived from zoological data, and more particularly by the observation of insects and terrestrial mollusca. As a first step, it is necessary that the plants and animals of the country should be accurately defined and classed in harmony Ixvi PROCEEDINGS OF THE with those of adjoining regions. This has been done for plants. The Swiss flora has been well worked up both by German and by French botanists ; it is included in Koch's Synopsis and some other German Floras. De CandoUe and other writers on the French flora had to introduce a large portion of the Swiss vegetation ; and the compilers of the rather numerous Swiss Floras and Handbooks* have generally followed either the one or the other, so that there remains but little difficulty in the identification of Swiss botanical races; but here, as elsewhere, methodical Faunas of the country are much in arrear. I have the following notes from M. Humbert of what has been published in this respect during the last three years. V. Fatio, ' Faune des Yertebres de la Suisse,' 8vo, vol. i. Mammi- feres, 1869 (reported on in * Zoological Record,' vi. p. 4) : the second volume, ReptUes, Batrachia, and Fishes, to appear in the course of the present year, the 3rd and 4th vols. (Birds) to foUow. " This Fauna is the first which has been published on the Vertebrata of Switzer- land. Hitherto there had only been partial and incomplete Cata- logues. The species are carefully described ; and there are numerous notes on their distribution and habits, from the author's observations made in all the Swiss collections and in the field. There are also interesting historical details upon certain animals which have more or less completely disappeared from Swiss territory, such as the stag, the roebuck, and the wild boar, as also on the mammifers whose remains have been found in recent deposits." G. Stierlin and V. de Gautard, " Fauna Coleopterorum Helvetica," in the Nouveaux Memoires of the Helvetic Society, xxiii. and xxiv., a catalogue with stations and often limits in altitude, supplementing Heer's ' Fauna * In the list of publications of the last three years only, sent me by M. A. de CandoUe, are the following new Swiss Botanical Handbooks : — J. C. Ducom- mun, ' Taschenbuch flu* den schweizerischen Botaniker,' 1 vol. 8to, of 1024 pages, with some analytical woodcuts : few details on stations. E. T. Simler, ' Botanischer Taschenbegleiter des Alpenclubisten,' 1 vol. 12mo, 4 plates : alpine species only. Tissiere (late Canon of St. Bernard, now deceased), ' Guide du Botaniste au Grand St.-Bernard,' 1 vol. 8to : a catalogue with detailed localities. J.Rhiner, 'Prodrom derWaldstadter Gefasspflanzen,' 1 vol. 8vo: a catalogue with details as to localities. Mortliier, ' Flore analytique de la Suisse,' 1 vol. ISmo : imitated from an older German ' Excursions-Flora fiir die Schweiz,' by A. Gremli. A new (3rd) edition of L. Fischer's ' Flora von Bern' and Fischer-Ooster's ' Rubi Bernenses ;' the latter woi'k, together with some contributions to the Swiss Flora of A. Gremli, adding 98 pages to the volumes of Batological literature we already possess, without advancing a step either in giving us a clear notion of what is a species of Bramble, or in facilitating our naming those we meet with, unless in the precise localities indicated by the several authors. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. IxVU Ccfleopteronim Helvetica.' H, Frey's catalogues of and notes on Swiss Microlepidoptera, in the ' Mittheilungeu ' of the Swiss Entomological Society. P. E. Miiller, Note on the Cladocera of the great lakes of Switzerland, from the ' Archives ' of the Biblio- theque Universelle, xxxvii. April 1S70. " In his excellent memoir on the Monoclea of the neighbourhood of Geneva, Jurine had only described the small Crustacea of ponds and swamps. He had not investigated the species which inhabit the Lake of Geneva, and he had also neglected some very interesting forms wMch are only to be met with in large expanses of water, such as BijUiotreplies longi- manus and Leptodora hyalina. M. Mueller points out the differences there are between the Cladocera of the centre of the lakes and those of the margins. The former, which float freely over the lake, have a peculiar stamp, marking also the marine Crustacea of open seas ; their bodies have an extreme transparency, and they show a great tendency to the development of long and rigid balancing organs. The latter, on the contrary, are little transparent, have stunted forms, and are without balancing or other elongations, which might interfere with their movements amidst sohd objects, such as stones and aquatic plants near the shores ; most of these littoral species show, moreover, a development of some organ that assists them in moving upon solid bodies. M. Miiller finds also a very great connexion between the Cladocera! faunas of Switzerland and Scandinavia." The Association zoologique du Leman, founded upon the model of the Ray Society, has for its object the publication of monographs relating to the basin of the Leman or Lake of Geneva — that is, the region comprised between Martigny and the Perte du Rhone, with the valleys of the affluents received by the Rhone in this portion of its course. It has been carried on as successfully as could have been expected from a scientific undertaking of this nature, reckoning at the present moment nearly 200 members. It has already published papers by A. Brot on the shells of the family of Naiada3, with nine plates ; by F. Chevrier on the Nyssae (Hymenoptera) ; by Y. Fatio on the Arvicola, with six plates ; by H. Foumier on the Dascillidge (Coleoptera), with four plates ; and is now issuing a more important work, the resvdt of long and patient investigation, G. Lunel's * Histoire NatureUe des Poissons du Bassin du Leman,' in folio, with twenty plates beautifully executed in chromolithography. Two parts, with eight plates, have already appeared ; and the work is in rapid progress. A specimen of the plates, received from M. Hum- bert, lies on the table of our library. I have also a rather long list Ixviii PROCEEDINGS OF THE of papers on the zoology of the same district or of the Canton "de Vaud, inserted in the Bulletin of the Societe Vaudoise of Natural History, and of others on the zoology of other districts, from various other Swiss Transactions, all of which are noticed iia our ' Zoological Record/ vols. v. and vi. To these must be added J. Saratz's " Birds of the Upper Engadin," from the 2nd volume of the Bulletin of the Swiss Ornithological Society, 1870. "The valley of the Upper Engadin commences at 1860 metres above the level of the sea, and ends at 1650 metres, where commences the Lower Engadin. The list, therefore, given by M, Saratz includes no point situate below that elevation. He classes the birds of this valley and of the moun- tains which enclose it into ; — 1, sedentary birds; 2, birds which breed in the Upper Engadine, but do not spend the winter there ; and 3, birds purely of passage. He enumerates 144 species, and gives upon every one notes of its station, times of passage, abundance or rarity, &c." Meyer-Diir has a short note in the ' MittheUungen ' of the Swiss Entomological Society (iii. 1870) on certain relations observed be- tween the insect-faunas of Central Europe and Buenos Ayres — a question worthy perhaps of some consideration in connexion with the above-mentioned coincidence of a Chilian and East-Mediterranean Oeum, and a very few other curious instances of identical or closely representative species of plants in the hot dry districts of the East Mediterranean, the central Australian, and the extratropical South- American regions. Swiss naturalists continue their activity in various branches of biology. E. Claparede's very valuable memoirs on Annelida Chaeto- poda and on Acarina have been fully reported on in the ' Zoological Record,' as well as Henri de Saussure's entomological papers, which have been continued in the more recently pubKshed volumes of the Memoirs of the Societe de Physique of Geneva and of the Swiss Entomological Society. In Botany, since I last noticed De Candolle's ' Prodromxis,' the 16th volume has been completed by the appear- ance of the first part, containing two important monographs — that of Urticaceae, by WeddeU, and of Piperaceae by Casimir de CandoUe, together with some small families by A. de Caudolle and J. Miiller. The social disturbances of the last twelvemonth have much delayed the preparation of the 17th volume, which is to close this great work ; but it is hoped that it will now be shortly proceeded with. Of Boissier s ' Flora Orientalis,' mentioned in my Address of 1868, the second volume is now in the printer's hands. Dr. G. Bernouilli, who had resided some time in Central America, has published, in the LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Ixix Memoirs of the General Helvetic Society (vol. xxiv.), a review of the genus Theohroma, after having compared his specimens with those in the herbaria of Kew, Berlin, and Geneva. YI. Italy and the Mediterranean Region. The biological interest of the Mediterranean Region, which in- cludes southern Europe, the north coast of Africa, and those lands vaguely termed the Levant, is in many respects the opposite of that of the great Russian empire. Extending from the Straits of Gibraltar to the foot of the Caucasus and Lebanon, over 40 to 45 degrees of longitude, by 10 to 12 degrees of latitude, from the southern declivities of the Pyrenees, of the Alps, the Scardus, and the Balkan, to the African shores, it shows, indeed, a certain uni- formity of vegetation through the whole of this length and breadth ; but it has evidently been the scene of great and frequent successive geological convulsions and disturbances, which, whilst they have wholly or partially destroyed some of the races most numerous in individuals, have at the same time so broken up the surface of the earth as to afford great facihties for the preservation or isolation of others represented by a comparatively small number of individuals. The consequence is that there is probably no portion of the northern hemisphere in the Old World, of equal extent, where the species altogether, and especially the endemic ones, are more numerous, none, I believe, which contains so many dissevered species (those which occupy several Kmited areas far distant from each other), and certainly none where there are so many strictly local races, species or even genera, occupying in few or numerous individuals single stations limited sometimes to less than a mile. In all these respects the Mediterranean region far exceeds, absolutely as well as rela- tively, the great Russian region, which has three times its length and twice its breadth ; it presents also, perhaps, almost as great a contrast to a more southern tract of uniform vegetation extending across the drier portion of Africa and Arabia as far as Scinde. This diversified endemic and local character exemplified in the plants of the Mediterranean region has, as far as I can learn, been observed also in insects. Of the three great European peninsulas which form the principal portion of the region, the Italian is the narrowest and has the least of individual character in its biology ; but it is the most central one, and, including its continental base with the declivity of the Alps, may be taken as a fair type of the region generally ; it is also by far the best-known. Italy was the first amongst European nations LINN. PROC. — Session 1870-71. h IXX PROCEEDINGS OK XHE to acquire a name in the pursuit of natural science after emerging from the barbarism of the middle ages ; and although she has since been more devoted to art, and has allowed several of the more northern states far to outstrip her in science, she has still, amidst all her vicissitudes, produced a fair share of eminent physiologists as well as systematic zoologists and botanists ; and within the last few years the cultivation of biology appears to have received a fresh impulse. It is only to be hoped that it may not be seriously checked by local and political intrigues, which appear to have succeeded, in one instance at least, in conferring an important botanical post on the least competent of the several candidates. Amongst the various publishing academies and associations mentioned in my Address of 1865, the Italian Society of Natural Sciences at Milan contains a considerable number of papers on Italian zoology ; and a few others in zoology and palaeontology are scattered over the publications of the Academies of Turin and Venice and of the Technical Institute of Palermo. From the lists I have received, there appear to have been recent catalogues of Sicilian and Modenese Birds by Doderlein in the Palermo Journal, of Italian Araneida and Modenese Fishes by Canestrini in the Milanese Transactions, and of Italian Diptera, commenced by Rondani in the Bulletin of the Italian Entomological Society. Malacology, so peculiarly important in the study of the physical history of the Mediterranean region, has produced numerous papers, chiefly in the Milanese Transactions, and in Gentiluomo's ' BuUettino Malacologico ' and ' Biblioteca Malacologica,' published at Pisa. I also learn that at the time of the decease of the late Prof. Paolo Savi, in the beginning of April, the manuscript of his * Ornitologia ItaKana' was complete, and had just been placed in the printer's hands. In Botany, Parlatore's elaborate ' Flora Italiana ' has continued to make slow progress. We have received up to the 2nd part of the 4th volume, reaching as far upward as Euphorbiacese, having com- menced with the lower orders. The old Journal of Botany ceased with the year 1847, as I presumed to have been the case when I mentioned it in 1865, and has since been replaced by a 'Nuovo GiornaleBotanicoItaliano,' which continues, with tolerable regularity, issuing four parts in the year, the last received being the 2nd of the third volume. The most valuable of the systematic papers it con- tains are Beccari's descriptions of some of his Bornean collections. Delpino, well known for his interesting dichogamic observations, as well as for some rather imaginative speculations, has also contri- buted to systematic botany a monograph of Marcgraaviaceae, but. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Ixxi unfortunately, without sufficient command of materials for the com- pilation of a useful history of that small but difficult group, and with a useless imposition of new names to forms which he thinks may have been already published, but has not the means of verifying, De Notaris, under the auspices of the municipality of Genoa, has published a synopsis of Italian Biyology, forming a separate octavo volume of considerable bulk. Of the other two great European peninsulas I have little to say, notwithstanding their great comparative biological importance. The Western or Iberian peninsula is the main centre of that remarkable Western flora to which I specially alluded in 1869, and which, more perhaps than any other, requires comparison with entomolo- gical and other faunas. But Spain is sadly in arrear in her pursuit of science. With great promise in the latter half of the last century, and certainly the country of many eminent naturalists, especially botanists, she has now for so long been subject to chronic pronun- ciamentos that she leaves the natural riches of her soil to be investi- gated by foreigners. Willkomm and Lange's ' Prodromus Florae His- panicge,' which, when I last mentioned it, was in danger of remaining a fragment, has since been continued, and, it is hoped, will shortly be completed by the publication of one more part. I have no notes on any recent zoological papers beyond Steindachner's Reports on his Ichthyological tour in Spain and Portugal, and the Catalogues of the Zoological Museum of Lisbon publishing by the Lisbon Academy of Sciences. The Eastern peninsula, Turkey and Greece, with the exception of some slight attempts at Athens, has no ende- mic biological literature, and, with its present very unsatisfactory social state, affords little attraction to foreign visitors. The Levant, in respect of botany at least, has been much more fully investigated ; but there, as in Turkey, much yet remains to be done ; and pending the issue of Boissier's second volume already mentioned, I know of nothing of any importance in the biology of the East Mediterranean region as having been worked out within the last two or three years. As an hiatus, however, and yet a link between the Indian and the European floras and faunas, it will amply repay the study to be bestowed upon it by future naturalists. VII. Fkance. France, without any special endemic character, unites within her limits portions of several biological regions, thus requiring from her naturalists the study of all the European floras and faunas in order rightly to understand her own. The greater part of her surface 7* 2 Ixxii PROCEEUINGS OF THE constitutes the western extremity of that great Eusso-European tract I have above commented upon, its flora, and probably also its fauna, here blending with the West-European type, which spreads more or less over it from the Iberian peninsula. To the south-east she has an end of the Swiss Alps, connected to a certain degree with the Pyrenees to the south-west by the chain of the Cevennes, but at an elevation too low, and which has probably always been too low, for the interchange of the truly alpine forms of those two lofty ranges. South of the Cevennes she includes a portion of the great Mediterranean region ; and the marine productions of her coasts are those of three different aquatic regions — the North Sea, the Atlantic, and the Mediterranean. The few endemic or local races she may possess appear to be on those southern declivities which bound the Mediterranean region ; and if the volcanic elevations of Central France have a special interest, it is more from the absence of many species common at similar altitudes in the mountains to the east or to the south-west, than from the presence of peculiar races not of the lowest grades, with the exception, perhaps, of a very few species now rare, and which may prove to be the lingering remains of expiring races. With so many natural advantages, French science, represented during the last two centuries by as great, if not a greater number of eminent men than any other country, has long felt the necessity of a thorough investigation of the biological productions of her ter- ritory. The French Floras, both general and local, are now nume- rous, and some of them excellent. The geographical distribution of plants in France has also been the subject of various essays as well as separate works. It is only to be regretted that in the Floras themselves the instructive practice of indicating under each species its extra-Gallican distribution has not yet been adopted. In zoology, no general fauna has been attempted since De Blainville's, which was never completed ; and none is believed to be even in contempla- tion ; but I have a long list of partial Faunas and memoirs on the animals of various classes of several French departments; and Rey and Mulsant are publishing, in the Transactions of two Lyons Societies, detailed monographs of all French Coleoptera. The progress of French naturalists in Biology in general up to 1867 has been fully detailed as to zoology by Milne-Edwards, in his ' Rapport sur les Progres de la Zoologie en France ;' and as to Syste- matic Botany by Ad. Brongniart in his ' Rapport sur les Progres de la Botanique Phytographique.' The recent progress as to both branches, as well as in regard to other natural sciences, has ajso LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Ixxiii been reviewed by M. Emile Blanchard in his aunual Addresses to the Meetings of the Delegates of French Scientific Societies, held every April at the Sorbonne from 1865 to 1870. The Societe Bo- tanique de France had also up to that time been active, and the pub- lication of its proceedings brought down nearly to the latest meetings, I am compelled, however, for want of time, to defer some details I had contemplated relating to the recent labours of French biologists ; but I cannot refrain from inserting the following note on a work mentioned only, but not analyzed, in the last volume of the * Zoological Kecord,' obligingly communicated to me with other memoranda by Professor Deshayes, Avhilst slowly recovering from a severe illness contracted during the German siege : — " In Mollusca we have also to regret that we have no complete work embracing the whole of this important branch of the animal kingdom. It is true that we make use of numerous works published in England, amongst which several are excellent, such as those of Forbes and Hanley, Gwyn Jeffreys, &c. Nevertheless I have to point out to you an excellent work piiblished in 1869 by M. Petit de la Saussaye. The author, a very able and scientific conchologist, is unfortunately just dead. He has had the advantage of preparing a general catalogue of tes- taceous MoUusea of the European Seas, possessing in his own col- lection nearly the whole of the species inserted, and of having received direct from the authors named specimens of the species foreign to the French coasts. This work is divided into two parts. The fijst is devoted to the methodical and synouymical catalogue of the species, amounting to 1150. In the second part, these species are distributed geographically into seven zones, starting from the most northern and ending with the hot regions of the Mediterranean. These zones are thus distinguished : — 1, the polar zone ; 2, the boreal zone ; 3, the British zone ; 4, the Celtic zone ; 5, the Lusi- tanian zone ; 6, the Mediterranean zone ; and 7, the Algerian zone. Some years since it would have been impossible for M. Petit to have established the fifth zone, for that nothing, literally nothing, was known of the malacological fauna of Spain. Its seas were until 1867 less known than those of New Holland or California. It was only in that year that Hidalgo published a well-drawn-up synonymic catalogue in Crosse and Fischer's ' Journal de Conchy- liologie.' " VIII. Britain. The British Isles have less even than France of an endemic cha- racter in respect of biology. They form, as it were, an outlying Ixxiv PKOCEEDINGS OF THE portion of regions already mentioned, the greater part, as in the case of France, belonging to the extreme end of the great Russo-European tract. Like France, also, they partake, although in a reduced degree, of that Western type which extends upwards from the Ibeiian peninsula. They are, however, completely severed from the Medi- terranean as from the Alpine regions ; their mountain -vegetation, and, as far as I can learn, their mountaia- zoology, is Scandinavian ; and if it shows any connexion with southern ranges, it is rather with the Pyrenees than with the Alps. The chief distinctive character of Britain is derived from her insular position, which acts as a cheek upon the passive immigration of races, and is one cause of the com- parative poverty of her fauna and flora ; the isolation, on the other hand, may not be ancient enough or complete enough for the pro- duction and presei-vation of endemic forms. As far as we know, there is not in phsenogamic botany, nor in any of the orders of ani- mals in which the question has been sufficiently considered, a single endemic British race of a grade high enough to be qualified as a species in the Linnaean sense. How far that may be the case with the lower cryptogams cannot at present be determined ; there is still much difficulty in establishing species upon natural affinities, and (in some Lichens and Fungi for instance) much confusion between phases of individual life and real genera and species remains to be cleared up. The study of our neighbours' faunas and floras is therefore necessary to make us fully acquainted with the animals and plants we have, and useful in showing us what we have not, but should have had were it not for causes which require investi- gation — such, for instance, as plants like Salvia pratensis, ia common European species to be met with in abundance the moment we cross the Channel, but either absent from or confined to single localities in England. There is no country, however, in which the native flora and fauna have been so long and so steadily the subject of close investi- gation as our own, nor where they continue to be worked out in detail by so numerous a staff" of observers. To the Floras we possess a valuable addition has been made within the last twelvemonth in J. D. Hooker's ' Students' Flora of the British Isles ' — the best we have for the purposes of the teacher, and in which the careful notation of the general distribution of each species is a great im- provement on our older standard class-books. H. C. AVatson's recently completed ' Compendium of the Cybcle Britannica ' treats of the geographical relations of our plants with that accuracy of detail which characterizes all his works. In zoology, although we tI>rNT;.U> a 05 CD ■~ 1 (M - ■ po w cq O 2 a -^ -c ^^ s o 2 -5 •*? 53 -3 £ r^ § '3 '-".2 o ■^ C C> s O g OQ ^ 2 83 t, "« o ^ 2 g - ° 1- O IB >> O ::3pt( •2a .2 «rt m o w !^PHh-3 2 1^ I— ' o;2;o IXXX PROCEEDINGS OF THE Receipts during the past year, including a Balance of ^250 9s. Id., carried from the preceding year, and an Investment of ^100 (Rail- way Debenture) repaid, amounted to £1564 2s. M., and that the total Expenditure during the same period amounted to £1128 5s., leaving a Balance in the hands of the Bankers of £435 17s, Qd. Mr. "W. W. Saunders, on behalf of the following Subscribers, pre- sented to the Society the cast of a bust, by Mr. Weekes, of J. J. Bennett, Esq., V.P.L.S. T. BeU, Esq. Dr. Bowerbank, F. Currey, Esq. Richard Kippist. John Miers, Esq. Algernon Peckover, Esq. Dr. Prior. W. W. Saunders, Esq. H. T. Stainton, Esq. Alfred White, Esq. James Yates, Esq. OBITUARY NOTICES. The Secretaries then laid before the Society the following Notices of Deceased Members. Dr. Thomas Andersok was Superintendent of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Calcutta. He was a devoted student of natural history at Edinburgh, and selected the East-India Company's service as likely to afford him opportunities for the prosecution of those studies, as it had done to many others. On the occasion of Dr. Thomson leaving Calcutta, Dr. Anderson was appointed to the temporary charge of the Gardens ; and he afterwards succeeded to the office of Superintendent upon the retirement of Dr. Thomson. Before his appointment as Superintendent, Dr. Anderson had taken great interest in the introduction of Cinchona into Bengal. He visited Java and brought the first plants to Sikkim himself. As long ago as 1855 he wrote on the subject in the ' Indian Annals of Medical Science,' and recommended in particular the cultivation of the plant at Darjeeling, where, under his auspices, it has since suc- ceeded so well. After his appointment, (in addition to the proper duties of his post) he took charge of the Cinchona plantations, and spared no exertion to make them successful. The early years of Cinchona-cultivation in India were full of disappointment. The plantations were moved repeatedly before a suitable spot could be found ; and the subordinate gardeners at first gave much trouble. Dr. Anderson laboured indefatigably during this anxious time ; and his Reports describe the successful steps which were gained one by one, notwithstanding repeated disheartening failures, which would have LINNEAN SOCIKTT OF LOXDOX. Ixxxi discouraged a less euergetic mau. Dr. Anderson was frequently on horseback ten or twelve hours in the day, and often in continuous rain. He had to visit the close tropical valleys, and then to mount to Darjeeling, which he often reached chilled through and completely exhausted. It is thought that these journeys to the low-level plantations were the origin of the fever which fastened upon him, and which at last caused his death. His labours, however, were completely successful, so far as the object of the Government was concerned. When he left India in February 1869 he had over- come every difliculty in the cultivation of Cinchona succirnhra and C. Calisaya, and had left to his successors the easy task of extending the plantations by mere imitation. In February 1869 he was com- pelled to return to England on account of dangerous illness, though his friends feared lest his strength should prove insufficient to bear the journey. He reached his native land in a very weak state, but soon recovered sufficiently to enable him to prosecute his botanical work. He began in earnest at the ' Flora of India ; ' and there was good reason to hope that this greatly desiderated Flora would ere long be published. In the summer of 1870, however, he suffered a relapse, which compelled him to discontinue his labours ; and although he sought by quiet and rest to recover his health, he never rallied, and on the 26th of October last died at Edinburgh. Abstracts of Dr. Anderson's valuable Reports on the Cinchona Plantations have been printed at different times in Seemann's Journal of Botany, where is also to be found an interesting account of the terrible cyclone which in 1865 brought desolation to the gardens under Dr. Anderson's care. Besides these official communications. Dr. Anderson published the following papers on systematic botany : — " Florula Adenensis." Supplement to vol. v. Linn. Soc. Journ. (1860). " On Sphcerocoma, a New Genus of Caryopliyllece." Linn. Soc. Journ. vol. v. p. 15 (1861). " An Enumeration of the Species of Acanihacece from the conti- nent of Africa." Linn. Soc. Journ. vol. vii. p. 13 (1864). *' On a presumed case of Parthenogenesis in a Species of Aberia," I. c. p. 67. " On the Identification of the Acantluicece of the Linuean Her- barium," 1. c. p. 111. "An Enumeration of the Species of Ceylon Acanihacece," in Thwaites's ' Enum. Plant. Zeyl.' p. 223 (1864). "Aphelandm ornata from Brazil." Seemann's 'Journ. Bot.' vol. ii. p. 289 (1864). , Ixxxii PROCEEDINGS OF THE "On Two Species of Gidfiferte.^' Linn. Soe. Journ. vol. ix. p. 261 (1867). ''An Enumeration of the Indian Species of AcanfJuicece,'' 1. c. p. 425. Dr. Anderson was elected a Fellow of this Society on the 20th of January 1859. Xathaxiel BrcKLET, M.D,, was in practice in the medical profes- sion at Eochdale, in Lancashire. He was a Doctor of Medicine of St. Andrew's and Member of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. He was also a Fellow of the Botanical Society of Edin- burgh. He died on the 13th of January 1871, aged 49, having been elected a Fellow of this Society on the 18th of April 1843. Robert Chaitbeks, LL.D.. was born at Peebles, on the banks of the Tweed, in the year 1802. His father, Mr. James Chambers, was a muslin-weaver, and at first a prosperous manufacturer, but he was eventually ruined by the competition of machine with hand-loom weaving. Robert Chambers received his early education at the Grammar School at Peebles. Being imable, from a painful defect in his feet, to join in the play of his schoolfellows, he became a quiet, studious boy. When he was twelve years old his father removed to Edinburgh ; and for two years afterwards the son went to a school kept by Mr. Benjamin Mackay, who was afterwards Head Master of the High School. Meanwhile the family had been reduced to poverty, and Robert Chambers was obliged to start in the world at the early age of fifteen. He gives some account of this part of his life in the preface to his collected works in 1847 ; and in a letter addressed to the late Hugh Miller, in 1854, he gives some more details of his early struggles. He says, " Till I proved that I could help myself no friend came to me. The consequent defpug, self- relying spirit in which at sixteen I set out as a bookseller, with only my own small collection of books as a stock — not worth more than two pounds, I believe — led to my being quickly independent of all aid : but it has not been all a gain ; for I am now sensible that my spirit of self-reliance too often manifested itself in an unsocial, unamiable light, while my recollections of ' honest poverty ' may have made me too eager to attain worldly prosperity.'' His elder brother "William having started as a printer and bookseller, the two com- menced a weekly Miscellany, called ' The Kaleidoscope : ' but it was discontinued at the end of 1821. Robert Chambers's next literary venture was more successful. The Waverley Novels being then in the height of their fame, he wrote a volume entitled ' Illustrations of the Author of Waverley,' consisting of descriptive sketches of the LINNEAN SOCIETY OV LONDON. Ixxxiii supposed originals of the novelist. The success of this book en- couraged him, when only twenty years of age, to compose his ' Traditions of Edinburgh,' many of the anecdotes in which he derived from Sir Walter Scott, with whom in his later years Kobert Chambers was on terms of close friendship. This work made his reputation, and other books followed in rapid succession from his pen. Among these may be mentioned ' Walks in Edinburgh,' ' Popular Rhymes of Scotland,' the ' Picture of Scotland ' (which was composed after extensive excursions on foot), the ' Histories of the Scottish Rebellions,' ' Life of James I.,' ' Scottish Ballads and Songs,' and a 'Biographical Dictionary of Distinguished Scotsmen.' Besides writing these works and attending to his regular business, Robert Chambers acted for some time as editor of the ' Edinburgh Advertiser ;' and in conjunction with his brother, he brought out the ' Gazetteer of Scotland,' a work involving immense labour. The latter end of the year 1831 was a critical period in the fortunes of the brothers Chambers. The agitation for Parliamentary Reform was accompanied by a move for the spread of education. Tlie Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge was started, with a formidable organization of chairmen, treasurers, committees, paid and honorary secretaries, and local agents. Amongst other publica- tions launched by this Society was ' The Penny Magazine.' A copy of the prospectus (which appeared a long time before the periodical itself) was seen by William Chambers, who had long been contem- plating a similar periodical ; and he forwarded to one of the chief promoters of ' The Penny Magazine ' several suggestions which, in his judgment, would have improved the chances of the project. No answer was returned to his letter ; and he determined to carry oiit his own idea, which took the form of ' Chambers's Edinburgh Journal.' The first number appeared on the 4th of February 1832, six weeks before the Society in London fulfilled its promise of a * Penny Magazine.' Success exceeded not only expectation, but the means of production. The projector had to call in the aid of his brother Robert for the editorship ; and all Edinburgh proved to be equal only to produce the Scotch edition, one of the largest printing offices in London being employed to work off the supply for England and the colonies. ' The Penny Magazine ' expired long ago. ' Chambers's Journal ' still flourishes among the widely read weekly periodicals of to-day. In spite of his engrossing literary occupations at home, Mr. Robert Chambers managed to see a good deal of the world. Being interested in geological subjects, and especially de- sirous to examine the action of glaciers, he visited Switzerland, Ixxxiv PROCEEDINGS OF THE Sweden and Norway, Iceland and the Faroe Islands, besides travel- ling through India and the United States ; and he published excel- lent popular accounts of his travelling experiences. The later period of Mr. Eobert Chambers's literary career includes the following among other works : — A ' History of the British Empire,' ' History of Scotland,' ' Cyclopaedia of English Literature,' ' Domestic Annals of Scotland,' 'Ancient Sea Margins,' a carefully edited edition of Burns's Works, and the ' Book of Days ' — a work of the nature of ' Hone's Every Day Book.' This book, which appeared in 1864, involved several years of research in the British Museum ; and this labour, associated as it was with some domestic calamities, acted injuriously upon the author's nervous system, and put an end to his literary labours, after he had worked incessantly for up- wards of forty years, and had produced nearly a hundred volumes abounding in original thought. On his return to Scotland he took up his residence at St. Andrews, where the Senatus Academicus of the University conferred on him the degree of Doctor of Laws. A memorial of Robert Chambers would hardly be complete without mention of the book called ' Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation,' published more than a quarter of a century ago, and which, by its advocacy of the view that the affairs of the world are subject to what has since been called the " reign of law," gave great offence in certain religious circles. Its real author may perhaps never be known, unless some evidence confirming that which already exists be left among Mr, Chambers's papers. The book has been ascribed to Mrs. Robert Chambers. The controversy which it en- gendered was most envenomed in the North ; and when, in 1848, Robert Chambers was elected to be Lord Provost of Edinburgh, he thought it better to withdraw in the face of the storm that was raised against him as the supposed author. Mr. Chambers was twice married, first to Miss Anne Kirkwood, of Edinburgh, who died in 1863, having borne him eleven children, nine of whom stiU survive. He afterwards married a widow lady named Frith, who died about a year ago. In social life Mr. Chambers was a universal favourite — hospitable, full of kindliness, and shrewd and amusing in conversa- tion. He died at St. Andrews, on the 17th of March 1871. He was elected a Fellow of this Society on the 4th of November 1858. Henry Denny was a native of Norwich, where he was born in the year 1803. He resided at Norwich until 1825, when he went to Leeds upon being appointed sub-curator of the Leeds Philoso- phical Society, a title which was afterwards changed to that of Curator and Assistant Secretary. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. IxXXV : y^ Mr. Denny was also Secretary to the "West-Riding Geological and ^ Polytechnic Society ; and he had just prepared for the press the Ee- port of the Transactions of this body before his last illness. To ^a^ two societies with which he was officially connected he frequently contributed papers. He was an entomologist of high standing, and in this branch of science published two works which have long been recognized as authorities. His first work, the ' Monographia Psela- phidarum et Scydmsenidarum Britanniae ' (1825), was dedicated to the famous naturalist Dr. Kirby, who was a private friend of the author, and was published at Norwich not long before Mr. Denny's removal to Leeds. It was the first treatise upon the Pselaphidae and Scydmsenidae which had appeared in this country. In the publication of his second and more important work, he was assisted by the British Association. The volume was entitled " Monographia Anoplurorum Britanniae — an essay on the species of parasitic insects belonging to the ' Anoplura ' of Leach, with the modern definitions and the genera according to the views of Leach, Nitzsch, and Burmeister " (1842). In the progress of the work the number of known species increased so rapidly as to preclude the publication of the book at the price announced in the prospectus. At the time when Mr. Denny was engaged on the work, the British Association had its meeting at Glasgow ; and upon the recommendation of Sir W. Jardine and Mr. Selby, the sum of £50 was granted by the Association to assist in furthering the knowledge of the British Anoplura. This sum was placed at Mr. Denny's disposal, Sir "W. Jardine, Mr. Selby, Mr. W. ZarreU, and Dr. Lankester being appointed trustees in connexion with the grant ; and when the work was issued it was dedicated to the two first-named gentlemen, and to Dr. R. K. Greville. Both the above-mentioned works were illustrated by highly magnified figures of the species described, the drawings having been executed with taste by Mr. Denny himself. Mr. Denny was a corresponding mem- ber of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and of the Syro-Egyptian Society of London. He was also an honorary mem- ber of the Philosophical Society of Dickinson College, Carlisle (Pennsylvania), and of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society. He was elected an Associate of this Society on the 19th of December 1843, and died at Leeds, on the 7th of March 1871, at the age of sixty- eight. The Venerable William Hale Hale, M.A., Archdeacon of Lon- don, and Master of the Charterhouse, was born on the 12th of September, 1795. His father, who died while he was very young, was a medical man. He became a ward of the late Mr. James LINN. PROC. — Session 1870-71. i ^ ixXXVi PROCEEDINGS OF THE Palmer, Treasurer of Christ's Hospital ; and it was within the walls of that institution that his early years were passed. At eight years of age he entered the Charterhouse School, at that time under Dr. Raine, and at the end of his school career passed to Oriel Col- lege, Oxford, where he took his bachelor's degree in Michaelmas Term 1817, obtaining a second class in both classical and mathema- tical honours. He was ordained deacon in 1818, and priest in the following year, by the then Bishop of London, Dr. Howley. In 1824 he became chaplain to Bishop Blomfield, then bishop of Chester (under whom he had served as afternoon and evening lec- turer at Bishopsgate), aud he continued to hold the same position on the promotion of Dr. Blomfield to the see of London. In 1823 he was appointed, mainly through the influence of Archbishop Howley and Bishop Blomfield, to the preachership of the Charterhouse. The duties of this post he continued to discharge until twenty-eight years ago, when on the death of Dr. Philip Fisher he was promoted to the mastership of that foundation. He was advanced by Bishop Blomfield successively to the archdeaconries of St. Alban's and of Middlesex, but was transferred in 1840 to the archdeaconry of London, to which was attached the post of a Canon Besidentiary of St. Paul's Cathedral. He also held the living of St. Giles's Cripple- gate from 1847 to 1857, when he resigned it. The archdeacon was ah active member of the Committee of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, and of other societies of the English Church. A great friendship existed between the archdeacon and Bishop Blom- field, founded on similarity of tastes and habits of judgment. Both belonged to the school of divines and theologians rather than of popular and attractive preachers. Archdeacon Hale, though so long resident in London, did not take a prominent part in City move- ments. His name seldom appeared in connexion with its strifes or its schemes ; for he had no taste for the platform. While he held the Cripplegate living, he was exemplary in the discharge of his duties as a parish clergyman, and he was active and vigilant in the oversight of his archdeaconry. His periodical charges to the clergy of London were looked for, and commented upon, almost as eagerly as those of the diocesan himself. They were always distinguished by solid good sense, and for the fearless manner in which he grap- pled with the current topics of the day. It was for these charges that he reserved his opinion, not only on the religious, but on the social questions of the day ; and no one reading those charges could fail to see that, though a silent, he was by no means an indifl^erent i LINKEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. IxXXvii observer of current events, and that he looked abroad upon life with discerning and intelligent eyes, and brought to bear upon passing events a cool, clear, and impartial judgment. Archdeacon Hale had a special fondness for antiquarian studies ; and it is to his learning in that direction that we owe the more important productions of his pen. He wrote a sketch of the history of the Charterhouse ; and he afterwards published what may be called a companion sketch of Christ's Hospital ; while for the Camden Society he produced ' The Doomsdays of St. Paul's,' and ' Registrum Privatum S. Mariae Wigo- niensis,' both works of great antiquarian interest. In his own professional studies he annotated an edition of the Four Gospels jointly with the late Bishop of Lichfield, and wrote several devotional works for the Society for Promoting Christian Know- ledge. Some of the articles in the Encyclopaedia Metropolitana ' were also contributed by him ; and in addition to his charges other tracts and sermons which he preached on different occasions were afterwards published. He died at the Charterhouse, on the 11th of November 1870. He was elected a Fellow of this Society on the 16th of June 1859. Alexander Henhy Halidat was born at Belfast, in 180 7. His early education took place at home. At the age of fifteen he was entered as a student at Trinity CoUege, Dublin, where he remained five years, obtaining the golden medal, the highest prize to which stu-- dents there could at that time attain ; he also took his M.A. degree. Subsequently he studied for the legal profession, and was called to the bar, but he very rarely practised. In 1843 he was appointed High Sheriff of the County of Antrim, and discharged conscientiously the duties of that office. At an early period of life he had shown a taste for natural history, more especially entomology, and at the age of twenty-one he published in the 'Zoological Journal' a local list of Coleoptera and Diptera. Soon after this, however, he appears to have devoted himself more especially to the order Diptera, then almost unstudied in this country ; and he published a series of valu- able papers thereon, which have received the highest encomiums from the most competent judges, the learned dipterologists Loew and Schiner. When Mr. Francis Walker was at work on the order Diptera for the series of the Insecta Britannica, he received much valuable assistance from Mr. Haliday, who contributed the characters and synoptical tables of the Diptera — of the Empidce, of the Syrphidce, and the whole of the Dolichopidce, These contributions, as recorded by Herr Loew in his introduction to the Monographs of the Diptera i2 IxXXViii PEOCEEDINGS OF THE of North America, published by the Smithsonian Institution, added considerable value to Mr. Walker's work. Not content with the study of Diptera, Mr. Haliday devoted much labour to the classification of the minute parasitic Hymenoptera belonging to the Chalcididce, Proctotrupidoe, &c. lanthem. Nat. Tijdschr. v. Ned. Ind. xxxi. N. J. Schcutz. Prodromus Monographise Georum. Trans. R. Soc. Sc. Upsala, Ser. 3, vii. F. Schultz. Observations on some Carices, 1 plate. Flora, 1871. — Schwcinfurth. Botanical notes of his Niam-Niam journey. Bot. Zeit. 1871. A. Senoncr. Enumprutiou of the plants which appear as weeds in C'irn-ficlds in Belgium. Bot. Zeit. 1870. 1 2 CXU PEOCEEDIXGS OF THE W. F. Suringar. A new species of An/ostcnDna, 1 plate. Trans. K. Acad. So. Amsterdam, Ser. 2, iv. J. E. Teysmann. On Lodoicea Sechellarum. Nat. Tijdschr. v. Ned. Ind. xxxi. E. E. Trautvetter. New species of Symphytum. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. ITosc. 1870, i. H. Trimen. On Bromus asper. Seem. Journ. Bot. viii. A. Unterhuber. The position of the scales of the fruit of Cera- tozamia Mexicaiia, Brongn. Trans. Zool.-Bot. Soc. Vienna, xx. K. de Yisiani. Observations on the Linnean Herbarium. Pre- sented by the Author. E. de Yisiani and E. Saccardo. Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of the Venetian territory. Atti E. Instit. Venice, xiv. — Walpers. Annales Botanices Systematicae, completion of vol. vii. Purchased. H. C. Watson. On the Thames-side Brassica. Seem. Journ. Bot. viii. Physiological and Miscellaiteotts Botaht : — H. Baillon. On the development of the leaves of Sarracenuv (from the Comptes Eendus). Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vii. Mrs. Barber. On the fertilization and dissemination of Duvernoia aHiatodoides. Journ. Linn. Soc. xi. J. Baranetzky. Observations on the effects of light on vegeta- tion. Bot. Zeit. 1871. A. de Bary. On the waxy coating of the epidermis. Bot. Zeit. 1871. J, Borodin. On the structure of the apex of the leaf in some aquatic plants, 1 plate. Bot. Zeit. 1870. D. Clos. Memoranda on various minor points and principles in Systematic Botany. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xvii. E. 0. Cunningham. On the occurrence of pleiotaxy in the perianth of Philesia, woodcut. Journ. linn. Soc. xi, F. Delpino. Thoughts on Vegetable Biology. Pisa, 1867. Pre- sented by Mr. Darwin. — Ulterior observations on dichogamy in the vegetable kingdom, and Italian translation of Dr. C. Miiller's address on insect visitors of flowers. Presented by the Author. A. "W. Eichler. On the position of the leaves in some Alsodeicc, 1 plate. Flora, 1870. E. Frank. On the motion of chlorophyll grains towards the light. Bot. Zeit. 1871. LIXXEAX SOCIETY 0¥ I.OXDON. CXUl H. 11. Goeppert. On the degree of cold which vegetation in ge- neral will bear. Bot. Zeit. 1871. A. Grigorieff. On the anatomy of Phellodendron amureme, Rupr. Bot. Zeit. 1871. A. Gris. Comparative Anatomy of the pith of woody plants. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xvii. Henfrey's Elementary Course of Botany, 2ad edition, by M. T. Masters. Purchased. H. Hoffmann. Researches on artificial sempervirescenee (from the "Wochenschrift of the Prussian Hort. Soc.). Presented by the Author. — Experiments on the causes determining the sexes in Spi- nacia oleraeea and Mercurialis annua. Bot. Zeit. 1871. F. Krasan. Studies of the periodical phenomena of life in plants connected with the flora of Griitz. Trans. Zool.-Bot. Soc. Vienna, XX. G. Kraus. On the formation of scorpioid inflorescences. Bot. Zeit. 1870. P. Magnus. Further observations on the mutual influences of the graft and the stock. Bot. Zeit. 1871. M. T. Mastei-s and J. H. Gilbert. Reports on experiments on the influence of manures on different species of plants. Presented by the Authors. T. Meehan. On bud-formation in Gi/mnocladiis. — On the flowers of Amlia and Hedeva (from Proc. Acad. jS'at. Sc. Philad.). Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vii. "VV. Mitchell. On equations to the curved outlines of the leaves of plants, 1 plate. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb. x. J. C. P. V. Moens. Researches on the Quina barks in Java. Xat. Tijdschr. v. Ned. Ind. xxxi. J. T. Moggridge. On petalody of sepals in Serapias, 1 plate. Journ. Linn. Soc. xi. H. V. Mohl. Morphological study of the leaves of Sciadopitys, Bot. Zeit. 1871. Fritz Mueller. On the modification of the stamens of a species of Begonia. Journ. Linn. Soc. xi. N. J. C. Mueller. Researches on some phenomena of growth, 1 plate. Bot. Zeit. 1870. E. Royer. On the subterraneous parts of plants. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xvii. S. Rosnnoff. On the morphology of the colouring-matter in plants, 1 plate. Bot. Zeit. 1870. CXIV PROCEEDINGS OF THE G. Stengel. On the leaves of Lathrcea Squamana, 1 plate. Bot. Zeit. 1871. A. Vogel. On the relation of phosphoric acid and guanin to vege- tation. Trans. Bavar. Acad. Sc. x. E. "Warming. On the development of the inflorescence in Eu- phorbia. Flora, 1870. Crtptogamic Botany : — F. Ardissone. Review of the Ceramii of the Italian flora. N. Giorn. Bot. Ital. iii. F. Arnold. The Lichens of Carniolia and the Littorale collected by J. Glowacki, 1 plate. — Lichenological excursions in Tyrol. Trans. Zool.-Bot. Soc. Vienna, xx. — Lichenological fragments, 1 plate. Flora, 1871. F. Baglietto. Synopsis of Tuscan Lichenology. N". Giorn. Bot. Ital. iii. A. de Bary. Eurotium, Erydplie, Ctcinnobolus, "with remarks on the sexual organs of Ascomyceta, 6 plates. Trans. Senckenb. Nat. Hist. Soc. vii. R. H. Beddome. The Ferns of Southern India, 4to, 271 plates. Presented by Mr. Hanbury. M. J. Berkeley and C. E. Broome. Notices of British Fungi. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi., vii. — Fungi of Ceylon, Agaricusto Can- tharelJus. Jouru. Linn. Soc. xi. A. Braun, Later researches on the genera Marsilea and Pilidaria, woodcuts. Monatsber. Acad. Sc. BerKn, 1870. E. Braithwaite. Recent additions to the British Moss-flora, 1 plate. Seem. Journ. Bot. vii. C. E. Broome. Scleroderma Geaster, a new British fungus, 1 plate. Seem. Journ. Bot. ix. — Remarks on fungi of the neighbourhood of Bath. Proc. Bath Nat. Hist. Field-Club, 1871. J. B. Carnoy. Anatomical and physiological researches on fungi, 9 plates. Bull. See. Bot. Belg. ix. B. Carrington. On Dr. Gray's arrangement of Hepaticae. — On two new British Hepatieae. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb. x. M. C. Cooke. Cashmir Morels, woodcuts. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb. x. — On polymorphic Fungi, 1 plate. Pop. Sc. Rev. x. C. Cramer. On the development and pairing of zygospores in Vhthrix. Bot. Zeit. 1871. J. M. Crombie. New British Lichens. Journ. Linn. Soc. xi. G. Dickie. On the distribution of Algae. Seem. Journ. Bot. ix. LIXXEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDOJf. CXV J. E. Duby. New or little-known exotic Cryptogams, 4 plates. Mem. Soc. Phys, Hist. Nat. Geneva, xx. A. Geheeb. Ou Hypnum hydropteryx, Schimp. Bot. Zeit. 1871. E. Hampe. New Mosses from the Melbourne Herbarium, Aus- tralia. Linnaea, xxxvi. E. D. Harrop. On Phyllactidium pulchellum. Proc. R. Soc. Tasra. 1868-9. C. 0. Harz. On Ferments. Flora, 1871. F. Hazslinszky. The Spharice of the Eose, 1 plate. Trans. Zool.- Bot. Soc. Yienna, xx. H. Hoffmann. Myeological Reports, 1870. Presented by the Author. L. R. V. Hohenbiihel-Heuffler. On the supposed station for Hy- menopJiyllum Tunhridgeiise in the region of the Adriatic. Separate copy presented by the Author. E. V. Glinka Jauczewski. Morphology of Ascoboliis purpuraceus, 1 plate. Bot. Zeit. 1871. L. Juranyi. On the structure and development of the Sporangia oi Psilotinn triquetnim. — On (Edoyonia. Bot. Zeit. 1871. J. Juratzka. New species of Mosses, | plate. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xx. J. Juratzka and J. MUde. Contributions to the museological flora of the Levant. Trans. Zool.-Bot. Soc. Vienna, xx. H. Karsten. On the hyphogonidian Fungi observed in the human ear, 1 plate. BuU. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1870, i. J. Klein. Myeological communications, 2 plates. Trans. Zool.- Bot. Soc. Vienna, xx. J. Kny. On the morphology of Chondriopsis ccerulescens, Crouan, and some peculiar optical phenomena in this Alga, 1 plate. Mo- natsber. R. Acad. Sc. Berlin, 1870. A. v. Krempelhuber. Lichens of the voyage of the frigate ' Novara,' 8 plates. Purchased. — Lichens as parasites on Algae. Flora, 1871. W. Lauder-Lindsay. The Lichens collected in W. Greenland by R. Brown, 5 plates. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii. Supplementary notes to the Lichen-flora of Greenland. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb. x. E. Lees. On the forms and persistency of arboreal Fungi. — On remarkable Fungi and Algae of the Malvern district. Trans. Malv. Nat. Field-Club, i. W. A. Leighton. On the chemical reaction in the British species o{ Pertusaria. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vi. CXVa PROCEEDINGS OF THE H. Leitgeb. On the position of the leaves in Mosses. Bot. Zeit. 1871. P. Magnus, Contributions to the knowledge of the genus Najas, 4to, 8 plates. Berlin, 1870. Presented by Mr. Darwin. D. V. Martens. Kurzia crenacanthoidea, a new Alga, 1 plate. Flora, 1870. J. Milde. Ophioglosseae and Equisetacese of the Voyage of the Frigate ' K'ovara.' Purchased. W. Mitten. On Pottia. Seem. Journ. Bot. ix. J. Mueller. On Dufourea madreporiformis, Achar. Flora, 1870. W. Osier. On Canadian Diatomaceae. Canad. Naturalist, v. G. Passerini. Notes on Italian plants, including some new species of Puccinia. N. Giorn. Bot. Ital. iii. A. Pitra. On Sphctrobolus stellatus, 1 plate. Bot. Zeit. 1870. "VV. W. Reichardt. Fungi, Hepaticee, and Mosses of the Voyage of the Frigate ' Novara,' 17 plates. Purchased. J. Ruckmann. On Fairy Rings. Presented by the Author. W. W. Saunders and W. G. Smith. Mycological Illustrations, part 1. Presented by Mr. Saunders. — Schroter. On Syncliytrice. Proc. Siles. Soc. 1869. S. Schulzer v. Miiggenburg. Mycological observations, with de- scriptions of new species, 2 papers, 1 plate. Trans. Zool.-Bot. Soc. Vienna, xx. W. G. Smith. Agaricus Georgince, a new species, 1 plate. Seem. Journ. Bot. ix. F. Baron v. Thiimen. Mycological notes from Greece. Bot. Zeit. 1871. J. "Waly. On the emptying of zoosporangia. Bot. Zeit. 1870. C. A. "Watkins. On Yeast and other Ferments. Journ. Quek. Microsc. Club, ii. V. B. Wittroch. Observations on Scandinavian Desmidiacese, 1 plate. Trans. R. Soc. Sc. Upsala, Ser. 3, vii. W. Wolff and P. E. R. Zimmermann. Chemical. and Physio- logical experiments on Fungi. Bot. Zeit. 1871. M. Woronin. Sphceria Lemanece, Sorduria Jitniseda, S. coprophila, and Arthrcbotrys oUgospora, 6 plates. Trans. Senckenb. Nat. Hist. Soc. vii. G. Zanardini. New or rare Algae of the Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas, 8 plates. Mem. R. Instit. Venice, xiv. J. E. Zetterstedt. The Mosses and Hepaticae of (Eland. Trans. R. Soc. Sc. Upsala, Ser. 3, vii. lixxban socieir of london. cxvu Paleontology : — A. Bell. Contributions to the Crag-fauna. Ann, Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vii. — Beyi'ich. On the basis of the Crinoidea brachiata. Monats- ber. E. Acad. So. Berlin, 1870, also translated into Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vii. E. Billings. On the structure of Crinoidea, Cystidea, and Blas- toidea. Canad. Naturalist, v., and Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, \'ii. H. B. Brady. On Saccammina Carteri, a new foramiuifer from the carboniferous limestone of Northumberland, 1 plate. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vii. H, Burmeister. On the pelvis of Megatlierium . Trans. Zool.-Bot. Soc. Vienna, xx. — On Saurocetes argentinus, a new type of Zeuglo- dontidae, 1 plate. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vii. H. J. Carter. On fossil sponge-spicules of the greensand. — On the Coccolith, Melohesia unicellularis. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vii. J. D. Dana. On the supposed legs of the trilobite Asaphiis platy- ceplialus. Ann. Nat. Hist, Ser. 4, vii. G. M. Dawson. On Foraminifera from the Gulf and River St. Lawrence. — On spore-cases in coals, woodcuts. Ann. Nat. Hist, Ser. 4, vii. A. Dickson. The phyllotaxy of Lepidodendron and Knorria. Seem. Journ. Bot. ix. C. G. Ehrenberg. On large strata consisting of microscopical BaciUarise under and near the city of Mexico, 4to, 3 plates. Berlin, 1869. Presented by Mr. Darwin. G. v. Frauenfeld. Address on the extinct and expiring animals of the most recent geological period. Vienna, 1870. Presented by the Author. A. Hancock and T. Atthey, On a mandibular ramus of AniJira- cosaurus Russelli and on Loxomma and Archichthys, 1 plate. — On Dipterus and Ctenodits, 1 plate. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vii. J. Hopkinson. On a specimen of Diphgrapsus pnstis with re- productive capsules, woodcuts. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vii. W. King. On Agulhasia Davidsonii, a new PaUiobranchiate genus, plate. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vii. F. Kitton. Diatomaceous deposits from Jutland, 2 plates. Journ. Quek. Microsc. Club, ii. G. Kreift. A gigantic amphibian allied to Lepidosiren from Queensland, woodcuts. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870. CXVIU PROCEEDINGS OF THE K.. Owen. Ou the Fossil Mammals of Australia, part 3, 16 plates. Phil. Trans, clx. E. Parfitt. On an araneaceous Foraminifer from the carboniferous limestone of Devonshire, | plate. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vii. G. A. Pirona. The Hippuritidse of the Colle di Medea in the Frioul, 10 plates. Mem. R. Instit. Venice, xiv. H. J. Seeley. Additional evidence of the structure of the head in Ornithosaurs from the Cambridge upper greensand, 2 plates. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vii. 0. ToreU. Petrifactions of the Swedish Cambrian formation, 1 plate. Mem. Univers. Lund, 1869. S. V. "Wood. On the assumption of the adult form by the genera Cyprcea and Ringicula. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vii. H. Woodward. The tertiary shells of the Amazons Valley, 1 plate. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vii. A. de Zigno. Palaeontological Notes. Mem. R. Instit. Venice, xiv. Palseontographical Society's Publications, xxiv. Purchased, MlSCELLANEOTTS : C. Balfour. Timber Trees, Timber and Fancy "Woods and Forests of India, 3rd edition, 8vo. Presented by the Author. G. Bennett. Correspondence relating to the cultivation of silk laid before the New South "Wales Parliament. Presented by Mr. Bennett. Emil Blanchard. Six successive annual Addresses on the occasion of the distribution of prizes to the French Provincial Scientific Societies. Presented by Mr. Bentham. E. Clarke. On Systematic Botany and Zoology, table viii. and conclusion. Presented by the Author. R. V. Cotta, On the law of development of the Earth, 8vo. Leipzig, 1870. Presented by Mr. Darwin. R. 0. Cunningham. Notes on the Natural History of the Straits of Magellan, 8vo, 1871. Presented by Mr. Bentham. Forest Administration of India. Reports for the Central Pro- vinces, 1867-68, 1868-69, and 1869-70 ; for Canara, 1869-70 ; for the Bombay Presidency, 1869-70 ; for British Burmah, 1868-69 and 1869-70. Presented by the Government of India. J. Haast. Anniversary Address to the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury, New Zealand. Presented by the Author. L. Baron v. Hohenbiihel-Heuffler. On Linnseus's views of the Descent theories. — Franz v. Mygind, the friend of Jacquin. Pre- sented by the Author. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. CXIX L. Jenyns, St. Swithin and other weather saints. — Address of the President of the Bath Natural History and Antiquarian Field- Club, 1871. Presented by the Author. B. T. Lowne. On so- called spontaneous generation. Journ. Quek. Microsc. Club, ii. 0. Peschel. Few problems in Physical Geography, 8vo. Leipzig, 1870. Presented by Mr. Darwin. L. Netto. History of the Imperial and National Museum of Natural History of Rio Janeiro. — Contributions to the applied Botany of Brazil. — On the Botany of the Upper San Francisco River. — Short notes on the collection of Brazilian woods in the Interna- tional Exhibition of 1867. Presented by the Author. R. Schomburgk. Report as Director of Adelaide Botanic Garden for 1870. Presented by the Author. J. L. Soubeiran. Curiosities of Alimentation. Presented by the Author. P. Squire. Companion to the last edition of the British Pharma- copoeia. Presented by the Author. H. Ulrici. God and Nature, 8vo. Leipzig, 1866. Presented by Mr, Darwin. C. A. Zittel. Obituary notice of Christian Erich Hermann v. Meyer, the palaeontologist. Presented by the R. Bavarian Academy of Sciences. cxx INDEX TO THE PROCEEDINGS. SESSION" 1870-71. Page Address of the President, May 24,1871 xxxiv Anniversary Meeting, May 24, 1871, Report on xxxiv Artificial Pearls, Documents re- lating to Linnaeus' s discovery of a mode of producing, pre- sented XXX Aspidium aculeatum and angu- tare. Varieties of, from East Woodhay, exhibited by H. Eeeks, Esq., P.L.S xxxii Associate deceased Ixxviii Beetle, Large, allied to Dynastes, from tlie Chontales Moun- tains, Nicaragua, exhibited by Dr. Seemaun, E.L.S. . . . xxxii Bust of J. J. Bennett, Esq., V.P.L.S., presented .... Ixxx Caucalis latifolia, from corn- fields, near Keynsham, Grlou- cestershire, exliibited by Mr. T B. Flower, F.L.S. . . . xxix Council, Election of . . . xxix, Ixxviii Cvpania cinerea, Poepp., Speci- mens of, showing a remai'table pecuharity in the seed, exhi- bited by the President . . . xxxii Election of Council and Officers . Ixxviii Fellows deceased. List of . . . Ixxviii Financial Statement .... Ixxviii Floral Prolification, Specimen of, in Jasione montana, exhi- bited xxxiii Foreign Members, deceased . . Ixxviii India-rubber plant of Tropical Africa {Landolphia florida, Benth. ?), Fruit-bearing speci- mens of, exhibited by Dr. Hooker, V.P.L.S xxx Insects retaining, in the imago state, the head of the larva, Page Drawings of, exhibited by Prof. Westwood, F.L.S. . . xciv Jasione montana, Specimen of Floral Prolification in, exhi- bited by F. P. Balkwill, Esq., F.L.S xxxiii Landolpliia florida, Benth., Spe- cimens of, exhibited by Dr. Hooker xxx Linnaeus. See Artificial Fearls and Photographic Album. Obitxtary Notices : — Anderson, Thomas, M.D. • . Ixxx Buckley, Nathaniel, M.D. . . Ixxxii Chambers, Robert, Esq. . . Ixxsii Denny, Henry, A.L.S. . . . Ixxxiv Hale, Archdeacon William . Ixxxv Haliday, A. H., Esq. . . . Ixxxvii Miquel, F. A. W., M.D., F.M.L.S Ixxxviii Peek, Richard, LL.D. ... xc Robinson, Charles A., Esq. . xc Veitcli, J. G-., Esq xc Yates, James, Esq xci Papers bead: — Atkin, Letter fi'om, to Dr. Hooker on the vegetation of the Solomon's Islands . . xxx Barber, Mrs., Carnivorous and Insectivorous plants . . . xxix Bentham, George, Notes on the styles of Australian Pro- teaceee xxxiii Cambridge, Rev. O. P., On British Spiders: supplemen- tary to a communication " On British Spiders new to Science," &c xciv Chimmo, Capt. W., Natural History of Deep-sea Sound- ings between Gralle and Java xxx Crotch, G. R., On the generic INDKX. CXXl Page Papees EEAD {continued) : — nomenclature of Lepido- ptera xxxiii Dalzell, N. A., Notes on Cap- paris galeata, Frcsen., and C. Murrayi, J. Grab. . . xxxiii Ernst, M. A., On Sabadilla from Caracas {Asagrcea offi- cinalis, Lindl.) xxix Hanbuiy, Daniel, Historical Notes on the ' Radix Ga- langse ' of Pharmacy . . . xxix Hance, H. F., Supplementary Note on Chinese SLIkworm- oaks xxviii , On the source of the ' Radix Galangse minoris ' of Pharmacologists . . . xxviii , Notes on some plants from Northern Chuia . . xciii Lindberg, S. O., Bryological Remarks xxxii MacLachlan, Robert, Attempt towards a systematic classi- fication of the family Asca- lapbidse xxxiv Mansel, J. P. See Weale. Masters, M. T., Contributions to the Natural History of the Passifloracese .... xxviii , Note on the genus Byr- santhus, Guill., and its floral conformation xxx Mateer, Rev. Samuel, On the Tamil popular names of plants xxxii Meldola, Raphael, The pheno- mena of Protective Mimi- cry, and its bearing on the theory of Natural Selection, as illustrated by the Lepi- doptera of the British Islands xxxiv Miers, John, On the Hippo- crateaceae of S. America . . xciii Munro, General, Letter to Dr. Hooker, dated 'Royal Al- fred,' Feb. 21, 1871, and containing notes on the Bo- tany of Antigua, Trinidad, St.Vincents, and other West- Indian Islands xxxii Murie, James, Notes on the White-beaked Bottle-nose {Lagenorhynclms alhiros- iris, Gray) xxviii Murray, Andrew, Extract of a letter from, on the relations between the Fauna and Flora Page Papers bead (continued) : — of S. Africa and the Medi- tei'ranean element of the European region .... xxiiii Pascoe, F. P., Contributions towards a knowledge of the Curcuhonida;, pt. 2 . . . xxxii Reeks, Henry, On the varieties of Aspidium aculeatum and A. angulare xxxii Robinson, WiUiam, Letter, dated Sien-a Nevada, Oct. 28, 1870, on the Californian Pitcher-plant {Darlingtonia californica, Torr.) . . . xxix Trimen, Roland, Notes on a paper, by Mr. A. Miin-ay, F.L.S., on the geographical relations of the chief Coleo- pterous Faunse .... xxxiii Tidasne, L. R. & C, Notes on the Ti*mellineousFungiand their analogues .... xxxii Weale, J. P. M., Notes on a Sohtary Bee alhed to the genus Anthidium, Latr. . . xxvii , Observations on the mode in which certain spe- cies of AsclepiadecB are fer- tilized xxviii , Observations on the fer- tilization of Disa macran- tha xxviii , Notes on a species of Disperis found in the Haga- berg, S. Africa xxviii , Notes on some species of Sabenaria found in S. Africa xxviii Photographic Album 'id Me- moriam Car. a Linne,' ex- hibited xxx Portrait of G. Bentham, Esq., P.L.S., presented .... xxx Publications presented, Reports on i, xciv Siler trilobtcm, Scop., from Cherry Hinton, Cambridge- shire, exhibited by Mr. Mel- vill, Jun., F.L.S xciii Tarantula Spider, Two living specimens of, from Madeira, exhibited by Mr. Howlett . . xciii Thladiantha dubia, Bunge, Fresh fruits of, ripened in the open air at Clapham, exhibited by Mr. Hanbuiy xxix Vice-Presidents nominated . . xciii PROCEEDINGS OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. (SESSION 1871-72.) November 2nd, 1871. George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair. The following Report, on the Additions to the Library received since the last Meeting, was laid before the Society : — As usual, at your first assembling after the recess, the table is loaded with the Transactions, Proceedings, and other publications received since the close of the last session, many of them of great value to lis, although we cannot say that the whole, or even any thing near the whole, are directly connected with the sciences we take cognisance of. The number of non-biological works and papers in our libraiy has, indeed, so much increased of late, that when we re- arrange them in our new rooms it will be a matter of serious con- sideration to us whether we should not dispose, for instance, of such as are purely medical, physical, &c., and decline to receive any such for the future, so as to make more room for purely zoological, botanical, or paloeontological works, of which there are many of considerable bulk which we ought to purchase whenever our funds admit of our BO doing. Among the publications on our table the Russian ones continue LTNN. PEOC— Session 1871-72. b 11 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE to occupy a prominent place, on tliis occasion almost entirely zoolo- gical. From the * Memoirs of the Imperial Academy ' we may spe- cially mention J. F. Brandt's elaborate Contributions to the natural history of the Elk, its morphological and palseontological relations and geographical distribution, A. Strauch's Revision of the Sala- mandridse, "with detailed geographical considerations, and -various anatomical and physiological papers by A. Brandt, Spiro, E. Brandt, Metschnikoff, and others, the latter in the ' Bulletin.' There are also two parts of the ' Horse ' of the Russian Entomological Society. The University of Lund, which has of late years, in imitation of Academies, undertaken the regular publication of scientific memoirs, has sent us its volume for 1870, with interesting papers by C. A. Bergh on animal life in the Cattegat, and by Areschoug and Berg- gren on vegetable physiology. In separate publications, C. A. "Wester- lund has presented his ' Fauna of the Terrestrial MoUusca of Scandi- navia ' (in Swedish in 8vo, and in French in 4to), and Dr. Thorell an additional number of his ' Synonymy of European Spiders.' From Copenhagen we have two parts of the ' Botanisk Tidsskrift,' and one of the ' Proceedings of the Eoyal Danish Society.' The German and French contributions in general furnish lament- able evidence of the disastrous effects of the war. Their publications are few, and chiefly worked up, and even printed, before the events of last July twelvemonth. The Academy Naturae Curiosorum, now at Dresden, is, however, an exception ; the volume before us contains several valuable papers, amongst which, besides Boettcher's elaborate anatomical memoir on the organs of hearing in Mammals, we may particularly notice Hildebrand's detailed elucidation of the sexiial relations in Compositse, and more especially of the functions of the collecting -hairs of the style and the tardy exposure of the stig- matic surface, alluded to in the notes on the styles of Proteaceae printed in the last number of your Journal. There is also a con- tribution of one of our own active botanical FeUows, Mr. Moggridge's paper on OpTirys insectifera. The only other German biological papers on the table of any importance are the anatomical and phy- siological contributions to Kolliker's and to Wiegmann's zoological and Pringsheim's botanical journals. The Berlin Academy's annual volume is reduced to very small dimensions, being limited to Ehren- berg's paper on Californian Bacillariae. The ' Monatsbericht ' has been kept up, including, as usual, a few zoological contributions of our Foreign Member Dr. Peters. The Munich Academy's annual volume has nothing which concerns us, except a palseontological LUra^EAN SOCIETT OF LONDON. lU paper of Gumbel's. From the smaller towns we have publications of the Eoyal Society of Gottiiigen, of the Brandenburg Botanical Society, of the Natural-History Society of Prussian Ehineland, and of the Physico-Medical Society of "Wiirzburg, and some sheets of the ' Malakozoologische Blatter.' The Austrian Empire has naturally been less influenced by the European disturbance. From Vienna, besides several volumes re- ceived early in the year and noticed in our last reports, we have Transactions or Proceedings of the Imperial Academy and of the Geological Society, the former including Fitzingers detailed review of the Chiroptera and various anatomical and physiological papers, botanical as well as zoological, both series comprising, as usual, numerous paleeontological contributions. A new publishing JSTatural History and Medical Society has started at Innspruck a series of 8vo Proceedings, which it is to be presumed will be chiefly devoted to local biology. It is therefore with some regret that we observe that one of the two numbers before us is selected by Prof. Kerner for the publication of new species of Himalayan plants, as these Proceedings are so little likely to come under the notice of Indian botanists. The Transactions of the Natural-History Society of Bremen, now on the table, contain nothing of general interest. Dr. Eichler, the editor of j^lartius's ' Flora Brasiliensis,' now settled at Gratz, in the professorship of the late Dr. linger, there continues that important work, much encouraged by a flattering reception from the Emperor of Brazil. We purchase the work ; and amongst the parts now received are two contributions from our own Fellows — Mr. Baker's Connaraceae and Ampelideas, and Mr. A. W. Bennett's Hydroleaceae and Pedalinese. With these parts have also been sent a number of titlepages and indexes, which will enable us to place several volumes of this great work in the binder's hands. We have received Transactions, Memoirs, and Bulletins from various French Societies ; but all that are of any importance are dated in or before the early part of 1870. Amongst them we are parti- cularly obliged to the Museum of the Jardin des Plantes for several volumes of their valuable ' Nouvelles Archives,' which we have now complete as far as published ; and we have also to make our acknow- ledgment to the Academies of Lyons, Cherbourg, and Bordeaux. A few publishiug societies and journals at Paris contrived to struggle through the sieges, and we have already received new numbers of the ' Annales des Sciences Naturelles,' of the * Bulletin de la Societe Botanique de France,' the ' Annales de la Societe Entomologique,' 62 IV PKOCEEDINGS OF THE and the ' Journal de Conchyliologie.' Dr. Baillon has resumed his ' Histoire des Plantes,' and published the Papaveraceaj, Caj)paride3e, and Cruciferae ; and M. Westphal-Castelnau, of Montpellier, has sent us his catalogue of his late father's rich erpetological museum. Of the Memoirs and Bulletin of the Brussels Academy several volumes are on the table, containing, besides various anatomico- physiological and a few systematic zoological papers, P. J. van Be- neden's detailed memoirs on the parasites and commensals of the larger fishes and Cetacea. From HoUand we have five parts of the * Archives Neerlandaises,' including a considerable number of papers of varied interest. Prom Switzerland, to the Transactions received before the recess we have now to add those of the Societe Yaudoise of Lausanne and of the Natural-History Society of Zurich. Prom Italy there are bulky volumes from the Istituto Yeneto, with but very little con- cerning our branches of knowledge. We have a new number of the ' Giornale Botanico Italiano,' hitherto edited by Beccari ; but as he is about to undertake another distant expedition, the journal has passed into the hands of Caruel, who has at length obtained a pro- fessorship worthy of his acceptance, having been appointed to suc- ceed the late Paolo Savi at Plorence. The annual North-American package, transmitted through the Smithsonian Institution, is as usual very valuable. Their own volume of Contributions to Knowledge is occupied by an elaborate memoir of L. H. Morgan, on the systems of consanguinity and affinity of the human family ; whilst the publications of the Ameri- can Philosophical Society, of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences of Boston, the Boston Society of Natural History, the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology, the Lyceum of Natural History of New York, the Portland Society of Natural History, the Peabody Academy of Science, the Essex Institute of Salem, and the Connecticut Aca- demy of Arts and Sciences, as well as the ' American Journal of Conchology,' show how actively the American zoologists and palae- ontologists are pursuing the investigation of the numerous forms of animal life now in existence, or whose remains have been preserved, not only in their own vast territory, but also in the neighbouring Central- American States, with some attention also to the South- American fauna. The active continuation of the more popular biological periodicals, both in the United States and in Canada, affords evidence, moreover, of the general spread of the study of natural IINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. V history, especially zoology. In botany there is, however, but little in the volumes on the table besides Asa Gray's monographic revisions (Eriogoneae, Polemoniaceae, and Diapensiacete), always valuable, and these especially so, as being the result of the study of European herbaria during his last tour in the Old "World. There are on the table several numbers of the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, containing several papers both on the zoology and the botany of Southern Asia ; and from Australia, Transactions and Proceedings of the lioyal SocietyofVictoria, the Entomological Society of New South Wales, and the Adelaide Philosophical Society. Mr. Brady, of Sydney, has sent us his tracts on Silk and on the Ailant Silkworm, Mr. G. Bennett has presented his tract on the introduc- tion of the Orange and others of the Citron tribe into New South Wales, and Dr. Schomburgk his Catalogue of the Adelaide Botanic Garden. At home the British Museum has made a valuable addition to our Library in the shape of a complete series of their Catalogues, in- cluding those which, like Dr. Giinther's Fishes, are so much more important than the title would imply. From the Royal Society we have the fifth volume of their great Catalogue of Scientific Papers, and from other Societies a part of the Transactions and a volume of the Proceedings of the Zoological, and Proceedings and Trans- actions of several others less connected with our own pursuits, as well as the usual continuations of the various Journals and regular serials presented to us or purchased. The British Association have sent the Liverpool volume of their Eeports ; and among local Societies there are the publications of those of Northumberland and Durham, of Liverpool, Plymouth, Cornwall, and of the Woolhope Field-Club. An important volume of the Ray Society's Publications con- tains Dr. Allman's Monograph of the Gymnoblastic or Tubularian Hydroids. Among separate works presented to us are the second voliime of Oliver's ' Flora of Tropical Africa,' Cooke's ' Handbook of British Fungi,' Moggridge's fourth part of his ' Flora of Mentone,' com- pleting the volume, Mrs. LyeU's ' Geographical Handbook of Ferns,' Mr. Newman's ' Illustrated Natural History of British Butterfiies,' Dr. Aitchison's ' Catalogue of the Plants of the Punjab and Sindh,' Dr. Brettschneider's ' Study and Yalue of Chinese Botanical Works,' besides separate copies of a considerable number of Transaction- papers sent in by their several authors. Two Zoological Numbers and one Botanical one of our own Journal VI PKOCEEDINGS OF THE have been sent out during the recess, and the concluding part of the twenty-seventh volume of our Transactions is now in the course of delivery. The following is the detailed enumeration of the Biological Papers contained in the above-mentioned Transactions, Proceedings, and Journals, and of the separate works added to the Library since the last Report : — Mammalia and Genekal Zoology: — J. Anderson. Three new Squirrels from Upper Burmah, 1 plate. — A new Cetacean from the Irawaddi, woodcuts. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. E. Bartlett. Notes on the Monkeys of Eastern Peru, 1 plate. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. P. J. V. Beneden. Cetacea, their commensals and parasites. BuU. R. Acad. Sc. Brussels, xxxix. — On a Balcenoptera captured in the Scheldt. Mem. E,. Acad. Sc. Brussels, xxxviii. — V. Bisehoff. On the brain of a Chimpanzee, 1 plate. Proc. R. Acad, Munich, 1871. A, Boettcher, On the development and structure of the organs of hearing in Mammalia, 12 plates. Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. Dresden, xxxv. J. P, Brandt. Contributions to the natural history of the Elk, its morphological and palaeontological relations and geographical distri- bution. Mem. Imp. Acad. Sc. Petersburg, Ser. 7, xvi. — Remarks on the hair of the Mammoth. BuU. Imp. Acad. Sc, Petersburg, xv. W. BuUer. On the New-Zealand Rat, 1 plate (from Trans, N, Zeal. Inst.). Presented by the Author. J. W. Clark. On the skeleton of a Narwahl (Mo^iodon monoceros) with two fully developed tusks. Proc. Zool, Soc, 1871, E, Cyon. On the nervus depressor' of the Horse, 1 plate. Bull, Imp. Acad. Sc, Petersburg, xv, G, E. Dobson, New Malayan Bats. — A new Vespertilio. Journ, Asiat, Soc, Bengal, 1871, H. Emery, Physiological Notes, Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xii. L. J. Eitzinger. Critical Review of the Order Chiroptera. Proc. Imp. Acad, Sc. Yienna, Ix., Ixi,, Ixii, — George, Zoological Studies of the Hemione and other equine species. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xii, P, Gervais, On the cerebral forms of living and fossil Edentata, 5 plates, and Marsupialia, 2 plates. Nouv, Archiv, Mus, Paris, v, J, E. Gray, On the Berardius of New Zealand. Ann, Nat, Hist, Ser, 4, viii. LINNEAN SOCIEIY OF LONDON. VU — Hector. Notes on New-Zealand Eared Seals. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii. H. Milne-Edwards. Note on a hybrid of a Hemione and Mare, 4 plates. Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Par. v. St. G. Mivart. On Hemicentetes, a new genus of Insectivora, 1 plate and woodcuts. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. J. Murie. Eesearclies upon the anatomy of Pinnipedia, 5 plates. Trans. Zool. Soc. vii. G. Nepveu. On the pacinian eorpuscules iu Apes, 1 plate. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, vii. "W. C. H. Peters. On the genera and species of Ehinohphi. — Supplement to the monographical review of the genus Atalaiolia. — On Lichenotus mitratus, a new species of Indri. Proc. E. Acad. Sc. BerHn, 1871. F. Prevost. On the existence of rudimentary horns in the head of the female Deer, 1 plate. Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Par. v. P. L. Sclater. On Rhinoceros xinicoTrnis, woodcuts. — On rare or little-known animals in the Gardens of the Zoological Society, 4 plates. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. F. H. Troschel, Eeport on the contributions to the Natural History of Mammalia for 1869. "Wiegm. Archiv, xxxvi. A. V. Winiwarter. On the organs of heariag in Mammalia, 1 plate. Proc. Imp. Sc. Vienna, Isi. Oknithologt : — J. Anderson. Eight new Birds from "Western China, 1 plate. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. B. H. Bannister. Sketch of a classification of American Anse- rinae. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 1870. "W. Buller. Notes on various New-Zealand Birds, 3 plates (from Trans. N. Zeal. Inst.). Presented by the Author. E,. 0. Cunningham. On some points in the osteology of Rhea americana and R. Danvinii, 2 plates. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. D. G. Elliot. On an apparently new Argus. — Two new Humming- birds. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4. viii. — A new Pheasant from Burmah. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. W. H. Flower. On the skeleton of the Australian Cassowary, woodcuts. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. J. Gould. A new SpatJiura. — Two new Australian Birds. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. J. H. Gurney. On certain Abyssinian Birds. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. VUl PEOCEEDINGS OP THE J. E. Halting. On J. Barrow's collection of Arctic Birds. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. . The Ornithology of Skakespeare, 1 vol. 8vo. Presented by the Author. G. Hartlaub and 0. Pinsch. On a collection of Birds from Savai and Rarotonga Islands. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. — Jobert. Anatomical researches on the nasal glands of Birds, 2 plates. Ann. Sc, Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xi. — Marey. On the flight of Insects and Birds. Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. 5, sii. W. Marshall. On the splanchnology of Rhinochcetus juhatus, Verr. et Desm., 1 plate. Archiv. Neerl. v. — On the elongated caudal feathers of Birds of Paradise. Ibid, vi. A. Milne-Edwards and A. Grandidier. New Observations on the ^^yornis of Madagascar, 11 plates. Ann. Sc. Nat, Zool. Ser. 5, xii. J. Murie. On the dermal and visceral structures of the Kagu, Sun-bittern, and Boatbill, 2 plates. Trans, Zool. Soc, vii, "W. V. Nathusius. On the egg-shells of ^jpyornis, Dinornis, Ap- teryx, and some Cryjpturida, 2 plates. Zeitschr. wiss, Zool. xxi. A. Newton. On some new or rare Birds' eggs, 1 plate. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. J. Orton. On the Condors and Humming-birds of the Equatorial Andes. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser, 4, viii. T, H, Potts, On the Birds of New Zealand, 6 plates (from Trans. N, Zeal. Inst.), Presented by the Author. E,. Ridgway. A new classification and three new species of North-American Falconidse. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 1870. P. L. Sclater. Notes on Tyrannula mexicana, Kaup, and T. harhirostns, Swains. — On some species of Dendrocolaptidse in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution. Proc, Zool, Soc, 1871. R. B. Sharpe. On the Birds of Angola, 1 plate. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. — Notes on the American Eider Duck, woodcuts, — On Alauda bimaculata, Menetr. — On some African Birds. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii. T. H. Streets. Remarks on Huxley's classification of Birds. Proc. Acad. Nat, Sc, Philadelphia, 1870. C, J, Sundevall, On Birds from the Galapagos. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. T. M. Trippe. Notes on the Birds of Minnesota. Proc. Essex Inst. Salem, vi. LI>TrEAKr SOCIETY OF LO^^)OIf. IX H. B. Tristram. Notes on Sylyiads. Ann. Nat. Hist. Set. 4, viii. J. Verreaux. Descriptions of some ne^v species of Birds, 2 plates. Nouv. Archiv, 3Ius. Par. iv. — Descriptions of two new Birds from the collections of the Museum. Ibid. v. — On a new Promerojis, 1 plate. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. A. Yiscount Walden. A new TricliogJossus from Celebes, Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii. Ibis for July and Oct. 1871. ICHTHTOLOGT : P. J. v. Beneden. The Fishes of the Belgian coasts, their para- sites and commensals, 6 plates. Mem. E. Acad. Sc. Brussels, xxxviii. — The Echeneis and Xaucrates in their relations to the fishes they frequent. Bull. R, Acad. Sc. Brussels, xxx. C. A. Bergh. Observations on the animals of the Cattegat and Skagerack collected by the Expedition of the gunboat ' Ingegerd.' Trans. Univ. Lund, 1870. — Bocourt. New Eeptiles and Fishes. — A new Anolis. Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Par. v. G. Canestrini. Zoological Notes. Atti 1st. Tenet, xvi. E. D. Cope. Contributions to the Ichthj'ology of the Maraiion. — Synopsis of the freshwater Fishes of N. Carolina. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. xi. R. 0. Cunningham. Notes on the Fishes &c. of the Voyage of the ' Nassau.' Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii. F. Day. Monograph of Indian Cyprinidce, 1 plate. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1871. A. Dumeril. Note on three Fishes in the collection of the Mu- seum of Paris. Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Par. iv. — The Lophobranchia. Mem. Soc. Nat. Sc. Cherbourg, xv. F. GlU. On some new Fishes obtained by Prof. Ortou from the Maraiion and Napo rivers. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 1870. N. Grehant. Physiological researches on the breathing of Fishes. Ann. Sc.^Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xii. — Guichenot. New Fishes from China and Madagascar, 1 plate. Nouv. Archiv, Mus. Par. v. A. Giinther. On the young state of Fishes belonging to the family of Squamipinues. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii, C, Langer, On the lymphatic vessels of the skiii of some fresh- water Fishes, 1 plate. Proc. Imp. Acad. Sc. Vicuna, Ixii. X PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. Murray. On the young stage of the Sterlet, Accipenser ru- tJienus. Proc. Zool. Sec. 1871. F. Poey. New species of Cuban Pish. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. York, ix. S. Powel. On some Fishes new to the American fauna found at Newport. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 1870. J. W. Putnam. On EuleptorlianipJms. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xiii. P. Steindachner. On the Fish-fauna of Senegal, 2 papers, 20 plates. — Ichthyological Notes, 5 plates. Proc. Imp. Acad. Sc. Vienna, Ix., Ixi. F. Steindachner and R. Kner. On some Fishes from Viti. Proc. Imp. Acad. Se. Vienna, Ixi. F. H, Troschel. Report on the contributions to Ichthyology for 1869. Wiegm. Archiv, xxxvi. A. E. Verrill. On the food and habits of some Canadian marine Fishes. Canad. Naturalist, vi. Reptiles and Bateachia : — J. A. Allen. Notes on Massachusetts Reptiles and Batrachia. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xiii. J. Anderson. Reptilian accessions to the Indian Museum, Cal- cutta, 1865 to 1870, with descriptions of new species, — ^A new species of Sdncus. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1871. — On some Indian Reptiles. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. — On Testudo Phayrei. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii. — Bocourt. Descriptions of new Reptiles. Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Par. V. W. BuUer. List of New-Zealand Lizards (from Trans. N. Zeal. Inst.). Presented by the Author. E. D. Cope. Eighth contribution to the Herpetology of N. America. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. xi. — Batrachia and Reptilia col- lected by J. A. M'Niel in Nicaragua and by C. J. Maynard in Flo- rida. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sc. 1869-70. R. 0. Cunningham. Notes on the Reptilia and Amphibia of the voyage of the ' Nassau.' Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii. A. Dumeril. On the Reptilia of the menagerie of the Museum of Paris. Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Par. v. J. E. Gray. On Trionyx Phayrei. — On Euchelemys. — On Scajpia Phayrei. — Notes on freshwater Tortoises. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii. IINKEAN SOCIETY OF LOITOON. XI A. Giinther. List of Lizards belonging to the Sepidse. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. E. Klein. On the nerves of the Tadpole's tail, 1 plate. Proc. Imp. Acad. Sc. Yienna, Ixi. W. V. Nathusius. Additions to the notes on the egg-shell of the Adder, 1 plate, Zeitschr. "wiss. Zool. xxi. \Y. C. H. Peters. On Dr. R. Abendi-oth's collection of Amphibia from the elevated regions of Peru. Proc. E. Acad. Sc. Berlin, 1871. A. Preudhomme de Borre. A new African species of Varanus. Bull. R. Acad. Sc. Biiissels, xxix. S. Sireni. On the structure and development of the teeth in Amphibia and Eeptilia, 2 plates. Trans. Phys. Med. Soc. Wiii'z- burg, Ser. 2, ii. — Spiro. Physiologico-topographical researches on the spinal marrow of the Frog, 1 plate. Mem. Imp. Acad. Sc. Petersburg, Ser. 7, xvi. A. Strauch. Revision of the genera of Salamandridse, 2 plates. Mem. Imp. Acad. Sc. Petersburg, Ser. 7, xvi. F. H. Troschel. Report on the contributions to Herpetology for 1869. "Wiegm. Archiv, xxxvi. A. Westphal-Castelnau. Catalogue of his late father's collection of Reptiles at Montpellier, 8vo. Presented by the Author. Ckustacea and Akachnida : — J. Anderson. On the occurrence of Sacculina in the Bay of Bengal. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. E. V, Beueden. Researches on the embryogeny of Crustacea, 2 papers, 2 plates. Bull. R. Acad. Sc. Brussels, xxix. P. J. V. Beneden. See Ichthyology. C. A. Bergh. Observations on the animals of the Cattegat and Skagerack collected by the expedition of the gunboat ' lugegerd.' Trans. Univ. Lund, 1870. G. S. Brady. Recent Ostracoda from the GuK of St. Lawrence. Canad. Naturalist, v. E. Brandt. The nervous system of Lepas anatifera, 1 plate. — On the young of Idothea entomon, 1 plate. Bull. Imp. Acad. Sc. Petersburg, xv. R. Buchhok. Remarks on the species of Dermaleichus, Koch, 6 plates. Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. Dresden, xxxv. G. Canestriui. Zoological notes. Atti Islit. Venet. xvi. XU PEOCEEBINGS OP THE E. 0. Cunningham. Notes on the Crustacea &c. of the voyage of the ' Nassau,' 1 plate. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii. A. Dohrn. Eesearches on the structure and development of Ar- thropoda. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xsi. W. A. Hagen. Monograph of the N". American Astacidae, 11 plates. Catal. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Coll. n. 3. — Synopsis Pseudoscorpionidum. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xiii. A. W. M. van Hasselt. Studies on the PJioJcus opilionoides, Schranck. Archiv. Neerl. v. C. HeUer. Eesearches on the Crustacea of Tyrol. Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Innspruck, i. J. A. Herklots. On some monstrosities observed in Crustacea, 1 plate. Archiv. Neerl. v. — Hesse. New or rare Crustacea from the French coasts, 1 plate. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser, 5, xi. — Leydig. On an Arguhis from the neighbourhood of Tubingen, 2 plates. "Wiegm. Archiv, xxxvii. E. L. Maddox. On some Parasites found in the head of a Eat, 1 plate. Monthl. Microsc. Journ. vi, E. Metschnikoff. Embryology of Scorpions, 4 plates. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxi. A. Milne-Edwards. On some Crustacea from Celebes, sent by M. Eiedel, 2 plates. — On some new Crustacea of the family of Portunioe, 2 plates. — Eevision of the genus Thelphusa, 4 plates. — On some new species of the genus Sesanna. Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Par. iv., V. A. S. Packard, Jun. Preliminary notice of new North- American PhyUopoda. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii. M. E. Plateau. Isopodal terrestrial Crustacea of Belgium. Bull, E. Acad. Sc. Brussels, xxix. — On the freshwater Crustacea of Bel- gium, 3 plates. Mem. Sav. Etr. E. xicad. Sc. Brussels, xxxv. E. Graham Ponton. New Parasites, 1 plate. Monthl. Microsc. Journ. vi. S. J. Smith. Notice of Brazilian Crustacea collected by Prof. Hartt, 1 plate. — Notes on American Crustacea, 4 plates. Trans. Connecticut Acad. Arts and Sc. ii. — Crustacea collected in Central America by J". A. M'Neil. Eep. Peabody Ac. Sc. 1869-70. T. H. Streets. On some Crustacea of the genus Libinia. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 1870. T. Tliorcll. On synonyms of European Spiders, n. 2. Presented by the Author. LIXNT,AN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XUl J. "Wood-Mason. Contributions to Indian Carcinology, 2 plates. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1871. Entomology : — H. J. van Ankum. On the nidification of Vespa germanica, Fabr. Archiv. Xeerl. v. W. S. Atkinson. Three new diurnal Lepidoptera from Western Yunan, 1 plate. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. — Ealbiani. On the generation of Aphida), 1 plate. Ann. So. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xi. T. J. Bold. Revision of the Coleoptera of Northumberland and Durham. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb. & Durh. iv. F. Braucr. Report on the contributions to the Natural History of Insects for 18G9. Wiegm. Arch, xxxvi. T. Buchanan-White. Fauna Perthensis : 1. Lepidoptera. Pre- sented by the Author. A. G. Butler. New exotic Lepidoptera. — Some new species and a new genus of Pieriufe, and list of species of Ixias, 1 plate. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871.^New Lepidoptera from Mr. Wilson Saunders's collection. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii. A. Chapman. The life-history of RMpipliorus paradoxus, 2 plates. Trans. Woolhope Field-Club, 1870. — Derbes. On the Aphides of the Pistacia, 2 plates. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xi. W. H. Furlonge. The Pulex irriians. Journ. Quek. Microsc. Club, ii. A. Gaerstsecker. Contributions to the Insect-fauna of Zanzibar. Coleoptera. Wiegm. Archiv, xxxvii. A. Gartner. The Geometrince and Microlepidoptera of the Brunn territory. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Brunn, viii. M. Gerard. On the free heat discharged by invertebrate animals and especially Insects. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xi. Y. Graber. On the structure of the female organs in Locustida and Acridia, 1 plate. Proc. Imp. Acad. Sc. Yienna, Ixi. 0. v. Grimm. On the agamic reproduction of a Chironomus (from the Mem. Acad. Petersb.), 1 plate. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii. H. Landois. On the development of the wings of Butterflies in the larva and chrysalis, 1 plate. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxi. R. MacLachlan. Systematic classification of Ascalaphidoe. Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. xi. XIV PKOCEEDINGS OF THE — Marey. On the flight of Insects and Birds, woodcuts. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xi. E. Mayr. Formicidse Novogranatenses, 1 plate. Proc. Imp. Acad. Sc. Vienna, Ixi. P. Moore, P. "Walker, and E. Smith. New Insects collected by Dr. Anderson in Yunan, 1 plate. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. — Mulsant. The tribe of GibbicoUa, 14 plates. Trans. Soc. Imp. Agric. Lyons, Ser. 4, i. E, Newman. Illustrated natural history of British Butterflies, 8vo. Presented by the Author. E. Oustalet. On the respiration of the chrysalis of LibeUulse, 3 plates. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xi. A. S. Packard, Jun. Insects collected in Ecuador by Prof. J. Ortou. Eep. Peabody Acad. Sc. 1869-70. — Eecord of American Entomology for 1869. Presented by the Peabody Academy. F. P. Pascoe. Additions to Australian Curculionidae. — New genera and species of Longicorns, 1 plate. — Notes on Coleoptera, with descriptions of new genera and species, 1 plate. Ann. Nat, Hist, Ser. 4, viii. A. Preudhomme de Borre. On Byrsax (^Boletophagus) gibbifer, Wesm. Bullet. R. Acad. Sc. Brussels, xxix. E. Reiter. Conspectus of the Beetle-fauna of Moravia and Silesia. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Brunn, viii. E. V. Eiley. Third annual report on the noxious, beneficial, and other Insects of Missouri, woodcuts. Presented by the Author. S. H. Scudder. On the synonymy of TJiecla calanus. Proc. Best. Soc. Nat. Hist, xiii, S, H, Scudder and E, Burgess, On a symmetry in the appen- dages of hexapod Insects. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xiii. F, Smith, Catalogxie of aculeate Hymenoptera and Ichneu- monida of India and the archipelago. Journ, Linn, Soc, Zool, xi. E. Suffrian. Enumeration of Gundlach's Cuban CurcuUonidse (continued). Wiegm. Archiv, xxxvii. C. Thomas, Descriptions of Grasshoppers from Colorado. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 1870. E. Trimen. On the geographical relations of the chief Coleo- pterous Faunae. Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. xi. E. Yerson. On the anatomy of Bombyx Yama-mai, 3 plates. Proc. Imp. Acad. Sc. Yienna, Ixi. F. H. Wenham. On the structure of PocZwm-scales, woodcuts. Monthl. Mierosc. Journ. vi. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOKDON. XV H. Weyenbergh, jun. On the mode of living of Eurytoma longi- jjennis, Walt. Archiv. Neei'l. v. Horae Societatis Entomologicse Eossicse, vii, part 4, viii. parts 1, 2. Annuaire do la Socicte Entomologique de France, x., and supple- mental monograph of Eucuemidse. Transactions of the Entomological Society of New South Wales, ii. part 2. Canadian Entomologist, iii. parts 1-6. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1871, parts 1-3, Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 1871, July to October. Entomologist, iv. MOLLTJSCA : — G. F. Angas. Descriptions of thirty-four new Australian Shells, 1 plate. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. C. A. Bergh. Observations on the animals of the Cattegat and Skagerack collected in the expedition of the gunboat ' Ingegerd.' Trans. Univ. Lund, 1870. H. T. Blanford. Undescribed species of Camptoceras and other Land-shells, 4 plates. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1871. J, C. Cox. Seven new Australian Land-shells, 1 plate. — List of additional Mollusca from the coast of New South Wales. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. R. 0. Cunningham. Notes on the Mollusca &c. of the voyage of the ' Nassau.' Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii. W. H. Dall. Hevision of the classification of Mollusca. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xiii. — On PompTiolyx, with a revision of the Limnseidte, 1 plate and woodcuts. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, ix. A. Lafont. On the fecundation of Cephalopodous Mollusca. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xi. G. and H. Nevill. New Mollusca from the Eastern Regions. Joum. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1871. J. M. Percy. Researches on the generation of Gasteropodous MoUusca. Mem, Soc. Sc. Phys. Nat. Bordeaux, vi. L. Reeve. Conchologia Iconica, nos. 288, 289. Purchased. L. Smith and T. Prime. Report on the Mollusca of Long Island. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. York, ix. F. Stoliczka. On the anatomy of Cremnoconchus syJiadrensis, woodcut, — Terrestrial Mollusca from Tenasserim, 8 plates, Joum. Asiat, Soc. Bengal, 1871. Xvi PEOCEEDINGS OF THE A. Stuart. On the nervous system of Creseis acicula, 1 plate. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxi. F. H. Troschel. Report on the contributions to the natural his- tory of Mollusca for 1869. Wiegm. Archiv, xxxvi. C. A. Westerlund. Fauna of the terrestrial and freshwater Mol- lusca of Sweden, Norway, and Denmark. Part 1. Terrestrial. Swedish edition 8vo, French edition 4to. Presented by the Author. Malakozoologische Blatter, xviii. sh. 4-6. Journal de Conchyliologie, x. part 4, xi. parts 1 to 3. American Journal of Conchology, vi. parts 1 to 3, Lower Animaxs : — G. J. AUman. Monograph of the Gymnoblastic or Tubularian Hydroids. Part i., 12 plates. Ray Society's publications. E. V. Beneden. Zoological and anatomical studies of the genus Macrostomum, 1 plate. Bull. R. Acad. Sc. Brussels, xx. P. J. V. Beneden, See Ichthyology. C. A. Bergh. Observations on the animals of the Cattegat and Skagerack collected in the expedition of the gunboat 'Ingegerd.' Trans. Univ. Lund, 1870. A. Brandt. On BMzostoma Cuvieri, Lam., 1 plate. — Anatomico- histological researches on Sipuncvlus nvdus, Linn., 2 plates. Mem. Imp. Acad. Sc. Petersburg, Ser. 7, xvi. 0. Biitschli. Researches on the two Nematodes of Periplaneta (^Blatta) orientalis, 2 plates. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxi. H. J. Carter. Two new Calcispongice, and on the relation of Sponges to Corals, 2 plates.— A new Teiliya, and observations on Tethyadse, 1 plate. — Parasites of the Sponges. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii. C. Cubitt. Floscularia cy clops, a new species, 1 plate. — A rare Melicertian, 1 plate. Monthl. Microsc. Journ. vi. — Ehlers. On the Vermes collected by v. Heuglin in the sea of Spitzbergen (from Proc. Erlangen Phys. Med. Soc). Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii. J. E. Gray. Platasterias, a new genus of Astropectinidse from Mexico, 1 plate. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. — Note on Spongia lintei- formis. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii. R. Greeff. Researches on the structure and natural history of Vortkellce, 5 plates. Wiegm. Archiv, xxxvi. — On Nematodes, Pro- tozoa, and Rhizopoda. Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Pruss. Rhineland, Ser. 3, X. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XVU E. Grube. Descriptions of some species of Leeches, 2 plates. Wiegm. Archiv, xxxvii. P. Halting. On the genus Poterion, 4 plates (from Trans. Utrecht Soc. Arts & Sc). Presented by Mr. Darwin. T. C. Hilgard. Infusorial circuit of generations. Monthl. Microsc. Journ. \i. T. Hincks. Supplement to a Catalogue of Zoophytes of Cornwall and Devon, 2 plates. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii. G. Hodge. Catalogue of Echinodermata of Northumberland and Durham, 4 plates. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb. & Durh. iv. C. T. Hudson. A new Kotifer, 1 plate. Monthl. Microsc. Journ. vi. M. Johnson. Transmutation of form in certain Protozoa, 1 plate. Monthl. Microsc. Journ. vi. A. Leuekart. Report on the contributions to the Natural History of the Lower Animals for 1868-69. Wiegm. Archiv, xxxvi. J. D. Macdonald. On the habit and structure of Pohjdstina. — Outline of a scheme of classification of Invertebrata. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii. P. H. MacGillivray. Descriptions of new genera and species of Australian Polyzoa. Trans. R. Soc. Victoria, ix. E. Metschnikoff. On the embryology of some lower Animals. Bull. Imp. Acad. Sc. Petersburg, xv. — On the metamorphoses of some marine animals (Mitraria and Actinotroche), 3 plates. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxi., K. Mobius. Whence do the deep-sea animals derive their nutri- ment ? Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxi., and Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii. G. Moquin-Tandon. On a new hermaphrodite chilopodous An- nelid. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. o, xi. B. Moss. Hsematozoa in the blood of Ceylon Deer, 1 plate. Monthl. Microsc. Journ. vi. P. OwscyanikofF. The nervous system of Sea-stars, 1 plate. Bull. Imp. Acad. Sc. Petersburg, xv. E. Perrier. Observations on the relations of the ambulacral pores inside and outside the testa of regular Echinida. Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Par. v. — On the pedicellariae and ambulacra of Asterias and Sea-urchins, 2 plates. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xii. — On the organization of the worms of the genus Perichceta. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii. W. Peters. On the Tcenia of the Rhinoceros described by Dr. J. Murie. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. LINN. PKOC. — Session 1871-72. e XVIU PEOCEEDINGS OF THE A. Polotebnow. On the origin and multiplication of Bacteria. Proc. Imp. Acad. Sc. Vienna, Ix. A. de Quatrefages. On the arrangement of the muscular layers in Annelids, 2 plates. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xi. A. Stuart. On the organization of Gregarina, 1 plate. Bull. Imp. Acad. Sc. Petersburg, xv. A. E. YerriU. Notes on the Eadiata in the Museum of Yale College, with descriptions of new genera and species. Trans. Con- necticut Acad. Arts & Sc. i. A. V. Yolborth. On Achradocystites and Cystohlastus, two new genera of Crinoidea, 1 plate. Mem. Imp. Acad. Sc. Petersburg, Ser. 7, xvi. E. V. Willemoes-Suhm. On a BdlanogTossus in the Baltic. Nachr. R. Soc. Sc. Gottingen, 1870. — On some Trematodes and Nemathel- minthi, 3 plates. — Biological observations on lower marine animals, 3 plates. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxi. PhLSNOGAMIC BOTAITT : — J. E. T. Aitchison. Catalogue of the Plants of the Punjab and Sindh. 8vo. Presented by the Author. H. Baillon. Histoire des Plantes : Papaveraceae, Cruciferse, Cap- paridese. Purchased. J. G. Baker. Martius's Flora BrasiKensis : Connaraceae, AmpeKdeae, 12 plates. Purchased. A. W. Bennett. Martius's Flora Brasiliensis : Hydroleacese, Pe- dalinese, 3 plates. Purchased. G. Bentham. Revision of the genus Cassia, 4 plates. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii. L. B. Buckley. Remarks on A. Gray's notes on Buckley's Texas Plants. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 1870. A. de CandoUe. Note on Sarraceniacege. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xrii. J. Decaisne. On the genus Zamioculcas, Schott. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xvii. J. C. Doell. Martius's Flora Brasiliensis : Gramineae (1st part), 11 plates. Purchased. J. Duval-Jouve. A new Carex from Montpellier. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xvii. W. T. T. Dyer. On Brassica polymorpJia, Syme. Seem. Journ. Bot. ix. A. Engler. Martius's Flora Brasiliensis : Escalloniaceae, Cunonia- ceae, 5 plates. Purchased. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XIX A. Ernst. Notes from a botanical notebook (N. Granada). Seem. Journ. Bot. ix. A. Gray. Eevision of the Eriogoneae (with J. Torrey). — Reconstruc- tion of the Order Diapensiacese. — Eevision of the North- American Polemoniaceae. — Miscellaneous new genera and species. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sc. viii. D. Haubiuy. On Radix Galangce. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xiii. H. F. Hance. On the source of Eadix Galangce minorls. — On Chinese SQkworm-oaks. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xiii. — On Portulaca psammotropha. — On Fallopia, Lour. Seem. Journ. Bot. ix. C. Hasskarl. On some new Commelynaceae. Flora, 1871 . F. Hegelmaier. On Callitriche (systematical and geographical distribution), 1 plate. Trans. Bot. Soc. Brandenburg, 1867. — Second paper, ibid. 1868. — On the organs of fructification in Spiro- dela, 1 plate. Bot. Zeit. 1871. E. Howard. A new Cinchona, 1 plate. BuU. Soc. Bot. Fr. xvii. A. Kerner. New Himalayan Plants. Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Inns- pruck, i. J. W. Klatt. Martius's Flora Brasiliensis : Irideae, 8 plates. Pur- chased. S. Kurz. New or imperfectly known Indian Plants. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1871, also separate copies presented bj the Author. S. Kurz and others. On Anosporum. Flora, 1871. S. 0. Lindberg. Plantse nonmxLlae Horti Botanici Helsingforsensis (from Trans. Finn. Soc. Sc. xi.). Presented by the Author. M. T. Masters. Contributions to the natural history of Passi- floraceae, 2 plates. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii. — On 5yr5ant7tws,Guillem. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xiii. C. F. Maximowicz. Eighth decade of Japanese and Mantchurian Plants. BuU. Imp. Acad. Sc. Petersburg, xv. F. A. G. Miquel. Enumeration of BegneU's Brazilian Piperacea). Archiv. Neerl. vi. J. T. Moggridge. Contributions to the Flora of Mentone. Part 4. Presented by the Author. — On Ophrys insectifera, L., 4 plates. Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. Dresden, xxxv. D. OUver. Flora of Tropical Africa, ii. Presented by Government. E. A. PhOippi. On Cortezia cuneifoUa and Flotovia excelsa. Bot. Zeit. 1871. A. Progel. Martius's Flora Brasiliensis : Cuscutaceso., 4 plates. Purchased. XX PKOCEEDITfGS OF THE H. G. Keiclienbach. Contributions to Orchidology, 6 plates. Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. Dresden, xxxv. E. Rohrbach. On the genus Typha, with a monograph of Euro- pean and some other species, 1 plate. Trans. Bot. Soc. Brandenburg, 1869. E. Schomburgk. Catalogue of the Plants cultivated in the Go- vernment Botanic Garden, Adelaide. Presented by the Author. A second copy presented by C. A. Wilson, Esq., of Adelaide. J. P. M. Weale. On a South-African Disperis. — On the fertiliza- tion of Disa macrantha. — On some South-African Hahenarics. — On the fertilization of some South-African Asclepiadese. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xiii. Physiological and Miscellaneous Botany : — F. W. C. Areschoug. Eesearches in Yegetable Anatomy, 4 plates. Trans. Univ. Lund, 1870. P. Ascherson. Delpino's Distribution of Plants according to the mechanism of their dichogamic fertilization. — On fertilization in Juncus bufonius and Salvia clandestina. Bot. Zeit. 1871. A. de Bary. On the waxy coating of the epidermis. Bot. Zeit. 1871. A. Batalin. New observations on the motion of the leaves of Oxalis. Flora, 1871. — On the effect of light on the development of leaves. Bot. Zeit. 1871. A. Beketoff. On the influence of climate on some resinous trees. Mem. Soc. Kat. Sc. Cherbourg, xv. A. W. Bennett. Further observations on Protandry and Protogyny. Seem. Journ. Bot. ix. G. Bentham. On the styles of Australian Proteacese, 2 plates. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xiii. P. Bert. Eesearches on the motions of the sensitive plant {Mi- mosa pudica, Linn.), woodcuts. Mem. Soc. Sc. Phys. Nat. Bordeaux, vi. A. Bolte. On some physiological phenomena observed in various plants. — ^Hybernacula of Vinca. — On the vegetation sprung up in the bed of a drained piece of water. Trans. Bot. Soc. Brandenburg, 1868. — Cauvet. On the structure of Cytinus and the action of its roots on Cistus. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xvii. C. Cave, On the generating zone of appendicular organs. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xvii. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXI D. Clos. On the ramification of Alismaceae. Bull. Soc. Bot. Ft. xvii. A. P. N. Francliimont. On the formation of resin in the plant- organism, especially that of turpentine. Flora, 1871. A. Geheeb. A monstrosity in Lilium Martagon. Bot. Zeit. 1871. E. Garland and JS". "W. P. Eauwenhof. Eesearches on chlorophyll and some of its derivatives. Archiv. Neerl. vi. Y. Godefroy. On the chemical composition of "Wood, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xvii. H. A. Gceppert. On the period at which Plants actually die when kiUed by frost. Bot. Zeit. 1871. C. Gronland. Eesearches on the forms of the seeds of Pedicularis sylvatica and P. j)(ili(si)'is considered with reference to their develop- ment. Bot. Tidsskr. Copenhagen, iv. — Hanstein. On the phenomena of motion in the cell-nucleus with reference to the protoplasm. Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Pruss. Ehineland, Ser. 3, x. J. de la Harpe. On monstrosities in Cherries. Bull. Soc. Yaud. So. Nat. Lausanne, x. T. Hartig. On the development of the walls of Wood-vessels, 1 plate. Proc. Imp, Acad. Yienna, Ixi. C. Harz. On the origin of the fatty oil of the Olive, 2 plates. Proc. Imp. Acad. Yienna, Ixi. T. Hegelmaier. On various phenomena of development of the younger parts of Aquatic Plants. Bot. Zeit. 1871. F. Hildebraud. On sexual relations in Compositse, 6 plates. Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. Dresden, xxxv. — Experiments and observations on trimorphous species of Oxalis. Bot. Zeit. 1871. S. Kareltschikoif and S. Eosanofi". On the tubercles of Calli- triche autiim7ialis, 1 plate. Mem. Soc. Nat. Sc. Cherbourg, xv. G. Kraus. The origin of colouring-matter in the berries of So- lanum pseudocapsicum, 1 plate. Pringsh. Jahrb. viii. — On the noc- turnal distention of the bark of our trees. Bot. Zeit. 1871. J. Lange. On the form and sculpture of seeds in species of the same genus and in different genera, 3 plates. Bot. Tidsskr. Copen- hagen, iv. J. E. Leefe. On hybridity in SaVix. Seem. Journ. Bot. ix. P. Lev}\ On the collection of Caoutchouc in Nicaragua. — On the cultivation of the Arnotto. — On the cultivation of Indigo. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xvii. XXll PEOCEEDINGS OF THE P. Magnus. Eemarks on Borodin's paper on the structure of the apex of the leaves of aquatic plants. Bot. Zeit. 1871. J. Meehan. Cross fertilization in Eupliorhia. — On the flowers of Aralia sjiinosa and Hedera Helix. — On the stipules of Magnolia and Liriodendron. — On Silphium laciniatum. — On Bud varieties. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 1870. E. Mer. On the physiological action of frost on Plants. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xvii. N. C. J. Miiller. The anatomy and mechanism of stomata, 2 plates. Pringsh. Jahrb. viii. — On the phenomena of growth in roots, 2 plates. Bot. Zeit. 1871. J. Peyritsch. Monstrosities in UmbeUiferse, 4 plates. Proc. Imp. Acad. Sc. Vienna, Ix. — Abnormal formations in Cruciferse, 3 plates. Pringsh. Jahrb. viii. E. Pfitzer. Contributions to the knowledge of the structures of the epidermis of Plants, 1 plate. Pringsh. Jahrb. viii. G. E. Seidel. On the development of Victoria regia, 2 plates. Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. Dresden, xxxv. H. Count Solms-Laubach. On the occurrence of oxalate of lime in living cell-membranes, 1 plate. Bot. Zeit. 1871. — Uloth. On the germination of Seeds in ice. Flora, 1871. H. de Vries. On the influence of temperature on Plants. Archiv. Neerl. v. — On the permeability of the protoplasm of Red Beet. — On the death of vegetable cells from the eff'ect of a high tempera- ture. Ibid. vi. J. Wiesner. Contributions to the knowledge of Indian Textile Plants, with observations on the flner structures of the fibrous cells. Proc. Imp. Acad. Sc. Vienna, Ixii. Crtptogamic Botany : — J. G. Agardh. The Algse of the expedition of the corvette ' Josephine,' 1 plate. — Chlorodyction, a new genus of Caulerpese, 1 plate. — The Algse of Chatham Island (from Trans. R. Acad. Sc. Stockholm). Presented by the Author. E. Arnold. Lichenological Eragments (continued). Elora, 1871. J. Baglietto. Tuscan Lichenology (continued). N. Giorn. Bot. Ital. iii. A. de Bary. On the process of fertilization in Chara, 1 plate. Proc. (Monatsber.) E. Acad. Sc. Berlin, 1871. S. Berggren. Studies on the origin and development of Mosses, 1 plate. Trans. Univ. Lund, 1870. IINNEAX SOCIETT OF LOXDOX. XXlll R. Braitliwaite. Recent additions to our Moss-flora. Seem. Journ. Bot. ix. — On Bog-mosses. Monthl. Microsc. Jouru. vi. H. G. Bull and others. Various mycological papers. Trans. TToolhope Field-Club, 1S69, 1870. M. C. Cooke. Handbook of British Fungi, 2 vols. Presented by the Author. M. Cornu. On Mesocarpus pleuroearpus, De Bary. — On a new SaproJegniea, parasite on an (Edogonium. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xvii. "W. T. T. Dyer. Fungi parasitic on Vacdnium Vitis-idcea. Seem. Journ. Bot. ix. E. Fournier. Two new Ferns from Mexico. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xvii. L. Fuckel. SjTnbolte myeologicce, a synopsis of Rhineland Fungi, 6 plates. Journ. (Jahrb.) Soc. Hist. jS^at. Nassau, 1869-70. C. Gronland. On the Lichens of Iceland. Bot. Tidsskr. Copen- hagen, iv. J. Hogg. Mycetoma, the Madura or Fungus-foot of India, 1 plate. — The fungoid origin of disease. Monthl. Microsc. Journ. vi. M. Johnson. The Monad's place in nature, 1 plate. Monthl. Microsc. Journ. vi. J. J. Kickx. On the reproductive organ of Psihtum triquetnim, Sw., 1 plate. Bull. R. Acad. Sc. Brussels, xxix. J. Klein. On the crystalloids of some Florideae. Flora, 1871. L. Kny. Contributions to the history of the development of Ferns, 3 plates. Pringsh. Jahrb. viii. H. Leitgeb. On the ramification of Hepaticse. Bot. Zeit. 1871. S. 0. Lindberg. Critical review of the plates of the Flora Danica, Mosses (from Trans. Finn. Soc. Sc). Presented by the Author. K. M. LyeU. A geographical handbook of Ferns, 1 vol. 8vo. Presented by Mr. Bentham. N. Pringsheim. On the male plants and zoospores of the genus Bryopsis, 1 plate. Proc. (Monatsber.) R. Acad. Sc. Berlin, 1871. E. Rose. Experiments on Podisoma fiiscum and P. clavariceforme. — On the Ergot of Rye. BuU. Soc. Bot. Fr. xvii. R. Ruthe. Mosses from the neighbourhood of Barwalde, with descriptions of new species. Trans. Bot. Soc. Brandenburg, ix. L. R. and C. Tulasne. Notes on tremellinous Fungi. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xiii. G. Zanardini. Xew and rare Alga) from the Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas, 8 plates. Mem. Istit. Tenet, xv. XXIV PROCEEDINGS OF THE PiX^ONTOLOGT : A. Bell. Contributions to the Pauna of the Upper Tertiaries. Ann. ]N"at. Hist. Ser. 4, viii. H. B. Brady. On Saccamina Carteri, 1 plate. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb. & Durh. iv. E. D. Cope. Synopsis of extinct BatracMa, Eeptilia, and Aves of North America, 14 plates and numerous woodcuts. Trans. Amer. PhU. Soc. Ser. 2, xiv. — Various palseontologieal papers. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. xi. — Life in the Wyandotte Cave. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii. C. G. Ehrenberg. On the progressing knowledge of Microscopic Life derived from the rock-forming Bacillarice of California, 3 plates. Trans. E. Acad. Sc. Berlin, 1870. C. V. Ettingshausen. On the Possil Elora of Eadoboj, 3 plates. Proc. E. Acad. Sc. Vienna, Ixi. P. Fischer. Eesearches on fossU Boring-sponges, 2 plates. Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Par. iv. — On Pliosaurus grandis. Ibid. v. T. Fuchs. On the Conchylian Fauna of the Vicentine Tertiary, 11 plates. Trans. Imp. Acad. Sc. Vienna, xxx. J. E. Gray. Notice of a fossil Hydraspide from Bombay. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii. — Gumbel. Comparison of the Foraminiferous Fauna of the Marl of Gosau and the Belemnite Strata of the Bavarian Alps. Proc. E. Acad. Sc. Munich, 1870. — On the Foraminiferous Fauna of the Cement-marl of Ulm, 1 plate. Ibid. 1871. A. Hancock and T. Atthey, and A. Hancock and E. Howse. Va- rious papers on the Palaeontology of Northumberland and Durham, 3 plates. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb. & Durh. iv. J. de la Harpe. Fauna of the SideroUthic formation of the Canton de Vaud. Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat. x. J. Hopkinson. On a specimen of Diplograpsus pristis with repro- ductive capsules. Journ. Quek. Microsc. Club, ii. E. Lartet. On Trichomys BondweUi and other fossil Eodentia from the Parisian Eocene, 1 plate. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xii. G. C. Laube. The Fauna of the Trias beds of St. Castian, 7 plates. Trans. Imp. Acad. Sc. Vienna, xxx. A. Manzoni. On the Marine Fauna of the Miocene beds of Upper Italy, 3 plates. — On Italian fossil Bryozoa, 10 plates. Proc. Imp. Acad. Sc. Vienna, Ix., Ixi. C. Martins. On the glacial origin of the Peat-bogs in the Jura of Neufchatel. Presented by the Author. LINNEAX SOCIETY OF LOJfDON. XXY K. Mayer. On the Nummulites of Upper Italy. Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat. xiv. F. B. Meek. List of fossils collected by Dr. Hayden iu New Mexico. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. si. — Description of the fossils col- lected by the U.S. Geological Survey under C. King. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 1870. — Remarks on Lichenocrinus. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii. F. B. Meek and H. A. "Worthen. On the relations of Synodadhi, King, to the proposed genus Septopora, Prout. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 1870. N. G. Nathorst. On some Arctic plant-remains found in the freshwater- claj's at Alnarp in Scania, 1 plate and map. Trans. Univ. Lund, 1870. E. T. Nelson. On the Molluscan fauna of the later Tertiary of Peru, 2 plates. Trans. Acad. Ai-ts & Se. Connecticut, ii. E. Parfitt. A new fossil Balanns. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii. W. K. Parker, T. R. Jones, and H. B. Brady. On the nomencla- ture of Foraminifera, 3 plates. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii. ; and a separate copy presented by the Authors. K. F. Peters. On the Vertebrata from the Miocene formation of Eibiswald in Styria, 3 plates. Trans. Imp. Acad. Sc. "Vienna, xxx. A. E. Reuss. On the Tertiary Bryozoa of Kischenew in Bessarabia. Proc. Imp. Acad. Sc. Vienna, Ix. — On the Upper Oligocene Corals from Hungary, 5 plates. Ibid. Ixi. H. G. Seeley. A new PUsiosaurus from the Portland Limestone. — On some Chelonian remains from the London Clay. — On Acantho- pholis platypus, a Pachypod from the Cambridge Upper Green - sand, 1 plate. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii. J. Steenstrup. On the contemporaneousness of the Bos primi- genius and ancient forests of Pimis syhestris in Denmark. Proc. R. Danish Soc. Sc. 1870. F. Unger. The fossil Flora of Szanto, in Hungary, 5 plates. Trans, Imp. Acad. Sc. Vienna, xxx. — On Plants from the Anthracite in Carinthia, 3 plates. Proc. Imp. Acad. Sc. Vienna, Ix. — On fossil Typlias, 3 plates. Ibid. Ixi. A. WiiicheU. Notices of fossils from the Marshall group of the Western States. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. xi. H. Woodward. On a new fossil Crustacean from the Devonian rocks of Canada. Canadian Naturalist, vi. Memoirs (Abhandlungen) of the Imperial Geological Institution of Vienna, v. j)arts 1 & 2 ; Transactions (Verhandlungen), 1871, LiNX. PROC. — Session 1871-72. d XXVI PHOCEEDINGS OF THE parts 1-10 ; and Journal (Jahrbuch), xxi. parts 1 &: 2. Presented by the Society. Geological Society of London. Quarterly Journal, xxvii. part 3. Presented by the Society. Geological Magazine, July to November 1871. Presented by the Editor. MlSCELLAIfEOtrS : — G. Bennett.. On the introduction and uses of the Orange and others of the Citron tribe in New South Wales. Presented by the Author. C. Brady. On Silk. — On the Ailanth Silkworm. Presented by the Author. E. Bretschneider. On the study and value of the Chinese Bo- tanical Works. — On the knowledge possessed by the ancient Chinese of Western Countries. Presented by the Author. C. Hasskarl. Report on the Cinchona-cultivation in Java, 4th quarter, 1870. Flora, 1871. H. Jouan. Notes on the Archipelago of Comores and Seychelles, with rough lists of Animals and Plants. Mem. Soc. Nat. Sc. Cherbourg. — Mare)'. On the phenomena of Flight in the Animal Kingdom (from the Revue des Cours scientifique). Rep. Smiths. Instit. 1869. S. Mateer. On the Tamil popular names of Plants. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xiii. K. Mobius. Whence do the Deep-sea Animals derive their nutri- ment? Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxi. ; also Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii. L. H. Morgan. On the systems of Consanguinity and Affinity in the Human Family, 14 plates. Smiths. Contrib. Knowl. xvii. Report of the Silk Commission of Lyons for 1867 and 1868. Mem. Soc. Imp. Agric. L^^ons, Ser. 4, i. C. Wright. On Darwinism. Presented by Mr. Darwin. Mr. Currey, Sec. L. S., exhibited dried specimens and photographs, communicated to him by Mr. Hanbury, of Clatlirus cancellatus, L., and Coins hirudinosKS, Cav. et Sech., both found in the garden of M. Thuret, F.M.L.S., at Antibes, in October last. The photographs, which are beautifully executed, and exhibit the plants in different stages of growth, are by Dr. E, Bornet. The Clathncs, though not nncoramon in the South of Europe, is rarely seen in England, where, however, it has been observed in the Isle of Wight, in Devonshire, LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXril and at Lyme Regis. The Colus was originally discovered by MM. Cavalier and Se'chier at Toulon, and described by them in the ' An- nales des Sciences ' for 1835, as a new genus, differing from ClatJims in the contents of the volva, in the absence of any foul smell, and in the branches anastomosing at the summit only, and not, as in Claihrus, from the base upwards. Colus differs from Colomarm ;\w\ Laternea in the network at the apex, formed by the anastomosing branches. The following papers were read, viz. : — 1. " On the origin of Insects," by Sir John Lubbock, Bart., F. E. and L.S. 2. " On Exocoetus voUtans," by Capt. Chimmo, of H.M.S. ' Nassau.' Communicated by H. T. Stainton, Esq., Sec. L.S. November 16th, 1871. George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair. Edward John Beale, Esq., and Andrew Henderson, Esq., werp elected Fellows. Mr. Frederick Halsey Janson, F.L.S., exhibited dried specimens of Centanrea solstitialis, Linn., which he had found in October last in a cornfield above Combe Martin, North Devon. The following papers were read, viz. : — 1. ''On the Floral Structure of Impatiens fulva, Nuttall, with especial reference to the imperfect self-fertilized flowers," by Alfred William Bennett, Esq., M.A., B.Sc, F.L.S. 2. " Florae Hongkongensis supplementum : a compendious Sup- plement to Mr. Bentham's Description of the plants of Hong Kong," by Henry Fletcher Hance, Ph.D. &c. Communicated by J. D. Hooker, Esq., M.D., F.R.S., V.P.L.S., &c. 3. "Remarks on the DollcJios unijlorus, Lamarck," by N. A. Dalzell, Esq. Also communicated by Dr. Hooker. PR0CEEDrNG8 OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXIX December 7th, 1871. George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair. The Rev. Andrew Johnson, M.A., and Marcus S. C. Rickards, Esq., were elected Fellows. Mr, Hanbury, F.L.S., exhibited a shoot of the common Olive (Olea europcea, L.), bearing fruit produced in the open air, against a south wall, at Clapham. Various examples of pearl-producing MoUusks, and of artificiaUj produced Pearls, were exhibited by William Match wick, Esq., F.L.S., by permission of the Science and Art Department, South Kensington, and of F. D. T. Delmar, Esq. The following papers were read, viz. : — 1. " Note on Amomwm angtistifolium, Sonnerat," by Daniel Han- bury, Esq., F.R. & L.S. 2. " On the Formation of British Pearls and their possible Im- provement," by Robert Garner, Esq., F.L.S. 3. ''On a Luminous Coleopterous Larva," by Hermann Bur- meister, M.D., F.M.L.S. 4. " On the Botany of the Speke and Grant Expedition," by Lieut.-Col. Grant, C.B., F.L.S., &c. December 21st, 1871. George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair. Henry "Walter Bates, Esq., Harry Seeley, Esq., and the Rev. F. Augustus "Walker, were elected Fellows. Read, the commencement of a paper " On the Anatomy of the Xing Crab (LimuJus Polyphemus, Latr.)," by Professor Owen. F.R. & L.S. LINN. PROC. — Session 1871-72. e XXX PROCEEDINGS OF THE January 18th, 1872. George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chaii\ The Rev. Joseph Lonis Bedford, B.A., Thomas R. Archer Briggs, Esq., Beujaniin Lowne, Esq., Sir James Paget, Bart., Thomas Heniy Potts, Esq., the Rev. Thomas Arthur Preston, M.A., William tSouthall, Esq., and Alfred Russell Wallace, Esq., were elected Fellows. The following papers were read, viz. : — - 1. The conclusion of Professor Owen's memoir " On the Anatomj- of the King Crab (Limulus Polyphemus, Latr.)." 2. "Australian Fungi, received principally from Baron F. von Mueller and Dr. R. Schomburgk," by the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, M.A., F.L.8. February 1st, 1872. George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair. Ferdinand Grut, Esq., W. Arnold Lewis, Esq., and George Wall, Esq., were elected Fellows. Read, the commencement of a paper " On the Classification and Geographical Distribution of the Compositce," by George Bentham, Esq., F.R.S., Pres. L.S. February 15th, 1872. George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair. Professor G. J. Allman, M.D., Herbert Druce, Esq., WiUiam T. Thiselton Dyer, Esq., George Henderson, M.D., and C. WyviUe Thomson, LL.D., were elected Fellows. The following papers were read, viz. : — 1. " On the Habits, Structure, and Relations of the Three-banded ArmadiUo {Tolypeutes Conurus, Isid. Geoff. St.-Hilaire)," by Dr. James Murie, F.L.S, &c. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXXI 2. "Note on a Chinese Gall, allied to the European Artichoke- gall, of Aphilothrix Gemma, Linn.," by Albert MiiUer, F.L.S. 3. "On the Geographical Distribution of the Diurnal Lepidoptera as compared with that of Birds," by "W. F. Kirby, Esq. Com- municated by H. T. Stainton, Esq., Sec. L.S. March 7th, 1872. George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair. Charles Home, Esq., and William Sowerby, Esq., were elected FeUows. The following papers were read, viz. : — 1. " Eevision of the Genera and Species of Scillece andChlorogalece," by J. G. Baker, Esq., F.L.S. 2. " On the Development of the Androecium in Cochliostema , Lem.," by M. T. Masters, M.D., F.B. & L.S. 3. "On a hybrid Vaccinium, between the Bilberry and Crow- berry," by Eobert Garner, Esq., F.L.S. 4. " On the Marine Algae of the Island of St. Helena," by George Dickie, M.D., F.L.S. 5. " Eemarks on Mesotus, Mitten," by S. 0. Lindberg, M.D. Communicated by Eobert Braithwaite, M.D., F.L.S. 6. " New Leguminosce from Western India," by N. A. Dalzell, A.M. Communicated by Dr. Hooker, V.P.L.S. &c. 7. " On the Fertilization of a Species of Salvia,^' by Mrs. Barber. Also communicated by Dr. Hooker. March 21st, 1872. George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair. Charles James Breese, Esq., Frederick Arnold Lees, Esq., and Christopher Ward, Esq., were elected Fellows. Dr. Trimen, F.L.S., exhibited specimens of AmmopMla baltica, Link, a new British plant, collected last autumn on Eooss Links, Northumberland, by Mr. William Eichardson, of Alnwick. XXXU PEOCEEDINGS OF THE Read, the continuation of a paper " On the Classification and Geographical Distribution of the Gompositce,''^ by George Bentham, JEsq., F.E.S., Pres. L.S. April 4th, 1872. George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair. Read, the conclusion of a paper " On the Classification and Geographical Distribution of the Compositce,'^ by George Bentham, Esq., F.R.S., Pres. L.S. AprH 18th, 1872. George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair. Mountstuart Elphinstone Grant Duff, Esq., M.P., was elected a Fellow. The following papers were read, viz. : — 1. " On Begonella, a new genus of Begoniaceae from NewGranada," by Professor Oliver, F.R.S., F.L.S., &c. 2. " Descriptions of three new Genera of Plants in the Malayan Herbarium of the late Dr. A. C. Maingay," by the same. 3. " Note on the Determination of Camellia ? Scottiaiia and Ternstroemia coriacea, from Dr. WaUich's Herbarium," by W. T. Thiselton Dyer, B.A., B.Sc, F.L.S. 4. " On Zoojpsis, H. f. & T.," by S. 0. Lindberg, M.D. Com- municated by Robert Braithwaite, M.D., F.L.S. May 2nd, 1872. George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair. Edward Chapman, Esq., William Hislop, Esq., and Alexander J. B. Beresford Hope, Esq., were elected Fellows, and Dr. Joseph Leidy and Professor de Notaris, Foreign Members. The following paper was read, viz. : — " Note on Alibertia," by Senor Joaquim Correa de MeUo, of Campinas, Brazil, translated by John Miers, Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S., &c. Communicated by Daniel Hanbury, Esq., F.R.S. & L.S. LIlfNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXXIU May 24th, 1872. Anniversary Meeting. George Bentham, Esq., President in the Chair. This day, the Anniversary of the birth of Linnseus, and the day appointed by the Charter for the Election of Council and Officers, the President opened the business of the Meeting with the following Address : — Gentlemen, In mj anxiety to advance as much as possible the systematic works I am engaged in, the ' Flora Australiensis ' and the ' Genera Plan- tarum,' I found that I had delayed so far beyond the usual period the preparation of the annual Address which seems now to be ex- pected from the Chair at all anniversary meetings of scientific societies, that I must beg of you to consider what I have now to lay before you not as a regular review of the progress of our sciences during the past years, but merely as a few notes upon biological works to which my attention happens to have been drawn, and which may serve to pass the time which must necessarily elapse before the close of the ballot. As a general summary of the current zoological literature the ' Zoological Record ' maintains its high value. The volume for 1870 has lately appeared under the new editorship of Mr. Newton, and the arrangements now made for its further prosecution are very hopeful ; yet I must again urge upon all our Fellows who as amateur zoologists or patrons of tbe science have joined our ranks, to give their further support to the " Zoological Eecord Association " in order to secure the continuance of this annual summary for the sake of the working members, to whom it is so essential. I would Linn. Peoc. — Session 1871-72. / XXnV PEOCITEDrN-GS OF THE also call attention to the sketch of the oruithological. ■^orks recently published or in progress contained in the last number of ' The Ibis,' an example "which it "were to he "wished "were regularly follo\red in all periodicals specially devoted to any branch of our sciences. The Eeports on the contributions to the various branches of zoology in- serted in "W^iegmann's ' Axchiv " under the editorship of, and some of them compiled by, Troschel, replace in some measure the ' Zoolo- gical Record ' for the German public, and are kept up nearly to the same period, some of the reports for IS 70 ha"dng already appeared ; they are also much to be commended, although they may not have quite the method and completeness of the ' Zoological Record.' I have farther to congratulate science in general on the near com- pletion of the Royal Society's great Catalogue of Scientific Papers, the sixth and last volume of "which is far advanced, and likely to be in our hands by the commencement of the next session of the Society. In Botany, Pritzel's excellent and much improved second edition of his ' Thesaurus ' is rapidly going through the press, and brings the repertory of separat-e botanical works do"wn to the year 1871. Current botanical publications are also generally noticed in various botanical periodicals, especially : — the ' Giomale Botanico Italiano,' edited by Prof. Camel; the 'Flora' of Ratisbon; the ' Botanische Zeitung,' continued since the death of v. Mohl by A. de Bary ; the ' Bulletin de la Societe Botanique de France,' "which comprises perhaps the fullest bibliographical re"n.e"w ; and the ' Journal of Botany,' "which promises "well under the ne"w and active editorship of Dr. Trimen. But, "with the exception of Lichenography, the bibliography of "which is brought do"wn to the year 1870 in Krempel- huber's detailed History and Literature of lichenology, "we have no comprehensive references to Memoirs and Papers published since 1863, the term of the Royal Society's Catalogue, and "we feel much the "want of an annual summarv corresponding to the ' Zoological Record.' A "work has recently appeared "which has naturally attracted much of my attention as being intimately connected "with a branch of the science "which I have on several occasions taken as the subject of my annual Addresses, and as being the result of long and careful study of the great and varied mass of data collected by its laborious and distinguished author. I speak of Grisebach's Vegetation of the earth according to its climatological distribution, "with the secondary title of a Sketch of the comparative geography of plants, ' Die Vegetation der Erde nach ihrer klimatischen Anordnung, ein Abriss der vergleichenden Geographie der Pflanzen." The general scope LIXXEAX SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. XXXV and plan of the work has been recently noticed in an article in ' Nature ' (no. 128, April 11) ; it will therefore be sufficient for me now generally to state that it is in a great measure a development of the paper in Petermann's ' Mittheilungen/ mentioned in mj'^ Address of 1869, mapping out the globe into twenty-four regions of vegetation depending on physical and cKmatological considerations — that it does not touch upon botanical regions depending on com- munity of origin, which the author appears disposed wholly to ignore, or at any rate to relegate to the class of mere hypothesis as yet far too vague to serve as a foundation for any scientific conclu- sions — but that the undoubted influence of climatological and other physical conditions on the progress, dispersion, and life-history of species is here worked out with a care and detail deserving the attention of all physiologists, as well as of all cultivators of exotic plants. I shall on the present occasion confine myself to a few ob- servations on his views with reference to some of those regions or districts to which I had intended to call your attention in my last year's Address. One of the most interesting of these regions is the Japanese, or the greater part of Grisebach's Chino-Japanese region — that is, the Japanese islands and opposite coasts of the Asiatic continent. The peculiarities of its flora have been accounted for, upon considerations depending chiefly on origin, in a well-known paper by Asa Gray (Mem. Amer. Acad, new ser. vol. vi. p. 424), whose views are fully coincided in by Maximo wicz and others, but strongly objected to formerly by Miquel and now by Grisebach, who relies upon clima- tological and other physical considerations. It appears to me that this is a strong instance of the combined effects of the two agents, as explained in my above-mentioned Address of 1869 (p. 15 ; Proc. Linn. Soc. 1868-69, p. Ixxvii). The main features of this flora are the mutual intergrafting of northern and tropical types, and the number of highly differentiated endemic or widely dissevered mono- typic or almost monotypic races — the former due to physical, the latter to derivative causes. In the western moiety of the great Old- World continent the northern and tropical floras are widely separated by a double barrier — the great mountain- chain which runs with little interruption from the Atlantic to the Caspian bounding the Mediterranean region to the north, and the great .Ifrican and Arabian deserts which form its southern boundary. Here the only connexion observed from north to south consists in a few European types in- habiting the higher tropical African mountains. Xo tropical forms have been able to cross their northern barriers. In Central Asia /2 XXXVl PROCEEDWrGS OF THE the intermediate region disappears, the Himalayan chain alone limits the tropical flora, sonl'e of whose types ascend the warmer valleys, whilst a few of the northern ones extend along the mountains of the two great tropical peninsulas. In the extreme east this great mountain -chain disappears or, in receding, turns so far in a northern direction as no longer to oppose a definite impassable barrier running east and west. The climatological results, well explained by Grisebach (vol. i. p. 489 et seq.), come into play, enabling many tropical types freely to intermix with the northern ones, the former prevailing in the south, the latter in the northern portion of the region, but with a gradual, not an abrupt change. But with regard to the endemic or widely dissevered highly differ- entiated races (monotypic genera, sections, or very distinct species), Grisebach's views differ widely from those of Asa Gray and other modern naturalists who adopt more or less the theory of evolution. Grisebach, as already observed, entirely ignores community of origin of closely allied or representative species, and is but little disposed to take into consideration ancient dispersion under geological conditions different from the present ones. Each species he believes has arisen — he had formerly said been created, an expression he now abandons in order not to be supposed to prejudge a question which admits of no positive solution — each species has arisen in a particular spot (from what materials he thinks it vain to inquire), under the in- fluence of physical and other external conditions, and has spread ■jiore or less in every direction from this birthplace or centre as far as those external conditions have prevailed, and so far as its progress has been unopposed by insurmountable physical or clima- tological barriers. In conformity with these views he explains closely allied and representative species in a passage which I give at length for fear of misrepresenting him by an abstract. " The birth- place (Entstehungsort) of a plant species," he says, vol. i. p. 515, *' may be taken as the most perfect expression of the concordance between the physical life-conditions of the place and the organiza- tion of the plant ; for this suitability to given influences of inorganic nature gives the highest measure of the capability of preservation which life strives to attain. Upon these propositions is founded the conclusion, that the nearer the centres of different plants are placed geographically, and the less different are therefore their climatolo- gical conditions, the more similar must be their organization, or, what amounts to the same thing, the more species will have arisen in the same genus. This phenomenon is exhibited in all places where we can compare endemic species whose dispersion is limited ; LTNNliAN SUCIEXX OF LONDON. XXXVi but in islands which have a peculiar vegetation it is less pronounced than in continents. Prom any one point climate is gradually altered, like the radii of a circle, which gradually diverge more and more from each other from the centre to the circumference. In a continent the whole area of the circle may be supposed to be suited to the pro- duction of changes in organization ; in an archipelago it is inter- rupted by the sea, and here, therefore, few similar species have arisen. Another consideration to be taken into account is, that genera when compared with each other are unequally susceptible of change (veranderungsfahig) ; their species, therefore, to keep to the same metaphor, will be found arranged at greater or less distances from each other in the radii of the circle. If the area of the con- tinuous land is small, monotypes will have more readily arisen — ge- nera which, on the one hand, are verj' little or not at aU susceptible of change, and on the other hand can no longer subsist with a certain degree of cHmatological change. If in a more remote geographical distance the more important climatological conditions which these genera require are repeated, we may perhaps find in another part of the globe a second species ; and this generally explains the origin of the species which have been termed representative (vikariirende Arten). A precisely similar climate, however (exactly the same com- plication of the very varied phenomena towards which organisms bear themselves receptively), is never repeated in two distant points of the earth's surface ; and this may be taken as the foundation of the absolute unity of centres of vegetation — that is to say, of the proposi- tion that every species in its wanderings has issued from a single birthplace, which does not exclude the possibility of solitary excep- tions which might be imagined in plants of less receptivity," In all this it appears to me that if the writer refuses to admit of a descent from a common parent, we have a right to ask of him what is the previous organization upon which he imagines climate to have worked to produce allied species in one region and representa- tive species in distant regions ? — what are the previous genera which have changed? for upon that seems to hinge the whole of his argument in refutation of Asa Gray's hypothesis explanatory of the original connexion between the East- Asiatic and East- American floras. That every species had arisen in one spot, whether by differentiation or by creation, appears now to be tacitly admitted by all. Asa Gray, in accordance with Darwinian theories, supposes widely spread spe- cies to have been, under the different conditions of distant lands, gradually modified in different directions, so as to have produced distinct varieties or representative species ; Grisebach supposes these XlXviii PEOCEEDINGS OF THE different conditions to have independently produced distinct but similar species, by acting on organisms which had not been one and the same species ; but what else they may have been he seems to think beyond the reach of plausible conjecture. Leaving, however, these questions of origin aside, he strongly ob- jects to the classing representative with identical species in con- sidering geographical disti'ibution ; for the former appear in such absolutely dissevered distant regions that an interchange of species, even in early geological periods, seems impossible, as, for instance, in the case of several Ericas of the Cape and of Europe. It is on the contrary, he believes, almost always possible to deduce the actual progress of identical species from the form or phj'sical accidents of their homes and from the means of dispersion at their command (p. 519). He therefore, in combating Asa Gray's conclusion, com- mences by eliminating from his calculations, after the example of Miquel (" Over de Yerwantschap der Flora van Japan met Azie en Noord America," in Yersl. K. Akad. Amsterdam, ser. 2, ii.), aU re- presentative species, thus reducing Asa Gray's list of concordant races in Japan and eastern North America from 226 to 81 ; from these Grisebach subtracts 41, which are also inhabitants of western North America, and can still, he thinks, daily transmit their seeds, across the Pacific Ocean; 17 more are, in his opinion (supported by that of other botanists), either certainly not identical or doubtful, and to be added to the already eliminated representative species. Of the re- maining 23, he finds 21 which can bear a high northern climate and may yet be found in the Oregon or other imperfectly explored terri- tories of North-west America ; and the whole long list is thus re- duced to two species only, whose problematical disseverance in Japan and Eastern North America remains unexplained, — the one, Elodea petiolata, being a marsh plant, which as such possesses great migratory powers ; the other, Carex rostrata, from the White Moun- tains, awaits further researches on its geographical distribution. Even admitting the possibiUty of the greater early dispersion of these species in former geological periods propounded by Asa Gray, Grise- bach thinks that any such great antiquity of the Japanese flora is not estabhshed on so firm a ground as to supersede any attempts at finding other explanations limited to the results of forces still in activity in present times, and that accordingly the distribution of the species in question may be satisfactorily accounted for by the means of dispersion still available, if the data are viewed in the light he has placed them in. I should doubt, however, whether his mode of cutting up a long array of ascertained facts further increased IIM^EAN SOCIETY OP lOUDON. XXxix by subsequent researcbes, in order to make tbem agree witb pre- conceived tbeories, will carry any stronger conviction to Asa Gray's mind tban to my own, more especially as tbe presumed great anti- quity of tbe Japanese flora is not deduced from tbese facts alone, but is derived also from otber evidences, amongst wbich tbe peculiar cbaracter of the endemic monotypes bears a prominent part. With regard to Grisebacb's idea that representative and similar species are independently produced by similarity of climatological conditions, and that they afii'ord no conclusive evidence of community of origin, for that they are to be found in widely dissevered locali- ties between wbich it is impossible to conceive any continuity even in ancient geological periods, and with reference to the instance he adduces of the above-mentioned Heaths of the Cape and of Western Europe, I would recall to your minds some observations I made in my Address of 1869 (p. 25; ' Proceedings,' p. Ixxxvii) on the remark- able coincidence of several genera, and the near similarity of some species that exists between tbese two widely dissevered regions. I would now add that if it is difficult to imagine any ancient continuity which should readily explain this phenomenon, it seems equally difficult to account for it by any climatological similarity, if we consider how much Cape plants in general, accustomed to a pro- longed summer's sun, suffer from its want in the dull damp seasons of Western Europe. Another generalization of Grisebacb's, derived from the influence of climatological conditions on the production of species, and affecting the large number of genera in proportion to species of the Japanese region, is, that genera witb numerous species are characteristic of large plant-regions or systems of vegetation-centres which range from west to east, in contradistinction to those which run north and south — that there is in the former much more change in species than in genera, and the reverse in the latter — that we thus fiind very large genera much more readily in Asia than in America (instancing Astragalus as a genus unrivalled in this respect in America). Astra- galus, however, has about one sixth of its species in America, where it ranges from north to south, from the Arctic circle to Southern Chili ; and if we take the list of pbsenogamic genera which have from about 400 to 900 species each {Astragalus, Acacia, Eugenia, Vernonia, Eupatorium, Senecio, Enca, Solanum, Eupliorhia, Pliyl- lanthus, Croton, Piper, Carex, Panicum), none are exclusively Asiatic, and one only, or perhaps two {Astragalus and Carex), have more Europseo-Asiatic tban American species, and range east and west ; five {Eugenia, Vernonia, Eupatorium, Solanum, and Croton Xl PBOCEEDINGS OF THE predominate in America, and run as mucli north and south as east and west. Eriea, in the Old World, runs north and south, and is specially numerous (400 species) in the limited Cape region; so Acacia has nearly 300 of its species in the restricted Australian region. The large number of genera which have from 100 to 400 species in the Cape flora or in Australia militate, indeed, very much against the further proposition that genera have much fewer species in regions physically and climatologically restricted than iu those of extended areas under comparatively similar climates. Before quittingthe subject of the East- Asiatic biological regions and their connexion with Am erica, I would notice a very interesting disser- tation by our foreign Member J. F. Brandt on the Elk, included in the ' Memoirs' of the Petersburg Academy, received last autumn. After a careful review of a large mass of data, showing the identity of the now living Europseo- Asiatic Elk with the liviugElk of North America, with the comparatively recent fossil remains found in the temperate regions of Europe, Asia, and North Am eric a, and with the miocene Elk of the high north — after showing the wide area the animal occupied in Europe and Asia in early (historic) times, and discussing the period of its gradual disappearance from a great part of that area, he proceeds, in an Appendix, to pass in rapid review the connexion between the miocene Arctic flora and that of the present temperate Europseo-Asiatic and North-American regions. In this, whilst duly appreciating the labours of our distinguished foreign member Oswald Heer, upon which the resume is chiefly founded, he vindicates for H. R. Goppert, whom we are also proud to reckon amongst our foreign members, now of many years' standing, the merit of having been the first to point out (in 1853) the identity of several of these tertiary remains (amongst others, of the Taxodium distichtcm) with actual living species. A note by Maximowicz gives a summary of Asa Gray's above-mentioned views as supported by E. Schmidt in his * Flora of Sachalin,' although differed from by Regel (' Flora Ussuri- ensis'), an advocate of the Atlantis theory. To this Maximowicz adds that his own most recent researches have considerably increased the number of species and genera common to Eastern Asia and Eastern North America, and notably for this comparatively southern Japanese region, observing, however, that the flora of the more southern of the Kurile Islands, to the north of Japan, is as yet entirely unknown. A second short Appendix of Brandt's gives the little that is known of Arctic fossil insects, aU of which, he says in con- clusion, agrees well with the view that the present North-Asiatic and European as well as the North-American flora and fauna were IXNTNEAIT SOCIETY OF LONDON. xli mucli more northern in the tertiary times — that, in consequence of the gradual cooling down of the north, they partly died out, another part, with some exceptions, such as the Reindeer and the Arctic Fox, gradually migrated to more southern regions, where, after the loss of many members not capable of accommodating themselves to altered circumstances (nicht accomodationsfahiger GHeder), they have, although with continuously reduced numbers in genera and species, formed a great part of the present faunas and floras, thus supplying a compensation for the loss experienced in these their new homes of the expiring members of more southern miocene faunas and floras. The Eastern Archipelago (the study of whose fauna, as connected with the history of the great changes it has undergone by successive submersions and upheavals, has been rendered so interesting by the well-known labours of A. E.. Wallace) calls imperatively the atten- tion of botanists to the search of facts derived from its flora in confir- mation or refutation of these views. Unfortunately we are in this respect very much in arrear. The botany of New Guinea is almost wholly unknown ; and from Celebes we have but very Uttle. Sumatra, Java, the Philippines, Timor, and a part of Borneo have been more generally explored ; and large collections of their plants have been deposited, chiefly in the Leyden Herbarium, but also in considerable numbers in that of Kew and in some others ; but even these mate- rials have been but little worked up in a manner to be available for the geographical botanist. The two eminent Dutch botanists who had successively charge of the Leyden collections contributed much in various ways to the progress of the science, and especially to our knowledge of the flora of the principal Dutch islands, but without leaving any satisfactory general view of all that was known on that of the whole archipelago. Blume's ' Bijdragen tot de Flora van Nedcrlandsch Indie,' drawn up and published at Batavia when he was still very young, was a wonderful work considering the means at his disposal ; and after his retui'u to Europe he commenced eluci- dating with equal ability and in greater detail several orders con- nected with that flora (' Flora Javse,' 'Eumphia,' ' Museum Lugduno- Batavense ') ; but as general works all these remained incomplete. Miquel drew up a ' Flora Indise Batavae,' purposing to be complete as far as his materials allowed ; but it was far too hastily compiled, without the necessary critical examination of genera and species. Copying much from previous partial publications of various authors, without comparison with specimens independently described, the repetitions, bad species, and erroneous determinations are very nu- xlii PKOCEEDIKGS OF THE merous ; there is no comparison with the members of adjoining floras ; nor can I discover any clue to the principle upon which he has included in this Flora of Dutch India a selection of Nilgherry, Nepalese, and Chinese plants. N^o reliable statistics can therefore be derived from the work. Nor did Miquel himself enter much in any of his works on the question of the general distribution of plants over the archipelago. This is the more to be regretted as he showed that he was well able to cope with the subject in his excellent review of the flora of Sumatra as compared with its physical condi- tions and with that of the neighbouring island of Java, forming the Introduction to his supplemental volume of the above-mentioned ' Flora.' Since his lamented death, I have seen no signs of any Dutch successor likely to take up the study of the botany of the archipelago in any scientific point of view. In the mean time the rich stores col- lected by P. Beecari in Sarawak are, I am informed, in the course of distribution ; and that enterprising Italian naturalist has returned to the East with a view to the exploration of New Guinea and some others of the less-known islands. Grisebach, in his Indian Monsoon region, unites the archipelago with the East-Indian peninsulas and continent to the foot of the Himalayas, the island of Ceylon to the west, and the Society and the Marquesas and other coral islands to the east, embracing, as it were, the whole of Tropical Asia, or Sclater's Indian, with a portion of his Australian Palseotropical regions ; and certainly a cursory survey of the vegetation of this vast expanse of territory would appear to justify Grisebach's idea of its unity of character. It has also tolerably definite limits, determined on the north-west by the drier rocky East Mediterranean or Persian region, on the north by the great Himalayan chain, and on the east and south by a wide extent of ocean — the exceptions being chiefly the above-mentioned inoculation, as it were, into the Japanese flora to the north-east, and more or less of an intrusion across the ocean to the westward into Tropical Africa, and over a narrower interval of sea to the south-east into north-east Australia. The principal cause of this uniformity of character, so far as it goes, is well deduced by Grisebach from climatological and physical conditions, his observa- tions on the chief portion of the region, or East India proper, from Ceylon and the Peninsula to Malacca, being mainly derived from Hooker and Thomson's most instructive Introduction to their ' Flora Indica,' which, from a variety of causes, was unfortunately put a stop to after the issue of ihe first volume. It is now being re- placed by the ' Flora of British India,' under Dr. Hooker's editor- LDTNEAN SOCIETY OF LOKDOK, xliii ship, of which the first part, just published in a more concise form, gives a confident hope that it may be steadily and rapidly brought to a conclusion. We shall then have ample means of instituting a comparison of the Indian vegetation with that of Boissier's ' Flora Orientalis ' to the north-west, of Ledebour's ' Flora Rossica ' to the north, of Miquel's almost as complete though less methodical enume- rations of Japanese plants to the north-east, of the ' Flora Austra- liensis ' to the south, and of Oliver's ' Tropical African Flora ' to the west. The ' Flora Indica ' does not, however, extend to the eastern portion of Grisebach's Monsoon region, about which our information is so deficient, but where, as he observes, " the distribution of organisms involves one of the most remarkable problems in the darker regions of vegetation-centres." He further remarks that the flora of this eastern region, with the exception of the Timor group, is every- where Indian, and regulated by climatological conditions, the vegetation of New Guinea being, as he rather hastily supposes, " thoroughly similar to that of Borneo " — a result quite at variance with the distribution of animals as expounded by Wallace. As a possible explanation of this discrepancy, he proposes a hypothesis which, for fear of misrepresentation, I shall give at length: — " Thus the limits of particular fonns of plants and of animals in the Indian archipelago do not concur. Vegetation corresponds to climatological, the fauna to local (raumliche) analogies. This opens a wide field for speculations on the history of the globe. By a mere sinking of the land to an unimportant extent, Darwinism readily explains the origin of the fauna of these islands, but not the Indian character of the flora of New Guinea, which presupposes much greater up- heavals than the origin of the' fauna, calculated to give rise to equatorial rainy seasons. This hypothesis would derive the endemic marsupials of New Guinea from the Australian ones after the esta- blishment of the Torres Straits ; but it gives no explanation of the way in which the peculiar palms of New Guinea could have arisen from allied Indian genera. With more plausibility, although with little more foundation on ascertained facts, may be put forward another conjecture derived from the respective relations of plants and animals to the outer world. From their organization the former are much more dependent on climate, the latter on the vege- tation which serves them for food. If an extent of sea is converted into land, its climate (independently of its geographical position) will depend on the form of its coasts and on the relief of its surface. If, now, creative forces are pronounced, the forms of vegetation will be xliv PKOCEEDINGS OP THE suited to the climate. These forms correspond to the climate of the present day — as everywhere else, so also from the Malayan con- tinent to the South-Sea Islands. If we assume that in an earlier geological period the eastern portion of the archipelago did not yet possess its mountains, and was connected with Australia, so might the Australian climate have then extended to the archipelago ; but with the change in the climate the vegetation of the time must have disappeared. A new flora arose ; but in the fauna, which was less dependent on climate, the earlier types may have longer persisted. Perhaps the present period may be regarded as one in which the Australian forms of animals are in an expiring state, because the jungle-forests do not sufficiently correspond to their demands for food. It would appear as if creative activity only wakes up at specific points of time on specific points of the earth's surface, and that during the long pauses Nature's struggles are directed only to the retaining that which exists. Vegetation, as well as the animals which it feeds, must ever be considered in relation to the geological developments. During the time which has elapsed since the moun- tains and the moist climate of New Guinea have been established no new creation of Mammalia has taken place. Only very few Marsupials, and scarcely any other Mammalia, have been found on this great island. But in other classes of animals forms have arisen corresponding to the present vegetation, such as the Birds of Para- dise, which are unknown in Australia, but which in New Guinea hover over the forest tree-tops, whilst they can take shelter from the midday sun under the dense foliage. . . . The present type of organization was already cast in New Holland in the tertiary period, whilst the endemic plants and animals of New Guinea appear to be of much later origin." (Vol. ii. pp. 69, 70.) "Without admitting to its fullest extent the main fact relied upon, that there is no marked line separating the vegetation of the western and the eastern . portions of the archipelago corresponding to that laid down by Wallace for animals, a premature conclusion in the present state of our knowledge*, and still less entering into specu- lations as to the intermittent action of creative forces which I do not quite comprehend, we must agree with Grisebach that, so far as shown by the scanty data at our command, the uniformity is much greater in the botany than in the zoology of the whole archipelago. We may also admit with him that this comparative uniformity may be, in great measure, due to the uniformity of * Dr. Hooker has, for instance, remarked that no Dipterocarpese have been found to the east of Borneo. lUnTEAX SOCIETT OF LO>T)OIf. xlv climate acting more upon plants than upon animals. But there are other circumstances which may probably have favoured the continued action of natural selection through countless ages in procuring this result. Dr. Hooker has very plausibly suggested a greater geological antiquity in the plant races than in those of animals, especially the higher animals, under which the former, or the ancestors from which they are descended, had become established over a wide extent of continuous land before its disruption by suc- cessive upheavals and depressions had produced the present isolation. We must next take into account that this continuity of land need not be so great in the case of plants as of animals. The dispersion of the former is passive, and takes place chiefly in a dormant state, in which minuteness and enormous multiplication affords them opportunities for crossing seas and other barriers denied to the higher animals. Plant-races of accommodating (accomodations- fahiger) constitutions, as they successively arose and attained the full vigour of specific life, will have early spread over any continuous or but little broken area enjoying comparatively similar physical and climatological conditions, the western and eastern forms inter- mingling so as that the one should only gradually be replaced by the other — thus iu early ages repeating under the tropics the pheno- menon now observed in the northern temperate Europaeo-Asiatic region. These vigorous or accommodating races, whether new dif- ferentiations or foreign invasions, will at the same time have gra- dually expelled and replaced races which in tertiary or other previous periods had occupied the land under different conditions, and which now could only maintain themselves in the struggle for life in localities affording them in their reduced or weakened state special protection against the effects of the altered climate and the attacks of their vigorous competitors. Such localities, suited to ancient or expiring races of few individuals with varied but always special requirements, and generally slow of propagation, may be exemplified in the Mediterranean, the Japanese, and other regions abounding, as Grisebach terms it, in centres of vegetation ; they may be faintly traced in the Nilgherries and in Ceylon, but are in general very few in Grisebach 's Monsoon region ; and those few are as yet but little known or wholly unvisited. Kini-Balu, in Borneo, however, has, as we learn from Dr. Hooker, supplied a place of refuge for a certain number of Australian types ; and it maj' be conjectured that many more may have maintained themselves in those lofty mountains of New Guinea which have as yet been only seen from a distance. Continuity of vegetation probably existed in tertiary times between Ivi PROCEEDINGS OF THE Australia and a vast extent of land including more or less of both of Wallace's divisions of the Archipelago, How far subsequent changes which have influenced the present distribution of animals may have affected that of the forest vegetation can only be judged of when the floras of Borneo, Celebes, and New Guinea shall have been as well investigated and compared as have been those of Sumatra and Java. Tropical Africa, or Grisebach's Soudan, is, as a botanical region, separated from the Mediterranean region by the Sahara desert, and, southward, from the Cape region by the dry district north of the Gariep, termed by him the Kalahari, Geologists have expressed their belief that this continent has subsisted as land from the most remote antiquity. The large semiaquatic or singularly formed ter- restrial animals, the very distinct bird-races, the varied connexions of its entomology may all tend to support the hypothesis ; and many of the peculiarities of its vegetation, as far as known, appear to derive from it a plausible explanation, Grisebach, however, believes that these peculiarities are entirely independent of the geological history of Africa. He begins by remarking on the poverty of the flora of Soudan, especially when compared with that of other tropical regions of large extent, such as Brazil and tropical Asia — and this notwithstanding the wide dispersion over the region of certain genera and species, and, on the other hand, the indications of several special centres of vegetation within it. But these centres of vegetation, he says, have been very sparse in their productions, as well in the low- lands as in the mountains. He observes that, if the long duration of a continental existence from the earliest periods had any influence, it is difficult to conceive why single districts should have enjoyed such great advantages over others ; arid it is equally in contradiction to any ideas of a multiplication of organisms through the lapse of long periods, or of the expulsion of a more varied ancient vegetation by foreign invasions, when we see that most of the families of plants are so poor in their component parts, whilst Gramineae are so extra- ordinarily rich. If there had been any force in action causing the flora of tropical Africa to be transformed in one direction or another, how could it have dealt with different groups with effects so opposite ? " The more irregular," he adds, " the distribution and mode of operation of centres of vegetation appear to us, the more humble must remain our attempts at explanation, in face of the mysteries of the productive force, which does indeed suit that which it does bring forth to physical conditions, but does not actually call into being all that is susceptible of life." (Vol. ii. pp, 141, 142.) LINNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON. xlvii This comparative paucity of species is probably real, but not to the degree that Grisebach was led to suppose from the scanty data he had access to. He does not appear, in making his calculations, to have yet seen even the first volume of Oliver's ' Flora of Tropical Africa;' and he judges chiefly from Hooker's 'Niger Flora' and Achille Richard's ' Flore d'Abyssinie,' which he regards as tolerably fair exponents of the vegetation of the two best-known districts of the region, now termed by Oliver Upper Guinea and Nileland. Comparing the plants of these two districts enumerated in the two volumes now published of Oliver's 'Flora' with the corresponding portions of the two above-mentioned works (the orders preceding Umbelliferae), we find the Abyssinian or Nilelaud species increased from 562 to 853, and those of Upper Guinea from 747 to 1091 ; and Grisebach would probably have to raise his number of 1650 Abys- sinian pheuogamous species to about 2500, and the 1870 from Upper Guinea, to about 2800. The total pheuogamous species in our her- baria now ready to be entered in the Tropical-African Flora cannot be far short of 8000 ; and there is, I think, little doubt that several thousands may be yet to be added to them from the vast tracts of country entirely unknown to botanists. But even this increased number may not be more than half of what could be sup- plied from the much smaller area included in the Brazilian empire, the extraordinary richness of whose natural productions, animal as well as vegetable, has been frequently commented upon ; it may also, as stated by Grisebach, fall considerably short of the probable number in his Indian Monsoon region, which, from the Himalaya to the north coast of Australia, has an extent in latitude about equal to that of the Soudan region, with a few more degrees of longitude, from the Indian peninsula and Ceylon to the extreme east of New Guinea. But might not this difference be in some measure accounted for by some of those considerations which he so positively rejects as irrelevant? If it be true that in plants the production through natural selection of new races from variation is favoured by changes in cUmatological and other physical conditions, whilst a long con- tinued uniformity of these conditions enables races once acclimatized through a long course of generations by that same natural selection to hold their own even long after they have become reduced or weakened by age — if we may further consider the number of highly differentiated, monotypic, or sparingly varied races endemic in Africa, and especially those which are intermediate between subgenera, genera, tribes, &c. which in all other countries are well defined, to be remnants of races of the highest antiquity, may we not regard Xlviii PEOCEEDINGS OF THE these remnants, coupled with the apparently slow multiplication of species, as the result of a continuous subsistence of the land from the earliest periods, with few or none of those great convulsions or gradual depressions and upheavals which have successively changed the configuration and climate of those Eastern regions with which Africa appears once to have been connected, and exposing them to successive destructions or modifications of their old vegetation and invasions of new races ? To Grisebach's notes on the connexions of the Tropical- African flora with that of other countries I should have but few observations to add. The intergrafting with the South- African flora along the eastern side of the continent may well be attributed to climate and other present physical conditions. The European character of the higher mountain vegetation of Abyssinia and the Cameroons may be indicative of the remains of that western flora, the mysteries of whose distribution north and south of the tropics I have on several occasions alluded to. The supposed evidences derived from the vegetable kingdom of a once existing connexion between West Tro- pical Africa and East Tropical America through an ancient Atlantis gradually disappear on further investigation, No traces of a Western- Atlantic or American vegetation were met with by Mann in the mountains of Fernando Po and the Cameroons, nor by Dr. Hooker in the Western Atlas of Morocco. The Tropical- American races found in Western Africa are chiefly confined to the coast region ; they are more generally identical than representative species ; and they may have been brought over in the course of ages by some of those means of transport which even now may occasionally occur, such as the Gulf-stream, as mentioned by Grisebach. You may recollect, for instance, a short notice by Dr. Dickie inserted in our Journal (Botany, vol. xi. p. 456) of a green floating mass, twelve to fourteen miles broad, crossed by Capt. Mitchell in the Atlantic, within 300 miles of the mouth of the Gambia, which had evidently, in Dr. Dickie's mind, come from some part of America within the influence of the Gulf-stream, probably passing between the Cape- Verd Islands and the mainland of Africa. Besides algse, the portions of this mass picked up by Capt. Mitchell and examined by Dr. Dickie contained, amongst other sub- stances, fruits, seeds and " seedling plants several inches long, aU with a pair of cotyledons, roots, and terminal bud, quite fresh"*. With regard to those American genera represented chiefly in Eastern * It may require, however, as suggested by Dr. Hooker, some further evi- dence to show that this green mass might not as well have been brought down from some African as from some American river. UNiraAJT SOCIETY OF LONDON. xlix Tropical Africa, to which I called your attention in my paper on Compositae, there are various considerations, requiring too much detail for me now to enter upon them, tending to show a greater probability of an ancient interchange having taken place far south of the tropics, or eastward over lands long since submerged, than across the Tropical Atlantic, A prevailing eastern element in the Tropical- African flora has, indeed, been frequently pointed out. An interchange with Continental India is so well marked north of the equator as to have been generally admitted : but south there are many distinct types represented only in Madagascar, Ceylon, Ma- lacca, the Archipelago, or Australia. This would lead one into speculations, put forward also by naturalists in other branches, as to a vast continent once bridging ovet the Indian Ocean, and extend- ing even far to the eastward into the Southern Pacific. Similar views derived from zoology have been recently put forward by Gran- didier, in a most interesting sketch of the physical geography and natural history. of Madagascar, contained in u. 46 (May 11) of this ., year's ' Eevue Scientifique.' This island, whose evident antiquity and long isolation, aided by its broken surface, has enabled it to become the seat or centre of preservation of a very large number oi endemic monotypes, shows also in its vegetation, besides African, many Archipelago and even Australian types. Grandidier believes that in zoology the more distant eastern connexion is at least as evident, if not more so than that with the almost adjacent African continent. In plants, the African connexion is decidedly predo- minant. I shall not attempt to follow Grisebach in discussing the peculia- rities of the remainder of his regions. We may observe throughout the same careful investigation of the climatic conditions and its in- fluence on the vegetative character of the individual plants (Vege- tationsformen) and on the general aspect of the whole vegetation they constitute (Yegetationsformationen), with the same high esti- mate or, we might say, overestimate of its efi'ects on the typical character of the species as compared with the complicated con- sequences of previous possession, foreign invasion, and natural selec- tion in the struggle for life (which he seems disposed to ignore), and with the same allusions to certain mysterious creative or productive forces beyond the reach of our inquiries. A closer examination of his regions shows them to be much better conceived in his phyto- climatic point of view than I had at first thought them to be when regarded as phyto-geographical regions; and although fvirther ex- plorations may cause him to modify their limits in several instances, LiiTN. Peoc. — Session 1871-72. g PROCEEDINGS OF THE yet, in regard to all of them, the data he has collected and methodized "will be found to be an important contribution to the scientific study of geographical distribution, the value of which is enhanced by copious references to the sources whence he has derived his infor- mation. Among these regions I only allude now to the Brazilian, for the purpose of calling your attention to the steady progress of the great work descriptive of one of the richest floras of the globe. The plan of the ' Flora Brasiliensis,' originally conceived by the emi- nent traveller, naturalist, and ethnologist Carl von Martins, was, with true German perseverance and energy, worked out by him to the end of his life ; and immediately before his death he had the satisfaction of concluding, under the enlightened patronage of the ruler of that empire, arrangements by which its regular continuance and, probably eai'ly conclusion were secured. The laborious and irksome task of editor, including the dealings with authors of un- certain habits and tempers, so well performed by Martius, has de- volved upon a worthy successor in the person of Dr. Eichler, who has also taken a distinguished part amongst the authors ; and a further stimulus has been given to it by the recent visit of the Emperor to the European continent. We all admired the intelli- gent activity as well as the affability displayed by him when in this country; and it was a matter of deep regret to me that my absence from town prevented my attending upon his Majesty when he visited these our rooms and insjDected our library and collections. When in Germany, his delicate attentions to the widow of v. Mar- tius, whom he styled " one of his oldest and best friends," and his cordial reception of Dr. Eichler at Yienna, will have done as much towards encouraging the editorial efforts, as the votes of the Bra- zilian chambers have contributed to the material progress of the work. The comjionent parts of this great Flora, by authors of dif- ferent abilities, appreciating differently the value of genera and species, and working at different times upon scantier or more co- pious materials, must necessarily be somewhat unequal, and may not, for instance, always give fair data for estimating the propor- tions to the general flora held by the different natural orders. But as a whole, including, as it does in the volumes already published, detailed descriptions of above eight thousand species, illustrated by nearly 1300 excellent folio plates, it is a national botanical monu- ment such as no other country can boast of, and doing equal honour to the Brazilian Government and to the German character. The successive parts issued of this Flora, form, indeed, now the chief con- tribution to systematic botany supplied on the continent, in addition lUfNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 11 to the few mentioned in my last year's address. Physiological and anatomical botany are, on the other hand, much more steadily worked out in Germany and in France than with us. Several im- portant papers have already, since the restoration of 2)eace, been pub- lished in Pringsheim's ' Jahrbiicher ' and in Hanstein's 'Botanische Abhandlungen,' both of them specially devoted to this branch of the science; and in France the recent numbers of the 'Annales des Sciences Naturelles ' are chiefly taken up with papers by Van Tieghem, De Gris, Trecul, and others, a more detailed notice of which would lead me too far for the present occasion. There are two general subjects upon which the bulky mass of literature continues, to receive considerable accessions both in this country and on the continent, without perhaps adding much to oux stock of information, and which would at any rate require long and patient study to extract what may be really of value ; these are Darwinism and so-called Spontaneous Generation. Dar'wdnism in some shape or other, or something under that name, enters more or less into almost all general discussions on points of natural history, especially on the Continent ; and so far as it is applicable to what the Germans call the "Descendenztheorie," it is being more or less tacitly adopted by the great majority of naturalists ; but in a general way, the comj)rehensive hypotheses propounded by Darwin in his various works are still the subject of much polemical discussion. Seidlitz, in his work entitled ' Die Darwin'sche Theorie,' fills thirty pages with the mere titles of the works, memoii's, or papers pub- lished on the subject since 1859 ; and to this enumeration many additions might be made. Amidst this great mass it might have been expected that I should select some to bring specially under your notice — that I should follow up the observations I made on the ' Origin of Species ' in my Address of 1863, and on the ' Va- riation of Animals and Plants under Domesticity ' in that of 1868, by some notice of the ' Descent of Man,' as well as of some recent works of other writers, such as Mivart's 'Genesis of Species;' but these have been already fully discussed by naturalists much more competent than a purely systematic botanist to deal with the ques- tion in the phase which it has now reached, and I have not met with any other work in which any connected series of observations have been methodized and brought to bear more directlj' on the general life-history of animals and plants. The detached observa- tions upon several points connected with Darwin's general theories, especially those relating to dichogamy and cross-fertUization in plants, continue to be very numerous, as well as the endeavours to 5-2 Ki PKOCEEDIKGS OF THE connect recent with geologically ancient races of both animals and plants, without, however, making any one move of importance to- wards the solution of the problems before us; and we are still anxiously awaiting from Mr. Darwin himself that long-promised second portion of his great digest which is to treat of the variations of undomesticated animals and plants. Spontaneous Generation has perhaps been of late the subject of more controversy in this country than abroad. Since Prof. Huxley, followed by Dr. Tyndall, placed the matter in so clear a light at the Liverpool Meeting of 1870, Dr. Bastian has returned to the charge. In his work entitled ' The Modes of origin of lowest Organisms,' he has published an account of numerous experiments further illus- trating his views in opposition to those of Huxley and Tyndall, and confirming, in his mind, the theory of Archebiosis, the name he gives to what is commonly called Spontaneous Generation. On the other hand, Mr. N. Hartley has communicated to the Eoyal Society (' Proceedings,' xx. No. 132) his experiments concerning the evolu- tion of life from lifeless matter, which appear to have been con- ducted with great care, and in some measure under the guidance of Dr. Odling and Prof. TjTidaU. From these he concludes that " so far as our present knowledge guides us, whether we term it sponta- neous generation, abiogenesis, or archebiosis, the process by which living things spring from lifeless matter must be said to be only ideal." The same number of these ' Proceedings ' contains abstracts of three papers by Dr. Grace Calvert on the development of proto- plasmic life, its influence on putrefaction, and the effect of various substances in promoting or arresting its progress, all of which papers are connected with, and in continuation of, his former experiments and conclusions tending to support the theory that this protoplasmic life is derived from invisible germs floating in the atmosphere. Dr. Bastian, at a later meeting of the Royal Society, again returned to the subject in a paper entitled " On some Heterogenetic modes of origin of flagellated Monads, Fungus-germs, and ciliated Infusoria," inserted at length in No. 133 of the ' Proceedings.' The experi- ments and observations here detailed are very interesting as to the development of these organisms in the pellicle that forms on in- fusions of organic matter when exposed to the atmosphere ; but they do not affect the question of the origin of the living components of the pellicle itself, which he considers to have been fully proved by his own former papers, as well as by the well-known experiments of Pouchet and others, to have been evolved from lifeless matter by archebiosis. A more extended work, giving the fullest details of LTinrEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. liii his views of the " Beginnings of Life " is announced ; but I have not yet seen it. If, then, spontaneous generation may as a theory in the minds of some persons have become referred to the class of paradoxes like the quadrature of the circle, yet it is still supported by so many na- turalists whose opinions are entitled to consideration, and there is so much to be said for as well as against it which appears unsusceptible of direct and positive proof, that it is likely to be long maintained as a subject of controversy, without any further much more definite result. But there is one question of a more practical nature, often supposed to be connected with it, which has excited, and is still calliiag for the serious attention of men of science, experience, and judgment, as well as of various Governments. I allude to those parasitical scourges which within the last thirty years have made such havoc in several important articles of European food and in- dustry. Thirty years since, and, I believe, up to the fatal year 1845, the potato-disease, the silkworm -pebrine, and the oidium of the vine were unknown in Europe ; and we can most of us remember how the sudden appearance and rapid extension of each in succes- sion produced the famine in Ireland, and the ruin of so many French and Italian silk-breeders and wine-growers of the Mediterranean region, Madeira, and Bordeaux, and how long men of science have been baffled in their efforts at ascertaining the true history of the attendant fungi and devising an efficacious remedy. The potato- disease appears now to have settled down into one of those chronic epidemics whose varying intensity, according to season and other circumstances over which we have little control, must enter into the calculations of every potato -grower. This useful tuber can no longer, indeed, be advantageously cultivated in that wholesale manner which induced the late Thomas Andrew Knight and others to attach to it so high an economic value ; but it may now again be fairly de- pended upon as an important article of household food. The pebrine of the silkworm, from the latest reports I have seen of the commis- sions of Lyons and other places, shows but little abatement of its intensity, although it has in some measure changed its character, and is, it is to be feared, through the carelessness or cupidity of in- terested dealers, spreading even into those eastern regions which have been looked to for the supply of " seed " free from the fatal germ. The oidium, on the contrary, has been got more under con- trol ; and experience now shows that, in many districts at least, its ravages can be checked or entirely stopped by means within the Kv PROCEEDINGS OF THE reach of every intelligent cultivator. But within the last few years a new plague has in the south of France excited even more alarm than the oidium itself, from its insidious invasion and complete de- struction of many of the most valuable vineyards ; this time, how- ever, the offending parasite is brought much more within the scope of direct scientific observation. The germs of the potato-fungus, of the pebrine, of the oidium are all invisible and inappreciable by any of our instruments ; the history of their diff'usion and early develop- ment, and even their very existence can only be judged of from their results and other circumstantial evidence ; whilst the Phylloxera vastatrix can be watched in every stage of its varied existence, from the first deposit of the fertilized eggs, through its several agamic generations, to the latest winged form. The researches, accordingly, which have been already applied to it have not been altogether barren of results, throwing some light even generally upon the origin and dispersion of these pests. Considerable sums of money, either from the French Government or from private subscriptions, have been applied to the purpose ; and the investigation has been chiefly carried on by our foreign member, Dr. J, E. Planchon, of Montpel- lier, assisted by M. J. Lichtenstein, a relative, I believe, of the late distinguished Prussian zoologist. These gentlemen, since the first discovery of the disease in France in 1868, have devoted much of their time to it. They have compared their observations with those of others, who in other countries have studied the insect, especially Mons. Laliman, of Bordeaux, Mr. Riley, of Missouri, and Prof. Westwood in our own country ; and they have now, in a pamphlet which, by some inversion of dates not uncommon abroad, is supposed to form part of the Proceedings of the session of the French scien- tific congress at Montpellier in 1868, given a resume of nearly five hundred memoirs, communications, or journal articles which have been published on the subject up to the close of last year (1871). The main facts given as having been hitherto elicited as proved or probable may be shortly resumed as follows: — The Phylloxera, like other Aphides, goes through a number of apterous generations of a single sex, but multiplying with enor- mous rapidity ; for one or two individuals will lay as many as five hundred eggs, fertilized without previous copulation. It also gives birth occasionally to a winged generation of both sexes, the females of which lay only two or three eggs each. The apterous Phylloxera is also dimorphous : — a smooth-bodied form living in little galls formed on the leaves of the vine, where it is LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Iv comparatively harmless ; and a tuberculate form living in the nodules it produces on the root-fibres, causing first the smaller and then the main roots to rot, weakening, in the first instance, and finally killing the whole vine. Each form has its winged generation. The insect is evidently of North-American origin, although the precise history of its transmission to this country has not been ascertained. It was first described by Asa Fitch, in the Trans- actions of the New- York State Agricultural Society for 1854; but living there chiefly on the leaves of the native vines, it had not attracted any peculiar attention. More recently, however, Mr. Eiley has found reason to attribute to the ravages of the subterranean form the ill success of the various attempts made to establish in America the European grape-vine. In England, where the intro- duction of the insect from America may be readily conceived. Prof. "Westwood's attention was first called to it in 1863, and again from various quarters in 1867 and 1868, whence resulted the above- mentioned account in the ' Gardeners' Chronicle ' for January 1869 (p. 109). "With us it does not appear to have much spread, and has therefore not called for any further observation, the damp soil, the mode of treatment, or other external circumstances proving un- favourable for the development of the underground form. But having by some means reached and established itself in the dry, naturally-drained vineyards of the south of France, its general character underwent a change ; natural selection at once gave an enormous preponderance to the underground over the epiphyllous form. It was first discovered there in July 1868 ; and by the close of that year its ravages caused a panic among the vine-growers in many parts of Lower Languedoc and Provence, similar to that which we may remember in this country on the rapid spread of the potato- disease in the autumn of 1845. It was immediately made the sub- ject of scientific investigation, which has ever since been steadily pursued. As one result Dr. Planchon inclines to believe that the oidium and the potato-disease, like the Phylloxera, and, in former days, the American blight of oiir apple-trees, had all been imported from America. It would seem that all these parasites, whether insects or fungi, capable of enormously rapid and extensive propa- gation, remain unnoticed so long as they are kept in check by the mutual relations of their constitution, habits, food, and other cir- cumstances in which they are placed — but that the moment a change, often very slight, in one or other of these conditions destroys the balance, they may at once and suddenly gain the upper hand, so Ivi PROCEEDDirGS OF THE as to be classed in the popular mind amongst those varied phenomena collectively designated as blights. That such a change is often the consequence of the transportation of the insect from one country to another may be regarded as more probable if Riley is correct in his belief that in America, as in Europe, introduced insects when once established are more noxious than indigenous ones. In the case of the Phylloxera some clue to the nature of the influencing alteration may be derived from the success attending one of the remedies applied — the inundation and continued submersion of the diseased vineyards during the winter months. The comparative dryness of the soil in the new over that of the original station of the insect has been the change which natural selection seems to have seized upon to effect the extraordinary development of the underground form, aided, perhaps, by some slight attendant change in its constitution. Prolonged, or even temporary inundation^ however, is not practicable in the majority of the south-of-France vineyards, nor, indeed, in any of those producing the best wines. Amongst other remedies, soot (the soot of wood-smoke I presume) promises to be one of the most efficacious applications. Amongst the various publications which these phenomena have called forth we may still see cropping up not unfrequently the popular notion that they are blights mysteiiously connected with meteorological conditions, against which it is vain to struggle ; but, fortunately, the need of separately investigating every one of them is becoming generally recognized. In France, Government has ap- pointed special commissions for inquiries into the silk- and vine- diseases. In Genuany the ravages committed by insects on their forests have been the subject of various works, published chiefly under the patronage of the Austrian Government and scientific asso- ciations. In North America Mr. Eiley, as Missouri State entomo- logist, makes annual reports on noxious insects to the Board of Agriculture of that State, pursuant to an appropriation for this purpose from the Legislature*. In Italy a special institution has been formed at Padua, under official patronage, for the study of cryptogamic parasites; and our Royal Horticultural Society is * Since writing the above I have seen a proof-sheet of a portion of the forthcoming fourth report of the Missouri State entomologist, Mr. Riley, in which he enters into further details of the history of the Vhylloxera, collected during a recent visit to Europe, as well as from closer observations on the subject made in America, where it appears to be acquiring more serious importance. I have not, however, yet seen enough of the report to learn what further conclusions Mr. Eiley may have arrived at. •MNITEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. IVii also making arrangements for the special encouragement of the study of economic entomology. To these and similar institutions it is the duty of science, in the interest of mankind, to giv^ its un- qualified support, to divest itself of all preconceived theories and prejudices, to avoid those polemical discussions which appear to have gone beyond the security they give for the exhibition of facts in all the various points of view they may bear, but impartially to study every detail connected with these scourges, which have so much increased during the present century, fostered, perhaps, by the advance of civiHzation and high cultivation. The President read a letter from Mr. J. J. Bennett, dated Mares- field, AprU 18th, 1872, requesting that, as he finds it impossible, while residing at so great a distance from London, to attend the Meetings, he might be allowed to resign his position as a Member of Council and a Vice-President ; adding that, after so many years of active connexion with the Society's affairs, it cost him no little pain to sever himself entirely from its business ; but that (being desirous of spending the remainder of his days in absolute retirement), he felt it to be his duty to do so, and could no longer defer performing it. . The Secretary reported that the following Members had died, or their deaths been ascertained, since the last Anniversary : — Fellows. Sir Roderick I. Murchison, Bart. Iltyd Nicholl, Esq. William Osborn, Esq. Berthold Seemann, Ph.D. J. D. C. Sowerby, Esq. Thomas Hawkes Tanner, M.D. Robert Armstrong, M.D. WiUiam Baird, M.D. James Charles Dale, Esq. George Robert Gray, Esq. Rev. William Hincks. Charles Home, Esq. Sir Oswald Mosley, Bart. Foreign Member. Hugo von Mohl, M.D. Associates. WiUiam Baxter. | Edward Jenner. The Secretary also announced that thirty-two Follows and two Foreign Members had been elected since the last Anniversary, At the Election which subsequently took place, George Bentham, Esq., was re-elected President ; William Wilson Saunders, Esq., Treasurer ; and Frederick Currey, Esq., and H. T. Stain ton, Esq., Secretaries. The following five Fellows were elected into the Linn. Proc. — Session 1871-72. h iviii PKOCEEDINGS OF THE Council, in the room of others going out, viz : — Eobert Braithwaite, M.D., J, Gwyn Jeffreys, Esq., E. MacLachlan, Esq., John Miers, Esq., anfl Daniel Oliver, Esq. Dr. Prior, on the part of the Committee appointed to audit the Treasurer's Accounts, read the Balance-sheet, by which it appeared that the total Eeceipts during the past year, including a Balance of .£435 17s. 6d. carried from the preceding year, amounted to .£1656 12s. Id., and that the total Expenditure during the same period, including the purchase of £180 Great Indian Penninsula Eailway Stock, amounted to £1459 3s. 9c?., leaving a balance in the hands of the Bankers of £197 8s. M. OBITUAET NOTICES. The Secretaries then laid before the Society the following Notices of Deceased Members*. William Baied, M.D., F.E.S., F.L.S., was the youngest son of the Eev. James Baird, and was born at the Manse of Eccles, in Ber- wickshire, in 1803. He received his education at the High School of Edinburgh, and afterwards studied medicine and surgery in the University of that city, and at Dublin and Paris. In the year 1823 Dr. Baird, having previously made a voyage to the "West Indies and South America, entered the maritime service <^ the East- India Company as surgeon, and remained in that service until 1833: during this period he visited India and China five times, and went also to other countries, and in all his voyages availed himself zealously of the opportunities which his position afforded for studying natural history. In 1829 Dr. Baird assisted in the foundation of the well-known Berwickshire Naturalists' Club, to which he was afterwards a frequent contributor. On quitting the East-India Company's service Dr. Baird practised his profession in London for some years, until, in 1841, he accepted an appointment in the zoological department of the British Museum, where he remained until his death. Dr. Baird's qualifications as a zoologist were of a high order, and his published writings are numerous and excellent; they consist * Besides the Fellows and Associates of the Society mentioned in the above Notices, information has been received of the death of Dr. Hugo von Mohl, Professor of Botany in the University of Tiibingen, a Foreign Member of the Society. Dr. v. Molil died on the 11th of April, 1872, but sufficient time has not elapsed for obtaining the particulars necessary for a biographical notice. LUTNEAIT SOCIETY OP LONDON. 00 o CO 00 C3 'i:. >» 'J^ rrjMXir-IO0600J>M * rH ^•rHiftOOONCOOO ^ r-l 1-1 i-l rH r-l IM rH i-l i-H P^ o 00 «rt m SfJ -^ -=< 1> <«eo : o o o o sD CO o I O O 00 O »0 CO -^ ert ^ 3 T=i O 00 i-O O V-O CO t^ lO 1-1 rH t> CO IM s -^3 iH iH CD iH s J 'B : « "S : Oh i s 2 o l» 53 P±d > s eo g 03 eo _ l-H -g •I- p ^ saw S-^rS «i-i o itions of of umal, &c ols and c bv othor o C O ositions . . al Contribi do. actions, Jo •st ou Cons ises repaid J omp nnu Do. rans iterc xpei M H >^ iH P^ g «rt t! ^ W -P5 "e3 ?=!2;t3 3 INTO CK C 1 t: § .q o OHfil o W ■« HWf^ O TJ ;^ S o ««H rS C S3 J .B m OOpi^O 7t2 IX PKOCEEDINGa OF THE chiefly of scattered papers on various subjects in the ' Edinburgh Philosophical Journal,' ' Loudon's Magazine of Natural History,' and its successor, the ' Annals and Magazine of Natural History,' in the ' Zoologist,' and the ' Proceedings of the Zoological Society.' His most important work was, however, the ' Natural History of the British Eutomostraca,' published by the Kay Society in 1850, a work of great ability and research. He was also the author of a popular ' Cyclopaedia of the Natural Sciences,' published in 1858, and of a valuable paper on Pearls and Pearl-Eisheries, as well as one on the luminosity of the Sea, published in ' Loudon's Magazine of Natural History.' During the latter years of his life his attention was principally directed to the Entozoa. As early as 1843 he had drawn up a cata- logue of those then known, which was published by the Trustees of the British Museum. Numerous papers on the same subject were also contributed by him to the ' Proceedings of the Zoological Society,' and several papers on new Annelids to the ' Transactions ' and ' Journal ' of the Linnean Society. Latterly he was engaged in preparing a new and general catalogue of the Entozoa, for which he had accumulated a vast amo\int of material, and which, had he lived to bring his undertaking to a close, would doubtless have been a valuable contribution to science. But it is not merely by his publications that his attainments must be judged. His knowledge of natural history generally was exten- sive and profound, and his readiness in imparting it to others wiU long be remembered by those who were in the habit of studying at the British Museum. As a man of science he was highly esteemed by scientific men, and in private life he was much beloved on account of the unvary- ing amiability of his disposition and the kindliness of his manners. He was elected a Fellow of this Society on the 16th of February, 1847, and died on the 27th of January, 1872. William Baxter was formerly Curator of the Botanic Garden at Oxford, an office to which he was appointed as long ago as 1813. At that time botany at Oxford had sunk to its lowest level ; Sherard, Dillenius, and Sibthorp belonged to the past. Dr. Williams, who held the chair in the early part of Baxter's curatorshi]), was an elegant scholar and an amiable man, but added nothing to botanical science ; and for practical instruction in botany the undergraduates of that day had recourse to the teachings of Mr. Baxter. Among his pupils were many men who subsequently distinguished them- LTNlTEAlir SOCIETY OF LONDON. Ixi selves in various ways, and some of whom, such as the present Bishop of Chichester, kept up their acquaintance with their in- structor up to recent times. It was at this period of his career that Mr. Baxter edited his ' British Botany,' a work in several volumes, devoted to the description and illustration of British plants. The illustrations are of unequal merit ; but the amount of information accumulated is extremely large, and bears witness, not only to great shrewdness of perception and accuracy of observation, but to in- defatigable zeal and labour. But it was in cryptogamic botany that Mr. Baxter specially excelled — in this proving himself a worthy compeer of his feUow labourers, Dawson-Turner, Borrer, Purton, and others. It is on record that he made great changes for the better in the Oxford Botanic Garden ; its level was so raised, that it was on longer flooded, and it was stored with rare plants to an extent that rendered it one of the most remarkable gardens of its time. The number of hardy herbaceous plants and of British plants under cul- tivation under Mr. Baxter's management was, considering the re- stricted space at his command, greater than that in almost any other establishment in the kingdom. On the death of Dr. "Williams, in 1834, Dr. Daubeny was elected to the professorship, and imme- diately proceeded still further to improve, and, indeed, remodel the garden, in doing which he was ably and energetically assisted by Mr. Baxter ; and the alterations that were carried into effect, with the modifications introduced by the present Curator, have rendered the Oxford garden, for its limited size, a very complete esta- bhshment. About twenty years since Mr. Baxter retired from his curatorship in favour of his son, Mr. W. H. Baxter, the present holder of the office. Mr. Baxter was admitted as an Associate of this Society on the 6th of May, 1817, and he died on the 1st of November, 1871 . in his 84th year. James Charles Dale, M.A., of Glanville Wootton, and Newton Montacute, Dorset, a Justice of the Peace, and in 1843 High Sheriff for the county, was born on the 13th of December, 1791. He was educated at "Wimborne and at Sydney Sussex CoUege, Cam- bridge, where he graduated in 1815. His love of natural history, particularly entomology, was shown from a child ; some of the insects in his British collection, which is the finest and largest known, were taken in the last century, and he followed his fa- vourite pursuit, assisted by his two sons, until within a few hours of his death. He had a large collection of foreign insects ; Ixii PKOCEEDrNGS OF THE his entomological journal was most carefully kept from 1808 until February 6, 1872, and is full of rare captures and valuable infor- mation. When at school he made a beautiful copy of Harris's butterflies, with additions of his own ; and though latterly com- plaining that stiffness of the joints rendered the capture and setting of insects not so easy as it used to be, Mr. Dale was, at 80 years of age, as enthusiastic an entomologist as he was in his youth. Mr. Dale was a British entomologist par excellence, and one of the very few who devote themselves to all orders. His collections (which include a large number of foreign insects) are enormous, and every specimen is so labelled that its exact history, whether it be of yesterday or fifty years old, was traceable by its possessor in a moment. The notes published by himself are chiefly -short, and scattered through the periodicals of nearly half a century. But it is in connexion with the late Mr, John Curtis that Mr. Dale's name wiU be handed down to generations of entomologists yet unborn. In the ' British Entomology ' his name is on almost every page, and it was from his collections that Curtis derived a vast portion of the material from which his elaborate work was prepared. The two worked hand in hand, and their names came to be considered as almost synonyms. N'ow that Curtis's own collection is unfortunately trans- ported to the antipodes, Mr. Dale's is of special importance ; for it enables the student, in very many cases, to verify species that might otherwise be doubtful. But for Curtis, Mr. Dale's name would probably be scarcely known beyond our own shores ; for he seldom entered the arena of scientific controversy. He was emphatically an English country gentleman, but (and the instances are rare) with a taste for ento- mology ; and his loss will be greatly regretted, not only by his own family and dependants, but by a numerous body of scientific friends. His death took place suddenly and without suffering on the 14th of February, 1872. Mr. Dale was one of the oldest Fellows of this Society, having been elected on the 3rd of February, 1818. George Robert Gray (Assistant Keeper of the Zoological De- partment in the British Museum, a naturalist of distinguished eminence, both as an entomologist and ornithologist, especially in the latter capacity, in which he took the highest rank) was bom at Chelsea, in July 1808, and early in life assisted the late Mr. Children, then Keeper of the Zoological Department, in the arrangement of his private collection of insects, which was one of the most exten- sive then existing. In 1831 he became an Assistant in the British LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOK. Ixiii Museum, in which, for many years, he had the entire charge of the noble collection of birds contained in it. His earliest contributions to science were made to the English translation, with large additions, of Cuvier's ' Animal Kingdom,' at that time in course of publication, under the superintendence of Mr. Griffith ; and he soon afterwards produced a ' Revision of the Phasmidse ' (4to), with illustrative plates, and other entomological publications, which are still regarded as valuable contributions to entomological science, to which he always continued to be much attached. But his leading works are those relating to ornithology. They commenced in 1840, by a * List of the Genera of Birds,' 8vo, privately printed, but largely dis- tributed by him, in which he enumerated 1005 genera, and indi- cated for each of them the type on which it was founded. In 1841 he published a second edition of this work, containing many additions and corrections; and in 1842 an Appendix, in both of which the number of generic divisions was increased to 1232. But his greatest work, and that on which his fame was principally founded, and which wUl always remain as a lasting memorial of his great ornithological knowledge, was ' The Genera of Birds,' in 4to, published in conjunction with the late David William Mitchell, who furnished the illustrations. This work, commenced in 1844, and completed in 1849, gives figui'es, beautifully executed, of about 800 genera, selected from those contained in his previous publi- cations as the most important, with carefully prepared distinctive characters, and under each genus an extensive list of the species belonging to it. It is the great work on which the science of ornithology now rests, and many public collections, both in Europe and America, have been arranged in accordance with it. It is executed with immense labour, and with an accuracy seldom equalled, and must be regarded as the greatest work on ornithology that has appeared in our times. The author was iudefatigable in his labours to complete and improve it ; and in 1855 he published what might be regarded as a third edition of his first-named work, under the title of a ' List of Genera and Subgenera of Birds,' in which he increased the number of divisions enumerated to 2403. Still more completely to show the present state of the science, he has since printed a ' Hand-list of the Genera and Species of Birds,' embracing, in addition, a comprehensive list of the species belonging to each division and subdivision as far as known to him. In all these publications it is scarcely possible to overestimate the laborious accuracy with which information was sought in every available Ixiv PKOCEEDINGS OF THE source, and brought together into a small compass for the benefit of the student, adhering throughout to what Swainson has termed " the inflexible law of priority," and thus giving to every author the credit which was justly his due. In this respect he was always most conscientiously anxious to show what had really been done by each individual and to what extent science had been benefited by him. A feelmg of oversensitiveness in this particular led him, perhaps, to feel too impatient at criticisms whi(;h appeared to him not suificiently to take into account the difiiculties attendant on such a task, or to make in too authoritative a tone suggestions which had been weU and thoroughly considered by him, and not adopted on account of higher principles which they seemed to him to contra- dict. Besides all these important publications on ornithology, and many contributions to the ' Proceedings of the Zoological Society ' and to the ' Annals of IS^atural History,' he found time for a revision of some of the genera into which the Linnean genus Papilio had been subdivided, and for an elaborate account of all that had been written on insects parasitical on other insects and on plants. His life, in fact, was devoted to the earnest pursuit of science, to which he was devotedly attached, and in the furtherance of which he may be said to have laid it down ; for in the early part of the present year his brain seemed to be completely worn out with his labours, which he never remitted. Towards the end of April he was struck down by a eomj)lete loss of cerebral power ; and after lying for nearly a fortnight insensible, and apparently unconscious, he died on the Gth of May, without ever recovering sensibility. He was elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society in 1845, and of the Royal in 1866. His natural-history proclivities may be said to have been born with him. His father, Samuel Frederick Gray, was a distinguished writer on chemistry, pharmacology, and botany; and his elder brother, John Edward Gray, is the Head of the Zoological Department in the British Museum. In his oificial capacity George Eobert Gray was remarkable for the courtesy and kindness with which he treated the visitors to the Museum ; and most of our leading zoologists, as well as numerous students of ornithology, will bear willing testimony to the readiness with which he commu- nicated his vast stores of information, and the soundness of his advice on zoological subjects. In private he was equally liberal and kind-hearted, and his many friends can testify to the generosity and good feeling which characterized him. To them, as well as to the world of science, his death will be a severe loss. i LINNEAN SOCEETT OF LONDON. Ixv The Eev. William Hincks was the second son of the Eev. Thomas Dix Hincks, LL.D., so well known for his varied scholarship and the important part which he played in connexion with educational movements in Ireland. The family was a large one. Dr. Edward Hincks, the Assyrian scholar, was the eldest brother ; and Sir Francis Hincks, the present Canadian Minister of finance, the youngest. "William Hincks was bom in 1793, at Cork, where his father was then settled as one of the ministers of the Presbyterian Congregation assembling in the Prince's-Street Chapel. He received his early education in his father's school, and at the age of sixteen proceeded to the College at York, which he entered in 1809. At the close of his college course, in 1814, he returned to Cork ; and on his father's removal, about that time, to Fermoy, he was elected as his successor by the Prince's-Street congregation. In 1816 he left Cork and settled in Exeter, as successor to Dr. Carpenter and colleague to the Rev. James Manning. In the following year he married Miss Maria Ann Yandell, by whom he had eight children, four of whom survive him. In 1822 he removed to Liverpool, to take charge of the Henshaw-Street congregation. The period of his residence in this town was probably the brightest portion of his ministerial Hfe. Surrounded by kind and congenial fi'iends, with ample scope for his untiring activity, with great social advantages and many oppor- tunities of gratifying his scientific tastes, he found in Liverpool much of what he most desired, and always regretted having left it. In 1827 he yielded reluctantly to the persuasions of some of the friends of the College, and undertook the tutorship in mathematics and philosophy and the management of the residence at York, as suc- cessor to the Rev. "William Turner, jun. In many ways his new position was less congenial to him than the one which he had left. He was peculiarly sensitive to the annoyances inseparable from the office which he held, and though profoundly interested in mental and moral philosophy, it can hardly be said that the mathematical portion of his duties was in harmony with his prevailing tastes ; but he threw himself into his new duties with the energy and in- difference to labour that were characteristic of all he did. During his residence in York (as, indeed, throughout his life) Mr. Hincks devoted himself with the greatest enthusiasm to natural-history pursuits. He was an accomplished botanist, and possessed a wide range of scientific knowledge. A keen collector, and finding some of his highest enjoyments in the field-work of the naturalist, he was also a philosophical student of his favourite science and kept Ixvi PROCEEDINGS OF THE pace with its progress. He took an active practical interest in the Yorkshire Philosophical Society, and thoronghly enjoyed the very pleasant fellowship which its meetings at that time afforded. He also held the office of Lecturer on Botany at the York School of Medicine. Mr. Hincks was an ardent politician. He belonged to the politi- cal school known as philosophical radicals, and held and maintained his opinions with the resoluteness and warmth that were natural to his character. He took a deep interest in all movements for the extension of popular rights and the elevation of the people ; and paid special attention to those economical questions which have assumed so much importance of late years. He continued to hold his tutorship at the college for twelve years ; hut in 1839 he resigned his office, and removed to London, At this time he received into his house young men who were studying in University College, to whom he acted as a tutor ; he also engaged in private teaching. In addition to these occupations he resumed ministerial work by taking charge of the Stamford-Street congre- gation, which was then in a very depressed condition, but was fortunate in possessing a small knot of earnest men and women, to whom he became warmly attached, and between whom and himself there always existed the most cordial relations. In 1842 he added to his already laborious duties by undertaking the editorship of the ' Inquirer ' newspaper. This paper owed its existence to a gentleman who, feeling strongly the importance of securing a weekly organ for the Unitarian body, proposed to supply the necessary capital, and, while retaining himself the proprietorship and general control, to entrust the literary management to a compe- tent editor. He offered the position to Mr. Hincks, on favourable terms ; and as the project commanded his hearty sympathy, he readily accepted it, and entered at once upon its duties. The first number appeared on July 9, 1842 ; but after the publication of the fourth number he was compelled to abandon the undertaking. At this juncture, Mr. Richard Taylor, the well-known printer, offered to assume the responsibilities of proprietor and publisher ; and by Mr. Hincks's exertions the ' Inquirer,' in little more than two months, attained a circulation of 600 copies weekly, and ultimately of nearly 1000. Mr. Hincks continued to conduct the ' Inquirer ' till about the middle of the year 1847 ; and on his retirement an influential committee was appointed for the purpose of raising a sum of money LINNEAN SOCIETT OF LONDON. Ixvii as a testimonial. On the 2nd of August, 1847, a pocket-book with .£450 was presented to him by the Eev. E. Tagart, in behalf of the committee, accompanied by expressions of warm personal regard. In the latter part of 1847 Mr. Hincks visited America, and made an extensive tour, with one of his sons, through the States and Canada, for the purpose of delivering scientific and other lectures. In 1848 he returned to England ; in 1849 his wife died. Soon after he obtained the appointment of Professor of Natural History in the jS^ew Queen's College at Cork, a position which had many attractions for him, which gave him comparative rest, and enabled him to devote himself more freely to his favourite pursuits. But he felt painfully the necessity of abstaining altogether from the exercise of his profession, imposed upon him by the terms of his appointment, and, being dissatisfied in some other respects with his position at Cork, he was glad, after a few years, to accept the Pro- fessorship of Natural History at University College, Toronto, which he held tiU within a few weeks of his death. Before leaving England he married again. This portion of his life was marked by a grievous calamity. The vessel which was conveying his goods to Canada was totally wrecked, a very large number of emigrants perishing with her, and almost all the memorials of his past life, his papers, including his materials for his college lectures (accumulated through many years), his Hbrary, his valuable herbarium, and other botanical collections, were lost. The blow was a severe one ; but he bore it with great heroism, and at once set to work with unbroken energy to repair the loss, so far as it was possible, and to prepare for his new duties, whilst stripped of all his resources but those he carried within himself. Almost up to the time of his death he fulfilled all the duties of his professorship, delivering lectures, devoting a large amount of time to practical work in the museum of which he was director, and keeping up with the sciences which he taught, besides pursuing various lines of original research. Besides his writings upon religious questions and questions of metaphysical and social science he pub- lished many papers on natural history and other subjects, chiefly in the ' Journal of the Canadian Institute.' Several of them wiU furnish material for the use of scientific men engaged in Canadian investigations ; as, for example, his paper entitled a " Specimen of the Flora of Canada," and another, " Materials for a Fauna Cana- densis." And besides these may be mentioned his papers : — " Natural History in its relations to Agriculture," " Considerations respecting Ixviii PKOCEEDINGS OP THE anomalous Vegetable Structures," " The Family of Faleonidse," " On some Questions in relation to the Theory of the Structure of Plants of the orders Brassicaceae and Primulaceae," "Eemarks on the Classification of Mammalia," " An attempt at an Improved Classifi- cation of Fruits," " The Struthionidae," " On Molluscous Animals," " The Grallatores," and " An Improved Arrangement of Ferns." In 1869 Mr. Hincks was elected to the Chair of the Canadian Institute, to which he was re-elected in 1870. Mr. Hincks belonged to a generation that has almost passed away, and represented a form of theological and philosophical opinion which has fewer adherents than it once had ; but his love of truth, his intellectual honesty, and his fearless trust in freedom were leading traits of his character, and points of contact with those from whom he differed most widely in opinion. For some time before his death he had been attacked by a depres- sing and, at intervals, most painful malady. He was fully aware of its serious nature, and felt that the end could not be distant and might come suddenly and soon. But he held bravely to his work, met his classes regularly, pursued his studies with unabated interest, and occupied himself with the latest scientific questions of the day, thankful that the power of working was still continued to him. At length his strength failed him ; in July or August he resigned his Professorship, and obtained the retiring pension, which he had so well earned, but which, as he pathetically wrote, " he was not likely to want." He died on the 10th of September, 1871, much regretted, having been a FeUow of this Society for more than forty-five years, the date of his election being the 17th of January, 1826. Chaeles Hokne, Esq., who died very shortly after his election as a Fellow of this Society, was formerly a Member of the Bengal Civil Service, from which he had lately retired. During his resi- dence at Mynpooree and other stations in the North-Western Pro- vinces he gave much attention to entomology and to the economic department of horticulture. He was a FeUow of the Entomological Society of London ; and after his return to England he contributed to the ' Transactions of the Zoological Society ' a paper " On the Habits of some Hymenopterous Insects from the North-West Pro- vinces of India," to which was annexed an appendix containing an account of some new species of Apidce and Vespidce collected by Mr. Home, and described by Mr. Frederick Smith of the British Museum. This paper is illustrated by four plates, from drawings by Mr. Home, of the insects and the very curious nests-of the " leaf- LINIfEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON. Ixix cutter" and other beea. The volume for 1869 of the ' Proceedings of the Zoological Society' contains two papers by Mr. Home, viz. : — 1. " Notes on the common Grey Hornbill of India (Meniceros bicornis),'" giving an account of its peculiar mode of incubation in holes of soft-wooded trees, the orifice of which the female partially closes with her excrement. 2. " Notes on Ploceus haya and its Nest : " this short paper is accompanied by a sketch of a date- palm, from which are suspended a considerable number of the bell- shaped nests, formed of woven grass, of the Baya, a bird of about the size of a sparrow. Mr. Home belonged to the Scientific Committee and was Vice- President of the Fruit Committee of the Eoyal Horticultural Society ; and his extensive knowledge of Indian forestry and agriculture, as well as of entomology, rendered him a very valuable member. His large collections were destroyed during the Indian mutiny ; but at its close he recommenced his labours, and succeeded in forming a valuable museum, especially of entomology. For a long time he was a Member of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, and contributed several papers to its Journal, principally on antiquarian subjects. On the 20th of March last Mr. Home was attacked by paralysis whilst attending a Meeting of the Royal Horticultural Society. He never rallied ; and died eight days afterwards at his residence at Norwood, at the age of forty-eight. He was elected a Fellow of this Society on the 12th of March, 1872, Edward Jenner, well known as an ardent and indefatigable botanist, had been for forty-seven years traveller for Messrs. Baxter, of Lewes, and connected with the ' Sussex Express.' An entirely self-taught man, he published several years ago a ' Flora of Tunbridge Wells,' a work considered to be one of great accuracy and utility, and copies of which are said to be now scarce. Mr. Jenner was also much interested in the study of the Microscopic Algae, and devoted con- siderable time to entomological pursuits. In the course of his busi- ness as a traveller, he obtained a thorough knowledge of the counties of Surrey, Sussex, and Kent, and he was always ready to afibrd information and assistance to any one desirous of investigating the natural history of the localities with which he was so familiar. Being well acquainted with the late Mr. Borrer, he had access to the invalu- able botanical collection at Henfield, and turned to the best advantage the opportunities for the study of plants which were thus aff'orded him. Early in the present year he was attacked by cold and cough, the Lxx PROCEEDINGS OF THE neglect of which led to his rather sudden death, which took place ou the 13th of March, 1872, being his sixty-ninth birthday. He was elected an Associate of this Society on the 5th of June, 1838. Sir Oswald Moslet, Bart., D.C.L., formerly M.P. for North Staf- fordshire, was the eldest son of Oswald Mosley, Esq., of Bolesworth Castle, in the county of Chester. Sir John Parker Mosley, the father of Mr. Oswald Mosley, was created a Baronet in 1781. Mr. Oswald Mosley died in his father's lifetime, and Sir Oswald Mosley, upon the death of Sir John, in 1798, succeeded to the title as second Baronet. Sir Oswald Mosley was much devoted to horticulture, and was at one time an active member of the Council of the Eoyal Horticultural Society. Sir Oswald died at his seat, Rolleston Hall, on the 25th of May, 1871, in his 87th year. He was elected a FeUow of this Society on the 16th of November, 1841. Sir Roderick Iiipet MuRCHisoif, Bart., K.C.B,, LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.S., &c., was the eldest son of the late Mr, Kenneth Murchison, of Tarradale, in Eossshire, North Britain. His mother was Barbara, eldest daughter of the late Mr. Kenneth Mackenzie, of Pairburn, in the same county, and sister of the late Sir Alexander Mackenzie, Bart., of Pairburn. He was born at his father's home in the High- lands, Pebmary 19, 1792, and received his early education as a boy at the grammar school attached to the Cathedral of Durham. Thence, in due course, having made up his mind to foUow the military pro- fession, he was removed to the Royal Military College at Great Marlow. Having studied for a few months at the University of Edinburgh, he obtained a commission in the Army in 1807, and, joining his regiment the following year, served in the 36th Foot with the Army in Spain and Portugal under Lord "Wellington, after- wards on the Staff of his uncle. General Sir Alexander Mackenzie, and, lastly, as captain in the 6th Dragoons. He took an active part ia several of the most important battles in the war, and earned the reputation of a brave and able officer. He carried the colours of his regiment at the battle of Vimiera, and afterwards accompanied the Army in its advance to Madrid and its junction with the force under Sir John Moore, and shared in the dangers and retreat at Corunna. At the end of the war his active mind needed employment, and he began to turn his attention in earnest to the pursuit of geological studies. His first contribution to science was a paper read by him before the Geological Society in 1825 on "The Geological Formation of the North-west Extremity of Sussex and the adjoining parts of LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Ityi Hampshire and Surrey," which was published in the Society's * Transactions ' (vol. ii.). He afterwards made researches in Suther- landshire, where he examined the coal strata, and showed that it was a member of the Oolitic series ; and in the following year he again visited the Highlands in company with Professer Sedgwick, when they succeeded in showing that the primary sandstone of M'CuUoch was nothing more than the true Old Eed Sandstone, now also called " Devonian." The result of these researches was read before the Geological Society, and published in its 'Transactions,' vols. ii. & iii. In 1828 he studied the extinct volcanoes of Auvergne and the geology of North Italy, and he afterwards published as the results of those studies some memoirs on the excavation of valleys, as illustrated by the volcanic rocks of Central France and the Ter- tiary strata of Southern France. Under the advice of the late Dean Buckland, Mr. Murchison next explored the vast and regular deposits of remote periods, which are most prominently seen in Herefordshire and on the borders of "Wales, and which he afterwards called the Silurian system, after the SUures, who inhabited that part of our island. These researches he followed up by others in Pembrokeshire, to the west of Milford Haven ; and the results of his generalizations respecting the antiquity of the Si- lurian system, as underlying the "Devonian" system, was made public at the meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1831, and subsequently published in the ' Transactions of the Geological Society,' and in a large work on the Palaeozoic Geology of England and Wales, which issued from the press in 1859. Further geological investigations in Devonshire and Cornwall followed, in the course of which, aided by Professor Sedgwick, Mur- chison definitely ascertained that the stratified rocks of those two counties are the equivalents of the Old Eed Sandstone, and he gave them the name of " Devonian." After having travelled for some time in Russia, Mr. Murchison in 1845 completed, in conjunction with M. de VerneuU and Count Von Keyserling, his magnificent work on the ' Geology of Russia and the Ural Mountains.' This consists of two volumes in quarto ; the first, relating specifically to the geological part of the subject, consisting of above 700 pages ; the second, in the French language, relating to the ' Palseontologie,' occupying more than 600 pages ; the whole copiously illustrated by geological maps and sections, and by accurate figures of organic remains. In 1846, not long after the publication of this work, Mr. Murchison was knighted by Her Majesty, the xlii PROCEEDINGS OF THE Emperor Nicholas having previously conferred upon him several Russian orders, including that of St. Stanislaus. His work on the geology of Russia was afterwards translated into Russian, and published in 1849. In tlys same year Sir Roderick received the Copley Medal from the Royal Society, in recognition of his having established the Silurian system in geology. About this time he undertook another (his sixth) visit to the Alps, and on his return published a memoir of some 300 pages in the ' Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society,' upon " The Geological Structure of the Alps, Apennines, and Carpathian Mountains." In this memoir he established the fact of a graduated transition from Secondary to Tertiary rocks, and separated the great Nummulite formation from the Cretaceous deposits with which it had been confounded. This work has been translated and published in Italian. The uppermost series of the Palaeozoic rocks, reposing immediately upon the Carboniferous system, consists of those formerly known in England as the Lower New Red Sandstone, and the Magnesian Lime- stone, and Marl-slate. Sir R. Murchison, having satisfied himself that they constituted one natural group only, which, from its organic contents, must be entirely separated from all formations above, pro- posed in 1841 that the group should receive the name of the " Per- mian " system, from its extensive development in the ancient king- dom of Permia, in Russia; and this denomination has been universally adopted by geologists. In a memoir produced in 1855, in conjunction with Professor Morris, on the German Palseozoi(; rocks, he has returned to the subject of the Permian system, and shows that there is no break between it and the lowest system of the Mesozoic strata — the Triassic — which succeeds it in the ascending series. In 1854 Sir Roderick pu.bhshed his best-known work ' Siluria ; or, the History of the oldest Tcnow7i Rocks containing Organic Re- mains ; with a Brief Sketch of the Distribution of Gold over the Earth.' This volume includes a general view of the structure of the earth's crust, and more particularly of the more ancient series of strata, of which the Silurian system is the lowest ; and a summary of the author's general views of geological science, including the points on which he differed from his friend. Sir Charles Lyell, and from Professor Sedgwick. There is one other subject, in connexion with which the name of Sir Roderick Murchison will long be remembered in the world of science and of commerce, and that is the discovery of the gold-fields lUrNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Ixxiil of Australia. The first actual discovery of gold in Australia may possibly have been made by Count Strzelecki, as asserted in the ' English Cyclopaedia,' or by Mr. Hargreaves, or possibly by shepherds before either the one or the other name was noised abroad ; but for Sir Koderick Murchison must be claimed the credit of having inferred the presence of gold in the Australian monntain-ranges, from the analogy which their formation bore to the Ural Mountains, with the physical outlines of which he had made himself familiar, quite apart from any knowledge of the fact that gold had been picked up on the Australian continent ; and not only for this discovery ought his name to be remembered, but also for his having endeavoured (though with very little success at the time) to awaken the attention of the Home Government to the great importance of the subject to the interests of our colonies in the southern hemisphere. Sir Roderick, having acted for five years as Secretary of the Geo- logical Society, became President of that body in 1831-32, and again in 1842-43. He was one of the few scientific men who responded at once to the call of Sir David Brewster in 1830 to join in esta- blishing the British Association for the Advancement of Science, of which, for several years, he acted as General Secretary, and over whose meeting at Southampton, in 1846, he presided. He has from year to year taken the most active part in the business of the Geo- graphical Section at its annual meetings, and has communicated very many important papers on these occasions. In 1844 ho was elected President of the Royal Geographical Society, was re-elected in the following year, and again in 1852 and in 1856. He has held the Presidential chair of that society down almost to the present time, having been succeeded only a few months ago by Sir Henry Raw- linson. In 1855 he succeeded the late Sir Henry de la Beche as Director of the Museum of Practical Geology in Jermyn Street, which has owed its efficiency for the last fifteen years very largely to his energy and constant attention. It is almost needless to add that he received recognition of his discoveries in science from the Universities of Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin, by the bestowal on him of their Honorary Degree ; and that he was a member of nearly aU the learned societies upon the Continent, including the Imperial Institute of France. He was also one of the Trustees of the British Museum, and Director-General of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom. In 1863 Sir Roderick Murchison was nominated a Knight Com- mander of the Order of the Bath (Civil Division), and in the following Linn. Pkoc. — Session 1871-72. i Ixxiv :PEOCEEDrisrGs or the year he received the prize, named after Baron Cuvier, from the French Institute, and at home the Wollaston medals, in recognition of his contributions to geology as an inductive science. To this it should he added that, in 1859, he was rewarded by the Eoyal Society of Scotland with the first Brisbane Gold Medal for his scientific classi- fication of the Highland rocks, and for the establishment of the remarkable fact that the cardinal gneiss of the north-west coasts is the oldest rock in the strata of the British Isles. He was created a baronet in January, 1866. Sir Koderick Murchison married, in. 1815, Charlotte, only daughter of the late General Francis Hugonin, hut was left a widower early in the year 1869. As he had no issue by his marriage, his title becomes extinct by his death. In August 1871, Sir Roderick was seized with loss t)f speech, accompanied with difficidty in swallowing. These symptoms gradu- ally, however, abated, and his general health continued good for two months, when he caught cold in taking a drive. This brought on a slight attack of bronchitis ; and under it he gradually and quietly sank, and died on the 23rd of October, 1871, leaving a name which will be indissolubly associated with his many and great discoveries in Geological Science. Sir Roderick was elected a Fellow of this Society on the 18th of December, 1827. Iltyd Nicholl, of The Ham, Glamorganshire, J. P., was born on the 19th of July 1785. He was the eldest son of Iltyd NichoU, D.D., of The Ham (Rector of Treddington, in Worcester- shire), and received the early part of his education at St. Paul's School, He married, August 11th, 1807, Eleanor, only child of George Bond, Esq., of Newland valley, Gloucestershire. Mr. K'ichoU was High Sherifi" for Monmouthshire in 1830. He died at Bath on the 22nd of October, 1871, at the age of eighty-six. Mr. Nicholl was elected a Fellow of ihis Society on the 19th of February 1828. William Osbokise, was the proprietor of the Fulham jS'urseries, well known for their extensive collection of coniferous and hardy trees. Mr. Osborne was for many years a very regular attendant at our Meetings. He was elected a Fellow on the 17th of January, 1843, and died in March of the present year. Berthold Seemani^^ was born on February 28, 1825, at Hanover. He was educated at the Lyceum of his native town, where the head-master at that time was the celebrated Grotefend, one of the earliest decipherers of cuneiform writing. It was from the son of this gentleman that young Seemann received his first lessons in Botany, and this soon became his chief study. He early acquired LDWEAN SOCIETY OF LOS'DON. IxXV some aptitude in writing, his first article having been written at the age of seventeen. Two years after this, in 1844, he came to Kew with the object of fitting himself for the work of a botanical collector, and worked in the garden under the then curator, Mr. John Smith. In 1846, upon the recommeudation of Sir "W. J. Hooker, he was appointed, by the Admiralty, naturalist to H.M.S. ' Herald,' Captain H. Kellett, C.B., which had been employed since June 1845 on a surveying expedition in the Pacific. He left England in August, and when he reached the city of Panama, in September, he found that the ' Herald ' and her consort the 'Pandora' had not returned from Yancouver's Island. Seemann profited by the delay to explore the greater part of the Isthmus, and collected materials which enabled him to produce the most complete general description of that country ever published. He discovered not only a number of new plants and animals, but also some curious hieroglyphics in Yeraguas, on which he afterwards read a paper before the Archfeological Institute of Great Britain. In the beginning of 1847, H.M.S. ' Herald ' returned from the North, and Mr. Seemann joined her on January 17th, and remained with her until the completion of her voyage round the world, during which three cruises to the Arctic regions, via Behring's Strait, were made. Seemann thus had the opportunity of exploring nearly the whole west coast of America, frequently making long journeys inland. His explorations in Peru and Ecuador, when he was ac^ companied by Mr. (now Captain) Bedford Pim, U.K., led him from Payta through the Peruvian deserts, and across the Cordillera of the Andes to Loja, Cuenca, and Guayaquil, and familiarized him with the magnificent scenery, vegetation, and population of a large section of the former empire of the Incas. Subsequently, he traversed several of the western states of Mexico, starting from Mazatlan, crossing the Sierra Madre, and pushing on to Durango and the borders of Chihuahua. At that time the Comanche and Alpache Indians were very troublesome, and Mr. Seemann narrowly escaped with his life. In 1848, the fate of Sir John Franklin began to excite apprehension in England, and the ' Herald,' accompanied by the ' Plover,' was directed to proceed to the Arctic regions, by way of Behring's Strait, to search for the missing voyagers. This gave an entirely new character to the expedition, which, up to this time, had been used simply for making hydrographical studies of the west coast of America. Three times did the ' Herald ' proceed to the Arctic regions, the second year, joined by the 'Enterprise' and i2 Ixxvi PROCEEDINGS OF THE * Investigator.' Mr. Seemann availed himself of these opportunities to collect materials for a Flora of the extreme north-west of Arctic America, and for the anthropology of the Esquimaux. The ' Herald' returned to England on June 6th, 1851. On Sir W. J". Hooker's recommendation, the Admiralty requested Mr. Seemann to publish the results of this voyage ; and he accordingly produced, early in 1853, the ' Narrative of the Voyage of H.M.S. Herald, being a Circumnavigation of the Globe and Three Cruises to the Arctic Regions in Search of Sir John Franklin.' This book was in two volumes, and was translated into German, partly by Edward Yogel, the African traveller, and passed through two editions on the Con- tinent. The animals collected during the voyage were described by the late Sir John Eichardson in a quarto volume, and in the years 1852-1857 the botanical results appeared in Seemann's ' Botany of the Yoyage of H.M.S. Herald.' This contains accounts of the floras of "Western Esquimaux-land, the Isthmus of Panama, I^orth-western Mexico, and the island of Hongkong, with 100 plates by Fitch, In the preparation of this book the author had the advantage of the assistance of Sir "William and Dr. J. B. Hooker, the latter furnish- ing the analyses of the plates. About this time the degree of Ph.D. was conferred on Seemann by the Universit}' of Gottingen, and the Imperial German " Academia Naturae Curiosorum " made him a member under the name of *' Bonpland," — in accordance with the usual practice of the Academy. A few years later he was elected Adjunct or Vice-President for Hfe. In 1853 Dr. Seemann started, in conjunction with his brother the late "W. E. G. Seemann, a quarto botanical journal, in German, under the title ' Bonplandia.' This was published in Hanover, though edited in London, and was well supported by botanists of various countries. Its publication was closed on the completion of the tenth volume at the end of 1862. The year 1857 took Dr. Seemann to Canada as official representative of the Linnean Society at the meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science at Montreal ; on that occasion he read a paper on " Parthenogenesis in Plants and Animals," and took the opportunity of becoming acquainted with British North America and the United States. In 1859, the Viti or Fiji Islands in the South Pacific Ocean were formally ceded, by their king and chiefs, to Great Britain; but before accepting the profiiered cession. Colonel Smythe, E.A., was commissioned by our Government to draw iip an official report on LIlOfEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Ixxvii the state and condition of these islands, and through the influence of Sir W. J. Hooker Dr. Seemann was asked to join the expedition. He left England in February 1860, and arrived at Yiti some months before Colonel Smythe. He explored this little-known group of islands, and accumulated large collections of plants and other objects of natural history. The substance of the letters written by him at that time, together with much additional matter and Dr. Seemann's official report " On the Resources and Vegetable Products of Fiji," which had been presented to both Houses of Parliament, was incorporated in a separate book published in 1862, under the title of ' Viti : an Account of a Government Mission to the Vitian or Fijian Islands.' A catalogue of all known plants of the group was printed in an appendix to this work, and some new species were described by Seemann in his ' Bonplandia ;' but he determined to produce a complete systematic book on the Fijian flora, and in 1865 commenced the publication of the ' Flora Yitiensis.' This is a quarto work, intended to be completed in ten parts, nine parts of which appeared in Dr. Seemann's lifetime. The tenth and con- cluding number is expected to appear immediately. The * Journal of Botany, British and Foreign ' was commenced at the beginning of 1863, on the relinquishment of the ' Bonplandia,' of which it was in some sort a continuation. Dr. Seemann con- ducted this journal at a considerable loss, and at the end of 1869 this loss and his many other engagements determined him to give it up. A strong effort was, however, made by some of the leading English botanists to keep the journal alive, and Dr. Seemann availed himself of the proffered assistance of Mr. Baker, of Kew, and Dr. Trimen, of the British Museum, in carrying it on. From this period the force of circumstances took Dr. Seemann more and more away from botanical and scientific work. In 1864 some French and Dutch capitalists availed themselves of his practical experience and intimate knowledge of tropical countries, to report on the resources and capabilities of a portion of the territory of Yenezuela. He left Southampton on the 2nd of February, and reached Caracas towards the end of the same month ; thence pro- ceeded to Porto Cabello, Chichirividei, and Tocuyo, and returned to Europe via Curagao and St. Thomas. During this expedition he had the good fortune to discover, on the banks of the Tocuyo, ex- tensive beds of anthracite, closely resembling Welsh steam coal in appearance, and valued in London at thirty shillings per ton. Dr. Seemann was elected in 1865 Honorary Secretary to the Ixxviii PROCEEDINGS OF THE International Botanical Congress, which was held the next year in London under the presidency of A. De Candolle ; but after de- voting himself for some months to the duties of his office, he was reluctantly obliged to tender his resignation, and again to leave England to explore with his former fellow-traveller, Captain Bedford Pirn, 'New Segovia and other parts of Nicaragua, for the Central American Association. He left England in March 1866, and returned in August with several new plants, which were considerably increased in number during his second visit in the following year. One result of these explorations was the purchase by some English capitalists of the JaVali gold-mine, in the district of Chontales, Nicaragua, and the company secured Dr. Seemann's services as managing director. The result has been disastrous to science. For the last three years of his life, the necessary long and frequent absences from England and attention to business matters isolated Dr. Seemann, and greatly interfered with his botanical work. Besides the Javali mine. Dr. Seemann had the management of a large sugar- estate near Panama. Still his friends, and he himself, hoped that all this was but temporary, and that when the mine had got into thoroughly good order, leisure and opportunity would be found for his return to scientific research. Besides his scientific works Dr. Seemann was a prolific writer on subjects of general literature and politics, and he was also the author of several short dramas, two or three of which have some popularity in Hanover, and of some pieces of music, of which art he possessed a good knowledge. In botany the groups which more especially engaged his attention were the genera Camellia and Thea, of which he published a synopsis in vol. xxii. of our Transactions, and other Ternstroemiacece ; the Crescentiacete, of which he published a mono- graph in vol. xxiii of our Transactions ; the Hederacece, a revision of which Order, reprinted from the ' Journal of Botany,' he pubhshed as a separate work in 1868 ; and the Bignoniacece, with which he intended to have pursued a similar plan. Besides the books already mentioned. Dr. Seemann was the author, amongst others, of the descriptions in English and German to the ' Paradisus Yindobonensis,' of an enumeration in German of the Acacias cultivated in Europe, of a ' Popular History of Palms,' a translation of which into German by Dr. BoUa has passed through two editions in that language. His ' British Eerns at one View ' (1860) has been a useful work to amateurs. Of detached papers in science, the Royal Society's Catalogue (to 1863) enumerates fifty- LDiTNEAJr SOCIETY OF LONDOX. Ixxix eight under Dr. Seeniann's name ; the first there given is one on descriptive botany in the Hegensburg ' Flora ' for 1844. Dr. Seemann started last summer for Nicaragua "with some mis- givings, having suffered severely from fever on his last previous visit. He, however, reached Javali at the end of July, after a rough journey through the swamps, in good health, but in the middle of September he was seized with fever. From this he never rallied ; his death, which happened after three weeks' illness, on October 10th, 1871, was somewhat sudden, and under circumstances which pointed towards some cardiac complication. The next day his body was buried close by his house at the mine, in the little patch of industry and civilization his energy had called into existence in the primeval forest, and surrounded by the tropical vegetation he knew so well. Dr. Seemann was elected a Fellow of this Society on the 16th of November, 1852. James De Carle Sowerby was the eldest son of James Sowerby, the founder of the scientific race of his name. His mother was a De Carle who belonged to a French family settled in Norwich. James Sowerby, tFe father, was the author of the ' English Botany,' upon which great work almost aU the Sowerbys have laboured, but none more assiduously than the subject of this memoir, who took it up in his own name on the death of his father in 1822. He in the same manner continued the equally celebrated * Mineral Conchologj\' It is no injustice to the several eminent botanists who, from Sir James Smith downwards, have been associated with the Sowerbys in the ' English Botany ' in furnishing the literary descriptions of the plants, to say that the great and enduring scientific merit of the work consists in the figures. These, in fact, not only reproduce the plants as they appear in nature to the uninstrueted eye, but they exhibit all the chief structural details which the scientific naturahst demands. These remain for ever, whilst descriptions and classifica- tions are doomed to change. The life of James De Carle Sowerby was spent from boyhood in intimate association with scientific and literary circles. As a lad his passion was chemistry, and he enjoyed the friendship of Faraday as a fellow-student. He was received as a favourite in the houses of Dawson Turner, the Hookers, Dr. Wollaston, Sir Joseph Banks, and many other distinguished naturalists. At an early period of his life he conceived the idea of founding the classification of minerals upon their chemical composition. He believed that che- mistry might offer a better basis of classification than the forms of IXXX PROCEEDLNGa OF THE the crystals. In carryiBg out Ms scheme, he analyzed the minerals, the description of which was published in his father's ' British Mineralogy ' and ' Exotic Mineralogy.' From 1823 to 1850 he con- tributed papers, principally relating to fossil conchology, to the 'Philosophical Transactions,' the 'Zoological Journal,' and the ' Transactions ' of the Linnean and Geological Societies. He named, arranged, and described the fossil shells for Professor Sedgwick, Sir Roderick Murchison, Dr. Bucklaad, Dr. Fitton, Mr. Dixon, and Colonel Sykes, all of whom gratefully acknowledge the assistance thus rendered them. In 1840 the " WoUaston Fund " was awarded to him by the Geological Society, to facilitate the prosecution of his researches in mineral conchology. The prize was presented by Dr. Buckland, who took the opportunity of paying a graceful tribute to the merits of father and son as accurate and enthusiastic observers of nature. He observed that the modern " rapid advance in geological knowledge arising from the introduction of the evidences of mineral conchology was largely due to the publications of the Sowerbys." In 1846 Mr. Sowerby was appointed Curator and Librarian to the Geological Society. These offices he was soon obliged to resign owing to the increasing demands made upon his time as Secretary to the Royal Botanic Society. This Society, with which his name has been identified from its institution in 1839, was founded by his cousin, Mr. Philip Barnes, F.L.S., who naturally sought the aid of one whose scientific reputation and connexions were so well calcu- lated to promote the success of his project. Mr. Sowerby's name is associated with that of his cousin, the Earl of Albemarle, Colonel Rushbrooke, and others, in the first charter granted to the Society. In this office much of his time was necessarily absorbed in adminis- trative labour, so that he found little leisure to continue his scientific pursuits. But still the infiuence of the secretary was always steadily exerted to promote the scientific utility of the gardens. A year or two before his death Mr. Sowerby retired from his office on a moderate pension, and he died on the 26th of August, 1871, at the age of eighty-four. He was elected a Fellow of this Society on the 18th of February, 1823. Thomas Hawkes Tanner, M.D., was the son of a former Secretary of the Army Medical Board. He was born in London, and educated at the Charter House, where he sustained an accident which caused a slight permanent lameness, and rendered his health somewhat delicate. In 1843 he entered the medical school of King's College, and in 1847 became M.R.C.S. and took the degree of M.D. at St. LIXXKAX SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. Ixxxi Andrews. After filling the office of resident house-physician in King's College Hospital, he commenced practice in Charlotte Street, Bedford Square, in 1848, and soon afterwards was elected Physician to the Farringdon-Street Dispensary. In 1850 Dr. Tanner hecame a Member of the Royal College of Physicians, and for a time lectured on Forensic Medicine at the Westminster Hospital. In 1857 he was elected Physician to the Hospital for "Women in Soho Square, and held that office for six years to the great satisfaction of the governors of the charity ; and it was here that he laid the foundation of the reputation he enjoyed later in life in the treatment of diseases peculiar to women. In 1858 Dr. Tanner took an aetive part in the formation of the Obstetrical Society of London, and acted as one of its honorary secretaries for five years. In 1860 he was, in conjunc- tion with Dr. Meadows, appointed Assistant-Physician for the Diseases of Women and Children to King's College Hospital, and here he did good work for three years ; but at the end of that time the mode in which certain alterations in the staff of the hospital were carried out led to the resignation of both the assistant-physi- cians, and Dr. Tanner was able to devote the whole of his attention to a largely increasing practice. About ten years ago he removed to Henrietta Street, Cavendish Square ; and since that time his practice rapidly expanded, owing doubtless in great measure to his success as a medical author, and still more to the personal qualities which attached his patients to him. As an author Dr. Tanner commenced his career as a writer of reviews in a medical paper, of which he was afterwards for a time subeditor. His ' Memoranda on Poisons ' was the result of his .short career as a teacher of foi-ensic medicine ; but the work which hiis made his name a household word in medical circles is his ' Practice of Medicine,' which first appeared in 1854 as one of Renshaw's small manuals. In this form the work was deservedly popular with the students of the day, and accompanied them into practice, so that four editions of the book in the manual form were exhausted in ten years. In 1 865 Dr. Tanner brought out a fifth and much improved edition, in one handsome octavo volume. This, again, was followed about a year since by a sixth edition, in two volumes, and the night- work involved in such literary labour probably caused the premature breakdown of Dr. Tanner's health. In addition to this work Dr. Tanner published a work on the ' Signs and Diseases of Pregnancy,' which has gone through two editions ; an • Index of Diseases and their Treatment,' being au Lixx. PRoc. — Session 1S71-7-. k Ixxxii PROCEEDINGS OF THE epitome of his * Practice of Medicine ;' a ' Practical Treatise on the Diseases of Infancy and Childhood,' of which a second enlarged edition has recently been edited by Dr. Meadows ; and a ' Manual of Clinical Medicine and Physical 'Diagnosis,' which has also been lately re-edited by Dr. Tilbury Pox. Dr. Tanner had suffered for years fi'om slight albuminuria and from frequent headaches, which prostrated him occasionally for days together. Last summer he became so ill that he was compelled to give up all work, and he left London for Brighton, where, after a series of convulsive attacks, he died on the 7th of July, 1871. He was elected a FeUow of this Society on the 17th of June, 1869. June 6th, 1872. George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair. The President nominated George Busk, Esq., J. D. Hooker, M.D., John Miers, Esq., and W. W. Saunders, Esq., Vice-Presidents for the ensuing year. PhUip Brooke Mason, Esq., and Frederick Isaac Warner, Esq., were elected Fellows. The following papers were read, viz. : — 1. " Observations on the Cutaneous Exudation of the Great Water Newt (Triton cristatus)," by Miss Eleanor A, Ormerod. Communi- cated by Andrew Murray, Esq., F.L.S. 2. " On some recent forms of Lagence from Deep-sea Di'edgings in the Japanese Seas," by F. W. Owen Rymer Jones, Esq. Commu- nicated by H. T. Stainton, Esq., Sec. L.S. June 20th, 1872. George Bentham, Esq., President, in the Chair. The President, before proceeding to the regnilar business of the evening, called attention to the very serioiis loss which the Society had sustained by the death of Mr. Thomas West, who, originallj- engaged as its Messenger and Collector, had, by his intelligence LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Ixxxiii and perseverance, gradually acquired a thorough knowledge of the routine business of the Society, and for many years past had proved a most valuable and trustworthy Assistant in the Libraiy. The following papers were read, viz. ; — 1. Extract of a Letter dated May 29, 1872, from Major-General Muuro, C.B., to Mr. Bentham. on the Botanical Characteristics of the Island of Jamaica. 2. " New Species of Musci collected by Dr. Thwaites in Ceylon," by William Mitten, A.L.S. 3. " Contributions towards the Knowledge of Curculionidae," pt. 3, by F. P. Pascoe, Esq., F.L.S. 4. " On the Structural Peculiarities of the Bell-bird {Chasmo- rJiynchns),''^ by James Murie, M.D., F.L.S. 5. " On the Fertilization of Impatiens parm-ft.ora, De C." by A. W. Bennett, Esq., F.L.S, 6. " On a new Fungus from India," by Frederick Currey, Esq., F.R.S., Sec. L.S. The following detailed enumeration of the Biological Papers con- tained in the Transactions, Proceedings, and Journals received, and of the separate works added to the Library, since the date of the last Report, November 2ud, 1871, was laid before the Meeting : — Majcmalia and Cteneral Zoology : — J. Anderson. Notes on Rodents from Yarkand, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1871. J. V. Barboza du Bocage. Notice of the characters and affinities of a new genus of West-African Mammifers, 2 plates. Mem. R. Acad. Sc. Lisbon, Ser. 2, iv. J. Beswick-Perriu. On the myology of the limbs of the Kinkajou {Cercoleptes caudivolvulus). Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. A. Brandt. On the skin of Rhytina horealis, 1 plate. Mem. Acad, Imp. Sc. Petersb. xvii. E. Brandt. On the bite of the Sore.v, 6 plates. Bull. Soc. Imp, Nat. Mosc. 1870, ii. V. Brooke. On Speke's Antelope and allied species of TrageJaphus, 1 plate and woodcuts. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871- I- -2 Ixxxiv PHOCEEDINGS OF THE H. Burmeister. Notes on Ai-ctocephalus Hookeri, Gray. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ix. J. Chatin. On the salivary glands of the Tamandua A.nt-eater, 1 plate. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xiii. G. V. Ciaccio. On the finer anatomy of the pacinian corpuscles in Man and other Mammifers and in Birds, 4 plates. Mem. II. Acad. Sc. Turin, xxv. G. E. Dobson. Four new Malayan Bats. — On some Khinolophidse and other Persian Bats, 1 plate. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1871. — Nine new Indian and Indo-Chinese Vespertilionidae. Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1871. J. Eimer. The muzzle of the Mole as an organ of feeling, 1 plate. Archiv mikrosk. Anat. vii. D. G. Elliot. On various Felidae, with a new species from North-western Siberia, 1 plate. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. L. J. Fitzinger. Critical review of the Chiroptera (contiuued). Proc. Acad. Se. Vienna, Ixii., Ixiii. — Critical review of the Hemipi- theci and of the Bradypodes. Ibid. Ixii. W. H. Flower. On Risso's Dolphin (Grampus gri sens), 2 plates and woodcuts. Trans. Zool. Soc. viii. — On Phoca Jiisjpida. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. G. V. Frauenfeld. On the care of their young in Animals. Pre- sented by the Author. J. E. Gray. Notes on EwpJeres and Galidia. — On the Bradypodidae of the British Museum, 3 plates and woodcuts. — On the Cephalo- phoridse of the British Museum, 3 plates and woodcuts. — On the skull of a Roebuck in the British Museum. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. — Catalogue of the Ruminant Mammalia in the British Museiim. Presented by the Museum. J. Hector. On the New-Zealand Bottlenose (Lagenorhynchus danculus, Gray). Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ix. E. W. H. Holdsworth. On a variety of Felis rubiginosa from Ceylon. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. J. Kolazy. On the habits of life of Mus rattus, var. alba. — On the nutrition of QryllotaVpa vulgaris. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xxi. A. Milne-Edwards. On the placenta of Meminna, Gray. — On some Mammalia of East Thibet. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xiii. — On the embryology and affinities of Lemuridae (from the ' Comptes Rendus '). Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii. J. Murie. On the female generative organs, viscera, and fleshy LIUNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. \ TiiX^i /-' /I r\ v parts of Hycmia brunnea, Thunb., 1 plate. — Anatomy of the Sea-lio^^- (Otaria juhata), 7 plates. Trans. Zool. Soc. vii. — Additional note ^ on the powder-downs of i27i»it»r7ieius ju6rt. Nat. Mosc. 1871, ii. UNNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. IxXXVii T. Salvadori. New species of Birds of the genera Vrmiyer, Picas, aud Homoptila. Trans. (Atti) R. Acad. Sc. Turin, vi. — On Ceriornis Caboti. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. P. L. Sclater. On the Birds of Santa Lucia, W. Indies, 1 plate. — On rare or Httle-known Birds in the Gardens of the Zoological Society, woodcuts. — On the Birds of Lima, woodcuts. — Two new Parrots from the Gardens of the Zoological Society, 2 plates. — Addi- tional remarks on Pelicans, 1 plate. — A new Dove from the coral- reef of Aldabra, 1 plate. — On a collection of Birds from Oyapok. — Remarks on Myiozetetes and Conopias. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. P. L. Sclater and 0. Salvin. Revised list of Neotropical Laridae. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. R. B. Sharpe. Two undescribed European Birds. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii. — A new long-tailed Titmouse from S. Europe. — Contributions to the Ornithology of Madagascar, 1 plate. — On the Bii'ds of the Cameroons, W. Africa, 1 plate and woodcuts. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. R. Swinhoe. A new Chinese Gull, 1 plate. — Revised Catalogue of the Birds of China. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. V. V. Tchusi-Schmidhofen. Q-siNucifraga caryocatactes. — On the ornithological collection of the Zoologico-Botanical Society of Vienna. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xxi. Viscount Walden. A new Porzana from the Himalayas. — On a supposed new Cuckoo fi-om Celebes. — On supposed new Birds from Celebes. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ix. — On the Birds of Celebes. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. Ibis, Ser, 3, ii. parts 5 and 6. Ichthyology : — R. Bleeker. On the Cyprinoideae of China, 14 plates. Trans. R. Acad. Sc. Amsterdam, xii. — Description of two new Labroidae. Arch. Neerl. vi. E. D. Cope. Contribution to the ichthyology of the Lesser An- tilles. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. Ser. 2, xiv. — On the systematic relations of Missouri Fishes. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ix. F. Day, Report on the Fish and fisheries of the fresh waters of India. Simla, 1871. Presented by the Author, — Monograph of Indian Cyprinidse, part 2, 1 plate, Journ. Asiat. Soc, Bengal, 1871. — Notes on Indian Siluroid Fishes, — On Indian Fishes. — On fresh- water Siluroids of India and Burma. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871 . A. Giinther. Description of Ccratodv.s, a genus of Ganoid Fishes IxXXviii PROCEEDISGS OK THE from Queensland, 13 plates. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. clxi., translated in Wiegm. Archiv, xxxvii. — A new percoid Fish from the Macquarie river, 1 plate. — Report on Fishes recently received at the British Museum, 18 plates and woodcuts. — Examination of Day's Remarks on Indian Fishes. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. — Two new Fishes from Celebes. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ix. Fi. Klein. Researches on the first stages of development of the common Trout, 2 plates. Monthl. Microsc. Journ. vii. C R. Klunzinger. Synopsis of the Fishes of the Red Sea. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xxi. J. Knock. On the fertilization of the Sterlet. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1871, i. (j. Krefft. Description of Ceratodus Forsteri from Queensland, i plate. Wiegm. Arehiv, xxxvii. C. Liitken. Oneirodes EschrkJitii, a new Fish from Greenland, 1 plate. Proc. (Foi'handl.) R. Dan. Soc. Sc. Copenhagen, 1871-2, and Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ix. R. L. Playfair and — Letourneux. On the freshwater Fishes of Algeria. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii. L. Sabaneef. Catalogue of the Fishes &c. of the Central Oural. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moso. 1871, ii. Repxilks and Baikachia : — J. Anderson. Two new Saurian genera. Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1871. — A new genus of Newts from Western Yunan, woodcut. — Note on Testudo Phayrei, woodcuts. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. — Note on Trionyx gangeticus, Cuv., and T. hurum, Hamilt. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ix. L. Beale. On the relation of nerves to pigment- and other cells in the Frog, 1 plate. Monthl. Microsc. Journ, vii. J. E. Gray. On Rhinoclemmys mexicana, 1 plate. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. — On a four-bearded Water-Terrapin from N. Australia. — On Indian Mud-Tortoises {Trionyx). Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ix. A. Giinther. A new Tejus from Mendoza, woodcut. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. — New Snakes in the collection of the British Museum, 7th part. — Description of some Ceylonese Reptiles and Batrachians. — Three new species of Eremias. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ix. J. Kolazy. Batrachiological notes. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xxi. W. K. Parker. On the structure and development of the skiill of the common Frog, 8 plates. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. clxi. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Ixxxix W. C. H. Peters. New Reptiles from East Africa and Sarawak. — On some species of the herpetological collection of the Berlin Museum. Monatsber. R. Acad. Sc. Berlin, 1871. L. Sabaneef. Catalogue of the Reptiles &c. of the Central Oural. BuU. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1871, ii. P. L. Sclater. Rare or little-known Testudinata in the Zoological Society's Gardens, woodcuts. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. J. Shortt. On the Cobra (from Journ. Med. Sc. Madras). Pre- sented by the Author. F. Steindachner. Herpetological notes, 8 plates. Proc. Acad. Sc. Vienna, Ixii. ¥. Stoliczka. Notes ou Indian and Burmese Ophidians, 2 plates. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1871. H. T. Ussher. On the habits of Vipera nasicornis. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. — Vautherin. On some points in the organization of Chelonia, 3 plates. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xiii. Ckusxacea and Akachnida : — A. Ausserer. On the Arachnid family TcrriteUarieae of ThoreU, 1 plate. — New species of Orbitellariese. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xxi. J. Blackwall. On Canadian Spiders captured by Miss Hunter. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4. viii. G. S. Brady. Review of the Cypridiuidse of the European seas, 2 plates. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. G. S. Brady and D. Robertson. On the distribution of British Ostracoda, 2 plates. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ix. O. Butsclili. On the structure and development of the seminal threads in Crustacea and Insects, 2 plates. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxi. 0. P. Cambridge. Notes on Arachnida collected by Dr. 0. Cun- ningham in the China seas, 1 plate. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. S. Chantran. On the fecundation of the Crayfish (from the Comptes Rendus). Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ix. E. Claparede. On the Copepod Crustacea parasitical on Annelida. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xiii. C. Clans. The metamorphosis of Squillidae, 8 plates. Trans. R. Soc. Sc. Gcittingeu, xvi. — Researches ou the structure and affinities of Hy- perida, — of Nehalia. Proc.(Nachrichten) R. Soc. Sc. Gottingen, 1871 . C. Gould. On the distribution and habits of the large freshwater Crayfish {Aslacus) in Tasmania. Proc. R. Soc. Tasmania, 1870. XC PROCEEDiyBft OF THE E. Hesse. Memoir on Amei and their Praniza state, 4 plates. — On the means by which certain parasitical Crustacea preserve their species. Mem. pres. Inst, Fr. xviii. — New and rare Crustacea of the coast of France. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xiii. W. F. Kir by. Notes on three species of Trap -door Spiders whose nests are in the Royal Dublin Society's Museum. Journ. R. Soc. Dublin, vi. F. Low. Zoological notes. Trans. Zool. Rot. Soc. Vienna, xxi. E. MetschnikoflF. On the Nauplius state of Eujplmusia, 1 plate. — On the development of Chelifer, 2 plates. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxi. A. Milne-Edwards. Note on Caloptrus, a new genus of Crustacea. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xiii. E. Parfitt. Fauna of Devon (Crustacea), continued. Trans. Devon. Assoc, iv. J. Wood-Mason. On Indian and Malayan Telphusida (continued), 1 plate. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 1871. Entomology: — A. Anthony. The markings of the battledore-scales of some Lepidoptera, 2 plates. Monthl. Microsc. Jouxn. vii. — Balbiani. On the generation of Aphides, 2 plates. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xiv. E. Ballion. Leptura Jageri, Hum., and Stenwa oxyptcra, Faldm. — A century of new Beetles from the Russian fauna. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1870, ii. — Catalogue of Dr. Gemminger's and Baron V. Harold's Coleoptera. Ibid. 1871, i. F. Brauer, On two new Mexican Insects. — On the habits of life and metamorphosis of Neuroptera. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xxi. E. A. Brischke. The Hymenoptera of the province Prussia. Mem. R. Phys. Econ. Soc. Konigsberg, 1870. H, Burmeister. On a light-giving Coleopterous larva. Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. xi. A. G. Butler. Monograph of Lepidoptera included in Elymnias, 1 plate. — Revision of the species included in Terias. — On a small collection of Butterflies from Angola. — On a new genus allied to Apatura. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. Baron de Chaudoir. Monograph of Lcbeida, 3 plates. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1870, ii. — The same continued, 3 plates. — Remarks on the Catalogues of v. Harold and Gemminger. Ibid. 1871, i., ii. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XCl B. Clemens. The Tiiieina of North America. Edited and pre- sented by Mr. Stainton. N. Erschoff. Remarks on some of the species of Lepidoptera established by Eversmann. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1870, ii. — Contributions to the Lepidopterous fauna of Russia. Ibid. 1871, i. Dr. Forster, Monograph of the genus Hylceus. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xxi. W. H. Furlong. On the internal structure of Piilex irritans. Journ. Quek. Microsc. Club, 1872. A. Gcrstaecker. Contributions to the Insect-fauna of Zanzibar (continued). Wiegm. Archiv, xxxvii. V. Graber. On polj^gamy and other sexual relations of Orthoptera, ■ — On the origin and structure of the sound-apparatus in Acridiu, 1 plate. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xxi. — On the sound-apparatus in Locustida, 1 plate and woodcuts. — Anatomico-physiological studies on Phthii'ius ingidnalls, Leach, 1 plate. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxii. J. H, Hochhuth. Enumeration of the Beetles hitherto found in the Governments of Kiew and Volhynia. Bull, Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1871, i., ii. J. Hogg. On Gnats' scales (from Monthl. Microsc. Journ.). Presented by the Author. V. E. Jakovleff. Hemiptera of the Volga fauna. Scient. Mem. Univ. Kazan, 1864. W. T. Kirby. Synonymic Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera, 1 vol. 8vo. Purchased. E. Kiinstler. On Insects noxious to our cultivated plants. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xxi. "W. A. Lewis, A discussion on the law of priority in Entomolo- gical Literature, 1872. Presented by the Author. C. Lindemaun. Two new Curculionidae from Central Russia. — On the skeleton of Hymenoptera. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1871, i. H. Loew. European Diptera, vol. ii., or vol. ix. of Meigen's Diptera. Purchased. T. Low. Zoological notes. Trans. Zool, Bot, Soc. Vienna, xxi, J. Lubbock. On the origin of Insects. Journ, Linn. Soc, Zool, xi, J, Mann, On the Lepidopteral fauna of the Glockner region, with three new species. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xxi. G. Mayr. On Belostomida. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xxi, 0. Mohnike, Review of the Cetonida of the Sunda Islands and the Moluccas, 3 plates. Wiegm. Archiv, xxxvii. XCU PROCEEDINGH OF THE N. Nowicki. On Chlorops tceniopus, Meig., the scourge of wheat. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xxi. F. J. S. Parry. Catalogue of Lucanoid Coleoptera (from Trans. Entom. Soc). Presented by the Author. F. P. Pascoe. Additions to Australian Curculionidse, part 2, Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ix. E. Perrier. On the eggs of Mantis religiosa. Ann. So. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xiy. J. E. Planchon and J. Lichtenstein; The Phylloxera, facts ascer- tained, and Bibliographical review, with other papers on the subject. Presented by Mr. Bentham. F. Plateau. Eesearches on the position of the centre of gravity in Insects (from the Bibliothcque Universelle). Presented by the Author. J.Th. Ratzeburg. On the Ash-Beetle (^y/Zesmws/raxini). Trans. Bot. Soc. Prov. Brandenburg, xii. F. Rudow. On some Piqnj^ara parasitic on Chiroptera. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ix. E. Saunders. Synonymic and systematic catalogue of Buprestidae, ] vol. 8vo. Presented by the Author. H. de Saussure. Entomological Miscellanies, 2 papers, 4 plates. Mem. Soc. Phys. Geneva, xxi. J. Shortt. On the Tusseh Silkworm (from the Madras Journ. Med. Sc). Presented by the Author. C. Th. de Siebold. On parthenogenesis in Polistes gallim (from Zeitschr. wiss. Zool.). Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xiii. F. Smith. Catalogue of the Aculeate Hymenoptera and Ichneu- monidse of India and the Eastern Archipelago, with introductory remarks by A. R. Wallace. Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. xi. C. Tschek. Ichneumonological fragments. — New Austrian Cynipida and their galls. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xxi. F. "Walker. British Museum Catalogues : Hemiptera Hymeno- ptera, part 4. Presented by the Museum. H. Weyenbergh. On swarms of Flies. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xxi. J. Winnertz. Fifteen new species of Sciara. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xxi. T. V. WoUaston. On the Coleoptera of St. Helena. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii, — On Microxyhhius Westwoodii, Chevr., from St. Helena. Ibid. ix. Entomologist's Annual, 1872. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDON. Xclll Transactions of the Entomological Society, 1871 part 4 to 1872 part 2. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, December 1871 to June 1872. Entomologist, December 1871 to June 1872. Canadian Entomologist, iii. part 9 to iv. part 3. Annals of the Entomological Society of France, Ser. 5, i. Annals of the Entomological Society of Belgium, 1857 to vol. xiv. Journal (Tijdschrift) of the Netherlands Entomological Society, Ser. 2, vi. parts 9, 10. Transactions of the Entomological Society of New South Wales, ii. part 3, MOLLUSCA : — R. Bergh. Supplementary observations on PhUomyms. — On the MoUusca of the Sargassum Ocean, 3 plates. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soe. Vienna, xxi. J. Brazier. Notes on recently described Shells.- — On Dolinm and other Australian Shells. — Eight new Australian Land-Shells. — Seven new species of Helix and two fluviatile Shells from Tasmania. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. J. C. Cox. New land and marine Shells from Australia and the S.W. Pacific, 1 plate. — New Land-Shells from Australia and the Solomon Islands, 1 plate. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. T. Davidson. On Japanese recent Brachiopoda, 2 plates. Proc. ZooL Soe. 1871. P. Fischer. Observations on Aplysia. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xiii. S. Hanley. A new Monocondylcea. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. E. Huegenin. On the eyes of Helix pomatia. Linn., 1 plate. Zcitschr. wiss. Zool. xxii. J. G. Jeffreys. The Mollusca of St. Helena. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ix. M. C. Jourdain. On the generation of Helix aspersa (from the Oomptes Rendus). Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, \dii. W. Legrand. On the Land-Shells of Tasmania. Proc. R. Soc. Tasmania, 1870. G. Moquin-Tandon. Anatomical researches on the Umbrella mediierraneu, S plates. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xiv. Baron de Castella de Paiva. Monograph of the terrestrial and freshwater Mollusca of Madeira, 2 plates. Mem. R. Acad. Sc. Lisbon, Ser. 2, iv. XCIV PROCEEDINGS OF THE W. H. Pease. Catalogue of the Land-Shells of Polynesia. Proc. Zool. Soe. 1871. L. Reeve. Conchologia Iconiea, parts 290-293. Purchased. E. A. Smith. List of species of Planaxis, with eleven new species. — On several species of Bullidae and a new PJanaoiis. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ix. — List of shells from W. Africa, with descriptions of new species, 1 plate. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. G. B. Sowerby. Thesaurus Conchyliorum, parts 29 & 30. Pur- chased. P. Stoliczka. Notes on terrestrial Mollusca from the neighbour- hood of Moulmein, 5 plates. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1871. Journal de Conehyliologie, x. part B. Malakozoologische Blatter. Lower Animals : — G. J. Allman. On the homological relations of Ccelenterata, wood- cuts. Trans. R. Soc. Ediub. xxvi. G. S. Brady and D. Robertson. Two new British Holothuroidea, 1 plate. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. L. Canestrini. On the male of Cohitis Tcenia (fi'om the Italian). Wiegm. Arch, xxxvi. and Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxi. H. J. Carter. On the structure of Tethya dactyloidea, Cart., I plate. — On the reproduction of Sponges, and two new species of Tethya. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ix. — Cienkowski. On the formation of swarms in Noctiluca mili- aris, 2 plates. — Do. in RadiolarieaB, 1 plate. Archiv mikrosk. Anat. vii. E. Ehlers. Aulorhipis elegans, a new sponge-form, 1 plate. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxi. — On the development of Syngamus traehi- alis (from Proc. Phys. Med. Soc. Erlangen). Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ix. J. E. Gray. Notes on Holopus and Pentacrinus, woodcuts. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii. — On the genus Osteocella. — Notes on the classification of Sponges. — Jul-ella, a new Alcyonarian from Sir C. Hardy's Island. Ibid. ix. A. Greeff. Researches on the structure and development of Vorticellae. Wiegm. Archiv, xxxvii., and Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ix. 0. Grimm. Contributions to the anatomj* of Intestinal worms. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxi. T. Hincks. Note on Prof. Heller's Catalogue of the Hydroida of the Adriatic. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ix. LINlfEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XCV H. James -Clark. The American Spongilla a eraspedote flagellate infusorian, 1 plate. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ix., and Monthly Microsc. Joiirn. vii. W. S. Kent. Notes on Prof. James-Clark's Infusoria, with descriptions of new species. Monthly Microsc. Jouru. vi. — New and little-known Madrepores in the British Museum, 3 plates. — A new Sponge from N. Australia, 1 plate. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871. A. Kolliker. Anatomico-systematical description of Alcyonaria, 7 plates. Trans. Senckenb. Nat. Hist. Soc. Frankfort, viii. A. Kowalewski. On the development of Worms and Arthropods, 12 plates. Mem. Acad. Imp. Sc. Petersb. xvi. — Further studies on the development of simple Aseidia, 4 plates. Archiv Mikrosk. Anat. vii. R. Kyle. On an Actinia, probably new. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ix. A. H. H. Lattey. Observations on the Polyzoa. Journ. Quek. Microsc. Club, 1872. C. Liitken. Antipathes arctica, a new coral from the Polar seas, 1 plate. Proc. (Forhandl.) Dan. Soc. Sc. Copenhagen, 1871, ii. J. D. Macdonald. On the anatomy of the nervous system of DipTiyes. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ix. W. C. Macintosh. On some points in the structure of TvMfex, 2 plates. Trans. K. Soc. Edinb. xxvi. A. Manzoni. Supplement to the Bryozoal fauna of the Mediter- ranean, 3 plates. Proc. Acad. Sc. Vienna, Ixiii. P. Marchi. Monograph of the genetic history and anatomy of Spiroptera ohtusa, Rud., 2 plates. Mem. R. Acad. Sc. Turin. F. Marcou. Zoological and anatomical researches on marine free Nematoids, 12 plates. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xiii., xiv. E. S. Morse. On the early stages of TerehratvJina septenfrionalis, 2 plates. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, viii. H. Nitsche. Contributions to the knowledge of Bryozoa. 3 plates and woodcuts. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxi. E. Perrier. Researches on the pedicellaria and ambulacra of Aifterias and Sea-urchins, 5 plates. — Do. of EehinoneMS. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xiii., xiv. Gr. du Plessis. Medusiparous evolution of Clytia voluhilis, 1 plate. Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat. Lausanne, xi. A. Schneider. On Radiolaria, woodcuts. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxi. — Historj' of the development of Aureh'a aurita, 1 plate. Archiv mikrosk. Anat. vi. XCVl PROCEEDIXGS OF THE C. Semper, On the alternations of generations in stony Corals, G plates and woodcuts. Zeitsehr. wiss. Zool. xxii. F. Sommer and F. Landois. On the structnre of the sexual organs of Bothriocejihalus laius, 5 plates. Zeitsehr. wiss. Zool. xxii. L. VaiUant. On the anatomy of PontobdeUa, 4 plates. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. Ser. 5, xiii. — On the acclimatization and anatomy of Perichceta diffringens (from the Comptes Rendus). Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, is. A. E. Verrill. On the distribution of marine animals on the coast of New England. — On the affinities of palaeozoic tahiilate Corals with existing species, woodcuts. Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, ix. J. G. Waller. On the so-ealled boring or burrowing Sponge, 1 plate. Journ. Quek. Microsc. Chib, ii. E.. V, Willemoes-Suhm, On the development of Polystoma inte- gerrimum and P. ocellatum, 1 plate. Zeitsehr. wiss. Zool. xxii. and Proc. E.. Soc. Sc. Gottingen, 1871, E. Zeller. Researches on the natural history and development of Polystoma intetjerrimum, Rud., 2 plates. — Researches on the development of Diphzoon paradoxum. Zeitsehr. wiss. Zool. xxii. Ph.exogamic Botany : — P. Ascherson. Enumeration of the marine Phanerogams col- lected by Beccari in the Indian Archipelago and the Red Sea. Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. iii. — Phytographical observations (CJeis- tanthus, Scdvia, Cleistostigma, MotUia). Bot. Zeit. 1872. H. Bailion. Histoire des Plantes : Menispermaceae, Berbevidae, Nymphaeace«, Nyctagineae, Malvaceae, Phytolaccacese. Purchased. J. G. Baker. Symea, a new genus of Liliaceae from Chile, 1 plate. — Revision of the Cape species of Anthericum. Joum. Bot. 1872. J. Balderrama. Descriptive essay on the Palms of San Martin and Casanave. Rep. National Exhib. Bogota. J. H. Balfour. On the variation at different seasons of Hieracinm stoloniferwn, W. et Kit., 2 plates. — Remarks on the plants which furnish different kinds of Ipecacuanha. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb. xi. A. W. Bennett. On the floral structure of Impatiens fulva, 1 plate. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xiii. A. Blytt. The Phanerogams and Ferns of the neighbourhood of Christiania, with notes on geographical distribution. Presented by the Author. A. Biickeler. Cyperaceae of the Berlin Herbarium (continued). Linniea, xxxvii. LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XCVll J. Britten. Contributions to the flora of Berkshire (from Trans. Newbury Distr. Field-Club). Pi-esented by the Author. A. Brongniart and A. Gris. New and little-known New-Caledo- nian plants, Ann, Sc, Nat, Bot. Ser, 5, xiii, — On the Coniferae of New Caledonia, 2 papers. — On the genus Oarniera (Proteacege) . Bull, Soc, Bot, Fr. xviii, R, Brown (Campst.). The geographical distribution of Coniferfe and Gnetaceee (from Petermann's Mittheilungen). Presented by the Author. F. Buchenau, Critical Index of Butomaceae and Alismaceae, with a subsequent supplementary paper, — Contributions to the natural history of Junceae, 1 plate. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Bremen, ii. — Gemination in the inflorescence of Alismaceae. Bot, Zeit, 1872. F. Buchenau and W. 0. Focke, The Salicornieae of the German coasts of the Baltic. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Bremen, iii. A. Bunge. Revision of the genus Dionysia, Fenzl, Bull, Acad, Imp. Petersb. xvi. E. Bureau, New Caledonian Morese and Artocarpese, 1 plate, Ann, Sc. Nat. Bot, Ser. 5, xi,, xiii, M. D. Clos, On the genus Timhalia (Crataegus pyracantha) . Bull, Soc, Bot, Fr, xviii. N. A. DalzeU. On Capparis galeata, Fres., and C. Murrayi, Grah. — On Dolichos uniflorus, Lam. — On new Leguminosae from W. India. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xiii. J. Decaisne. Three new Asclepiadeae, 1 plate. Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. Ser. 5, xviii. F. Delpino. Studies on the group of Artemisiaceae, an anemo- philous race of Compositae. Presented by the Author. G. B. Delponte. Descriptions of plants raised from Persian and Chinese seeds collected by Prof. Philippi, 6 plates. Mem. E. Acad. Sc. Turin, xxvi. P. Duchartre. Observations on the genus Lilium (from the Journ. Soc. Centr. Hortic. Fr.). Presented by the Author. J. Duval-Jouve. A new Carex from the south of France. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xvii. A. W. Eichler. Brazilian Violaceae, Bixaceae, Cistaceae, and Canellaceae. Mart. Fl. Bras. Purchased. A, Engler, Monograph of the genus Saxifraga. 8vo, Breslau, 1872, Purchased, English Botany, completion of Vol. xi. Presented by the pub- lisher, Mr, Hardvvicke, LINN. pRoc. — Session 1871-72, I XCVUl PROCEEDINGa OP THE A. Ernst. Further contribution to the structure of the flower of Eupliorhia, 1 plate. Flora, 1872. W. 0. Focke. New Brambles, and observations on the flora of the neighbourhood of Bremen. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Bremen, ii. F. M. Fries. Vascular plants of Spitzbergen and Bear Island, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. 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Mosc. xix. (xiii.), A. Kerner. New species of Eubus. Eep, Nat. Hist. Med. Soc. Innspruck, ii, S, Kurz. New Indian Plants (from Journ, Asiat. Soc. Bengal). A new Pentaphragma. Flora, 1871, 1872, J, Lange, Observations on the most remarkable species contained in the 48th part of Flora Danica. Proc, R. Dan. Soc. Sc. Copen- hagen. G. Lawson. On the Ericaceae of Canada. Trans. Bot, Soc, Edinb. xi, R. T. Lowe. Manual Flora of Madeira, ii. part 1. Presented by the Author. C. J. Maximowicz. The Rhododendreae of Eastern Asia, 4 plates. LDfNEAN SOCTETT OF LONBON. XCIX Mem. Imp. Acad. Sc. Petersburg, xvi. — Mnth decade of New Japanese and Mantcliourian plants. Bull. Acad. Imp. Sc. Peters- burg, xvi. J. Miers. Contributions to Botany, vol. iii. Monograph of Menispermaceae, 67 plates. Presented by the Author. P. A. Miquel. Contributions to the flora of Japan : Salicinese, 1 plate. Enumeration of Regnell's Brazilian Piperitae. Proc. R. Acad. Sc. Amsterdam, Ser. 2, v. A. G. More. Supplement to the Flora Vectensis (from Journ. Bot.). Presented by the Author. Ferd. v. Mueller. Contributions to the Flora of Tasmania. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1870. — The genus AlUzzia. Journ. Bot. 1872. J. Mueller. Confirmation of R. Brown's views of the involucre of Euphorbiaceag. — New Euphorbiacese. Flora, 1872. N. NeUreich. Critical synopsis of the Austro-Hungarian species, varieties, and hybrids of Hieracium. Proc. Acad. Sc. Vienna, Ixiii. C. Noldeke. Flora of the islands of E. Friesland, including that of Wanderoog. Traus. Nat. Hist. Soc. Bremen, iii. — Radlkofer. Pausandra, a new genus of Euphorbiaceee. Flora, 1872. E. Regel. Revision of Cratcegus and other genera. — On some plants of the Botanic Garden, Petersburg. Trans. Imp. Bot. Gard. Petersburg, i. — Supplement to Semenoff's Plants. BuU. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 1872 ; also separate copies presented by the Author. — Selonia, a new genus of Liliaceae (from Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc). Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. Ser. 5, xi. H. W. Reichardt. Flora of the Island of St. Paul's in the Indian Ocean. Trans. Zool. Bot. Soc. Vienna, xxi. J. F. Robinson. Notes on British batrachian Ranunculi. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb. xi. P. Rohrbach. Brazilian Tropseolacese, Caryophyllese, and allied Orders. Mart. Fl. Bras. — Systematical contributions to Caryo- phylleae. Linnsea, xxxvii. G. de Saporta and A. Marion. On a natural hybrid between Pistacia Terehinthiis and P. Lentisciis, 3 plates. Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. Ser. 5, xiii. Countess A. San Giorgio. Polyglott Catalogue of Plants, 1 vol. Pi'esented by Mr. Bentham. W. W. Saunders. Refugium Botanicum, iv. part 3, 4, v. part 1. Presented by Mr. Saunders. R. A. C. C. Scheffer. On some Palms of the group of Arecinae. Flora, 1872. 12 C PROCEEDINGa OF THE F. Schmitz. On the morphology of the flowers of EujpTiorhia, 1 plate. Flora, 1871. C. E,. Schiiltz Schultzenstein. On the placentation of Passijiora quadrangularis, 1 plate. Trans. Bot. Soc. Prov. Brandenburg, xii. C. Seeham. On the progress of Eloclea canadensis in the Upper Oder and its collision with Hydrilla dentata. Trans, Bot. Soc. Prov. Brandenburg, xii. E. Timbal-Lagrave. Study of the Hieracia of Lapeyrouse. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xviii. E. E. Trautvetter. Observations on Eadde's Turcomanian and Transcaucasian plants. — Conspectus of the flora of the Novaia- Zemlia island